TEST 2 – (For Gifted students)Duration: 180 m

SECTION I: LISTENING (35 pts)A. Listen carefully to the first part of Carol Hunt’s talk and fill 10 missing words in the extracts.1. Good morning everyone, and welcome to our ______________ .2. This morning, I'm going to give you ______________ for preparing and delivering talks and presentations.3. This stage is extremely important and there are six key ______________ you need to think about when preparing your presentation or talk.4. The first one is ______________ .5. Second, the ______________ .6. The third area is ______________ .7. The fourth area is ______________ .8. The fifth area is ______________ information.9. The last key area is ______________ .10. This way you'll discover if there are any problems and be able to check the ___________ .

B. Listen to the last part of Carol Hunt’s presentation and briefly answer the questions below:1. How do most of us feel when we speak in public? _____________________________2. Your audience will fall asleep if your voice sounds _____________________________3. What is important to keep the audience interested in what you're saying? _____________________________4. The best policy is to answer questions in a polite, _____________________________5. What are the five areas you need to think about when delivering your talk or presentation? __________________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION II: LEXICO-GRAMMAR (55 pts)Part 1. Choose the word or phrase which best completes these sentences. Circle the letter you choose. (10 pts)1. We were driving home when all ………… a sudden we got a puncture.

A on B at C of D with2. Tom was the only male in the aerobics class – he felt like a real ………… out of water.

A whale B dolphin C shark D fish3. Charlotte was really unwell for a few days, but, fortunately she's on the ………… now.

A move B fix C mend D repair4. Frankly, Jenny's explanation doesn't ………… true. I don't believe her for a moment.

A ring B call C come D look5. Students often feel apprehensive ………… leaving home and going to university.

A besides B about C around D towards6. If you keep taking risks like that, you'll end up hurting yourself before ………… .

A long B soon C far D later7. I'll come and help, but I'm not doing all the ………… work while you mess around!

A horse B dog C donkey D elephant8. The weather forecasters say it’s more than ………… we’ll have gales at the weekend.

A certain B rights C likely D true9. Sadly, the ………… of many species in the wild is already in doubt.

A survive B survival C surviving D survivor10. Why not take the day off work if you’re feeling ………… the weather?

A beyond B over C above D underYOUR ANSWERS:1. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ2. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

3. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ4. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

5. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ6. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

7. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ8. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

9. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ10. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

Part 2. Choose the underlined word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting (5 pts)1. (A) Since the 1930s, (B) the archaeology has become a (C) precise science with strict (D) rules and procedures.2. Interstate Highway 80 is (A) so an (B) important road that (C) it is sometimes (D) referred to as "America's Main Street."3. The water of the Gulf Stream may be (A) as much as 20 (B) percentage warmer (C) than the (D) surrounding water.

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4. Florence Sabin is (A) recognized not only (B) for her theoretical research in (C) anatomy and physiology (D) and for her work in public health.5. (A) Hair is made of the same basic material (B) as both the nails, claws, and (C) hooves of mammals (D) are made of.YOUR ANSWERS:1. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ 2. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ 3. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ 4. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ 5. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

Part 3. Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Write your answer in the space provided. (10 pts) It happened two years ago when I (1. ski)________________ in Austria. It was a horrible day because it was snowing and I couldn’t see anything. I (2. not/want) ________________ to ski but my friend said, "Come on. This (3. be) ________________ our last day. We must go." So I went. I (4. not/ski) ________________ in conditions like that before so when my friends decided to go right up to the top of the mountain, I (5. join) ________________ them. After about half an hour by myself, I stopped because I was cold and wet.I (6. get)________________ into the cable car to go down to the village and my wonderful warm hotel when I (7.slip) ________________ on some ice. I fell, and my skis fell on top of me. I (8. hear) ________________ a terrible noise and knew something bad (9. happen)________________. My leg (10. break) ________________ . What a way of ending a holiday!

YOUR ANSWERS:1. ___________2. ___________

3. ___________4. ___________

5. ___________6. ___________

7. ___________8. ___________

9. ___________10. ___________

Part 4. There are 10 mistakes in the following passage. Correct the mistakes and write your answer in the space provided. (20 pts)

In the first part of the twentieth century, after a television set was a part of most households, radio programming was different from that it is now. Children rushed home from school to listen to "Story Hour". Something read an exciting story, or part of a story, while the children's imaginations provided visual images to fit the speak ones. People listened to serials, stories that were broken into one-hour segments. Because of each hour ended with suspense, listeners had to tune in at the same time the next day to find out what will happen. Families gathered around the radio at night to hear important news and to listen to favourite programmes. Radio was an important form of house entertainment. However, because of television, radio programming has changed.Radio stories have become a thing of the past because people prefer both to watch and to hear. Radio is now a medium that was used more often in a car to a home. Because music and news are the easiest types of programmes to listen to in a car, they are the most common. Radio, in fact, has become the music medium. It provides music with all tastes, from country-western to classical.

YOUR ANSWERS:0. after before 1. __________ _______________2. __________ _______________

3. __________ _______________4. __________ _______________

5. __________ _______________6. __________ _______________7. __________ _______________

8. __________ _______________9. __________ _______________

10. __________ _______________

Part 5. Prepositions - Fill in the blanks with: of/ from/ with (10 pts)1. It’s hard to believe that whisky is made …………. barley.2. What’s plastic made ………..?3. You can’t expect chocolates made …………. fresh cream to keep very long.4. The entire building is made …………. steel and glass.5. We’ve just bought a nice cake made …………. fresh fruit we can have for our tea.6. The first umbrellas in Europe were made …………. wood or whalebone, and were covered with oiled canvas.7. Salad oil is usually made …………. oil to vinegar ratio of 3 to 1.8. Did you know that a rhinoceros horn is made …………. compacted hair?9. The crown was made …………. solid gold, decorated with diamonds, rubies and sapphires.10. Today, 40 percent of the world's newspapers are printed on paper made …………. Canada's forests.YOUR ANSWERS:1. ___________2. ___________

3. ___________4. ___________

5. ___________6. ___________

7. ___________8. ___________

9. ___________10. ___________

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SECTION III. READING (50 pts)Part 1. Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the word in block capitals. (0) has been done as an example. (10 pts)

When (0. INDUSTRY)____ began, little thought was given to its ecological effects on the environment. Raw, (1. TREAT)____ sewage allowed to pollute our river and seas. Animals were killed for profits to the point of extinction. The loss of trees through (2. CONTROL)____ deforestation caused erosion and (3. STABLE) climate. Acid rain was caused by the (4. POISON)____ gas which man sent into the atmosphere. (5. CHEMISTRY)____ in pesticides killed animal life. Herbicides destroyed plants. As a result, the balance of nature was disturbed. It is only now that we are waking up to the problem. More natural, organic farming is advocated. Legislation controls the (6. DISPOSE)____ of waste products into our air and water. Wildlife organizations are becoming more (7.MILITANCY)____ in their fight for animal rights. (8. PLANT) ____policies in some parts of the world mean that our forests

should in the future be (9. SUSTAIN)____ . We can only hope that growing public awareness and (10. LIGHT)____ legislation will produce a world which is safe for us and will provide a good quality of life for future generations.

YOUR ANSWERS:0. industrialization1. ___________________

2. ___________________3. ___________________4. ___________________5. ___________________

6. ___________________

7. ___________________8. ___________________9. ___________________10. ___________________

Part 2. Fill in each space with one suitable word. (20 pts) Every day - in every area of our lives - we make (1) ______ take a thousand lies. Not vicious lies. Not harmful lies. Not lies (2)______ count. No, of course not. But great lies. It’ll be ready in an hour. Your check is (3)______ the post. Fresh today. I’ll just have (4)______ . I was about to call you. Nothing like this has ever happened (5)______ . Of course I’ve never loved anyone else. We pretend, with (6)______ effort and less guilt, that we don’t lie through our teeth every minute of the day — and everyone else pretends that they don’t (7)______ . But lying saves time and angst. It makes everybody happier (8)______ they would be if they always told or had to listen to the truth. After (9)______ , you don’t really want to hear that you’ll be lucky (10)______ you ever see your stereo again. Finding out that you’re not going to get paid, at (11)______ for a few months, plays havoc (12)______ your stress levels. Why should you want to know that the last head of cabbage in the shop — needed urgently (13)______ the borscht you’re making for the Prime Minister’s dinner party — has been sitting under the cash register with the cat for the last two weeks? You’re hardly (14)______ to make a public announcement that you’re about to eat an entire family-size bag of crisps. (15)______ likely. Nor is it (16)______ that you’re going to explain to the man about to buy your car that the door always falls off (17)______ that. You’re certainly not about to tell your fiancé that you loved the man you dated all through university a lot (18)______ than you’ll ever love him. Think of it like (19)______ : life is an incredibly complicated, intricate, fragile, sensitive and dodgy machine - not great, perhaps, but the (20)______ one we’ve got - and lies are the lubricant that keeps the whole thing from blowing in our faces.

YOUR ANSWERS1. ………………………2. ………………………3. ………………………4. ………………………5. ………………………6. ………………………7. ………………………8. ………………………9. ………………………10. ………………………11. ………………………12. ………………………13. ………………………14. ………………………15. ………………………16. ………………………17. ………………………18. ………………………19. ………………………20. ………………………

Part 3. Read the passage and choose from the list A-H the best phrase to fill each of the blanks. Some of suggested answers do not fit at all. One answer has been given as an example (0). (10 pts)

Scientists say they have developed a new cancer drug. (0) _____. The drug is designed to invade and kill cancer cells but not healthy cells. First, the drug enters the cancer and destroys the supply of blood. Then it releases poison to destroy the cancer cells.

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge carried out the study. The results appeared in Nature magazine.

Ram Sasisekharan is a professor at M.I.T. He says his team had to solve three problems. They had to find a way to destroy the blood passages, then to prevent the growth of new ones. (1) _____. So, the researchers

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designed a two-part “nanocell.” The cell is measured in nanometers or one thousand-millionth of a meter. The particle used was two hundred nanometers - much, much smaller than a human hair.

(2)_____. But it was too big to enter normal blood vessels. The surface of the nanocells also helped them to avoid natural defenses.

The scientists designed the cell as a balloon inside a balloon. (3)_____. That cut off the blood supply and trapped the nanocell inside the cancer. Then, the nanocell slowly released chemotherapy drugs to kill the cancer cells.

The team says the treatment reduced the size of the cancer and avoided healthy cells better than other treat -ments. The scientists say mice with the best current treatments lived thirty days. (4)_____.

The study involved two different forms of cancer. The team says the treatment worked better against mela-noma, a deadly skin cancer, than against lung cancer. (5)_____. A. They don’t understand the structures and nature of these cancers.B. They have tested it in only in laboratory animals. C. But they also needed the blood passages to supply chemicals to destroy the cancer.D. But they needed some helps from different sources of funding through the private sector. E. But they say eighty percent of the mice treated with the nanocells lived more than sixty-five days.F. The researchers say it was small enough to pass through the blood vessels of the cancer. G. However, more studies are needed before the new drug can be tested in humans.H. They loaded the outer part with a drug that caused the blood vessels to fall in on themselves.

YOUR ANSWERS:0. __B__ 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ Part 4: Read the following passage and choose the best answer. (10 pts)Line

5

10

15

20

While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic thinkers. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problems could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourier-ism and its self-sufficient associations or "phalanxes." One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts. An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the Utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society.

1. The main topic of the passage is(A) nineteenth-century schools (B) American reformers(C) the philosophy of Fourierism (D) model communities in the nineteenth century2. Which of the following is NOT given in the passage as one of the general goals of communitarian philosophers?(A) To remake society (B) To spread their ideas throughout the United States(C) To establish ideal communities (D) To create opportunities through education3. The Shakers are mentioned in line 6 as an example of(A) a communal religious group (B) radical reformers (C) rationalistic thinkers (D) an influential group of writers4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word impetus in line 6?(A) Stimulus (B) Commitment (C) Drawback (D) Foundation4/6 4

5. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word thriving in line 10?(A) Prosperous (B) Famous (C) Failing (D) Pioneering6. The "phalanxes" described in the second paragraph were an idea originally conceived by(A) Albert Brisbane (B) Robert Owen (C) Charles Fourier (D) John Humphrey Noyes7. Why does the author mention Nathaniel Hawthorne in line 18?(A) He founded Brook Farm in Massachusetts.(B) He was a critic of Charles Fourier. (C) He wrote a book that led to the establishment of model communities. (D) He was at one time a member of the Brook Farm community.8. Which of the following communities lasted longest?(A) New Harmony (B) The Oneida Community (C) Red Bank (D) Brook Farm9. The word oddest in line 18 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Earliest (B) Most independent (C) Largest (D) Most unusual10. The author implies that, for readers, the conclusion of the passage is(A) obvious (B) surprising (C) absurd (D) practical

YOUR ANSWERS:1. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ2. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

3. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ4. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

5. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ6. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

7. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ8. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

9. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ10. Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ

SECTION IV: WRITING (60 pts)Part 1. Build a complete sentence with the given words. (20 pts)1. Tea / first drunk many centuries ago / Chinese. __________________________________________________________________________________________2. The story goes / some leaves / a tea bush fell / chance / the boiling water / a philosopher’s pot. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. In / past, tea / affordable only by / rich, because / the high cost of importing it. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Wealthy households / lock / securely away / sturdy tea chests / prevent theft.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. It / estimated that / average, Britons drink / capita five cups / tea per day. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. Some would complain, though, / it / becoming increasingly hard / get a decent cup / tea. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7. There / many ways / making / drinking tea, depending / you come from.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. Each person / tell you / their way / only correct one. __________________________________________________________________________________________9. In / north / England, / tea goes / the cup, followed / the milk. __________________________________________________________________________________________10. On / Continent you / likely to / served lemon, rather / milk with your tea.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part 2. Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. This word must not be altered in any way. Use no more than 5 words. (20 pts)1. The accident happened when two cars crashed into each other. (COLLIDED) The accident happened when two cars …………………………..………… another.2. Smethurst knew that eventually the police would catch him. (SOONER) Smethurst knew that ……………………………………… the police would catch him.3. Tracy always seems to be daydreaming. (WORLD)Tracy always seems to be ………………………………………..… her own.4. Just wait a moment. I'll return immediately. (RIGHT) Just wait a moment. I'll ………………………………….…… .5/6 5

5. We’re getting a present for Tim but it’s a surprise so don’t tell him! (CAT)We’re getting a present for Tim but it’s a surprise so don’t let the ……………………….…………… !6. Both Tom and Andy went to the film premiere. (WELL) Tom, …………………………………………… , went to the film premiere.7. In recent years the economy has been gradually improving. (LITTLE) In recent years the economy has been improving ………………………….……………… .8. I'd like to invite you to dinner to say sorry for forgetting your birthday. (MAKE)I'd like to ……………………………..………..……….. your birthday by inviting you to dinner. 9. Joe's café has closed because it wasn’t making any money. (BUSINESS)Joe's café ……………………………..………..…………………………………….….. .10. Jill and I go for a stroll in the countryside occasionally. (TIME)Jill and I go for a stroll in the countryside ……………………………..………..……….. .

Part 3. Write a composition from 120 to 150 words on this topic:In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details. (20 pts)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

THE END

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ANSWER KEYSSECTION I: LISTENING (35 pts)A. Listen carefully to the first part of Carol Hunt’s talk and fill 10 missing words in the extracts. (20 pts – 2/1)1. seminar2. guidelines

3. areas 4. objectives

5. audience6. content

7. organization8. visual

9. practice10. timing

B. Listen to the last part of Carol Hunt’s presentation and briefly answer the questions below (15 pts – 3/1)1. nervous2. monotonous

3. eye contact 4. diplomatic way

5. nerves, voice, body language, visual information, and questions

SECTION II: LEXICO-GRAMMAR (55 pts)Part 1. Choose the word or phrase which best completes these sentences. Circle the letter you choose. (10 pts)1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. DPart 2. Choose the underlined word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting (5 pts)1. B. the archaeology

archaeology (Don’t use the before the names of fields of study)

2. A. so such3. B. percentage percent

4. D. and but also5. B. “both … and” is used to join

two words. So, both should be eliminated.

Part 3. Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Write your answer in the space provided. (10 pts)1. was skiing2. didn’t want

3. is4. hadn’t skied

5. joined6. was getting

7. slipped8. heard

9. had happened10. was broken

Part 4. There are 10 mistakes in the following passage. Correct the mistakes and write your answer in the space provided. (20 pts – 2/1)1. that what2. something someone3. speak spoken4. of 5. will would

6. and or7. house home8. was is9. to than10. with for

Part 5. Prepositions - Fill in the blanks with: of/ from/ with (10 pts)1. from 2. of 3. with 4. of 5. with 6. of 7. with 8. of 9. of 10. from SECTION III. READING (50 pts)Part 1. Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the word in block capitals. (0) has been done as an example. (10 pts)1. untreated2. uncontrolled

3. unstable 4. poisonous

5. Chemicals 6. disposal

7. militant 8. Replanting

9. sustainable10. enlightened

Part 2. Fill in the space with one suitable word (20 pts)1. and 2. that 3. in 4. one

5. before6. no 7. either8. than

9. all10. if 11. least 12. with

13. for 14. going 15. Not 16. likely

17. like 18. more 19. this20. only

Part 3. Read the passage and choose from the list A-J the best phrase to fill each of the blanks. (10 pts – 2/1)0. B 1. C 2. F 3. H 4. E 5. GPart 4: Read the following passage and choose the best answer. (10 pts)1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. ASECTION IV: WRITING (60 pts)Part 1. Build a complete sentence with the given words. (20 pts – 2/1)1. Tea was first drunk many centuries ago by the Chinese. 2. The story goes that some leaves from a tea bush fell by chance into the boiling water in a philosopher’s pot. 3. In the past, tea was affordable only by the rich, because of the high cost of importing it. 4. Wealthy households would lock it securely away in sturdy tea chests to prevent theft.5. It is estimated that on average, Britons drink per capita five cups of tea per day. 6. Some would complain, though, that it is becoming increasingly hard to get a decent cup of tea. 7. There are many ways of making and drinking tea, depending where you come from.8. Each person will tell you that their way is the only correct one. 9. In the north of England, the tea goes into the cup, followed by the milk. 10.On the Continent you are likely to be served lemon, rather than milk with your tea.Part 2. Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. This word must not be altered in any way. Use no more than 5 words. (20 pts – 2/1)

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1. collided with one 2. sooner or later3. in a world of 4. be right back5. cat out of the bag

6. as well as Andy7. little by little8. make up for forgetting9. has gone out of business 10. from time to time

Part 3. Write a composition from 120 to 150 words on this topic:In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details. (20 pts)

CRITERIA GOOD AVERAGE BAD

1. The essay has three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion.2. The introduction states the topic of the essay. 3. The body has more than one paragraph, each of which deals with one main idea only.4. The conclusion summarises the main ideas of the essay. 5. The ideas in the essays are linked well together. 6. There were no spelling and grammatical mistakes.

3 3 3

3 4 4

1.51.51.5

1.522

0.50.50.5

0.500

TOTAL 20 10 2

SAMPLE: I don't think it is a good idea for teenagers to have jobs while they are still students. It can interfere with their studies, it can disrupt their home life, and it takes away pan of their childhood that they can never replace. Education today is very complex and difficult. In order to learn and get good grades, a student must work very hard and concentrate. This means attending classes from early in the morning until late afternoon, then doing research for projects, then going home and doing homework. It's a busy schedule for anyone. For someone trying to hold down a job, it's even harder. Students need all their energy for their studies. If they're working after class at night, they're going to be tired the next day. They won't be able to concentrate. This will have a negative impact on their learning, and eventually on their grades.Having a job can also disrupt a teenager's home life. Families spend less and less time together. If a teenager has a job to go to after school, he won't be home for dinner. He won't be home after dinner, either, and may not get home until late at night. This means he doesn't have a lot of time to spend with his family. If he doesn't have a car, it can mean changes in his parents' schedules, too. They have to drive him to work and pick him up. The main drawback of a teenager having a job while he's still a student is that he's missing out on the fun of being young. He has a whole lifetime in which he'll have to earn a living. This is the last free time he'll have. It's the last chance he'll have to hang out with friends and just enjoy himself. Soon enough he'll have to worry about paying the rent and buying food. Jobs bring money, but money isn't everything. A teenager with a job gives up too much. No one should spend all his time at work, and especially not a teenager.

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7.6Good morning everyone, and welcome to our seminar. This morning, I'm going to give you guidelines for preparing and delivering talks and presentations. I'm going to start by looking at preparation. This stage is extremely important and there are six key areas you need to think about when preparing your presentation or talk. The first one is objectives. You need to think carefully about the aim of your talk, and what you want to achieve. Second, the audience. Think about who they are, and what they need to know. The third area is content. Concentrate on giving the important information and make sure it's interesting. The fourth area is organization. Your presentation needs to have a clear and logical organization. You must make certain that you are using what we call 'signposting language' (ngôn ngữ chỉ đường) so that the audience can follow each stage of your presentation. The fifth area is visual information. Presenting information visually, for example through a computer, or on an overhead projector or a flipchart, adds interest to a presentation and makes it easier to follow, but make sure you know how to use the equipment and that you're not showing too much information on the screen or slide at one time. The last key area is practice. When you've finished preparing your talk, practise giving it. This way you'll discover if there are any problems and be able to check the timing. It should also make you feel more confident. Now, before I move on to the second part of my presentation, are there any questions?7.7CH Now we come to the last part, delivery. You need to consider five key areas here. The first one is nerves. Most of us feel nervous when we speak in public, especially if we're speaking a foreign language. It can help if you breathe deeply. Breathing deeply calms you down and stops you speaking too quickly, which usually happens when you're nervous. The second area is voice. Obviously it's important to speak clearly and not too quickly, but it's also important to sound interesting. If your voice sounds monotonous your audience will fall asleep! Next, body language. Try to give the impression that you're relaxed and confident even if you're not, and try to avoid nervous gestures or movements. An important element of body language is eye contact, and keeping eye contact with the audience is important to keep them interested in what you're saying. For this reason you shouldn't read your talk or presentation. Instead, list key points on a flipchart or transparency (anh phim đen chiêu), and refer to notes as well, if you need to. Stand rather than sit, but make sure you don't stand in front of visual information. And visual information is the fourth key area on our list. I mentioned earlier the importance of not presenting too much information at a time, and you saw in the handout phrases for focusing the audience's attention on what you want them to look at. Remember, too, to give them enough time to take in the information you're showing them. The fifth and final area is questions. The best policy is to answer questions in a polite, diplomatic way. The phrases in the handout should give you some help here. So, to sum up, the five areas you need to think about when delivering your talk or presentation are nerves, voice, body language, visual information, and questions. Well, this brings me to the end of my presentation. Thank you for your attention, and now if you have any questions I'll be happy to answer them. Yes, you have a question there ... ?

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