terrorism detailed doc

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Impact of Terrorism on Pakistan

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Introduction:-

This topic is related to the current issue terror. We all know about war and terror going in our

country as well as whole world. We listen daily in news and from our friend or colleagues about

murders and bomb blasts. These are now a part of our daily routine. We don’t think about it that

why this is happening and how much it is affecting our country.

In this topic I and my team members will tell you that how much our country is paying to terror

in sense of money, human life, GDP and etc.

Modules:-

I have divided my topic into 8 modules. I tried to cover all aspects of terror related to my

topic.

1. What is Terrorism?

2. History of Terrorism in Pakistan.

3. What Islam says about Terrorism?

4. Human Cost of Terrorism for Pakistan.

5. Types of Terrorism.

6. Drones

7. Tactics used in Terrorism by Terrorists.

8. Foreign Direct Investment

I assigned every two modules to the one group member.

Every week they given me some data regarding to their assign Module and represented

that work. I collected useful data from their work and made this project useful.


* First Module *

What is Terrorism?

There are some definitions of Terrorism with different aspects:

Definition of Terrorism in the U.S:

In US, They have divided Terrorism into two categories:

1. International terrorism

2. Domestic terrorism

1. International Terrorism:-

International terrorism means activities with the following three characteristics:

i) Involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law;

ii) Appear to be intended (a) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (b) to

influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (c) to affect the

conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and

iii) Occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., or transcend national

boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they

appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators

operate or seek asylum.

2. Domestic Terrorism:-

Domestic terrorism means activities with the following three characteristics:

i. Involve acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law;


ii. Appear intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence

the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the

conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination. or kidnapping; and

iii. Occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S.

State terrorism

Main article: State terrorism Civilization is based on a clearly defined and widely accepted yet

often unarticulated hierarchy. Violence done by those higher on the hierarchy to those lower is

nearly always invisible, that is, unnoticed. When it is noticed, it is fully rationalized. Violence

done by those lower on the hierarchy to those higher is unthinkable, and when it does occur is

regarded with shock, horror, of the victims.

Derrick Jensen

According to scholars:-

Muslim scholars from around the world spelled out their definition of terrorism saying it is all

acts of individuals, groups or states against human beings including attacks on their religion,

life, intellect, property or honor.

They also said “any act of violence or threat … designed to terrorize people or endanger their

lives or security” also amounts to terrorism. “Damaging the environment and public or private

facilities, and endangering natural resources” is equally an act of terror, as are “murder and

banditry.”

Dr. Kshitij Prabha, Associate Fellow, IDSA

Terrorism is a global phenomenon which is easy to recognize but difficult to define. Scholars all

over the world describe it according to their socio-economic and political conditions. Those

affected by social and economic problems conceptualize terrorism as conflict in society between

the haves and the have notes, whereas those experiencing use of terror tactics to gain political


mileage consider it as a political phenomenon. Apparently the word ‘terrorism’ is interpreted to

suit different interests.

According to jewie

Terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political change.

— Brian Jenkins, Senior Advisor to the President (RAND Corp.

Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when innocent

people are targeted.

— Walter Laqueur, Professor/Historian/Political Commentator.

According to Islam

Islam is peaceful religion. Islam doesn’t support terrorism. In Islam it’s a crime to

kill any person.

"The good deed and the evil deed are not alike. Repel the evil deed with one which is better, then

lo! He between whom and thee there was enmity, (will become) as though he was a bosom

friend. [Noble Quran Surat Fuşşilat 41:34]

Prophet Muhammad(saas) also said, as narrated by Saheeh Al-Bukhari

#3166 and Ibn Majah #2686 the following, “Whoever has killed a person having a

treaty with Muslims shall not smell the fragrance of Paradise...”.


In light of these and other Islamic texts, the act of inciting terror in the hearts of defenseless

civilians, the wholesale destruction of buildings and properties, the bombing and maiming of

innocent men, women, and children are all forbidden and detestable acts according to Islam and

the Muslims. Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy, and forgiveness, and the vast majority

have nothing to do with the violent events some have associated with Muslims. If an individual

Muslim were to commit an act of terrorism, this person would be guilty of violating the laws of

Islam.

My views:-

All religions and any society don’t support terrorism. Terrorism makes the state violent and takes

it to war. Economy and life of people destroy due to violence. Terror is now a day is used to

destroy economy of a country and for hijacking the country. If any state doesn’t take it serious it

will take the country to dark ways. I think new laws should be enacted in dealing with terrorists.

What I mean by this is the simple fact that if one is caught they relinquish all their rights therefor

punishment is deemed at the laws discretion.


* 2nd Module *

History of Terrorisms in Pakistan

Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in recent years. The annual death toll

from terrorist attacks has risen from 164 in 2003 to 3318 in 2009. with a total of 35,000 Pakistanis killed

between September 11, 2001 and May 2011.

Retrospective View

This early history of terrorism throws some light on the present crisis and the “war” against

terrorism. The growing of “non-state” terror is an old phenomenon lately discovered.

International terrorism became a prominent tool of political agenda in the late 1960s.1

It was applied by Palestinians for the attainment of their legitimate political rights. It was

adopted as a “weapon of the poor”. The largest act of international terrorism occurred on

September 11, 2001 in a set of coordinated attacks on the United States. The United States has

made the "War on Terrorism" the centerpiece of its global strategy since the attacks on Pentagon

and World Trade Center on 11 September, 2001.2

It has proclaimed its leadership of a world-wide alliance to exterminate this scourge of

terrorism. But the bombing of Afghanistan is not a revenge for New York and Washington. It is

yet another act of terror against the people of the world. Each innocent person that is killed must

be added to the toll of civilians who died in New York and Washington. The United States is

pursuing its War on Terror without addressing its root causes which are social, economic and

political in nature and not military.


In the immediate aftermath of American invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Al-Qaeda and Afghan

Taliban sought refuge in Pakistani tribal belt due to the porous nature of the international border

and started organizing their resistance to US forces in Afghanistan from safe sanctuaries. Socio-

economic and politico-religious complexion of the tribal region also favored these militants. At

the same time, many criminal groups also started operating in these areas, which remained at

large after looting, robbing, kidnapping and even killing people. These structural flaws created

space for Taliban who were offering parallel security and judicial systems to the people by

establishing parallel “courts” in almost all parts of FATA and some areas of settled districts in

Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. Tribal people in FATA remained deprived of their political rights. The

sense of political deprivation and lack of participation has also created the feeling among the

tribal people that they do not have a stake in the state and has resulted in a weak statesociety

relationship. The militant threat to Pakistan has a well-defined ideological inspiration and

logistic support from international terrorist groups to achieve their target which include:

Religiously motivated terrorism is considered the most alarming terrorist threat today.3 Groups

that justify their violence on Islamic grounds – Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah – come to mind

first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other religions have also given rise to their own

forms of militant extremism.

Some of the militant groups have sectarian agendas especially against Shias and Sufi orders.

They are also well connected with global terrorist groups, like Al Qaeda, which have even more

dangerous agendas of destabilizing or toppling the government to capture territory.

Until 2004, the main focus of Pakistani militants was on protecting foreign militants, recruiting

for the war in Afghanistan, training them, and securing their position against security operations.

Jihadi Terrorism

Jihadi terrorism with a global agenda is real threat to Pakistan national security. This

phenomenon took shape with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in late 1970s. After the withdrawal

of Soviet Union from Afghanistan, this armed struggle against foreign occupation degenerated

into a sort of civil war which continued well into the 21st century. This political instability in

Afghanistan provided a breeding ground for numerous self-styled Jihadi groups. The 9/11


terrorist attacks and subsequent US invasion of Afghanistan provided the Jihadis with an

attractive “Cause”. When Pakistan joined the US led coalition against “War on Terror”, the so

called Jihadis turned their guns more towards Pakistan than the coalition forces in Afghanistan.

Pakistan became their strategic focal point as they regarded Pakistan as the main obstacle in their

jihad against occupation forces in Afghanistan. The militants resorted to the most brutal and

gruesome acts of violence. They put the very existences of the state in danger. Pakistan was

considered the most dangerous country in the world. Militants’ capacity to hit any target

anywhere in Pakistan became a common conviction.

Islamic Militancy

In province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Tribal belt the militant operates its challenge. The

mountainous and difficult territories of this area are like to be a dreamland for militant

organizations. People with this mindset have their own point of view and want to implement it

first in Pakistan and then elsewhere. This is a distorted, tribalistic, ritualistic and dark version of

Islam with no light of tolerance, peaceful co-existence, human rights and finer things of life

Pakistani Taliban

Pakistani Taliban emerged and came to lime light in the aftermath of US invasion in

Afghanistan. They joined hands with the fleeing Al-Qaeda and Afghan Taliban and made an

alliance with them. The tribal agencies (FATA) between Afghanistan and Pakistan are

considered to be the hub of Pakistani Taliban. They want, in conjunction with Afghan Taliban

and Al-Qaeda, to use this tribal belt as their base of operations against US interests in

Afghanistan and elsewhere. So far, they have proved hard nutto crack. They have survived

numerous military operations. They are hardcore militants and are ready to kill and be killed any

time. They have dozens of suicide bombers at their service to wreak havoc any time. They have

paralyzed the writ of the state of Pakistan and run parallel administration.

Root Causes of Militancy and Extremism


Young people embrace militancy due to multiple factors. These factors could be local as well as

global in nature. Significant factors fueling militancy and extremism in Pakistan include spill

over from Afghanistan, resentment to War on Terror, poor law and order situation, justice denied

or delayed, short cut culture, lack of education, poverty (lack of food, shelter), corruption and

nepotism, absence of nation building, broken family bonds, breakdown of civic facilities,

external actors – both state and non state, religious seminaries and sectarianism, obscurantist

ideologies, and feudal culture. Removal of these thorny issues is a prerequisite for eradicating the

fertile breeding grounds that provide recruits for militancy.

Improving Law and Order

Government has the fundamental responsibility to protect the life and property of its citizens.

However, the prevailing law and order situation is far from desired with rampant crimes. People

do not trust police and have to hire private guards. Those who cannot afford are left at the mercy

of criminals. Kidnapping for ransom, robbery, burglary are common. Added to this are the

suicidal and bombing attacks by terrorists


* 3rd Module *

WHAT ISLAM SAYS ABOUT TERRORISM?

Islam, Jihad, and Terrorism

Some of the Islamic Terms:

Islam: means a commitment to live in peace through submission to the Will of God (Allah).

Muslim: is a person who makes a commitment to live in peace through servitude to Allah.

Jihad: means "struggle" and "strive" against evil thoughts, evil action and aggression against a

person, family, society or country. Jihad may be a "justifiable war", borrowing the Christian

term.

Mujahid: is a person who engages in Jihad for the sake of Allah according to the Quran

(Muslim's source book for guidance) and Sunnah (the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace

be upon him). Mujahidin is the plural of Mujahid.

"Islamic terrorism": There is no such phrase or term in the Islamic source books of the Quran

or the Sunnah and has no place in Islam.

Sunnah: Sunnah is the preferred way of the Prophet Muhammad that includes his teaching. The

sources of the Sunnah are authentic Hadith (reports of the Prophet's sayings, doings and

approvals) collections.

The True Meaning of "Jihad"


Jihad is usually associated with Islam and Muslims, but in fact, the concept of Jihad is found in

all religions including Christianity, Judaism and political/economic ideologies, such as,

Capitalism, Socialism, Communism, etc. Islam defines Jihad as striving and struggling for

improvement as well as fighting back to defend one's self, honor, assets and homeland. Also,

Jihad is interpreted as the struggle against evil, internal or external of a person or a society. Jihad,

in Islam, means doing any or all but not limited to the following:

Learn, teach, and practice Islam in all aspects of one's life at all times to reach the highest and

best education in order to benefit oneself, family and society.

Be a messenger of Islam everywhere, in every behavior and action.

Fight evil, wrongdoing, and injustice with all one's power by one's hand (action), with one's

tongue (speech), or at least with one's heart (prayer).

Respond to the call for Jihad with money, effort, wisdom and life; yet, never fight a Muslim

brother, a Muslim country, or a non-Muslim society that respects its treaties and harbors no

aggressive designs against Islam or Muslims.

Suicide under any pretext is not condoned as Jihad in Islam.

Converting people to Islam by force or coercion is never Jihad but a crime, punishable by law.

The concept of Muslim men rushing out to kill themselves to get "70 dancing virgins" in

Paradise is really quite silly.

Who is authorized to call for Jihad as a war?

Jihad must be performed according to Islamic rules and regulations and only for the sake or in

the service of Allah. The physical or military Jihad must be called by a Muslim authority, such

as, a president or head of a Muslim country after due consultations with the learned leadership.

What Does Islam Say about Terrorism?


Islam, a religion of mercy, does not permit terrorism. But in today’s world, when we hear the

news or read the newspaper we can clearly spot 2 words being said together "MUSLIM

TERRORISTS". This is one of the biggest misconceptions the world has in their minds.

The term "terrorism" does not exist in the Quran or the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. If

the terms "terrorist or terrorism" are derived from a verb used in the Quran, such as 5:33

describing a "Muslim's" terrorist acts, it is in condemnation and prescribes most severe

punishment. Islam is a religion and a way of life that does not separate politics from religion.

Islam is a religion of mercy, unity and most importantly peace with one's self and others, to

defend not to fight. Allah said in His Book the Quran:

"Allah does not forbid you from showing kindness and dealing justly with those who have not

fought you about religion and have not driven you out of your homes, that you should show them

kindness and deal justly with them. God loves just dealers."

[Noble Quran Surat Al-Mumtaĥanah 60:8]

"Fight in the cause of Allah against those who fight you, but do not begin aggression, for God

loves not aggressors." [Noble Quran Surat Al-Baqarah 2:190]


“And let not the hatred of others make you avoid justice. Be just: that is next to piety; and fear

Allah, for Allah is well-acquainted with all that you do." [Noble Quran Surat Al-Mā'idah 5:8]

Also, the Prophet Muhammad has forbidden punishment with fire.

Narrated in Abu-Dawood, #2675

He once listed murder as the second of the major sins,5and he even warned that on the Day of

Judgment, {The first cases to be adjudicated between people on the Day of Judgment will be

those of bloodshed.

Narrated in Saheeh Muslim, #1678, and Saheeh Al-Bukhari, #6533.

Muslims are even encouraged to be kind to animals and are forbidden to hurt them. Once the

Prophet Muhammad said {a woman was punished because she imprisoned a cat until it

died. On account of this, she was doomed to Hell. While she imprisoned it, she did not give

the cat food or drink, nor did she free it to eat the insects of the earth.}

Narrated in Saheeh Muslim, #2422, and Saheeh Al-Bukhari, #2365.

Additionally, while taking the life of an animal for food, Muslims are commanded to do so in

a manner that causes the least amount of fright and suffering possible. The Prophet

Muhammad said: {when you slaughter an animal, do so in the best way. One should

sharpen his knife to reduce the suffering of the animal.}

Narrated in Saheeh Muslim, #1955, and Al-Tirmizi, #1409.


In light of these and other Islamic texts, the act of inciting terror in the hearts of defenseless

civilians, the wholesale destruction of buildings and properties, the bombing and maiming of

innocent men, women, and children are all forbidden and detestable acts according to Islam and

the Muslims. Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy, and forgiveness, and the vast majority

have nothing to do with the violent events some have associated with Muslims. If an individual

Muslim were to commit an act of terrorism, this person would be guilty of violating the laws of

Islam.

RELIGIOUS TERRORISM INCIDENTS IN PAKISTAN

Rapport (2002) has identified four different waves of modern terrorism and has argued that the

current, post-9/11 wave is the wave of religious terrorism. Juergensmeyer (2004) in his classic

study of religious terrorism has argued that religious terrorism is different from other types of

terrorism as it has a Manichean and cosmic worldview. Therefore, enemies are considered evil

(beyond redemption) and the struggle against evil is unending, making the number of lives lost

irrelevant. Consequently, religious terrorism is generally more lethal than other types of

terrorism and religious terrorists are more difficult to lure with compromises than other types of

terrorists. Although there are many groups involved in religious terrorism in Pakistan, the

Tehrik-iTaliban Pakistan (TTP) is by far the main instigator of religious terrorist activities in

Pakistan.


The graphs (Graphs 1 and 2), constructed from different databases, shows how the number of

religious terrorism incidents steadily increased from 2004-5 to 2009 and then decreased

substantially in 2010. The PIPS database shows a continuing decreasing trend, while NCTC

shows a little increase in 2011.

The 2nd set of graphs (Graphs 3 and 4) shows the number of victims of religious terrorism

incidents annually. Both databases show similar trends and show increasing trend from 2004- 5

to 2009 and then a decreasing trend afterwards.


* 4th Module *

Human Cost of Terrorism for Pakistan

The last decade has seen the escalation of instability, insecurity and political violence in the

country as a result of Pakistan’s role as a “frontline state” in the Global War on Terrorism.

Pakistan is paying a huge price in this war. However, not much work has been done on the

subject specifically in tabulating the losses of Pakistan in this war. This study tries to fill that gap

by identifying the human, economic, political, social and psychological impacts of terrorism on

Pakistan.

In terms of human losses, more than 52,000 people, including civilians, personnel of law

enforcement agencies, and troops have been killed in terrorist attacks between 2002-2013. The

exacerbation of domestic security challenges has exacted an extremely high cost on the

economy, both in terms of direct costs of the fight against extremism, as well as in terms of a

knock on effect on investment inflows and market confidence. Social impacts of this prolonged

war are horrendous. In order to sustain their activities, militant organizations have established

close nexus with criminal networks, which has resulted in increase in crime rate across Pakistan.

Sectarian violence and target killing are the new tools of the terrorists. The psychological impact

of terrorism is the most underestimated implication although it has the direst consequences for

Pakistan.

Human costs of terrorism for Pakistan

Human cost is the most obvious impact in any war and Pakistan is no exception to it. The

War on Terror has exacted a very high human cost for Pakistan in the last twelve years. On

March 27, 2013 intelligence agencies in a report to the Pakistani Supreme Court said that

Pakistan has lost 49,000 lives since 2001.1 The Army, Frontier corps, Police, Levies,

Paramilitary forces and Rangers have been the most affected group --- apart from the civilians in

terms of casualties, injuries and disabilities caused by the terrorist attacks. Militants are also part

of this death toll and most of them have been killed due to military operations as well as in drone

strikes.


The human cost of terrorism can be calculated if we combine the figures of casualties

inflicted by terrorist attacks, political and ethnic violence, sectarian violence and target killings,

including the drone strikes. The reason being that today most of terrorist, sectarian, ethno-

nationalist organizations have become closely enmeshed with each other.

Over the years, Tehrik e Taliban (TTP) has been involved in a number of suicide bombings,

rocket attacks, remote controlled bombs, abductions, and beheadings. It has widened its area of

operations beyond Pakistan‘s tribal areas and targeted a number of government installations and

organizations in the mainland, including the Federal Investigation Agency‘s Lahore office, the

Naval War College in Lahore, the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, the Wah Ordnance Factory, the

Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore, a police training school, the GHQ Rawalpindi and the Navy‘s

Mehran base in Karachi just to mention a few.

Generally, the mode of violence attacks included suicidal attacks, rocket attacks, beheadings,

remote-control bombs, landmines, firing, sabotage, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), target

killings and hand grenades.

E.g., more than 24,000 people, including civilians, law enforcement agencies and troops were

killed in terrorist attacks during the period 2002-2013. Year 2007-2013 have been costlier in

human terms. Another 25,000-plus people were killed during military offensives against Taliban

insurgents in the tribal regions of Pakistan since 2008. According to the law enforcement agency

report submitted to the Supreme Court, since 2008, 15,681 has been the number of armed forces

casualties in tribal areas.

After examining different reports and figures, the human loss in terrorist violence comes almost

to 52,671 people in 18,634 attacks with estimated injured to 57,344 people. The figures provided

by the Interior Ministry differ as probably their figures do not contain the death toll of law

enforcement agencies, the military and the militants.


Table 1: Human Loss in Terrorist violence in Pakistan (2002-2013)

Year No. of Attacks Killed Injured

2002 56 102 311

2003 88 189 168

2004 159 863 412

2005 254 216 571

2006 675 907 1,543

2007 1,503 3,448 5,353

2008 2,577 7,997 9,670

2009 3,816 12,632 12,815

2010 3,393 10,003 10,283

2011 2,985 7,107 6,736

2012 2,217 5,047 5,688

2013 911 4160 3,794

Total 18,634 52,671 57,344

Sources: PIPS security reports, South Asian Terrorism Portal, Data from National Crisis

Management Cell (NCMC), Ministry of Interior.2


The following graph depicts the number of terrorist attacks, casualties and injuries faced by

Pakistan as a consequence of terrorism.

The human losses in the table show the number of people killed and injured as a result of

terrorist attacks by militants; clashes between security forces and militants, operational attacks

by security forces; suicide attacks; sectarian violence and clashes; ethno-political violence; target

killings including through drone strikes and political targeting.

Some provinces/regions are more affected than others and bear a greater burden of casualties

like KPK, FATA and Balochistan. Likewise some cities are more affected than others within

these provinces/regions. In Balochistan, it‘s the city of Quetta, in KPK, Peshawar has seen more

bomb blasts than any other and in FATA, Kurram, Khyber Agency as well as North and South

Waziristan Agencies have borne the highest death tolls. These three areas are the most affected

firstly because of their geographical proximity to Afghanistan and have borne the brunt of

spillover effects of war in neighboring Afghanistan. Secondly, due to lack of proper governance

and development, these areas have been the breeding ground for terrorism. Thirdly, most of the

suicide attacks, all of military operations, most of the attacks on the military as well as drone

attacks have taken place in these areas which has cost more lives. The following table shows the

estimated loss of life province/region wise from 2007 to 2012.


Table 2: No. of casualties’ province/region-wise

Year KPK FATA Balochistan Sindh Punjab Gilgit- Islamabad

Baltistan

2007 1096 224

2008 982 619 296 219 5 119

2009 1,438 644 386 73 420 3 30

2010 836 904 600 5 309 7 15

2011 820 612 710 120 116 9 4

2012 401 631 631 289 75 22 1

Suicide attacks have been one of the most common tactics used by militant organizations in

recent years in Pakistan to inflict maximum damage. Suicide bombers targeted foreign nationals

and envoys, security forces, political leaders and law enforcement agencies as well as civilians

in shopping areas.

Table 3: Suicide Attacks (2008-2012)4

Year No. of attacks Killed Injured

2008 63 967 2130

2009 87 1299 3633

2010 68 1187 2926

2011 45 676 1462

2012 33 239 413

2013 32 596 1100

Total 328 4,964 11,664

Table 3 is also depicted in the form of a graph in order to see the rate of suicide bombing in

Pakistan.


Target killing through drone strikes has been another means of killing militants in FATA by

the US. An estimated 318 drone strikes have killed almost 2,365 people. The debate around

drone strikes revolves around violation of sovereignty and the collateral damage caused in the

form of civilian deaths.

All these figures demonstrate that the overall security landscape of Pakistan has remained

extremely volatile since Pakistan became the ―frontline state‖ in the War against Terrorism. It

also depicts how complex the situation has become with a spectrum of ideological elements

entering into the fray, military which is secular and pro-West in general and a political system

that is hobbled and not able to take bold decisions.

2008-2010 have been some of the bloodiest years in Pakistan‘s history and since then there is

a downward trend in the number of overall incidents of violence and casualties.

* 5th Module *


Types of Terrorism

There are many types of terrorism defined by researchers and scholars.

1. Civil disorder.

2. Political terrorism.

3. No-political terrorism.

4. State Terrorism

5. Religious Terrorism

6. Limited political terrorism.


1. Civil Disorder:-

Civil disorder is a sometimes violent form of protest held by a group of

individuals, usually in opposition to a political policy or action.

2. Political Terrorism:-

Political terrorism is used by one political faction to intimidate another.

Although government leaders are the ones who are intended to receive the ultimate

message, it is the citizens who are targeted with violent attacks.

3. No-political terrorism:- Non-political terrorism is a terrorist act perpetrated by a group for any other

purpose, most often of a religious nature. The desired goal is something other than a

political objective, but the tactics involved are the same.

4. State Terrorism

State terrorism is the systematic use of terror by a government in order to control its

population. Not to be confused with state sponsored terrorism, where states sponsor

terrorist groups, state terrorism is entirely carried out by the group holding power in a

country and not a non-governmental organization. It is the original form of terrorism.

The 1793 French Revolution and the thousands of executions that resulted are often

cited as the first instance of state terrorism, though rulers have plausibly been using it for

centuries to control their subjects.

Examples: The aforementioned French Revolution is the most prominent example,

however state terrorism is wide spread. Just about every dictator in history has arguably

utilized state terrorism as a way of controlling his or her populations. For more


contemporary examples one could look to the use of violence by Saddam Hussein

against the Kurds or even the suppression of democratic protestors in Syria.

5. Religious Terrorism

Terrorism can be motivated by religious ideologies and grievances. Religious terrorism

is particularly dangerous due to the fanaticism of those who practice it and their

willingness to sacrifice themselves for the cause. Religious terrorists are more likely to

use “all in” tactics such as suicide bombings. This is made possible by religious

teachings used to justify and even encourage this kind of self-sacrifice. Bruce Hoffman

discusses religious terrorism at length in his book Inside Terrorism.

Examples: Al-Qaeda is perhaps the most prominent example of a group that can be

characterized as religious terrorists. As well religious terrorism has a long history from

Catholic-Protestant violence in Ireland to Muslim-Hindu tensions in Pakistan and India.

6. Limited political terrorism:-

Limited political terrorism acts are generally one time only plots to make a

political or ideological statement. The goal is not to overthrow the government, but to

protest a governmental policy or action.

Limited political terrorism acts are generally one time only plots to make a political or

ideological statement. The goal is not to overthrow the government, but to protest a

governmental policy or action.

* 6th Module *


DRONEDrone history

The United States government has made a series of attacks on targets in Pakistan since 2004

using drones (unmanned aerial vehicles). Under the George W. Bush administration, these

controversial attacks were called a part of the US' "War on Terrorism" and sought to defeat the

Taliban and Al-Qaeda militants who were thought to have found a safe haven in Pakistan. Most

of these attacks are on targets in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas in Northwest Pakistan.

These strikes are thought to be carried out by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operated

remotely by the Central Intelligence Agency and have continued under the Presidency of Barack

Obama. Generally the UAVs used are MQ-1 Predator and more recently MQ-9 Reaper firing

AGM-114 Hellfire missiles. The drones have become a weapon of choice for the United States in

the fight against al-Qaeda. Some media refer to the series of attacks as a "drone war".

Timeline

2004

• June 18, 2004:

5 including Nek Muhammad Wazir killed in a strike near Wana, South Waziristan.

2005

• May 14, 2005:

Haitham al-Yemeni killed in a strike near the Afghan border in North Waziristan.

• November 30, 2005:

Al-Qaeda number 3 Abu Hamza Rabia killed in an attack by CIA drones in Asoray, near

Miranshah, the capital of North Waziristan.

2006

• January 13, 2006:

Damadola airstrike kills 18 in Bajaur but misses Ayman al-Zawahri.

2007

• April 26, 2007:

4 killed in the village of Saidgi in North Waziristan.


• June 19, 2007:

20 killed in the village of Mami Rogha in North Waziristan.

• November 2, 2007:

5 killed in an attack on a madrasah in North Waziristan.

2008

• January 29, 2008:

Abu Laith al-Libi killed in a strike in North Waziristan

• February 27, 2008:

12 people killed in a strike near Kalosha village in South Waziristan.

• March 18, 2008:

16 killed in a strike in South Waziristan

• May 14, 2008:

12 including Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi killed near village of Damadola, Bajaur.

• July 28, 2008:

Midhat Mursi and 5 other Al-Qaeda operatives killed in South Waziristan.

• September 8, 2008:

23 killed in Daande Darpkhel airstrike, near Miranshah, North Waziristan.


12 killed in Miranshah airstrike.


6 killed in a strike near Mir Ali, North Waziristan.

• October 16, 2008:

Senior Al-Qaeda leader Khalid Habib killed in a strike near Taparghai, South Waziristan.

• October 22, 2008:

4 killed in a village near Miranshah by missiles fired from suspected US drone.

• October 26, 2008:

20 killed in a strike in South Waziristan.

The survey found that a majority of respondents in 39 countries opposed U.S. drone strikes,

compared with only three countries, Israel, Kenya and the U.S., where more than half of

respondents supported the tactic. Nowhere did the support match the lopsided opposition in

countries such as Venezuela and Jordan, where disapproval topped 90%.

http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/global-opposition-to-u-s-surveillance-and-drones-but-limited-harm-to-americas-image/


Support for u.s drones strike,While U.S. drone strikes have faced new scrutiny in recent weeks, a

majority of the public continues to support the program. Overall, 56% approve of the U.S.

conducting missile strikes

from pilotless aircraft to target extremists in countries such as Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia; just

26% say they disapprove.

Opinion is largely unchanged from last July, when 55% approved of the program. Support for

drone attacks crosses party lines: 68% of Republicans and 58% of Democrats say they approve

of U.S. drone strikes.

http://www.people-press.org/files/2013/02/2-11-13-2-1.png

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