OXFORD VNIVEICS ITY PR ESS

Great Clarendon Street Oxford OX2 GOP

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copy Kenna Bou rke 2003

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First published 2003

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ISBN 0 19 438620 1

Ill ust rated by Ken Pyne

Printed in China

Contents

How to use Test it Fix it 4

Articles (1) 6

A rt ic les (2) 10

Artic les (3) 14

Adjectives and adverbs 18

Word order with adjectives 22

Word order w ith adverbs 26

Comparative and su perlative adjectives 30

Co m parat ive and superlative adverbs 34

- ing or -ed 38

Co untab le nouns 42

Uncountable nouns 46

Quantifiers some any~ much and many 50

Something anybody nowhere everything etc 54

Both all each every either neither 58

Possessives 62

Prepos it ions of time at on in 66

Preposit io ns of pl ace in on at 70

Quest io ns 74

Question tags 78

Short answers 82

Usefu l g ra m m ar term s 86

Test it Fix it is a seri es of bo oks design ed to help you identify any problem s

you m ay have in English and to fix the probl em s Each Test it Fix it bo ok

has twenty tests w hich conce n trate on m istakes comm only m ade by learn ers

Tes t it Fix it has an unusu al form at You stan at the f irst page of each unit

then go to th e t h ird pag e then to the second page Her es how it works

Test it (First pa gel 111

middot ~ I l middot 0

o First do Test it exe rcise 1

eshy

a Then do Test it exercise 2

9 Go to the Fix it page and check your

answers before you do Test it again

Fix it (Third pagel-------- shy I litltl l

AnwcrI to TlMtit c-Idc tW IY~ ~ I_~ ~~ tlllhl It re-nQmiddotIlIOltJIo Check your answers 1 bull bull _1_ J h

- II I~ (You can fold the page to c bull bull__ 1bullbull I~ r

CII ~ t bull -w- lI rmake it easier to check I --- bull 11lmiddotlI 1 b ~ k1IIff ~

1 - 011101_1 I

~~e Wrong answer Look for the -- ~ _~~~ t 1~ a (r 110- ~ _

OAh tmiddotmiddot -r-lFix it note letter you need Tshy

~ ll ~

I Illtt ~

t- 0 bull

h I ~ 11 I

~c~j~~ o To understand why you made ArLlWflfI tD T~t it -vaIn

a mistake read the Fix it note If-- - - - - - - - - - - - shyIf you need more information

read the Review page as well

G Now go back to t he second page and do Test it eqoin

tbullbull ~I l n ~

Fix it [Third pagel

CD Check your answers

On v

~ - ~ ~ - ~ bullt-_ _ -_ bull bull __ bullbull~

~ bull _ _u _ _bull _u

_ - _ -

- _ - - - -- ~ _ __~_

~ ~ ~- -shy - -

~ _ - -

_ shy

Test it again (Second page)

o Do Test it again exercise 1

o Do Test it again exercise 2

~ Go t o the Fix it p age and check yo ur

answers

h ~ l Ibullmiddot

I bull (Or r ( ~IQ ~- J~ 0 ~ I ~ 0 r

LI ~ I ~~ ~ - Ibullbullbull

r- 1 ~~Q gt ~

Review (Fou rth page)

4E) You can read t his page at any

t ime It gives you extended Fix it notes and example sentences Its

designed to give you a summary

of t he grammar you need for the

whole test

Test it Fix it is a seri es of bo oks design ed to help you identify any problem s

you m ay have in English and to fix the probl em s Each Test it Fix it bo ok

has twenty tests w hich conce n trate on m istakes comm only m ade by learn ers

Tes t it Fix it has an unusu al form at You stan at the f irst page of each unit

then go to th e t h ird pag e then to the second page Her es how it works

Test it (First pa gel 111

middot ~ I l middot 0

o First do Test it exe rcise 1

eshy

a Then do Test it exercise 2

9 Go to the Fix it page and check your

answers before you do Test it again

Fix it (Third pagel-------- shy I litltl l

AnwcrI to TlMtit c-Idc tW IY~ ~ I_~ ~~ tlllhl It re-nQmiddotIlIOltJIo Check your answers 1 bull bull _1_ J h

- II I~ (You can fold the page to c bull bull__ 1bullbull I~ r

CII ~ t bull -w- lI rmake it easier to check I --- bull 11lmiddotlI 1 b ~ k1IIff ~

1 - 011101_1 I

~~e Wrong answer Look for the -- ~ _~~~ t 1~ a (r 110- ~ _

OAh tmiddotmiddot -r-lFix it note letter you need Tshy

~ ll ~

I Illtt ~

t- 0 bull

h I ~ 11 I

~c~j~~ o To understand why you made ArLlWflfI tD T~t it -vaIn

a mistake read the Fix it note If-- - - - - - - - - - - - shyIf you need more information

read the Review page as well

G Now go back to t he second page and do Test it eqoin

tbullbull ~I l n ~

Fix it [Third pagel

CD Check your answers

On v

~ - ~ ~ - ~ bullt-_ _ -_ bull bull __ bullbull~

~ bull _ _u _ _bull _u

_ - _ -

- _ - - - -- ~ _ __~_

~ ~ ~- -shy - -

~ _ - -

_ shy

Test it again (Second page)

o Do Test it again exercise 1

o Do Test it again exercise 2

~ Go t o the Fix it p age and check yo ur

answers

h ~ l Ibullmiddot

I bull (Or r ( ~IQ ~- J~ 0 ~ I ~ 0 r

LI ~ I ~~ ~ - Ibullbullbull

r- 1 ~~Q gt ~

Review (Fou rth page)

4E) You can read t his page at any

t ime It gives you extended Fix it notes and example sentences Its

designed to give you a summary

of t he grammar you need for the

whole test

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct the m istake in each sen tence

Mikes wearing a red socks f Some child ren wear an( unifor m at school

b c sa w a film vc -xtc-rrlav shya fi lm was about a sp 9

Im sure your books hare in a kitchen

d ould YOl like a banana o r a orange

e I lov e w atch ing a sun

Hey look I ve got an fetter l

rise in the morni ng

f) Write a an or the where necessary

a Homo sap iens is most inte ll ige nt species on th e planet

b I me t very interest ing woman toda y

c Did vou f ill th e car up w ith petrol yesterday

d The dogs barking at __ moon again

e Have a look in fri dge I th ink th eres so me m ilk left

Thats an in terest in g bird shy bi rd w ith the blue tai l feathe rs

9 Wow You v e got lots of DVDs

h Is th at really camel I can see over there

Jeffs opt ic ian

Have yo u go t garage at your house

CEQ]

Test it again

o Match the t w o halves of each sen t ence Add a an or the w here necessary

a Get into bed Ive got b The storms last night we re c I think th ey re d Oh no Iv e got e How much is f Apparent ly fro m space 9 Pete th eres h Wh ich is it A squid or

Nicks just bo ug ht Look Can you see it Theres

f) Find and correct f ive m istakes

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

10

octo pus oi l on my favourite shirt email fo r you motorbike fox in t he garden bee s but they may be w asps eart h looks blue bl ack jacket in the w indow new story to read to yo u wo rst w eve had for years

a I In Bads ey town centre yesterday ltl mall II- l anexud 10 1 Illll~g i llg a Oll ll~

wo mu n wo mau lIa att acked s she left the posl ni ce in Redfo rd Road

c

the n ew j ob

Are you looking forb

Vlt y not in in

- Liddle lnsurancee-sshy

Vc ply hos t ra tes

~

Fix it notes

A Dont use a or an with uncountable nouns

B Dont use a or an w it h plural noun s

C Use a (not an) before a conson ant sou nd Use an (not a) before a vowel sound

o Use a or an when you ment ion some th ing for t he fi rst time

E Use th e w hen you ment ion someth ing for t he second ti m e

F Use the when it s obviou s which person or t hing yo ure talking about

G

Use the wh en th e thi ng you re talking about is un ique th eres onl y one of the m

H Use the w it h superlative adject ives

For more informa ti on see th e Review page opposite rgt

Articles (1)

o Review

Articles (1)

In this book there are three units on articles Articles (1) helps you to choose between a an or the Artic les (2) dea ls mostly w ith the definite article the and tells you when you shou ldnt use an article at all Art icles (3) shows you when to use articles with common expressions

A and an

You use the indefinite art icle a (not an) before a consonant sound You use the indef inite artic le an (not a) before a vowel sound 15 that a camel He wears a uniform I live in a house Ilive in an old house Would you like an orange Ill take an umbrella

bull You dont use a or an with unco untable nouns or plural nouns Can you smell gas Im wearing red gloves

You use a or an when you mention someth ing for the first time A boy was walking down the street when suddenly he saw an elephant Would you like to go and see a film tonight (Any film not a particular f ilm)

The

You use the when you menti on someth ing for a second t im e A boy was walking down the street Suddenly the boy saw an elephant The elephant was enormous

You use the when the person you re talking to knows which perso n or thi ng youre talking about Can I speak to the manager (The manager of this shop) Your books are in the kitchen (You know wh ich kitc hen)

bull You use the when the person or th ing yo ure talking about is unique (Theres only one) When I was little I gave some flowers to the Queen The moon looks beautiful ton ight I love watching th e sun go down

You use the with superlative adject ives The choo ts t is th o tnstost nnimnl on enrth Youm th e nicest person I know

Test it ~

o Cho ose t he best option A or B

a Im A a teacher B teacher

b Cou ld y ou open I m hot A th e w indow B window

c Jeff w ants to climb A the Mount Everest B M ount Everest

d Do you enjoy listening to A music B the m usic

e I spent my chi ldhood in A the Belgium B Belg ium Wer e go ing ski ing in A A lps B the Alps

9 Jacks got A th e loud voice B a loud voi ce

h My doc tor says is bad fo r you A sal t B the sal t Can you pass me please A sal t B the salt My brother spea ks A the French B French

e Choose the best op tion

a The Dr Sm ith Dr Smit h w as a lectu rer at Lon don Uni versity b Tom van Vuren comes from th e NetherlandsNetherlands c The clown had big red nosea big red nose d Ive always lo ved Italianthe Italian It s such a musical language e Stephen th e child ren children are ready to go to school f Do you eat the chickench icken or are you veg eta rian 9 Have you ever been to Lake Ortathe Lake Orta Its ve ry beautifu l h Were staying at Sheraton Hote lthe She raton Hotel ton igh t

Ni cholas is an architectarchi tect isnt he I thi nk th e LiaLia is a very pretty baby

Test it again

o Com pl et e t he sentences Use a an or the w here necessary

a You real ly have go t lovely sm ile

b Sarah w ants to sai l on Nile

c Im spe nding New Years Eve in Brussels

d Can you pass m e wa ter

e All living crea tures need wate r

I do n t like fish Too ma ny bo nes

g Mire ia comes from Spain doesnt she

h _ Chinese is a difficult lang uage to learn

J oe w ants to be air line pilot

Taj Mahal is an amazing buil d ing

a Fin d and correct twelve m istakes in t hese d ia logues

a Tim Dan do you want sugar in your co ffee Dan Yes please I know the suga rs bad for your teeth but I hate the

coffee wi thout it The Dr Raws torne tel ls me to give it up eve ry t im e

I see him

b Caro l Wow This gu idebook is great Have you eve r been lip Eiffel Tower

Nick No in fact Ive never been to the France Pass me guidebook

please

c Harry The d ictionaries are so expensive these days

Sally Yes I know but books cost a lo t to make dont they

d Pete Ive decided I dont wa nt to be polit ician after all

J ill Good I dont like the poli t icians anyway

o Victor The Davi d is go ing to United States soon to study eco nomics

Sarah Oh yes I remember Hes go ing to the New York isnt he

~

Fix it notes

A Use a or an before a noun or before an adject ive + noun to describe something or to say what someonss job is

B Use the w hen the person youre talking to knows which person or thing youre talk ing about

C Dont lise an artic le when yo ure talking about things in a general way eg chicken music salt

o Don t lise an article to talk about a person a lang uage or most places incl udi ng the name of a country a mountain or a lake

E Use the wi th the names of places that are pl ural the names of deserts seas rivers and oceans and the names of most bu ild ings

For nore inforrnati~n see the 1[gtReview page opposite

Ar t icles (2)

o Review

Articles (2)

A and an

You use a or an to describe things and to say what someones job is This is a good book Helen is an editor NOT -IefeR is editor

h

bull You use the when the person youre talking to knows which person or th ing

you r e ta lki ng about Could you pass me the salt (The salt thats on the table) Your glasses are in the car (Its our car You know which one I mean)

You use the with the names of places that are plura l eg the United States tile Netherlands the United Arab Emirates You also use the w ith the names of most deserts seas rivers and oceans and with the names of most buildings Robin lives in the United States She sailed across the Pacific Its very hot in the Negev Desert I found the book in the British Library

Note however that there are exceptions to this ru le You dont use the w ith the names of buildings which include the words school universitv college castle palace airport station eg London University Topkapi Palace Frankfurt Airport

No article

You do nt use an article (a an or the) when youre talking about t hings in

general If you use an art icle you change the mean ing I like milk but I dont like fish (All mi lk and all fish)

lease pass me the milk (The milk that s on the table )

Children are adorable (All children) The children are adorable (Our children )

You dont use an article wi th languages or with the names of most places

Paddy speaks French NOT Pedd~ speaks the Freneh We like Lake Como NOT We like the-laxe Como

Note however that there are exceptions to this rule YOLI use the with the names of places which include words such as kingdom sultanate republic eg

Ira Ropubtic of Ireland and with very big parts of the world eg The Far East

You dont usa nn article bofore peoples names or before Mr Ms Mrs Miss

Or Ptotessot etc nnd the parsons nama limy h IY 1gt0UI ( itmd NO I Tile TOIY is my bes -frielfi

_ _ - - - - - ~ _-

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Johns in t he hospital because hes broken his leg b Johns in hospital because hes b roken his leg

c W hat funny boy you are d What a funny boy you are

e We ll have a salad fo r lunch Well have a salad for the lunch

9 Were going to Lon don by the car h Were goi ng to Lon don by car

To get to Broad Street take the seco nd turni ng on the left To get to Broad St reet take t he seco nd turni ng on left

f) Write a an or the where necessary

a M ickey James is in prison again

b Hey look My w atch is same as yours

c Em mas only fi ve and she can already count to hundred

d The children go to school by bus

e Would you like to win million dolla rs

f J ulian W hat amaz ing surprise

9 Wh at do you wa nt for breakfast

h Patrick Leig h Ferm or tra velled from London to Istanbul on foot

Sandy s working as assistant un t il she goes to Australia

Take the third turning on rig ht

Test it again

o Find and correct the mistake in each sentence

iI David always uses I hate travelling by his pen as spoon the plane

CIII

b co un ted tho usa nd co ins 9 Why dont you ring Fiona i ll fiftee n m inutes I think shes at the home

---------~--

h The kids love going c Do you want to have to cinema

th e dinner wit h me

I cant see you on Saturday d You a nd 111( - we re sam e because Im going to the work

typt o f people

You turn the li ghts off I dont want to get out of the bed

M nt ch the two hal ves of each sentence Add a an or the w here necessary

Do you ever go to 1 helicopter

b The post office is over there on 2 waiter at t he moment

c Wo often go to the beach in 3 hosp ital

tl Most people dislike being in 4 church

Im bus y Ive got 5 Ju ne

Hnr ry Wh at 6 lunch w ell play football

Hes w ork ing as 7 coas t more th an the mou nta ins

h The y do mountai n resc ues by 8 m illion th ing s to do

A ltor 9 surprise to see you agai n

I liko 10 rig ht next to th e ban k

~ ~

Fix it notes

A Use the before some co mmon exp ressions eg th e left the rig ht the same

B Dont use an article w it h some com m on expressions rela ting to particular places eg in bed at home in hospital in prison to work

C

Dont use an article w ith meals days months or wi th holidays fest ivals and spec ia l days

D Use a or an before a singu lar countable noun after as

E Dont use an arti cle wi th methods of tran sport eg by bus b y car on foot

F Use a or an before a sing ular countable noun in exclamations w ith What

G

Use a before hundred thousand million when vou mean one hu ndred o ne thousand etc

For more inform at ion see the Review page opposite Jgt

Articles (3)

Review

Articles (3)

A and an

You use a or an before sing ular countable no uns afte r as Im using my spare bedro om as an office Janes work ing as an assistant in the doctor s surgery NOT as assistant

You use a or an before sing ular countable nouns in exclam ati ons that start wi th What What a surprise What an amazing car What a funny dream

You use a before til e words hundred thousand million billion etc w hen you 1110an o ne hu ndred one tho usand etc Jills won a hundred euros A thousand years ago there was a fo res t here

You use the befo re some common exp ressions eg the same the cinema the th eatre the right the left the top the coast etc You need to learn these Youre we aring the same ja cket as me ShaJJ we go to the cinema

My bouse is on the le ft

rticle

YOIi don t use an article with some common expressio ns relat ing to partic ular places (0 in or out of bed church hospital pr ison (lI at or fr om coll ege school unive rsity work

Huh will be in prison for six months NOT in th e prison

Wo learnt a lot at school today NOT at the school

I li ke going to work NOT tfie--wefk-

YUIi dont use an article with meals days months ho lidays festivals and

pucial days I ats hove lun ch logeher I hat e Mondays My 1 irthdays in June I I ItJ kids love Christmas We always have a party on New Year s Day

YOIi don t li se fin artlc le w ith meth od s of tr ansport I pII to work hy trnin Holen loves going everywhere on foor IIIf IIickl1l by em Tl w Prima Millisa( trnvels by ptnne

Test it ~

o Five of t hese sentences are incorrect Fin d and correct t hem

a Steve hit t he ball hard Rabbit f ur feels soft ly

9 We saw two beautifuls b You re a person nice sunsets last week

c Harry is a dog black h Did yo u get up ( IJ early

d The Economist is a weekly magazine Buy som e green app les

e This curry tastes wonderful I bought today a car

e Choose the co rrect sentence in each pair

a Malco lm speaks w ell Italian

b Malco lm speaks Italian w ell

c That pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderful I

d That perfume smells w onderf ully

e A kit t en is a cat young A kitten is a young cat

9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s h They test the fire alarm s w eekly

I read fi ve good books on holiday I read five goods boo ks on holiday

C]

est it again

o So lve t he clues to com plete the crossword Use the words below

Ilfrl badly easy easily good well slo w slow ly soft softly strange strangely

Across

2 The hairdresser cut my hair yesterday 3 The so up tastes W hats in it 5 Our Fre nch exam w as quite

Hav e you seen any fi lms recentl y 8 My rabbit has white fur

OBliger Drive 11 Nick is a reader but he loves

hooks

Down 1 You re talk in g

6Hnve you go t to othache The m eat smells

5

--- - Lets throw it aw ay I cnn drink three

lltros of w ater a day Don t w orry sh e said

111 lhi erry Herve played foull y in th e Ill Itch

hnol Q t ho best option

(l lr ick has hai r b londb lond hair It Sue didnt enjoy much the filmth e f ilm much

You look ang ryangrily - w hats w rong

VIGky shouted loudlyloud Ihu Alps nro very snow yss now y in w inter I hu music sounds cheo rfulchee rf ully

I Thlaquo aituntlon is sertousserlouslv II Dn nt dr ivo BO flllJlrnstiy

1 1 Tlnuni i~ l II pnpor dailyd olly pap er 111111 I rllll l f ll cll llcio ll sdo liclo ll l ly

[ In ]

Adjectives and adverbs

ReviewFix it notes

djectives and adverbs A Put adject ives before (not after) nouns or pronouns die ct ives

You use adjectives to say more about a noun or a pronoun Adjectives goB before (not after) th e noun or pronoun Ad jectives don t change their form with

lies a man Hes a nice man NOT Hes-tt-ffltffHffee singular or plural nouns

IIMfYS a dog Harrys a black dog NOT Herrv is B doe black

C YO Il dont change the form of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns Put adject ives (not adverbs) after these

If s nn interesting book These are interesting books NOT fftlefestifttjsshyverbs appear be become feel get Those shoes are cheap NOT eheeplaquolook seem smell sound taste

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) these verbs appear be become feel get o luok seem smell sound taste Don t put adverbs between the verb

~111 look tired NOT You tired-look and the ob ject Usually put th em at th e

IIIt seems easy NOT -ThatmiddoteaBy-seems end of the sentence

YOIl use an adject ive (not an adverb) after these verbs appear be become feel E

til look seem smell sound taste Early and late fast and hard daily

111f tiresd smells wonderful NOT -W8RtferftJl y weekly and m onthly are adject ives and

I )III OW milk taste bad NOT -hatyshyadv erbs

1111 lor m most adverbs by adding Iy to the adjectiveFor mor e infor mation see the IIIId quicklyRevi ew page opposite

III Iy u aln JIIr I~y 1-fI Jli ~lJ

[gt Ihl l 1m careful Some adverbs are irregular 1l11I well Shes a good runner She runs well

IIIId hnrd Digging is hard work He works hard

1111 11(11 adverbs to say more about verbs Adverbs tell you how w here when III IJIIW much something happens You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce You dont pu t them between the verb and its ob ject I lilly firII delicious pizms here NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas ~l lI lltllk Ft onch well Nor You speak well French

mel montniv con be adj ectives

I Jil t III) omlv 111 11 nlll rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Fix it notes

A Dont use a or an with uncountable nouns

B Dont use a or an w it h plural noun s

C Use a (not an) before a conson ant sou nd Use an (not a) before a vowel sound

o Use a or an when you ment ion some th ing for t he fi rst time

E Use th e w hen you ment ion someth ing for t he second ti m e

F Use the when it s obviou s which person or t hing yo ure talking about

G

Use the wh en th e thi ng you re talking about is un ique th eres onl y one of the m

H Use the w it h superlative adject ives

For more informa ti on see th e Review page opposite rgt

Articles (1)

o Review

Articles (1)

In this book there are three units on articles Articles (1) helps you to choose between a an or the Artic les (2) dea ls mostly w ith the definite article the and tells you when you shou ldnt use an article at all Art icles (3) shows you when to use articles with common expressions

A and an

You use the indefinite art icle a (not an) before a consonant sound You use the indef inite artic le an (not a) before a vowel sound 15 that a camel He wears a uniform I live in a house Ilive in an old house Would you like an orange Ill take an umbrella

bull You dont use a or an with unco untable nouns or plural nouns Can you smell gas Im wearing red gloves

You use a or an when you mention someth ing for the first time A boy was walking down the street when suddenly he saw an elephant Would you like to go and see a film tonight (Any film not a particular f ilm)

The

You use the when you menti on someth ing for a second t im e A boy was walking down the street Suddenly the boy saw an elephant The elephant was enormous

You use the when the person you re talking to knows which perso n or thi ng youre talking about Can I speak to the manager (The manager of this shop) Your books are in the kitchen (You know wh ich kitc hen)

bull You use the when the person or th ing yo ure talking about is unique (Theres only one) When I was little I gave some flowers to the Queen The moon looks beautiful ton ight I love watching th e sun go down

You use the with superlative adject ives The choo ts t is th o tnstost nnimnl on enrth Youm th e nicest person I know

Test it ~

o Cho ose t he best option A or B

a Im A a teacher B teacher

b Cou ld y ou open I m hot A th e w indow B window

c Jeff w ants to climb A the Mount Everest B M ount Everest

d Do you enjoy listening to A music B the m usic

e I spent my chi ldhood in A the Belgium B Belg ium Wer e go ing ski ing in A A lps B the Alps

9 Jacks got A th e loud voice B a loud voi ce

h My doc tor says is bad fo r you A sal t B the sal t Can you pass me please A sal t B the salt My brother spea ks A the French B French

e Choose the best op tion

a The Dr Sm ith Dr Smit h w as a lectu rer at Lon don Uni versity b Tom van Vuren comes from th e NetherlandsNetherlands c The clown had big red nosea big red nose d Ive always lo ved Italianthe Italian It s such a musical language e Stephen th e child ren children are ready to go to school f Do you eat the chickench icken or are you veg eta rian 9 Have you ever been to Lake Ortathe Lake Orta Its ve ry beautifu l h Were staying at Sheraton Hote lthe She raton Hotel ton igh t

Ni cholas is an architectarchi tect isnt he I thi nk th e LiaLia is a very pretty baby

Test it again

o Com pl et e t he sentences Use a an or the w here necessary

a You real ly have go t lovely sm ile

b Sarah w ants to sai l on Nile

c Im spe nding New Years Eve in Brussels

d Can you pass m e wa ter

e All living crea tures need wate r

I do n t like fish Too ma ny bo nes

g Mire ia comes from Spain doesnt she

h _ Chinese is a difficult lang uage to learn

J oe w ants to be air line pilot

Taj Mahal is an amazing buil d ing

a Fin d and correct twelve m istakes in t hese d ia logues

a Tim Dan do you want sugar in your co ffee Dan Yes please I know the suga rs bad for your teeth but I hate the

coffee wi thout it The Dr Raws torne tel ls me to give it up eve ry t im e

I see him

b Caro l Wow This gu idebook is great Have you eve r been lip Eiffel Tower

Nick No in fact Ive never been to the France Pass me guidebook

please

c Harry The d ictionaries are so expensive these days

Sally Yes I know but books cost a lo t to make dont they

d Pete Ive decided I dont wa nt to be polit ician after all

J ill Good I dont like the poli t icians anyway

o Victor The Davi d is go ing to United States soon to study eco nomics

Sarah Oh yes I remember Hes go ing to the New York isnt he

~

Fix it notes

A Use a or an before a noun or before an adject ive + noun to describe something or to say what someonss job is

B Use the w hen the person youre talking to knows which person or thing youre talk ing about

C Dont lise an artic le when yo ure talking about things in a general way eg chicken music salt

o Don t lise an article to talk about a person a lang uage or most places incl udi ng the name of a country a mountain or a lake

E Use the wi th the names of places that are pl ural the names of deserts seas rivers and oceans and the names of most bu ild ings

For nore inforrnati~n see the 1[gtReview page opposite

Ar t icles (2)

o Review

Articles (2)

A and an

You use a or an to describe things and to say what someones job is This is a good book Helen is an editor NOT -IefeR is editor

h

bull You use the when the person youre talking to knows which person or th ing

you r e ta lki ng about Could you pass me the salt (The salt thats on the table) Your glasses are in the car (Its our car You know which one I mean)

You use the with the names of places that are plura l eg the United States tile Netherlands the United Arab Emirates You also use the w ith the names of most deserts seas rivers and oceans and with the names of most buildings Robin lives in the United States She sailed across the Pacific Its very hot in the Negev Desert I found the book in the British Library

Note however that there are exceptions to this ru le You dont use the w ith the names of buildings which include the words school universitv college castle palace airport station eg London University Topkapi Palace Frankfurt Airport

No article

You do nt use an article (a an or the) when youre talking about t hings in

general If you use an art icle you change the mean ing I like milk but I dont like fish (All mi lk and all fish)

lease pass me the milk (The milk that s on the table )

Children are adorable (All children) The children are adorable (Our children )

You dont use an article wi th languages or with the names of most places

Paddy speaks French NOT Pedd~ speaks the Freneh We like Lake Como NOT We like the-laxe Como

Note however that there are exceptions to this rule YOLI use the with the names of places which include words such as kingdom sultanate republic eg

Ira Ropubtic of Ireland and with very big parts of the world eg The Far East

You dont usa nn article bofore peoples names or before Mr Ms Mrs Miss

Or Ptotessot etc nnd the parsons nama limy h IY 1gt0UI ( itmd NO I Tile TOIY is my bes -frielfi

_ _ - - - - - ~ _-

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Johns in t he hospital because hes broken his leg b Johns in hospital because hes b roken his leg

c W hat funny boy you are d What a funny boy you are

e We ll have a salad fo r lunch Well have a salad for the lunch

9 Were going to Lon don by the car h Were goi ng to Lon don by car

To get to Broad Street take the seco nd turni ng on the left To get to Broad St reet take t he seco nd turni ng on left

f) Write a an or the where necessary

a M ickey James is in prison again

b Hey look My w atch is same as yours

c Em mas only fi ve and she can already count to hundred

d The children go to school by bus

e Would you like to win million dolla rs

f J ulian W hat amaz ing surprise

9 Wh at do you wa nt for breakfast

h Patrick Leig h Ferm or tra velled from London to Istanbul on foot

Sandy s working as assistant un t il she goes to Australia

Take the third turning on rig ht

Test it again

o Find and correct the mistake in each sentence

iI David always uses I hate travelling by his pen as spoon the plane

CIII

b co un ted tho usa nd co ins 9 Why dont you ring Fiona i ll fiftee n m inutes I think shes at the home

---------~--

h The kids love going c Do you want to have to cinema

th e dinner wit h me

I cant see you on Saturday d You a nd 111( - we re sam e because Im going to the work

typt o f people

You turn the li ghts off I dont want to get out of the bed

M nt ch the two hal ves of each sentence Add a an or the w here necessary

Do you ever go to 1 helicopter

b The post office is over there on 2 waiter at t he moment

c Wo often go to the beach in 3 hosp ital

tl Most people dislike being in 4 church

Im bus y Ive got 5 Ju ne

Hnr ry Wh at 6 lunch w ell play football

Hes w ork ing as 7 coas t more th an the mou nta ins

h The y do mountai n resc ues by 8 m illion th ing s to do

A ltor 9 surprise to see you agai n

I liko 10 rig ht next to th e ban k

~ ~

Fix it notes

A Use the before some co mmon exp ressions eg th e left the rig ht the same

B Dont use an article w it h some com m on expressions rela ting to particular places eg in bed at home in hospital in prison to work

C

Dont use an article w ith meals days months or wi th holidays fest ivals and spec ia l days

D Use a or an before a singu lar countable noun after as

E Dont use an arti cle wi th methods of tran sport eg by bus b y car on foot

F Use a or an before a sing ular countable noun in exclamations w ith What

G

Use a before hundred thousand million when vou mean one hu ndred o ne thousand etc

For more inform at ion see the Review page opposite Jgt

Articles (3)

Review

Articles (3)

A and an

You use a or an before sing ular countable no uns afte r as Im using my spare bedro om as an office Janes work ing as an assistant in the doctor s surgery NOT as assistant

You use a or an before sing ular countable nouns in exclam ati ons that start wi th What What a surprise What an amazing car What a funny dream

You use a before til e words hundred thousand million billion etc w hen you 1110an o ne hu ndred one tho usand etc Jills won a hundred euros A thousand years ago there was a fo res t here

You use the befo re some common exp ressions eg the same the cinema the th eatre the right the left the top the coast etc You need to learn these Youre we aring the same ja cket as me ShaJJ we go to the cinema

My bouse is on the le ft

rticle

YOIi don t use an article with some common expressio ns relat ing to partic ular places (0 in or out of bed church hospital pr ison (lI at or fr om coll ege school unive rsity work

Huh will be in prison for six months NOT in th e prison

Wo learnt a lot at school today NOT at the school

I li ke going to work NOT tfie--wefk-

YUIi dont use an article with meals days months ho lidays festivals and

pucial days I ats hove lun ch logeher I hat e Mondays My 1 irthdays in June I I ItJ kids love Christmas We always have a party on New Year s Day

YOIi don t li se fin artlc le w ith meth od s of tr ansport I pII to work hy trnin Holen loves going everywhere on foor IIIf IIickl1l by em Tl w Prima Millisa( trnvels by ptnne

Test it ~

o Five of t hese sentences are incorrect Fin d and correct t hem

a Steve hit t he ball hard Rabbit f ur feels soft ly

9 We saw two beautifuls b You re a person nice sunsets last week

c Harry is a dog black h Did yo u get up ( IJ early

d The Economist is a weekly magazine Buy som e green app les

e This curry tastes wonderful I bought today a car

e Choose the co rrect sentence in each pair

a Malco lm speaks w ell Italian

b Malco lm speaks Italian w ell

c That pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderful I

d That perfume smells w onderf ully

e A kit t en is a cat young A kitten is a young cat

9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s h They test the fire alarm s w eekly

I read fi ve good books on holiday I read five goods boo ks on holiday

C]

est it again

o So lve t he clues to com plete the crossword Use the words below

Ilfrl badly easy easily good well slo w slow ly soft softly strange strangely

Across

2 The hairdresser cut my hair yesterday 3 The so up tastes W hats in it 5 Our Fre nch exam w as quite

Hav e you seen any fi lms recentl y 8 My rabbit has white fur

OBliger Drive 11 Nick is a reader but he loves

hooks

Down 1 You re talk in g

6Hnve you go t to othache The m eat smells

5

--- - Lets throw it aw ay I cnn drink three

lltros of w ater a day Don t w orry sh e said

111 lhi erry Herve played foull y in th e Ill Itch

hnol Q t ho best option

(l lr ick has hai r b londb lond hair It Sue didnt enjoy much the filmth e f ilm much

You look ang ryangrily - w hats w rong

VIGky shouted loudlyloud Ihu Alps nro very snow yss now y in w inter I hu music sounds cheo rfulchee rf ully

I Thlaquo aituntlon is sertousserlouslv II Dn nt dr ivo BO flllJlrnstiy

1 1 Tlnuni i~ l II pnpor dailyd olly pap er 111111 I rllll l f ll cll llcio ll sdo liclo ll l ly

[ In ]

Adjectives and adverbs

ReviewFix it notes

djectives and adverbs A Put adject ives before (not after) nouns or pronouns die ct ives

You use adjectives to say more about a noun or a pronoun Adjectives goB before (not after) th e noun or pronoun Ad jectives don t change their form with

lies a man Hes a nice man NOT Hes-tt-ffltffHffee singular or plural nouns

IIMfYS a dog Harrys a black dog NOT Herrv is B doe black

C YO Il dont change the form of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns Put adject ives (not adverbs) after these

If s nn interesting book These are interesting books NOT fftlefestifttjsshyverbs appear be become feel get Those shoes are cheap NOT eheeplaquolook seem smell sound taste

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) these verbs appear be become feel get o luok seem smell sound taste Don t put adverbs between the verb

~111 look tired NOT You tired-look and the ob ject Usually put th em at th e

IIIt seems easy NOT -ThatmiddoteaBy-seems end of the sentence

YOIl use an adject ive (not an adverb) after these verbs appear be become feel E

til look seem smell sound taste Early and late fast and hard daily

111f tiresd smells wonderful NOT -W8RtferftJl y weekly and m onthly are adject ives and

I )III OW milk taste bad NOT -hatyshyadv erbs

1111 lor m most adverbs by adding Iy to the adjectiveFor mor e infor mation see the IIIId quicklyRevi ew page opposite

III Iy u aln JIIr I~y 1-fI Jli ~lJ

[gt Ihl l 1m careful Some adverbs are irregular 1l11I well Shes a good runner She runs well

IIIId hnrd Digging is hard work He works hard

1111 11(11 adverbs to say more about verbs Adverbs tell you how w here when III IJIIW much something happens You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce You dont pu t them between the verb and its ob ject I lilly firII delicious pizms here NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas ~l lI lltllk Ft onch well Nor You speak well French

mel montniv con be adj ectives

I Jil t III) omlv 111 11 nlll rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Test it ~

o Cho ose t he best option A or B

a Im A a teacher B teacher

b Cou ld y ou open I m hot A th e w indow B window

c Jeff w ants to climb A the Mount Everest B M ount Everest

d Do you enjoy listening to A music B the m usic

e I spent my chi ldhood in A the Belgium B Belg ium Wer e go ing ski ing in A A lps B the Alps

9 Jacks got A th e loud voice B a loud voi ce

h My doc tor says is bad fo r you A sal t B the sal t Can you pass me please A sal t B the salt My brother spea ks A the French B French

e Choose the best op tion

a The Dr Sm ith Dr Smit h w as a lectu rer at Lon don Uni versity b Tom van Vuren comes from th e NetherlandsNetherlands c The clown had big red nosea big red nose d Ive always lo ved Italianthe Italian It s such a musical language e Stephen th e child ren children are ready to go to school f Do you eat the chickench icken or are you veg eta rian 9 Have you ever been to Lake Ortathe Lake Orta Its ve ry beautifu l h Were staying at Sheraton Hote lthe She raton Hotel ton igh t

Ni cholas is an architectarchi tect isnt he I thi nk th e LiaLia is a very pretty baby

Test it again

o Com pl et e t he sentences Use a an or the w here necessary

a You real ly have go t lovely sm ile

b Sarah w ants to sai l on Nile

c Im spe nding New Years Eve in Brussels

d Can you pass m e wa ter

e All living crea tures need wate r

I do n t like fish Too ma ny bo nes

g Mire ia comes from Spain doesnt she

h _ Chinese is a difficult lang uage to learn

J oe w ants to be air line pilot

Taj Mahal is an amazing buil d ing

a Fin d and correct twelve m istakes in t hese d ia logues

a Tim Dan do you want sugar in your co ffee Dan Yes please I know the suga rs bad for your teeth but I hate the

coffee wi thout it The Dr Raws torne tel ls me to give it up eve ry t im e

I see him

b Caro l Wow This gu idebook is great Have you eve r been lip Eiffel Tower

Nick No in fact Ive never been to the France Pass me guidebook

please

c Harry The d ictionaries are so expensive these days

Sally Yes I know but books cost a lo t to make dont they

d Pete Ive decided I dont wa nt to be polit ician after all

J ill Good I dont like the poli t icians anyway

o Victor The Davi d is go ing to United States soon to study eco nomics

Sarah Oh yes I remember Hes go ing to the New York isnt he

~

Fix it notes

A Use a or an before a noun or before an adject ive + noun to describe something or to say what someonss job is

B Use the w hen the person youre talking to knows which person or thing youre talk ing about

C Dont lise an artic le when yo ure talking about things in a general way eg chicken music salt

o Don t lise an article to talk about a person a lang uage or most places incl udi ng the name of a country a mountain or a lake

E Use the wi th the names of places that are pl ural the names of deserts seas rivers and oceans and the names of most bu ild ings

For nore inforrnati~n see the 1[gtReview page opposite

Ar t icles (2)

o Review

Articles (2)

A and an

You use a or an to describe things and to say what someones job is This is a good book Helen is an editor NOT -IefeR is editor

h

bull You use the when the person youre talking to knows which person or th ing

you r e ta lki ng about Could you pass me the salt (The salt thats on the table) Your glasses are in the car (Its our car You know which one I mean)

You use the with the names of places that are plura l eg the United States tile Netherlands the United Arab Emirates You also use the w ith the names of most deserts seas rivers and oceans and with the names of most buildings Robin lives in the United States She sailed across the Pacific Its very hot in the Negev Desert I found the book in the British Library

Note however that there are exceptions to this ru le You dont use the w ith the names of buildings which include the words school universitv college castle palace airport station eg London University Topkapi Palace Frankfurt Airport

No article

You do nt use an article (a an or the) when youre talking about t hings in

general If you use an art icle you change the mean ing I like milk but I dont like fish (All mi lk and all fish)

lease pass me the milk (The milk that s on the table )

Children are adorable (All children) The children are adorable (Our children )

You dont use an article wi th languages or with the names of most places

Paddy speaks French NOT Pedd~ speaks the Freneh We like Lake Como NOT We like the-laxe Como

Note however that there are exceptions to this rule YOLI use the with the names of places which include words such as kingdom sultanate republic eg

Ira Ropubtic of Ireland and with very big parts of the world eg The Far East

You dont usa nn article bofore peoples names or before Mr Ms Mrs Miss

Or Ptotessot etc nnd the parsons nama limy h IY 1gt0UI ( itmd NO I Tile TOIY is my bes -frielfi

_ _ - - - - - ~ _-

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Johns in t he hospital because hes broken his leg b Johns in hospital because hes b roken his leg

c W hat funny boy you are d What a funny boy you are

e We ll have a salad fo r lunch Well have a salad for the lunch

9 Were going to Lon don by the car h Were goi ng to Lon don by car

To get to Broad Street take the seco nd turni ng on the left To get to Broad St reet take t he seco nd turni ng on left

f) Write a an or the where necessary

a M ickey James is in prison again

b Hey look My w atch is same as yours

c Em mas only fi ve and she can already count to hundred

d The children go to school by bus

e Would you like to win million dolla rs

f J ulian W hat amaz ing surprise

9 Wh at do you wa nt for breakfast

h Patrick Leig h Ferm or tra velled from London to Istanbul on foot

Sandy s working as assistant un t il she goes to Australia

Take the third turning on rig ht

Test it again

o Find and correct the mistake in each sentence

iI David always uses I hate travelling by his pen as spoon the plane

CIII

b co un ted tho usa nd co ins 9 Why dont you ring Fiona i ll fiftee n m inutes I think shes at the home

---------~--

h The kids love going c Do you want to have to cinema

th e dinner wit h me

I cant see you on Saturday d You a nd 111( - we re sam e because Im going to the work

typt o f people

You turn the li ghts off I dont want to get out of the bed

M nt ch the two hal ves of each sentence Add a an or the w here necessary

Do you ever go to 1 helicopter

b The post office is over there on 2 waiter at t he moment

c Wo often go to the beach in 3 hosp ital

tl Most people dislike being in 4 church

Im bus y Ive got 5 Ju ne

Hnr ry Wh at 6 lunch w ell play football

Hes w ork ing as 7 coas t more th an the mou nta ins

h The y do mountai n resc ues by 8 m illion th ing s to do

A ltor 9 surprise to see you agai n

I liko 10 rig ht next to th e ban k

~ ~

Fix it notes

A Use the before some co mmon exp ressions eg th e left the rig ht the same

B Dont use an article w it h some com m on expressions rela ting to particular places eg in bed at home in hospital in prison to work

C

Dont use an article w ith meals days months or wi th holidays fest ivals and spec ia l days

D Use a or an before a singu lar countable noun after as

E Dont use an arti cle wi th methods of tran sport eg by bus b y car on foot

F Use a or an before a sing ular countable noun in exclamations w ith What

G

Use a before hundred thousand million when vou mean one hu ndred o ne thousand etc

For more inform at ion see the Review page opposite Jgt

Articles (3)

Review

Articles (3)

A and an

You use a or an before sing ular countable no uns afte r as Im using my spare bedro om as an office Janes work ing as an assistant in the doctor s surgery NOT as assistant

You use a or an before sing ular countable nouns in exclam ati ons that start wi th What What a surprise What an amazing car What a funny dream

You use a before til e words hundred thousand million billion etc w hen you 1110an o ne hu ndred one tho usand etc Jills won a hundred euros A thousand years ago there was a fo res t here

You use the befo re some common exp ressions eg the same the cinema the th eatre the right the left the top the coast etc You need to learn these Youre we aring the same ja cket as me ShaJJ we go to the cinema

My bouse is on the le ft

rticle

YOIi don t use an article with some common expressio ns relat ing to partic ular places (0 in or out of bed church hospital pr ison (lI at or fr om coll ege school unive rsity work

Huh will be in prison for six months NOT in th e prison

Wo learnt a lot at school today NOT at the school

I li ke going to work NOT tfie--wefk-

YUIi dont use an article with meals days months ho lidays festivals and

pucial days I ats hove lun ch logeher I hat e Mondays My 1 irthdays in June I I ItJ kids love Christmas We always have a party on New Year s Day

YOIi don t li se fin artlc le w ith meth od s of tr ansport I pII to work hy trnin Holen loves going everywhere on foor IIIf IIickl1l by em Tl w Prima Millisa( trnvels by ptnne

Test it ~

o Five of t hese sentences are incorrect Fin d and correct t hem

a Steve hit t he ball hard Rabbit f ur feels soft ly

9 We saw two beautifuls b You re a person nice sunsets last week

c Harry is a dog black h Did yo u get up ( IJ early

d The Economist is a weekly magazine Buy som e green app les

e This curry tastes wonderful I bought today a car

e Choose the co rrect sentence in each pair

a Malco lm speaks w ell Italian

b Malco lm speaks Italian w ell

c That pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderful I

d That perfume smells w onderf ully

e A kit t en is a cat young A kitten is a young cat

9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s h They test the fire alarm s w eekly

I read fi ve good books on holiday I read five goods boo ks on holiday

C]

est it again

o So lve t he clues to com plete the crossword Use the words below

Ilfrl badly easy easily good well slo w slow ly soft softly strange strangely

Across

2 The hairdresser cut my hair yesterday 3 The so up tastes W hats in it 5 Our Fre nch exam w as quite

Hav e you seen any fi lms recentl y 8 My rabbit has white fur

OBliger Drive 11 Nick is a reader but he loves

hooks

Down 1 You re talk in g

6Hnve you go t to othache The m eat smells

5

--- - Lets throw it aw ay I cnn drink three

lltros of w ater a day Don t w orry sh e said

111 lhi erry Herve played foull y in th e Ill Itch

hnol Q t ho best option

(l lr ick has hai r b londb lond hair It Sue didnt enjoy much the filmth e f ilm much

You look ang ryangrily - w hats w rong

VIGky shouted loudlyloud Ihu Alps nro very snow yss now y in w inter I hu music sounds cheo rfulchee rf ully

I Thlaquo aituntlon is sertousserlouslv II Dn nt dr ivo BO flllJlrnstiy

1 1 Tlnuni i~ l II pnpor dailyd olly pap er 111111 I rllll l f ll cll llcio ll sdo liclo ll l ly

[ In ]

Adjectives and adverbs

ReviewFix it notes

djectives and adverbs A Put adject ives before (not after) nouns or pronouns die ct ives

You use adjectives to say more about a noun or a pronoun Adjectives goB before (not after) th e noun or pronoun Ad jectives don t change their form with

lies a man Hes a nice man NOT Hes-tt-ffltffHffee singular or plural nouns

IIMfYS a dog Harrys a black dog NOT Herrv is B doe black

C YO Il dont change the form of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns Put adject ives (not adverbs) after these

If s nn interesting book These are interesting books NOT fftlefestifttjsshyverbs appear be become feel get Those shoes are cheap NOT eheeplaquolook seem smell sound taste

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) these verbs appear be become feel get o luok seem smell sound taste Don t put adverbs between the verb

~111 look tired NOT You tired-look and the ob ject Usually put th em at th e

IIIt seems easy NOT -ThatmiddoteaBy-seems end of the sentence

YOIl use an adject ive (not an adverb) after these verbs appear be become feel E

til look seem smell sound taste Early and late fast and hard daily

111f tiresd smells wonderful NOT -W8RtferftJl y weekly and m onthly are adject ives and

I )III OW milk taste bad NOT -hatyshyadv erbs

1111 lor m most adverbs by adding Iy to the adjectiveFor mor e infor mation see the IIIId quicklyRevi ew page opposite

III Iy u aln JIIr I~y 1-fI Jli ~lJ

[gt Ihl l 1m careful Some adverbs are irregular 1l11I well Shes a good runner She runs well

IIIId hnrd Digging is hard work He works hard

1111 11(11 adverbs to say more about verbs Adverbs tell you how w here when III IJIIW much something happens You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce You dont pu t them between the verb and its ob ject I lilly firII delicious pizms here NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas ~l lI lltllk Ft onch well Nor You speak well French

mel montniv con be adj ectives

I Jil t III) omlv 111 11 nlll rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Fix it notes

A Use a or an before a noun or before an adject ive + noun to describe something or to say what someonss job is

B Use the w hen the person youre talking to knows which person or thing youre talk ing about

C Dont lise an artic le when yo ure talking about things in a general way eg chicken music salt

o Don t lise an article to talk about a person a lang uage or most places incl udi ng the name of a country a mountain or a lake

E Use the wi th the names of places that are pl ural the names of deserts seas rivers and oceans and the names of most bu ild ings

For nore inforrnati~n see the 1[gtReview page opposite

Ar t icles (2)

o Review

Articles (2)

A and an

You use a or an to describe things and to say what someones job is This is a good book Helen is an editor NOT -IefeR is editor

h

bull You use the when the person youre talking to knows which person or th ing

you r e ta lki ng about Could you pass me the salt (The salt thats on the table) Your glasses are in the car (Its our car You know which one I mean)

You use the with the names of places that are plura l eg the United States tile Netherlands the United Arab Emirates You also use the w ith the names of most deserts seas rivers and oceans and with the names of most buildings Robin lives in the United States She sailed across the Pacific Its very hot in the Negev Desert I found the book in the British Library

Note however that there are exceptions to this ru le You dont use the w ith the names of buildings which include the words school universitv college castle palace airport station eg London University Topkapi Palace Frankfurt Airport

No article

You do nt use an article (a an or the) when youre talking about t hings in

general If you use an art icle you change the mean ing I like milk but I dont like fish (All mi lk and all fish)

lease pass me the milk (The milk that s on the table )

Children are adorable (All children) The children are adorable (Our children )

You dont use an article wi th languages or with the names of most places

Paddy speaks French NOT Pedd~ speaks the Freneh We like Lake Como NOT We like the-laxe Como

Note however that there are exceptions to this rule YOLI use the with the names of places which include words such as kingdom sultanate republic eg

Ira Ropubtic of Ireland and with very big parts of the world eg The Far East

You dont usa nn article bofore peoples names or before Mr Ms Mrs Miss

Or Ptotessot etc nnd the parsons nama limy h IY 1gt0UI ( itmd NO I Tile TOIY is my bes -frielfi

_ _ - - - - - ~ _-

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Johns in t he hospital because hes broken his leg b Johns in hospital because hes b roken his leg

c W hat funny boy you are d What a funny boy you are

e We ll have a salad fo r lunch Well have a salad for the lunch

9 Were going to Lon don by the car h Were goi ng to Lon don by car

To get to Broad Street take the seco nd turni ng on the left To get to Broad St reet take t he seco nd turni ng on left

f) Write a an or the where necessary

a M ickey James is in prison again

b Hey look My w atch is same as yours

c Em mas only fi ve and she can already count to hundred

d The children go to school by bus

e Would you like to win million dolla rs

f J ulian W hat amaz ing surprise

9 Wh at do you wa nt for breakfast

h Patrick Leig h Ferm or tra velled from London to Istanbul on foot

Sandy s working as assistant un t il she goes to Australia

Take the third turning on rig ht

Test it again

o Find and correct the mistake in each sentence

iI David always uses I hate travelling by his pen as spoon the plane

CIII

b co un ted tho usa nd co ins 9 Why dont you ring Fiona i ll fiftee n m inutes I think shes at the home

---------~--

h The kids love going c Do you want to have to cinema

th e dinner wit h me

I cant see you on Saturday d You a nd 111( - we re sam e because Im going to the work

typt o f people

You turn the li ghts off I dont want to get out of the bed

M nt ch the two hal ves of each sentence Add a an or the w here necessary

Do you ever go to 1 helicopter

b The post office is over there on 2 waiter at t he moment

c Wo often go to the beach in 3 hosp ital

tl Most people dislike being in 4 church

Im bus y Ive got 5 Ju ne

Hnr ry Wh at 6 lunch w ell play football

Hes w ork ing as 7 coas t more th an the mou nta ins

h The y do mountai n resc ues by 8 m illion th ing s to do

A ltor 9 surprise to see you agai n

I liko 10 rig ht next to th e ban k

~ ~

Fix it notes

A Use the before some co mmon exp ressions eg th e left the rig ht the same

B Dont use an article w it h some com m on expressions rela ting to particular places eg in bed at home in hospital in prison to work

C

Dont use an article w ith meals days months or wi th holidays fest ivals and spec ia l days

D Use a or an before a singu lar countable noun after as

E Dont use an arti cle wi th methods of tran sport eg by bus b y car on foot

F Use a or an before a sing ular countable noun in exclamations w ith What

G

Use a before hundred thousand million when vou mean one hu ndred o ne thousand etc

For more inform at ion see the Review page opposite Jgt

Articles (3)

Review

Articles (3)

A and an

You use a or an before sing ular countable no uns afte r as Im using my spare bedro om as an office Janes work ing as an assistant in the doctor s surgery NOT as assistant

You use a or an before sing ular countable nouns in exclam ati ons that start wi th What What a surprise What an amazing car What a funny dream

You use a before til e words hundred thousand million billion etc w hen you 1110an o ne hu ndred one tho usand etc Jills won a hundred euros A thousand years ago there was a fo res t here

You use the befo re some common exp ressions eg the same the cinema the th eatre the right the left the top the coast etc You need to learn these Youre we aring the same ja cket as me ShaJJ we go to the cinema

My bouse is on the le ft

rticle

YOIi don t use an article with some common expressio ns relat ing to partic ular places (0 in or out of bed church hospital pr ison (lI at or fr om coll ege school unive rsity work

Huh will be in prison for six months NOT in th e prison

Wo learnt a lot at school today NOT at the school

I li ke going to work NOT tfie--wefk-

YUIi dont use an article with meals days months ho lidays festivals and

pucial days I ats hove lun ch logeher I hat e Mondays My 1 irthdays in June I I ItJ kids love Christmas We always have a party on New Year s Day

YOIi don t li se fin artlc le w ith meth od s of tr ansport I pII to work hy trnin Holen loves going everywhere on foor IIIf IIickl1l by em Tl w Prima Millisa( trnvels by ptnne

Test it ~

o Five of t hese sentences are incorrect Fin d and correct t hem

a Steve hit t he ball hard Rabbit f ur feels soft ly

9 We saw two beautifuls b You re a person nice sunsets last week

c Harry is a dog black h Did yo u get up ( IJ early

d The Economist is a weekly magazine Buy som e green app les

e This curry tastes wonderful I bought today a car

e Choose the co rrect sentence in each pair

a Malco lm speaks w ell Italian

b Malco lm speaks Italian w ell

c That pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderful I

d That perfume smells w onderf ully

e A kit t en is a cat young A kitten is a young cat

9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s h They test the fire alarm s w eekly

I read fi ve good books on holiday I read five goods boo ks on holiday

C]

est it again

o So lve t he clues to com plete the crossword Use the words below

Ilfrl badly easy easily good well slo w slow ly soft softly strange strangely

Across

2 The hairdresser cut my hair yesterday 3 The so up tastes W hats in it 5 Our Fre nch exam w as quite

Hav e you seen any fi lms recentl y 8 My rabbit has white fur

OBliger Drive 11 Nick is a reader but he loves

hooks

Down 1 You re talk in g

6Hnve you go t to othache The m eat smells

5

--- - Lets throw it aw ay I cnn drink three

lltros of w ater a day Don t w orry sh e said

111 lhi erry Herve played foull y in th e Ill Itch

hnol Q t ho best option

(l lr ick has hai r b londb lond hair It Sue didnt enjoy much the filmth e f ilm much

You look ang ryangrily - w hats w rong

VIGky shouted loudlyloud Ihu Alps nro very snow yss now y in w inter I hu music sounds cheo rfulchee rf ully

I Thlaquo aituntlon is sertousserlouslv II Dn nt dr ivo BO flllJlrnstiy

1 1 Tlnuni i~ l II pnpor dailyd olly pap er 111111 I rllll l f ll cll llcio ll sdo liclo ll l ly

[ In ]

Adjectives and adverbs

ReviewFix it notes

djectives and adverbs A Put adject ives before (not after) nouns or pronouns die ct ives

You use adjectives to say more about a noun or a pronoun Adjectives goB before (not after) th e noun or pronoun Ad jectives don t change their form with

lies a man Hes a nice man NOT Hes-tt-ffltffHffee singular or plural nouns

IIMfYS a dog Harrys a black dog NOT Herrv is B doe black

C YO Il dont change the form of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns Put adject ives (not adverbs) after these

If s nn interesting book These are interesting books NOT fftlefestifttjsshyverbs appear be become feel get Those shoes are cheap NOT eheeplaquolook seem smell sound taste

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) these verbs appear be become feel get o luok seem smell sound taste Don t put adverbs between the verb

~111 look tired NOT You tired-look and the ob ject Usually put th em at th e

IIIt seems easy NOT -ThatmiddoteaBy-seems end of the sentence

YOIl use an adject ive (not an adverb) after these verbs appear be become feel E

til look seem smell sound taste Early and late fast and hard daily

111f tiresd smells wonderful NOT -W8RtferftJl y weekly and m onthly are adject ives and

I )III OW milk taste bad NOT -hatyshyadv erbs

1111 lor m most adverbs by adding Iy to the adjectiveFor mor e infor mation see the IIIId quicklyRevi ew page opposite

III Iy u aln JIIr I~y 1-fI Jli ~lJ

[gt Ihl l 1m careful Some adverbs are irregular 1l11I well Shes a good runner She runs well

IIIId hnrd Digging is hard work He works hard

1111 11(11 adverbs to say more about verbs Adverbs tell you how w here when III IJIIW much something happens You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce You dont pu t them between the verb and its ob ject I lilly firII delicious pizms here NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas ~l lI lltllk Ft onch well Nor You speak well French

mel montniv con be adj ectives

I Jil t III) omlv 111 11 nlll rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Johns in t he hospital because hes broken his leg b Johns in hospital because hes b roken his leg

c W hat funny boy you are d What a funny boy you are

e We ll have a salad fo r lunch Well have a salad for the lunch

9 Were going to Lon don by the car h Were goi ng to Lon don by car

To get to Broad Street take the seco nd turni ng on the left To get to Broad St reet take t he seco nd turni ng on left

f) Write a an or the where necessary

a M ickey James is in prison again

b Hey look My w atch is same as yours

c Em mas only fi ve and she can already count to hundred

d The children go to school by bus

e Would you like to win million dolla rs

f J ulian W hat amaz ing surprise

9 Wh at do you wa nt for breakfast

h Patrick Leig h Ferm or tra velled from London to Istanbul on foot

Sandy s working as assistant un t il she goes to Australia

Take the third turning on rig ht

Test it again

o Find and correct the mistake in each sentence

iI David always uses I hate travelling by his pen as spoon the plane

CIII

b co un ted tho usa nd co ins 9 Why dont you ring Fiona i ll fiftee n m inutes I think shes at the home

---------~--

h The kids love going c Do you want to have to cinema

th e dinner wit h me

I cant see you on Saturday d You a nd 111( - we re sam e because Im going to the work

typt o f people

You turn the li ghts off I dont want to get out of the bed

M nt ch the two hal ves of each sentence Add a an or the w here necessary

Do you ever go to 1 helicopter

b The post office is over there on 2 waiter at t he moment

c Wo often go to the beach in 3 hosp ital

tl Most people dislike being in 4 church

Im bus y Ive got 5 Ju ne

Hnr ry Wh at 6 lunch w ell play football

Hes w ork ing as 7 coas t more th an the mou nta ins

h The y do mountai n resc ues by 8 m illion th ing s to do

A ltor 9 surprise to see you agai n

I liko 10 rig ht next to th e ban k

~ ~

Fix it notes

A Use the before some co mmon exp ressions eg th e left the rig ht the same

B Dont use an article w it h some com m on expressions rela ting to particular places eg in bed at home in hospital in prison to work

C

Dont use an article w ith meals days months or wi th holidays fest ivals and spec ia l days

D Use a or an before a singu lar countable noun after as

E Dont use an arti cle wi th methods of tran sport eg by bus b y car on foot

F Use a or an before a sing ular countable noun in exclamations w ith What

G

Use a before hundred thousand million when vou mean one hu ndred o ne thousand etc

For more inform at ion see the Review page opposite Jgt

Articles (3)

Review

Articles (3)

A and an

You use a or an before sing ular countable no uns afte r as Im using my spare bedro om as an office Janes work ing as an assistant in the doctor s surgery NOT as assistant

You use a or an before sing ular countable nouns in exclam ati ons that start wi th What What a surprise What an amazing car What a funny dream

You use a before til e words hundred thousand million billion etc w hen you 1110an o ne hu ndred one tho usand etc Jills won a hundred euros A thousand years ago there was a fo res t here

You use the befo re some common exp ressions eg the same the cinema the th eatre the right the left the top the coast etc You need to learn these Youre we aring the same ja cket as me ShaJJ we go to the cinema

My bouse is on the le ft

rticle

YOIi don t use an article with some common expressio ns relat ing to partic ular places (0 in or out of bed church hospital pr ison (lI at or fr om coll ege school unive rsity work

Huh will be in prison for six months NOT in th e prison

Wo learnt a lot at school today NOT at the school

I li ke going to work NOT tfie--wefk-

YUIi dont use an article with meals days months ho lidays festivals and

pucial days I ats hove lun ch logeher I hat e Mondays My 1 irthdays in June I I ItJ kids love Christmas We always have a party on New Year s Day

YOIi don t li se fin artlc le w ith meth od s of tr ansport I pII to work hy trnin Holen loves going everywhere on foor IIIf IIickl1l by em Tl w Prima Millisa( trnvels by ptnne

Test it ~

o Five of t hese sentences are incorrect Fin d and correct t hem

a Steve hit t he ball hard Rabbit f ur feels soft ly

9 We saw two beautifuls b You re a person nice sunsets last week

c Harry is a dog black h Did yo u get up ( IJ early

d The Economist is a weekly magazine Buy som e green app les

e This curry tastes wonderful I bought today a car

e Choose the co rrect sentence in each pair

a Malco lm speaks w ell Italian

b Malco lm speaks Italian w ell

c That pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderful I

d That perfume smells w onderf ully

e A kit t en is a cat young A kitten is a young cat

9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s h They test the fire alarm s w eekly

I read fi ve good books on holiday I read five goods boo ks on holiday

C]

est it again

o So lve t he clues to com plete the crossword Use the words below

Ilfrl badly easy easily good well slo w slow ly soft softly strange strangely

Across

2 The hairdresser cut my hair yesterday 3 The so up tastes W hats in it 5 Our Fre nch exam w as quite

Hav e you seen any fi lms recentl y 8 My rabbit has white fur

OBliger Drive 11 Nick is a reader but he loves

hooks

Down 1 You re talk in g

6Hnve you go t to othache The m eat smells

5

--- - Lets throw it aw ay I cnn drink three

lltros of w ater a day Don t w orry sh e said

111 lhi erry Herve played foull y in th e Ill Itch

hnol Q t ho best option

(l lr ick has hai r b londb lond hair It Sue didnt enjoy much the filmth e f ilm much

You look ang ryangrily - w hats w rong

VIGky shouted loudlyloud Ihu Alps nro very snow yss now y in w inter I hu music sounds cheo rfulchee rf ully

I Thlaquo aituntlon is sertousserlouslv II Dn nt dr ivo BO flllJlrnstiy

1 1 Tlnuni i~ l II pnpor dailyd olly pap er 111111 I rllll l f ll cll llcio ll sdo liclo ll l ly

[ In ]

Adjectives and adverbs

ReviewFix it notes

djectives and adverbs A Put adject ives before (not after) nouns or pronouns die ct ives

You use adjectives to say more about a noun or a pronoun Adjectives goB before (not after) th e noun or pronoun Ad jectives don t change their form with

lies a man Hes a nice man NOT Hes-tt-ffltffHffee singular or plural nouns

IIMfYS a dog Harrys a black dog NOT Herrv is B doe black

C YO Il dont change the form of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns Put adject ives (not adverbs) after these

If s nn interesting book These are interesting books NOT fftlefestifttjsshyverbs appear be become feel get Those shoes are cheap NOT eheeplaquolook seem smell sound taste

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) these verbs appear be become feel get o luok seem smell sound taste Don t put adverbs between the verb

~111 look tired NOT You tired-look and the ob ject Usually put th em at th e

IIIt seems easy NOT -ThatmiddoteaBy-seems end of the sentence

YOIl use an adject ive (not an adverb) after these verbs appear be become feel E

til look seem smell sound taste Early and late fast and hard daily

111f tiresd smells wonderful NOT -W8RtferftJl y weekly and m onthly are adject ives and

I )III OW milk taste bad NOT -hatyshyadv erbs

1111 lor m most adverbs by adding Iy to the adjectiveFor mor e infor mation see the IIIId quicklyRevi ew page opposite

III Iy u aln JIIr I~y 1-fI Jli ~lJ

[gt Ihl l 1m careful Some adverbs are irregular 1l11I well Shes a good runner She runs well

IIIId hnrd Digging is hard work He works hard

1111 11(11 adverbs to say more about verbs Adverbs tell you how w here when III IJIIW much something happens You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce You dont pu t them between the verb and its ob ject I lilly firII delicious pizms here NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas ~l lI lltllk Ft onch well Nor You speak well French

mel montniv con be adj ectives

I Jil t III) omlv 111 11 nlll rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Fix it notes

A Use the before some co mmon exp ressions eg th e left the rig ht the same

B Dont use an article w it h some com m on expressions rela ting to particular places eg in bed at home in hospital in prison to work

C

Dont use an article w ith meals days months or wi th holidays fest ivals and spec ia l days

D Use a or an before a singu lar countable noun after as

E Dont use an arti cle wi th methods of tran sport eg by bus b y car on foot

F Use a or an before a sing ular countable noun in exclamations w ith What

G

Use a before hundred thousand million when vou mean one hu ndred o ne thousand etc

For more inform at ion see the Review page opposite Jgt

Articles (3)

Review

Articles (3)

A and an

You use a or an before sing ular countable no uns afte r as Im using my spare bedro om as an office Janes work ing as an assistant in the doctor s surgery NOT as assistant

You use a or an before sing ular countable nouns in exclam ati ons that start wi th What What a surprise What an amazing car What a funny dream

You use a before til e words hundred thousand million billion etc w hen you 1110an o ne hu ndred one tho usand etc Jills won a hundred euros A thousand years ago there was a fo res t here

You use the befo re some common exp ressions eg the same the cinema the th eatre the right the left the top the coast etc You need to learn these Youre we aring the same ja cket as me ShaJJ we go to the cinema

My bouse is on the le ft

rticle

YOIi don t use an article with some common expressio ns relat ing to partic ular places (0 in or out of bed church hospital pr ison (lI at or fr om coll ege school unive rsity work

Huh will be in prison for six months NOT in th e prison

Wo learnt a lot at school today NOT at the school

I li ke going to work NOT tfie--wefk-

YUIi dont use an article with meals days months ho lidays festivals and

pucial days I ats hove lun ch logeher I hat e Mondays My 1 irthdays in June I I ItJ kids love Christmas We always have a party on New Year s Day

YOIi don t li se fin artlc le w ith meth od s of tr ansport I pII to work hy trnin Holen loves going everywhere on foor IIIf IIickl1l by em Tl w Prima Millisa( trnvels by ptnne

Test it ~

o Five of t hese sentences are incorrect Fin d and correct t hem

a Steve hit t he ball hard Rabbit f ur feels soft ly

9 We saw two beautifuls b You re a person nice sunsets last week

c Harry is a dog black h Did yo u get up ( IJ early

d The Economist is a weekly magazine Buy som e green app les

e This curry tastes wonderful I bought today a car

e Choose the co rrect sentence in each pair

a Malco lm speaks w ell Italian

b Malco lm speaks Italian w ell

c That pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderful I

d That perfume smells w onderf ully

e A kit t en is a cat young A kitten is a young cat

9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s h They test the fire alarm s w eekly

I read fi ve good books on holiday I read five goods boo ks on holiday

C]

est it again

o So lve t he clues to com plete the crossword Use the words below

Ilfrl badly easy easily good well slo w slow ly soft softly strange strangely

Across

2 The hairdresser cut my hair yesterday 3 The so up tastes W hats in it 5 Our Fre nch exam w as quite

Hav e you seen any fi lms recentl y 8 My rabbit has white fur

OBliger Drive 11 Nick is a reader but he loves

hooks

Down 1 You re talk in g

6Hnve you go t to othache The m eat smells

5

--- - Lets throw it aw ay I cnn drink three

lltros of w ater a day Don t w orry sh e said

111 lhi erry Herve played foull y in th e Ill Itch

hnol Q t ho best option

(l lr ick has hai r b londb lond hair It Sue didnt enjoy much the filmth e f ilm much

You look ang ryangrily - w hats w rong

VIGky shouted loudlyloud Ihu Alps nro very snow yss now y in w inter I hu music sounds cheo rfulchee rf ully

I Thlaquo aituntlon is sertousserlouslv II Dn nt dr ivo BO flllJlrnstiy

1 1 Tlnuni i~ l II pnpor dailyd olly pap er 111111 I rllll l f ll cll llcio ll sdo liclo ll l ly

[ In ]

Adjectives and adverbs

ReviewFix it notes

djectives and adverbs A Put adject ives before (not after) nouns or pronouns die ct ives

You use adjectives to say more about a noun or a pronoun Adjectives goB before (not after) th e noun or pronoun Ad jectives don t change their form with

lies a man Hes a nice man NOT Hes-tt-ffltffHffee singular or plural nouns

IIMfYS a dog Harrys a black dog NOT Herrv is B doe black

C YO Il dont change the form of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns Put adject ives (not adverbs) after these

If s nn interesting book These are interesting books NOT fftlefestifttjsshyverbs appear be become feel get Those shoes are cheap NOT eheeplaquolook seem smell sound taste

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) these verbs appear be become feel get o luok seem smell sound taste Don t put adverbs between the verb

~111 look tired NOT You tired-look and the ob ject Usually put th em at th e

IIIt seems easy NOT -ThatmiddoteaBy-seems end of the sentence

YOIl use an adject ive (not an adverb) after these verbs appear be become feel E

til look seem smell sound taste Early and late fast and hard daily

111f tiresd smells wonderful NOT -W8RtferftJl y weekly and m onthly are adject ives and

I )III OW milk taste bad NOT -hatyshyadv erbs

1111 lor m most adverbs by adding Iy to the adjectiveFor mor e infor mation see the IIIId quicklyRevi ew page opposite

III Iy u aln JIIr I~y 1-fI Jli ~lJ

[gt Ihl l 1m careful Some adverbs are irregular 1l11I well Shes a good runner She runs well

IIIId hnrd Digging is hard work He works hard

1111 11(11 adverbs to say more about verbs Adverbs tell you how w here when III IJIIW much something happens You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce You dont pu t them between the verb and its ob ject I lilly firII delicious pizms here NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas ~l lI lltllk Ft onch well Nor You speak well French

mel montniv con be adj ectives

I Jil t III) omlv 111 11 nlll rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Test it ~

o Five of t hese sentences are incorrect Fin d and correct t hem

a Steve hit t he ball hard Rabbit f ur feels soft ly

9 We saw two beautifuls b You re a person nice sunsets last week

c Harry is a dog black h Did yo u get up ( IJ early

d The Economist is a weekly magazine Buy som e green app les

e This curry tastes wonderful I bought today a car

e Choose the co rrect sentence in each pair

a Malco lm speaks w ell Italian

b Malco lm speaks Italian w ell

c That pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderful I

d That perfume smells w onderf ully

e A kit t en is a cat young A kitten is a young cat

9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s h They test the fire alarm s w eekly

I read fi ve good books on holiday I read five goods boo ks on holiday

C]

est it again

o So lve t he clues to com plete the crossword Use the words below

Ilfrl badly easy easily good well slo w slow ly soft softly strange strangely

Across

2 The hairdresser cut my hair yesterday 3 The so up tastes W hats in it 5 Our Fre nch exam w as quite

Hav e you seen any fi lms recentl y 8 My rabbit has white fur

OBliger Drive 11 Nick is a reader but he loves

hooks

Down 1 You re talk in g

6Hnve you go t to othache The m eat smells

5

--- - Lets throw it aw ay I cnn drink three

lltros of w ater a day Don t w orry sh e said

111 lhi erry Herve played foull y in th e Ill Itch

hnol Q t ho best option

(l lr ick has hai r b londb lond hair It Sue didnt enjoy much the filmth e f ilm much

You look ang ryangrily - w hats w rong

VIGky shouted loudlyloud Ihu Alps nro very snow yss now y in w inter I hu music sounds cheo rfulchee rf ully

I Thlaquo aituntlon is sertousserlouslv II Dn nt dr ivo BO flllJlrnstiy

1 1 Tlnuni i~ l II pnpor dailyd olly pap er 111111 I rllll l f ll cll llcio ll sdo liclo ll l ly

[ In ]

Adjectives and adverbs

ReviewFix it notes

djectives and adverbs A Put adject ives before (not after) nouns or pronouns die ct ives

You use adjectives to say more about a noun or a pronoun Adjectives goB before (not after) th e noun or pronoun Ad jectives don t change their form with

lies a man Hes a nice man NOT Hes-tt-ffltffHffee singular or plural nouns

IIMfYS a dog Harrys a black dog NOT Herrv is B doe black

C YO Il dont change the form of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns Put adject ives (not adverbs) after these

If s nn interesting book These are interesting books NOT fftlefestifttjsshyverbs appear be become feel get Those shoes are cheap NOT eheeplaquolook seem smell sound taste

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) these verbs appear be become feel get o luok seem smell sound taste Don t put adverbs between the verb

~111 look tired NOT You tired-look and the ob ject Usually put th em at th e

IIIt seems easy NOT -ThatmiddoteaBy-seems end of the sentence

YOIl use an adject ive (not an adverb) after these verbs appear be become feel E

til look seem smell sound taste Early and late fast and hard daily

111f tiresd smells wonderful NOT -W8RtferftJl y weekly and m onthly are adject ives and

I )III OW milk taste bad NOT -hatyshyadv erbs

1111 lor m most adverbs by adding Iy to the adjectiveFor mor e infor mation see the IIIId quicklyRevi ew page opposite

III Iy u aln JIIr I~y 1-fI Jli ~lJ

[gt Ihl l 1m careful Some adverbs are irregular 1l11I well Shes a good runner She runs well

IIIId hnrd Digging is hard work He works hard

1111 11(11 adverbs to say more about verbs Adverbs tell you how w here when III IJIIW much something happens You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce You dont pu t them between the verb and its ob ject I lilly firII delicious pizms here NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas ~l lI lltllk Ft onch well Nor You speak well French

mel montniv con be adj ectives

I Jil t III) omlv 111 11 nlll rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Adjectives and adverbs

ReviewFix it notes

djectives and adverbs A Put adject ives before (not after) nouns or pronouns die ct ives

You use adjectives to say more about a noun or a pronoun Adjectives goB before (not after) th e noun or pronoun Ad jectives don t change their form with

lies a man Hes a nice man NOT Hes-tt-ffltffHffee singular or plural nouns

IIMfYS a dog Harrys a black dog NOT Herrv is B doe black

C YO Il dont change the form of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns Put adject ives (not adverbs) after these

If s nn interesting book These are interesting books NOT fftlefestifttjsshyverbs appear be become feel get Those shoes are cheap NOT eheeplaquolook seem smell sound taste

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) these verbs appear be become feel get o luok seem smell sound taste Don t put adverbs between the verb

~111 look tired NOT You tired-look and the ob ject Usually put th em at th e

IIIt seems easy NOT -ThatmiddoteaBy-seems end of the sentence

YOIl use an adject ive (not an adverb) after these verbs appear be become feel E

til look seem smell sound taste Early and late fast and hard daily

111f tiresd smells wonderful NOT -W8RtferftJl y weekly and m onthly are adject ives and

I )III OW milk taste bad NOT -hatyshyadv erbs

1111 lor m most adverbs by adding Iy to the adjectiveFor mor e infor mation see the IIIId quicklyRevi ew page opposite

III Iy u aln JIIr I~y 1-fI Jli ~lJ

[gt Ihl l 1m careful Some adverbs are irregular 1l11I well Shes a good runner She runs well

IIIId hnrd Digging is hard work He works hard

1111 11(11 adverbs to say more about verbs Adverbs tell you how w here when III IJIIW much something happens You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce You dont pu t them between the verb and its ob ject I lilly firII delicious pizms here NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas ~l lI lltllk Ft onch well Nor You speak well French

mel montniv con be adj ectives

I Jil t III) omlv 111 11 nlll rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Word order with adjectives

Test it again Test it ~

o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect order before the nouns o Find and correct any sentences that are wrong

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small fair in the kitc hen and blue-eyed

b Katy lives in a small m od ern g ( ~

It was t he th ird b ig surprise flat near the town cen t re of t he da y -- lts -

c Veil i re is an old h Please buy me larg e two beautifu l city bottles of milk

The im port ant is t hat I love you d yuckl This horrible tastes

It was a journey tiring

e J im gave m e a g rey co tton sca rf

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir

a You ti red lo ok k W hat a nice li tt le boy

b You look ti red I What a litt le nice bo y

c You need lar ge two eggs m It good tastes

d You need tw o large eggs n It t astes good

e A n Italian leat her handbag o Th ey re footba ll b lack boots

A leather Ita lia n han dbag p Th ey re b lack football boots

9 The poor boy is il l q Hes ta ll thin and b lond

h The poor is i ll Hes tall t hin b lond

She drives a ti ny wh it e car s Hes go t fi ve Siam ese cats

She drives a w hite t iny car t Hes go t Siamese f ive cats

Nepa leseredbea ut if ul scarf

II tall thl nblue-eve d m an I bigfirst m atch

II cycl ingb luel vcra shorts

Belg ianhotd el icious chips

I Il1IlIetsi lkpink shoes

I lcaryFre nch fi lm

II Gen nanshep herdda nqe rou s dog

I IIl Il II f i ft h em ai l vull owsevent in v d ucks

1 llIlo the correct option A or B

I hu uu ht music box IOVIly Italia n B an Italian lovely

I II ~ 1 1I 1 a car

bl ld huge sport s B huge b lack sports

11 111 tho thing you ve said

lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid

I I IIVII ill ho use

1 nn old sto ne B a stone o ld

IIII l W~I cu rr y

1 aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp icy I ll

l l ll (JIII unhappy B unhappy see m

tI i u u lt l vou pass me the ruler

1 1I11 11 llon9 B lo ng meta l It 11111 lIlIn looks

f 11 1111 1I 11 nny B ligh t and su nny

W IJ 1Il lld fI dictio nary f1 Hlcl l func l1 B French good

fllllff 11 rabbit l ~1 1l urlurnhlu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch little adorable

CEQ] LJ2O]

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Fix it notes

A Put adjectives describing size length or height before other adjectives but after adjectives describing opi ni on

B Put adjectives describing col our orig in ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er

C Put adjectives describing opin ion eg beautiful before any other adjec t ives

o Put numbers befor e adj ectives

E Ad ject ives go be fore (not after) a noun Always put a noun eg thing boy after an adje ctive except in specia l

cases

F Put adject ives aft er (not before) th ese verbs appear be beco me feel get loo k seem sm ell so und and tast e

G Use and before th e last adjective if you use tw o or more adj ect ives afte r appear be become feel get look seem smell sound and taste

For more informat ion see th e Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Word order with adjectives

11 11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules for word order with adject ives in English because I IHIre are ma ny except ions How ever there are some guidelines th at will he lp yo u 1 1 choose the correct word order in most cases Generall y you dont use more than II l lw adjec ti ves together in the same sentence

You usually put adject ives that describe your opinion before any other laquotloctives o tuis handsome sl im and fair-haired What an adorable little baby

You use adject ives that describe size length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col our orig in material or purpose II i (Jo a big red nose Thats a small Dutch rabbit Its a long silk scarf

II drives a bla ck racing car

You use adjecti ves that describe colour or igin material or purpose in that uulur Ilw JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups 1411 is brown German shepherd dog

1111 p ili numbers and words like first second last etc before adjectives I II 1111 rluo tomatoes Thats the last boring party Im going to

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun Don t use an adjective on its own

(I IIIIIU wnlk NOT Jts-B-wa-lk-Jong 11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other NOT +he-imonFtant is that

II fltlm li is unwell NOT -The-poor is unwell

NlI l lt You can use an adjective without a noun in special cases eg the elderly 111ft IlU II tha unemployed the young etc In these cases you re talking about a JII II P 0 1 people and youre using the adjective as a noun 1 f Ili ly rnises money for th e poor (Poor people as a group)

III II lId ll11l ll vIlS nft er (not before) these verbs appear be become feel ge t look Til WII fI smell and taste

I IIIlk uonutitut He seems happy I feel tired NOT -I-ti red-fee

Tl fl fJlI lII bu become feel get look seem sound sm ell and taste you use l mlnru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more adjoctivos in the sam e

1I1111111t If vou li se throe adinctivea vou put 11 cnnuun alter tim Iirst adjec tive

II middotlJi Ct IlIIlI SI icy YOII look ri ttlllll lllllh ~flIJY-

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

A re you usu allv cheerfu l

I never w ant to do th is ag ain

Sinum (111 h elp vo u Jlr )ba b h

She doesnt very well ride a bike

h

9

f

~ ( O ll ll l l l i ll go ou t II I )

I I I l ll l d l l l ~

The cake is over cooked to tall y

Do you go to the theatre ever

(

~

Ghoose the best option A or B

Do you me

A still love B love sti ll h Fion a doesnt have a sense of humour She

A lauphs never B neve r laug hs =inish your homework q uickly Supper is

A nlrnost rea dy B re ady almost

tI No one enjoyed

A much the play B the play m uch

Wo w at ch V a lot B a lot TV

l luw long have you

A thure li ved B li ved there

II 1lI)h itH

A 1111 fll S I B fast ru n

10 V ll i look

A uxtt umelv happy B happy extremely I tI l

tum orrow go out B go ou t tom o rrow

11 11 II i liti S

A VllI Y lo ud ly B loudly very

II

W i ll I see you tomorrow

II Keith doesnt often come r ound

o hve of th ese sentences are incorrect Find and co rre ct them

Test it ~ Test it again

o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air

a He ofte n forgets to r ing m e

b He forgets often to ring m e

c She didnt li ke much the fi lm

d She di dnt like the fi lm much

e The report is f inished completely

The report is co m pletely fin ished

9 I sp eak Itali an badly h I speak badly Itali an

Did you see Mart in a yesterday

j Did you yester day see M art ina

k I feel sad very

I I feel very sad

m We alw ays have l ived he re

n W e have alw ays live d her e

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches

p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here

q Have you studied always at th is school

Have you alwa ys stud ied at th is schoo l

s II probab ly see you on Friday t I ll see you probably on Fr id ay

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places

a Pete and Sue are ma rried (happi ly)

b Dav id gets up earl y (always)

c Have you got your dog (still)

d I enjoyed the fi lm (a lot )

e Were leavi ng (today)

f He feels il l (terr ibly )

9 You left your book (t here)

h Tom pl ays the drums (w ell)

I ll ring you tom orro w (defin itely

Ton y kno ws the answer (probably)

~

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

f) Fix it notes

A Put adverbs of frequen cy eg often and certainty eg probably be fore

most verbs

B Put adverbs of frequency eg always and certainty eg definitely after

auxiliary verbs and the ve rb be

C

In questions put adverbs of f req uency

eg always after auxil iary + subject

D

Put adve rbs of quantity eg much at

t he end of the sentence (not between the verb and it s obje ct )

E Put adver bs of place eg here at t he end of t he sentence (not between the

verb and it s object)

F

Put adverbs of time eg yesterday at

the end of the sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

G Put adverbs of manner eg badly at

th e end of th e sentence (not between

the verb and its object)

H Put ad verbs before (not after) an

adj ective o r a past partic ip le

For more inlonna tio n see th e

Hov low P fl U U u ppoui tu Lgt

Word orde r with adverbs

Review

Word order with adverbs

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb for example adverbs of frequency such as always or

ulverbs of manner such as badly go in different positions in a sentence

~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb

dverbs of frequency and certainty

You use adverbs of frequency eg never often sometimes etc and adverbs

o f certai nty eg certainly definitely probably etc before most verbs

We ne ver go sailing I often go running He definitely likes pizza

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs eg can do hnve must will etc and after the verb be can o ften beat him at chess She has probably been there before

III quest ions you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after

III aux il iary + subject

Do you often go out Does he still love me Have you ever seen him

verbs of manner place quantity and time

You usual ly use adverbs of manner eg badly well adverbs of place eg here there adverbs of quantity eg a bit a lot much and adverbs of t ime eg

(orny yesterday at the end of the sentence Never put these adverbs between

I verb and its object This is a very common mistake

YOl speak English well NOT yeneu-speak-well-English Ilay sell stamps here NOT They-sell -here -stamps W(J liked the restaurant a lot NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant JIts leaving the house today NOT -Hes-eaving-today-the house

rbs before adjectives and past participles

YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle

11m hook is nearly written NOT -The-book-is-writ ten-nettfy 1)1 look extremely tired NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

--

Test it ~

o Find and co rre ct the m istake in each sentence

a My brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the tha n I am highest of the wor ld

g tLtrk fi lll is Sp lll ls h lltlsycl b The blu e whale is the

10 kuu 11111 1 l rrlim animal the biggest

h Today was the hot est c Icel and is co lder England day of the year

d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd than Aliso n Isabelle is the mor e beaut if ul person Ive met

e This is the most good f i lm I ve ever seen

f) Write the comparat ive and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives

comparative superlative

a nasty

b nice -__-- - ---shy

c handsom e

d we t

e far

C]

Comparative and supe rlat ive adjec tives

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Are oysters th an mussels A more tas ty B tast ier

b Ski ing is excit ing sport in the world A the most B a most

c That s the best paint ing the art gallery A in B of

d Youre the person I know A fun nier B funniest

e Is ancient Greek more difficult Latin A as B th an Which is Afr ica or A sia A ha te r B ho tte r

9 A cat can j ump than a dog A h igher B more h igh

h M ichael is person to ask A best B the best She was m uch than I thought she w ould be A si l lye r B sillier Who is Kate or Judith A fi tt er B more f itter

ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines

Crows ar e m ore good toolmakers than chimpanzees Jshy~-

b ITS OFFICIAL Beckham is best footbaJler of the world

c Is this the d iscovery the greatest

Ecl xclusivel The w or lds older IIIWI roach es 77701 bi r rhdav

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

f) Fix It It

A Make tho C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~ lIpe ri a t i ve

of on e-sv l luhlu Iltl l ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e by addinq r mel III I IIr other oneshysyllabic m lloCllvuli IHlei III lnd est

B Make the cOlllp IItlvo rilld suoer lat ive of two-syllnhla llelll jGllvun undinq in y by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and est For othor tw o ~y llll lJ l u nd ject ives and longer adl ucrlvo s IIC ld more and the most beforo 11m IC Ij cli ve

C Double the last o ll tl o f ad ject ives tha t end in one vowel I onu con sonant

then add er and es t

D So me adjectives have ir regular com parative and superlative forms

E After a superlative use in (not of) w ith a singular word for a place or a group

F Use than after a compa rat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective

G Put comparative and superlative

ad jectives befo re the noun

For more inform ation see the Revie w page opposite

I [gt

Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives

o Review

Comparat ive and superlative adjectives

You make the comparative and superlative of one- syllab le adjecti ves ending in e by adding ra nd st You make the comparative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowel + one consonant t hen add er and est big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest fat fatter the fattest thin thinner the thinnest

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in y by chang ing y to i and adding er and est easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and longer adjectives by add ing more and the most before the adjective borinq more boring the most boring interesting more interesting the most interesting

Some adjectives have an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form You need to learn these good better the best fa r further the furthest bad worse the worst little less the least muchmany more the most

You use than after a comparat ive adjective and the before a superlative adjective Youre taller than me John is the tallest in the class

YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective before (not after) the noun Tile elephant is the biggest land animal NOT =-the-Iand-anim al-th e middotbiggest

Nnte You do n t use of w ith a singu lar word for a place or a group eg the world II class the team You use in This is a very common mistake I uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world NOT bullbull of the-world

1Ir( is the best student in the clnss NO I of ti m C11l8S

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

-i ~

anctsuperll t lv ~ ~ I~II 1

est it ~ o Com plete the sent enc es Use the cornpnrntlve UI n III th

adverbs in brackets III II 111110I 1Id1l1tl (hnrd) a Rich ard s clever but Bob works

li lly)b They al l danced well but Ell en danced

c M ary d rives th an Andrea tbad lv)

d You get high m ar ks t ha n I do (0 111111 1

e Could yo u co m e __ than ten Itll o l t l I I 1111 ( Ii1y)

e Find and correct ten mistakes on the webpaq s

Ek Edt F-onIlaquo 1001gt jEtgt

e-d -- ~ ii- middot~S ech iJ F~Q I~ ) ~ l 1-) J im ] (Go l llSraquoIgtjdllt ~httP ~ ai l magiC fr

-Animal -IIFAQs I_ - S2

~~ -~

a Can torto ises wa lk faster tu rt les b Of all th e birds in t he world wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat c Do other animals w ake up more earl y than bi rd s or nro birds th e

f i rst to w ake up d W hich anim al eats m ore greedi ly - a lion a t iger o r a leopard

e Do w orker bees reall y w or k harder than other bees f Can chim panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orangoutans

9 Do camels live longer eleph ants h Can bats see clea rly th an hum ans

Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le or a haw k

j Why dont zookee pers get bitten oftene r k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles

I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als

n Why have apes developed quicklier t ha n other anim als

o Can rab bits hear better than hares

~

Comparat ive and superlat ive adverbs

Test it again

o W rite t he m issing for m s

a

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

adve rb comparative super lative

slowly

t he most clearly

further

badly

t he m ost po litely

generous

more

the best

m or e carefu l ly

nea t ly

f) Choose the best option A or B

a Id like to move __ to my fam ily

A near er B more near b Nine oclock You get up th an I do I get up at fi ve-thi rt y

A late B later

c Matthew w or ks harder his superv isor do es

A t han B -d We w ou ld all like to see you

A o fte ne r B m ore oft en

e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice

A m ore easi ly B m ost easi ly

A im You alwa ys aim too low

A highe r B more h ig h

IJ Joanne w rites bad ly but Su e w rites A w orse B m ore badly

h Laura speaks Spa nish t han her b rother does A more well B better

Tom swims of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass

A th e fastest B fastest

I dri ve vou do Youru 11 turrihl o c1r iv or l

A m ore caro fll il y B 11101 0 cnru tu l lv thnn

20

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Fix it n

A Make tho Glll ll p l 11 11 11111 11 IIf most

adverbs by PIIIII III I IIlJ c the adve rb M Ilko 11 _ II rtlllllvlJ form by

adding Ow

B Make th ll llll l ll l II IlII II1 1111 11 of th e

adverbs tJ ~ ly ( lim 11I1l1 liiqt by adding 01 til lhtl 11il l Milke th e superlatlvu 111111 1 I y Pll ldl llU til e and est (Change tlll l V III Iit l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to

an i bolor u l iCit 1111 ( Ill illfl)

Il ive and

D Use 011 flll i ~I com parative adverb

I tgt

Comparative and superlative adverbs

o Review

Comparative and superlative adverbs

bull You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re the

adverb You make th e superlat ive form by adding the most qu ickly [770re quickly the most quickly

You make the comparative fo rm of the adverbs early fast hard high late lo w near and soon by adding er You make the super lat ive fo rm of these adverbs by

adding the and est You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add

eriest and j ust add rand st to late early earlier the earliest fast faste r the fastest high higher the highest late latest the latest

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative fo rm

You need to learn these

far further the furthest well better the best badly worse the worst

You use than after a comparative adverb

You finished it more quickly than I did She sings better than he does

Note Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs arent as common as sentences with

co m parat ive adverbs

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

-ing or -ed

Test it againTest it ~

o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new word to fi ll t he space o Find and correct any sentences t hat are w ron

a I saw a dead mouse in th e garden

b The lesson was very confusing It Its nea rly Chri stmas I m so exc iti ng

It w as c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl

b What s w rong Are you d Theres nothing to do here Its a very bored tUWI e The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the so la c Im not

f A re you excited about gett ing married d These instructions are 9 Bad weather can be very de press ing

I dont understand themh I can see you re not very interesting You re not listen ing to me at all

We re all worried about Robert e My parents arent

I w as absol ute ly amazing w hen he gave me the flowers exam resul ts

You ree Choose the best option A or B 9 I fee l

I Its very w hen the co mputer doesnt w or k prop er ly A irritated B irritating h Do you find astron omy

b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent Lemon and honey is very A sho cking B shocked

w hen youve got a col d c Ar e you that you di dnt pass the exam A d isapp ointing B dis appointed J ill w as very

d This is a book about Zan zibar asleep in class A fascinat ing B fascina ted

k That rolle r-coaster ride w as Stop bei ng so Thats the thi rd t ime Iv e heard that story A bored B bori ng I w orked hard yeste rday Wh en I got hom e

She finds exerc ise extremely I w as A tired B tirin g

III My boss w as 9 I W IIS to learn about the history of the castle

A fascinating B fascinated n Lying on the beach is very

h W hy m e you Theres a lot to do here o The midnight mov ie last night w as A bor ing B bored

It w as about ghosts and vampires No one seems in my pl ans A interes ted B in tere sti ng e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoonI m sure th e dogs He never w ags his tail A depressed B depressi ng The teacher w as very boring

The teacher wa s very bored

[ ~ ~

EXHAUST

SURPRISE

RELAX

HORRIFY

EM BARRASS

TERRIFY

FRIGHT

FRUSTRATE

INTEREST

COMFORT

SATISFY

DISGUST

w ith my

when you r e in a bad mood

abou t falling

when I resigned

ANNOY

AMUSE

CONFUSE

Th at s no t very fun ny

w ith me

w hen I cant solve a prob lem

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

-l7g or -ed~ [IblD

o ReviewAnswers to Test it f) Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer

- ing or -ed7ARead the right Fix it note to find out why Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk

You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords ~I l a~ exc ited -+ A about how people Ioul

ending in ed) as adjectives but you need to know th e difference between them Itsb correct -+ B common for people to mix them up because they look quite similarc correct -+ H B

d befeti boring -+ B Use participles endi ng In ing when Past participles used as adjectivesfrightening -+ ISe ~efle6 you re describing the reason for a

f correct -+ A bull You use past participles eg bored confused interested etc as adjectives 9 correct -+ B

feeling They describe how someone feels

h ifttefesttftgshy interested -+ A Im bored Youre tired Hes frightened Were irritated j correct -+ A For more information see the j~ amazed -+ A Present participles used as adjectivesReview pag e opposite

I [gt~l a B -+ 11 f B -+ B You use present participles eg boring confusing interesting etc as

b B -+ A 9 B -+ A adjectives They describe the reason for a persons feelings c B -+ A h B -+ A The film was reall y boring (The film made me fee l bored) d A -+ B j A -+ A It was a very frightening film (Thats the reason I was frightened) e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tir ing (The lessons make her feel tired)

It was shocking news (The news shocked us)

f Now go to Rage 39 ifest yourself again Heres a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives

Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng U a disgusting annoyed annoying horrified horrifyingb annoyed bored boring interested interestingc amused

d confusing comforted comforting irritated irritating confused confusing puzzled puzzlinge satisfied

f f rightening depressed depressing relaxed relaxing disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying9 frustrated disgusted disgusting shocked shockingh interest ing em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprisingI comfo rti ng sxcited exciting terrified terrifyingI em barrassed xhausted exhausting tired tiringk ter rify ing

fascinated fascinat ing w orried worryingI oxhausted III surprised n relaxing o horrifying

It The teacher was very bo red

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

c

Test it ~

o Find and correct ten mistakes

a

b WI looked ill tour d ic tio narvs but 1 cou ld n t End th e word

There were two persons at the door

d This film are boring - lets watch a different one

e

e Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns

a woman

b sheep

c story

d tooth

e dress

tomato

9 fox

h foot

wolf

ch ild _

f ( Ii II I 1I 1l 1 Jill hivlaquo 11 O lll l l T ~ - lu 1 1 u laquo l Il

--gt 9 Im going on a diet My

trousers doesnt fit me

h Sam likes mouses because they re small and fu rry

Bus go up and down my street all day and theyre noisy

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees

~

Test it again

o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword

Across 2 People who arent grown up are cal led 3 Most people use these to 6 Men have and w om

husbands 7 These are very young chi 9 cause t raffic jams

11 Id like two of bread a baguette please

13 These are clever animal s steal chickens

14 The th ings you bite with 6

Down 1 forks and spoons 2 Almost all offices nowadays

use 4 Theyre red and you eat t

in salads 5 are frightened of ca ts 8 These vegetables grow u

10 There are in every city They are cheaper to use than taxis

12 People usually live in or apartments

~

en have 2

fren l- I-

and I-3 4 I

They l-

I- l-S

I 7

I 8

l- I- I- -

--- l- I- -

em ~

9 10

I-

iderqround 11

r r3

I I-

I-

-

r 4

---

r [-~]

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

A

Many English no un s are countable

Add s to m ake tho plural eg boys

B

Add es to countable nouns ending in

ch sh s a and x to make the pl ural eg potetoes dresses

C

To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

in consonant + y change V to i and add es eg dictionaries

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe change f to v and add es eg leaves wolves

E

Some countable nouns are irregular They have irregular plural forms

eg people mice sh eep women

F

Use a singu lar verb with si ngular countable nouns

G Use a plural verb w it h p lu ra l nouns

Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural eg police trousers

For nore i n format i~ n see the 1[gtHevi ew page opposite

o Review

Countable nouns

Spelling rules

bull Many Eng lish nouns are countable In most cases you add s to th e singular

noun to make the plural form

dogdogs boyboys shopshops

bull If a countab le no un ends in in cb sh s 0 or x you ad d es to make the

plural form watchwatches brushbrushes busbuses potatopotatoes foxfoxes

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y you change y to i and add es dictionarydictionaries storystories ladyladies

If a countable noun ends in f or te you ch ange the f to v and add es or s thiettbieves leafleaves wifewives knifeknives lifelives

Irregular plural forms

Some cou ntable nouns are irregular and th er ef ore have irregular p lura l forms

You need to learn th ese

personpeople chitdcbildren manmen

womanwomen mousemice sheepsheep

Noun-verb agreement

You use a singular ve rb with singu lar countable nouns

The child is happy The Oxford dictionary contains 3500 new words

bull You use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns The girls are swimming The children didnt go to school yesterday

So me nouns are always plural You use a plura l ve rb These trousers don t fit me Are these scissors sharp enough The police are coming My glasses need cleaning

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Test it ~

o Choose the best option A or B

n Did you hear no ise A - B a

b Rice good for you A is Ba re

c John has too m uch to do A works B work

d Can I get advice here A an B shy

e The spag hett i you cooked de licious A tastes B taste

He uses th e London tube every day so he spends a lot on A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We ve go t good news for you A - B a

II Money buy you love

A dont B doesnt

Please be quiet Youre making too much A noises B noise Patricks got b lond hair and blue eyes A a B -

f) Chooso th e correc t sentence in each pa ir

Throe co f fee please b Three cof fees please

c Wh ere can I get information about the city d Wh ore can I get informations abou t the city

This job ad vert says you need an experience This job ad ve rt says you need experience

Oi l float in w ater h Oil fl oats in w ater

Do vou enjoy listening to music Do you onjoy listen ing to a music

r=D]

Test it again

o Complete t he sentences Use a word from t he list and a where necessary

happiness work water co ffee travel furniture luck j ourney tea m oney

a __ is ex pensive these days This chai r co sts pound 150

b Carla only d rinks mineral She never drinks anything else

t I w ish yo u __ fo r your exams

d __ __ isnt importan t You can t buy happin ess

e grows in India and China

W hat is __ Its difficult to describe

9 Susa nna went on f rom Canada to M exico

h I d like and a slice of cake pl ease

Nicks go t __ to do so he cant come to ni gh t

Christi ne spe nds pound50 0 on eve ry year

f) Find and correct ten mistakes

a I need money so 11l1 lo o king fi)] a job This advert says gto u 1I11ls1

have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl ogress if you are good at using a (omplltlT J wa n an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsut say al1~ lhiJlg- about pay

b Wed like an c SHOPPING orange juice and two coffee please

0 oYOBe jice t-eOs ilks Ovi+eY

Certai n ly w ould oyeOA yo u li ke a m ilk ~yitmiddots

and sug ar wOtshy e V

0 co~ee

Ll20J

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

j4 gtII

f2J ~m

Answers to Test it Fix it notes Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why A

Un countable nouns are normally I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft singular Dont add s

b A ~ B 9 A ~ C c B ~ A h B ~ B B d B ~ C B-+ D Use a sinqular verb wit h uncou nt able e A ~ B j B -+ C no un s

21The correct sentences are b -+ 0 C

c~ A Dont use a or an wi th uncountab le noun s f -+ C

h B I r o

Some no uns eg coffee no ise can be co untable or uncountable w ith different

No~~~o Rage 47 iTest yourself again meanings

Answers to Test it again

D Furn it ure f happiness For m ore informat ion see the b w ater 9 a journey Revi ew page oppos ite

I Jgt c luck h a coffee d Money i work c Ton j tr avel

2 n on experleneeshy experience n-proqress prog ress lin In fo rmatio n in format ion

b ootlee coffees omiddotsuger- suga r

c lInorenge-jtiiee oran ge ju ice

10 0 S tea mi lks milk

twils fru it n-oouee co ffee

Uncountable nouns

o Review

Uncountable nouns Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uages You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time For information about using quantifiers with

uncountab le nouns see pag e 53

bull Uncountable nouns eg advice information milk petrol sugar etc are normally singu lar They dont have a plural form so you can t add 5 to

t he noun advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-

milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an uncountable no un Milk tastes nice Apple juice is sweet The water feels cold

You dont use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns

This is hard work NOT -e-berd-worlaquo I need information NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt Do you want advice NOT -sn-edviee

Some nouns can be co untab le or uncountable but be care f ul

The mean ing changes Did you hear a noise (a particu la r noise) There s too much noise I cant work (noise in ge neral)

Id like a coffee please (a cup of coffee) We need coffee and sugar (coffee and suga r in general)

Theres a hair on your jacket (just one hair) Hes got blond hair (the hair on his head)

bull Heres a list of common uncountable nouns

accommodation furniture milk spaghetti

advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea

bread happiness music jrafflc

butter information nows travel

cheese juice oil water

coffee knowleclq petrol w eather

eloctricity lov pol lutiuu work

xp erionc luck prow 1 _ bull bull 1

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Quantifiers some an much and many

Test it ~

o Choose the correct sentence in each pair

a Jims got any photos to sho w me b Jims got some pho tos to show me

c I do nt think th eres any coffee d I do nt think th eres some coffee

e Can I have some more cheese please Can I have any more chee se ple ase

9 Jo doesnt have many trouble ma king f riends h Jo doesnt have much tro uble making friends

I dont know much French i I dont know man y French

k We dont eat much sweet th ings I We dont eat many sw eet th ings

m Have we got any m ilk left n Have w e got some mi lk left

o Lookl Heres any information about th e city p Look l Heres some information about the city

q How much time have you got How man y t ime have you go t

6 Th ere aren t some apples There arent any apples

Choose the best option

Wo haven t go t m uchmany time h Wou ld you l ike someany bread c How m uchmany t im es have you been to Egypt d Guo rqe doesnt like ma ny veg etablevegetables o Potes bought so meany CDs

~

Quantifiers SOfTIe any

Test it again

o Choose the correct op t ion A or B

a Can 1have apple juice A any B some

b Do you play spo rts A any B much

c Sam doesnt wa nt mi lk He wants wa ter A any B some

d How legs has a m illipede got A m uch B many

e I d idnt get answers right All t he quest io ns were too hard

A any B some There much butter left A is B isn t

9 We didn t see pollu tion in Kathmandu A much B many

h Clara has got in teresting books A much B some Have you go t any A stamp B stamps There any w olves in England A are B aren t

e Complete t he sentences Use much many some or any Sometimes more than one answer may be correct

a Bill needs

b Have you got

c Is there

d How

e Pat bought

I need

9 There isn t

h How

You didnt bu y

We took

advice Can you hel p h im

fr iends

bread Im hungry

petrol is there in t he car

books and a DVD

more time

time so hurry up

cen ts are there in euro7

clo thes today did yo u

photos w hon wo were in Venice

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

IIIIhl 11

to ~rn

Answers to Test it Chock your answers Wrong answer Rood the right Fix it note to find out why

I The correct sentences are

b - A I l~

c - C m C 0 - 13 p- A h- D q l) 1 - [ t C

12 0 much D b som e B c many E d voge tables E o som e - A

I NiiwuoiOP8ge 51 irest yourself aga in-bull u

Answers to Test it again u B f B

bA g A

cA hB

dB is

eA jB

2 n uorno f some b onymo ny cony d much

o somo

9 anymuch h many i any m any j some

Fix it notes

A Use some ill positive sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l noun s

wh en you re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or number

B Use so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he ans wer to be yes

C Use any in nega tive sentences and in m ost quest ions w ith uncountable noun s and pl ural nouns w hen you re

talking ab ou t a sm all amount or num ber

o Use much and how much w it h uncou ntable nouns

E Use many and how many w ith p lural no uns

For m ore info rma t ion see th e Review page opposite [gt

Quantifiers some any mu ch and rnany

o Review

Quantifiers some any much and many

Some

You use some w ith un countable nouns and pl ural nouns when youre ta lki ng about a small amount or num ber and yo u dont know or it isnt important to

know th e exact amount We need some information He s got some new books

You use some in posi t ive sentences not in negative sentences There are some letters on the table NOT There aren t some-tenere-on the-table

bull You use some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be yes

Can I have some ch eese Do you want some help

Any

You use any with uncountab le nouns and plural noun s when you re talking

about a small am ount or number There isn t any milk Are there an y rooms for tonight

You use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi ons You don t use any in

pos it ive sentences He doesn t like any of the colours NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure Do you like any of these paintings

Much

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences not in posi t ive

sentences There isn t much butter left NOT Th ere is mueh-butfflf-le

You use much (or how muclii w ith uncountable nouns in quest io ns

Is there much coffee left How much time is th ere before the film starts

Many

You use many w ith plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es not in positive

sentences Sheila hnsn t (lo t m allY OVOs NO] Sl ltJillls ot IlflllY OVOs

bull You uau 11JIlly (0 1 how trIllly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q lll l lli io n Jl -

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

Test it ~

Choose the correct option

11 I don t kno w nobodyanybody h Ever ything arei s perfect

( A re you sure youve looked somewhereeverywhere (I NobodyA nybody wan ts to help me

Thoro isn t somethinganyth ing w ro ng

Sho doesnt like anybodysomebod y w ho laughs at her Did von say anyth ingno thing to Jenny

h Wo didn t go anywheresomew here last weekend Evorvhodv looklooks very che erful today

Pu tur c a n see anybodysomebody through the w indow

C ll lllp lfltlt t he sentences Use one word in each space

I I lookocf for my wallet but I cou ldnt find it

h Thoro s at the door Could yo u see w ho it is c (( til heard of the poet Polly Clark

II ever l istens to me

told me I cant rem ember who

W h13ro li fO you Doing Im stay ing here

OUI nonds to stay for t he ni gh t

II Wuv u go t to eat Lets order a pizza

Wflfl don ul passed the exam

18 th oro to drink Im th irsty

I~

Something anybody nowhere evervthinc etc

Test it again

o Choose the best option A or B

a Is at home A somebody B anybody

b is more beauti f ul than th is lovely beach A Everywhere B Nowhere

c I feel sorry for John Hes no t very good at A anything B so m ething

d Come here I w ant to tell you A anythin g B something

e Is read y A everyth ing B noth ing Hes very lucky Theres he nee ds A anything B nothing

9 You must have left yo u r umbrella A so me where B everywhere

h is al lowed to speak during the lecture A anybody B nobody Dont worry Every thing going to be OK A are B is Sue goes Dav id fo ll ow s A Nowhere B Everywhere

k Do w e need to bring A anything B somethin g

f) Choose the best caption for the cartoon

~~ ~ ) )

I just dont unders ta nd why everybody li kes me I just dont understand w hy nobody likes me I just don t understan d w hy anybody li kes m e

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

I) Fix it notes

A Use sometniruj somewhere and somebody in positive sentences

B Use anything anyw here and anybody in quest ions and negat ive sen tences

C Use nothing nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences

o Use every thing everywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences neg ative sentences and in qu estions

E Use a singu lar verb w ith everything everyw here and everybody

For more in formati~n see th e 1[gtReview page opposite

Something anybody nowhere everything etc

o Review

Something anybody nowhere everything etc You can ma ke compound words using some any no and every with thing body and where Al though body is used in th is unit (som ebody anybody nobody everybody) you can also use one (someone anyone no one everyone)

The meaning is the same

bull You use something somewhere and somebody in pos itive sentences

There s something wrong Lets go out somewhere Somebody has borrowed my dictionary

Note You can use something somewhere and somebody in questions when

you expect the answer to be yes Did you say something Did you find somewhere to stay last night

Is there somebody you can talk to

You use anything anywhere and anybody in nega t ive sente nces and in

questions There isnt anything to do in this town I don t want to go anywhere today

Is anybody listening to me

You use nothing nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences We have nothing to declare Where have you been Nowhere

There s nobody at home

You use everything everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega t ive

sentences and also in questions Everyth ing is fine No I havent looked everywhere yet

Is everybody happy

Be carefu l You use a singular verb (not a plural verb) w it h everything

everywhere and everybody Everything tastes delicious Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting

Everybody is delighted with the plans

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Both all each every either neither

Test it ~

o Choose the bes t option

II I ve met Steve twice EveryEach ti me hes been quite rude to me b Each studentstudents bought a dic t ionary and a grammar book e AllBoth Jupiter and Mars are p lanets d Kate doesn t like eitherneither of the books w e gave her

Dogs cats rabbits - J immy loves bothall of them

orne people cant eat nuts and some can t eat w heat eitherneither Ive seen th is fi lm at least ten times I like it m ore every timestime

h EvoryEach parking space in the town w as full so we went home Bot h of the childchildren go t ten out of ten in th eir tests

There w ere abo ut fifty people at the party and they were bothall dancing

Complete the sentences Use both all each every either or neither

of my kids go to the same school Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is

in Class 1

b My husband likes peaches and I like apricots but of us likes plums

II boy in the class passed the exam

d Shei la read tw o books by Marti n Amis but she didn t enjoy of them

I anim als need w ater in order to live

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS

9 porson in the audi ence stood up and clapped when the p lay ended

h o f Sam s tw o ch ildren likes eggs

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue one I really l ike them

m em bers of the leisure d ub must carry their membership cards

[~

Both all each everv either neutier

Test it again

o Choose t he bes t option A or B

a Lobsters crabs oysters mussels - theyre del iciou s A all B bo th

b man adm itted burgling the flat A Both B Neither

c suspects denied being in the area A Neither B Both

d Charlie looks happier and happier eve ry A day B days

e Ive enjoyed holiday Ive ever been on A each B every

f Dan iel could liv e in Paris or London but he doesn t like of them A neither B either

g Each of the we stayed in had a swirnmi nq pool A hotels B hotel

h Coffee or tea I dont mi nd - I l l have A nei ther B either of you like pasta do nt yo u A Every BAli of us go to th e gym th ree t imes a week A Every of us B Both of us

9 Write new sentences with similar meanings Use both all every either or neither

a He l ikes the Porsche and the Ferra ri

He l ikes cars

b Tom doesnt read The Times or The SU(1

Tom doesnt read of those newspapers

c Lucy forgot her Eng lish book her Ma ths book and her History book

Lucy fo rgot her books

d We inv ited Beth and Judy to dinne r but they didn t come

We inv ited Beth and Ju dy but of them cam e

e He wears a different ti e on M ond ay Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday and Frid ay

He w ears II dillornn t tic day of th e week

~

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

f) Fix it notes

A Use both to talk about two things when you mean one thing and the other thing

B Use all to talk about three or more things Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun

C Use each when youre talking about two or more things Put it before a singular noun

D Use every w hen youre talking about three or more things Put it before a singular noun

E Use either in negative sentences Use neither in positive sentences

F Use both of each of either of and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun

For more information see the Review page opposite

I fgt

Both al each every either neither

o Review

Both all each every either neither

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa Both my children like fish

bull You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things AIliving things need oxygen AI my friends are wonderful

Youre all crazy

You use each when you re talking about two or more things It goes before a

singular noun Each time Ive seen him hes been very kind to me (Ive seen him at least twice)

Petes decided to go running each day for a week

bull You use every to talk about three or more things It goes before a singular noun

Every letter you write is beautiful Paula wins the competition every year

Note Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the

sentence I love you more eachevery day As a general rule to help you decide which to use you usually use each when youre thinking of things separately You use every when youre thinking of

things as a group

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences) Either means

one thing or the other thing Gemma didnt like either of the dresses I bought (She didnt like the bla ck dress She didnt like the white dress)

NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-le--tiresses---+--belJght~

bull You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences)

Neither means not one thing or the other thing Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday (M y brother John didnt remember My brother James didnt remember)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtttmiddotremember my---bi~

bull You use both of each o f either of and neither of before a plural noun or before

a pronoun Which do yOIl protor I like bo th of them Tharu WOf( two IlIlIIlI clos E~lch of tile dogs WlIl wesrintt a red collar bull~ tN)IU nllJI Vii~J II )vJd l Ull li n rUtlllt IiJuJ 1-l lh~ I IIf tluI

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Possessives

Test it ~

o Choose t he best sentence in each pair

u This is my brothers wife

b This is the wife o f my brothe r

c The government should listen to the peoples prob lems

d The government shou ld listen to the peoples problems

Whats the babies name

Wha ts the babys name

The roof of the house needs to be mended II The houses roof needs to be mended

Isn t tha t the mother of Sy lv ia Isn t that Sylvia s mother

k Johns leg is broken

I Johns leg is b roken

III Buster is Steves and Lizs dog

II Buster is Steve and Lizs dog

n Frances w rites chi ldrens books

II Frances writes childrens books

q I love the Italians passion for good food

r I lo ve th e Ita lians passion fo r good food

8 lndvs clothes are on the second floor

t Lndios clothes are on the second floor

Choolo the best option A or B

I Thoro is something w rong with

A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbits ear b I can t w ear that It s a jac ket

A gir ls B girls

C and Janel s son is working in Canada for a year A Charles B Charless

d Don t put vour fingers in the cage Theyll bite yo u A m onkeys B monkeys

W hat wa s we wa tched last n ight

A tho nam e of the film B the films name

115]

Test it again

o W rite possessive fo rms

a Jim and Janedog

b the boysbooks

c th e peoplechoice

d Helenhouse

e the cupboarddoor

m y friendsprob lems

9 her parentscar

h the mendepartment

the puppiesbasket

bookcaseshelf

e Find and corr ect the m ist akes in t he story

The thieves broke into number 4~

Acacia Avenue at the days end The houses alarm system wasnt working unfo rt unately so they managed to spend a long time inside They stole ln lies grandfathers go ld watch and her pare IllS collection of valuable paintings They smashed a window at the houses front to get into the buikling and escaped by breaking down the back door julics chi ldren were very upset an d fl-ightened when the) retu rned home from school

11rlJ

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Fix it notes

A

Add s (apostro phe + s) to singular no uns to make th e possessive form

B

Add (apostrophe) to plura l nouns to make the possessive form

C Add 5 (apostrophe 5) to irregu lar plurals to make the possessive form

o Uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal

E Use of + the to make the pos sessive form with something that isnt a person or an animal eg the roof of the house

F Only pu t 5 (apostr ophe + 5) after th e second no un in a pai r of nou ns eg Steve and Lizs dog

For more informa tio n see the Rev iew page opposite

I Jgt

Possess ives

o Review

Possessives

bull You adds (apostrophe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive form

John s friends (the friends Johns got) the dogs bone (the bone the dogs got)

bull You add (apostrophe) to plural nouns to make the possessive form the boys bikes the girls school the kids uniforms my friends problems my parents house

bull You add s (apostrophe + s) to irregular plurals to make the possessive form

childrens stories mens hobbies womens interest people s fears

bull You uses (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when youre talking

about someth ing that belongs to a person or an animal

the rabbits ear NOT tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit the childs toy my brothers son

bull You use of + the to make the possessive form wi th other no uns the end of the day NOT te-fJays-ernf the leg of the chair

bull You only use 5 once even if there is more than one noun You dont puts after

both no uns John and Barbara s car NOT JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfas Harry and Sallys friends

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Test it ~

o Complete t he sent ences Use in on or at

11 I m see ing the doctor Friday morn ing

b Jack woke up th e night He had a bad dream

c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth century

d What are you do ing __ luncht ime

o Its very nice here

Come and see me

o Lets meet up

h Nick ofte n works

Wh ere w ill you be

the autumn

half -past tw o

Easter

night

New Years Eve

Im go ing on hol iday the fi rst we ek of Ju ly

Correct t he m istakes in the ins t ant messa ge con versation

n Cookie says What are you doing on tomorrow b Cncket says Im busy Ive got a meeting on 1130 c Cook ie says Do you fancy goin g out at Friday d Cricket says No I cant Im working on the even ing tha t clay I Cookie says Oh OK Wh at are you do ing on the weekend then

Cricket says Well theres a foot ball match in Satu rday afternoon 1 Cookie says How about meeting on th e morning

ricket says No sorry Its th e 15th I have a mee t ing at th e 15th of every mon th

Cookie says Are yo u f ree at all at December Cricket says Not really I don t go ali t mu ch on the wi nter

k Cooki e says Where w ill you be in Christmas I Cricket says At Christmas Day were go ing to my parents We go every year

III Cooki e says So youre not free on next week n Cricket says No Im afra id not And actually in next year Im pretty busy too o Cookie says You said the same th ing on last year l

TA

Csect [12Q]

e Put in a prepositio n where necessary

a Quite a lot of people get depressed the winter

b Jos seeing his bo ss this afternoon

c Were going to a nightclub Satu rday evening

d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Eve

e I always get up 530 am

f It s very quiet here __ nigh t

9 Lets meet up the second week of September

h No one saw Mike last week

They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings

I m et a very nice man the w eekend

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a My appointment is 1020 tomorrow

A at Bon b Do you go to ch urch Easter

A at Bin c We re having a party New Years Eve

A at B on d Are you free 11 Jun e

A shy Bon e Paddy was born 1970

A on Bin I woke up three times __ the night

A in Bat 9 Let s go shopping the morn ing

A on B in h She has her hair cut __ every month

A shy B in Montaigne lived the sixteenth century

A shy B in I often have good ideas night

A in Bat

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

~~ Eix it

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Read the right Fix it note to find out why

( i a on -+ 0 f at -+ A bin -+ F gat -+ 8 c in -+ E hat -+ A d at -+ A i on -+ C e in -+ E i in -+ E

l2l a 6ft - -+ G b6ft at -+ A

cat on -+ 0 d6ft in -+ F e6ft at -+ 8 f ffi on -+ 0 g6ft in -+ F hat on -+ D iat in -+ E j6ft in -+ E kffi at -+ B IAt On -+ C

m 6ft - -+ G nm - -+ G o 6ft - -+ G

~~~ l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again a A bA cB dB eB

fA gB hA iB jB

(2 1a in f at b- gin

can h-don i on

e at j at

Fix it notes

A Use at w it h clock ti mes times of the day and w ith the expression at night

B Use at w ith the w eekend and fest iv als when you re talk ing about the wh ole period of time

C Use on w hen youre ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi val eg on New Years Eve on Easter Sunday

o Use on w ith days of the week dat es and expressions like Friday morning Satu rday afternoon

E Use in w ith months years centu ries seasons and w ith the expression the firstsecondthirdlast week

F Use in with expressi ons Iike in the morningafternoonevening Also use in w it h the expressio n in the night w hen you re ta lking about a particular night usually the night before

G Don t use a preposition before expressions like last year next year next we ek tomorrow

For more info rm ation see the Review page opp osite [gt

Prepositions of timo it ot)

o Review

Prepositions of time at on in

At

bull You use at with all clock times times of the day and w it h tllH IJ Xp ll 11111 11 ItI t

The appointment is at 1020 ttt see you at lunchtime

Tony works best at night

You use atwith weekends and festivals w hen you re ta lking about tlu- 1l1llld hV bull as a whole period of t ime Did you have fun at the weekend (All wee kend) Wha t are you doing at Christmas (The whole of the Christm as po iod )

On

You use on when you re ta lking about one particular day during 11 f ut~ t I VlII bull Theres a great film on TV on Christmas Day 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday

You use on w ith days of the week dates and with expressions liku nl MlIJ(liI~ bull morning on Sunday evening etc Kate s baby was born on Friday His birthday is on 4 Octo lun A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

In

bull You use in with months years centuries seaso ns and with the n x p t l j 11

the firstsecondlthirdlast week The weathers great in A ugust I bough t the ho use in 2002

Colum bus went to America in the fifteenth cent ury We have our main ho liday in the summer The meetings in the third week of April

You use in w ith expressio ns like in the mominga ftornoollavellill ll 11I1CI whll III bull expressio n in the night w hen you re talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III

nig ht before) See you in the morningl I had a horri ble drontn ill thlaquo 1I1[1l lt

No preposition

You don t lise a preposit ion wi th express lons of time llku UV IiI Y Y II 11111 1 10 1 1bull next manIII tnia waolaquo tottnv tomorrow ym I I ~rI~lY utc We sau fUI I (I t 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk Wl mw (I I yuu (J [I Imll lllI lr

- ~ ~

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Test it ~

o Choose the best option

a Catherines inlat the Un ite d States at th e m ome nt b Whats t hat black th ing inon the ceil ing

c I can see Tom in the garden bu t wheres Geo rge Hes atin th e cine ma d Have yo u read t he article inIon page 16 e Get the 915 t rain from Paddington and change atin Oxford f Can you call back later Myles isnt onat his desk r ight now 9 Cool Ive just found euro20 ina t th e pocket of my jeans h The anc ient tow n of Luxor is inon the Nile

He left all his shopping onin th e bus Your hom ew orks still onin the car

f) Complete t he sentences Use in on or at

a Guess who I m et the trai n

b Please put the books bac k the she lf

c Turn left the tr affi c lights

d Shes lived th is v ill age for abou t te n years

e Whos that the door

Help Theres a spider the wa ll

9 Kenya is t he equator isnt it

h Theres a fu nn y mark the car pet

Mum s th e supermarket She ll be bac k by fo ur

Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank

~

Prepositions of place ill Oil ti t

Test it again

o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence Add in on or at

a Theres some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e c Turn r ight 3 t he riv er Ganges

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ists e Billys 5 a busy road so its quito II 0 illY f M y house is 6 school Hell be ho mo ~I l (om

9 There are three patients 7 th e car h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl ralu ll l 1111

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge How lo ng have you lived 10 planes and trains

f) Find t he incorrect sentences

a Th e docum ents are f Im in the gar den in t he drawe r

9 W hat s that in vout b I read the 11CWS pltl P) computer screen

ill l ilt bus-shy -

h Why isu t I he dog ti ll c Youll find the authors

his haskc r name in the cover -~------

d Look Theres a cat He felt OK once 11ll W il

on t he roof on th e pinn a

Of course Rome ls in e Katie was lying on the grass the ri ver Tiberi

staring at the Sky

III

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Fix it notes

A Use in for three-d imensional spaces eg pockets ro om s bu ild ings v i llages

count ries cars

B Use on fo r two-dim ensiona l surfaces eg pages of a book wal ls ceil ings

carpets tables shel ves

C Use on to ta lk abo ut places on a line eg on the Nile on the eq uator

o Use on to talk about buses trai ns planes and sh ips (but not cars)

E Use at for one-dimensio nal points or pos iti on s eg at a desk at the door at the traffic lights Als o use at w hen you re ta lking abou t po ints on a jour ney eg at Oxford

F Use at for bu ild ings wh en you re th inking abo ut what people do inside t hem eg at the cinema (watching a film) at the supermarket (doing th e sho pping) at Mary s house (for a party)

For more informati on see the Review page opposite Lgt

Preposi t ions of place in on at

o Review

Prepositions of place in on at

In

bull You use in to talk about space s that are three-dimensiona l like boxes d rawers cupboards roo ms houses cities countries etc Whats in the box The letters are in the top dra we r Put the salt back in the cupboard please Im in the kitchen He lives in Ox ford How long have they been in France Your glasses are in the car

On

bull You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces like the pages of a book TV or computer screens w alls ceilings shelves tables beaches grass etc Its on page 237 Hang the picture on the wall Whats that mark on th e ceiling love lying on the beach The rabbits sitting on the grass

bull You use on to talk about the position of something on a line eg a road or a river My house is on a busy street London is on the river Thames Ecuador is on the equator

bull You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses tra ins planes ships bicycles horses etc Note however that you dont use on for cars you use in Ileft my homework on th e bus Well get a coffee on the train Malcolm cycled fro m Leeds to London on his bike

At

bull You use at to tal k about one -dimensional po ints or pos it ions in space Often these are points on a journey or places to meet The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow Turn right at the traffi c lights See you at the bus stop

bull You use at to talk about bui ldings or places when you re th inking about what people do inside th em Mums at the superma rket We mal lit Nicks house Let s meet at tile ros tnurant Ill droll yOIl 81 the sts tion

Not o Theres n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ lI1 i llll whsn you 11 11lt1 ill 01 I

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

[3 walc hingJohn TV

Test it ~

o Find o ne correct q uestion Correct t he other nine

a ( Li ke you red wine 1 W ho saw yo u Nobody

b Tom s hurt himself g Do you can tell me the t ime

What did happen

h Did she To go to Mexi co c

Yes I th ink so

Huw mu ch i hix cns ts~ d

e~ Why Dan isn t here

~_ _ ---L(_~

f) Write questio ns Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht order

Questions Answers

a where you going To th e ban k

b broke the window Freddy

c y ou meet wh o Tony and Richard

d you speak Greek Yes a litt le

e w here did v o u I went to Rome

f a re com inq Yes I am

9 does he want to see He wants to see Jo

h we be late No we w ont

w ho did you I told Nick and Sam

Jo play tennis Yes I th ink so

~

Ouosuon

Test it again

o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order Use the words to compl the qu estions

SHA I I I I TAW H I-I __ IDD - I aWH i SI

KELI I-LI I WaH TC DESa NAC I I I I WYH --=J L1 LW I I I

a is Keith doing

b W ho you meet at t he party yesterday

c Jenny ready

d Do you coffee or do you prefer tea

e said that

f do you pronounce this wo rd

g this sh irt look go od on me

h When you go to Chamonix - next month or in Jun o

How many languages you speak

j d id you do that You mu st be crazy

k Dad found his keys yet

f) Choose the best ca ption for t he ca rtoon

Supper is read y darling Is supper ready d ElI ling Is ready suppe r dlllllI1[)

11

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

f fixmiddotit

Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer Road the right Fix it note to find out why

Fix it notes

A Put aux iliary verbs eg be do have and moda l verbs eg can must will before (not after) the subject in a question

B Only put the aux il iary verb eg be do have before the subject in a question Dont put the whole verb before the sub ject

C

If there isnt an auxiliary verb in the question use do does or did

o You dont need do does or did i f theres already an aux il iary or moda l ve rb in t he question

E Use the base form of the verb (not the infinitive) after do does or did in a

question

F When a question word eg who what where is the subject of a question put it before the verb Don t use do

G When a question word eg who what where is t he ob ject of a question use normal question wo rd order w ith do does or did

9 Who does he want to see -+ G h Wi ll w e be late -+ A I Who di d you tell -+ Eo

I Does Jo play tenn is -+ C

Now UO t()B8middot~ij~~~

Answ ers to Test it again

Q Whot 9 Does b did h w ill e Is i can d lIke j Why o Who k Has f How

2 ls supper rea dy darling

For more info rmation see the Review page opposite rgt

Questions

o Review

Ouestions

bull You put aux ilia ry verbs eg be do have and m odal verbs eg can will should before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion Do yO li want some help NOT yenQu-do-went--same-helpl When will you be back NOT When-you-will-he-ooek1

bull You on ly pu t the auxiliary verb eg be do have before the subject You dont put the whole verb before the subject When are Patrick and Isabelle coming NOT When-ere-eomng--- Where have you been NOT Where have-been-you

bull If the question hasn t got an auxiliary verb you use do does or did 00 you like travelling NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg Does Martin enjoy his work NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work Did they ring you last night NOT Rang-you-theylast-night

You do n t need to use do does or did if theres already an auxi liary or moda l verb in the quest ion Have you been to Singapore NOT -f)e--you--tave-eeen--- Can you see Mike NOT Do ~ou can see Mike

You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do does or did in a question 00 you come here often NOT Do-velaquo to eome here often

Dd ILf IDid Helen enjoy the play NOT e en to enjoy theDiff---He ten-en p Ia-y-1

NOT I n enjoyed the PdJyI

W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is the subject of a quest ion you put it before the verb You dont use do does or did Who said that NOT IIho did say thaP What happened last night NOT What riirl hAnnnR lilit ninht7

bull W hen a quest ion word eg who what where why how etc is th e object of a quest ion you use no rmal question word order with do does or did Where do you live What car does he drive Why did you go

T~ The correct sentence is f a Do you l ike red wine b What happened c When wi ll you be back d Is John watching TV o Who did you see f correct 9 Can you tell me the time h Did she go to Mexico I How much does this cost I W hy isnt Dan here

2 n W here are you going b Who broke the window c Who did you meet d Do you speak Greek o Where did you go f Are you com ing

-+ c -+ F -+ A -+ 8 -+ C -+ F -+ 0 -+ E -+ C -+ A

-+ -+ F -+ C -+ A -+ E -+ B

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

c

Test it ~

laquoraquo Choose the best op tion

a You cant use spreadsheets can youcant you b Im right again arent larn nt I

They havent got a car havent t heyhave they d It s very co ld today isnt itis it e He forgot to post the letter hasnt hedidnt he f Sarah wont come will Sarahw ill she g The weather was terrible wasnt itwas it h Johns got bro wn eyes has hehasnt he

I look silly in this j umper arent Idont I Youd like to watch the fi lm wouldnt youwould you

f) Choose t he best option A or B

a Im not stupid A am I B arent I

b They live in Japan A live th ey B dont they

c We can go by car A cant we B can we

d She eats meat A isn t she B doesnt she

e We cant leave yet A can w e B can t we

f You wont tell anyo ne A w i ll you B are you

g Theyll co rne to the par ty A w ont th ey B cant the y

h You cant corne tomorrow A do you B can you Im w ron g A aren t I B arnnt I Beethoven w as German A w asnt he B was he

Question 111 (

Test it again

laquoraquo Write the correct question tag for each of these statements

a You havent eaten al l the cake

b Cats can swim __ 7

101

c Leo doesnt know Martin

d Im going to be late

e Shirley won t mind

f You bought some mi lk

9 The mea l last night was delicious

h John didnt read the emai l

Its go ing to rain

Shes got the keys

__

7

7

7

__ 7

7

e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue

Nick You went to the match yes terday __ 7

Jim No I missed it But theyre sho wing it on Channel 5 ton igh t

7

Nick Yes You cou ldnt record it fo r me c 7

J im Yes sure Oh tha ts riqh t l Youve go t to w ork ton ight

d

Nick Unfortunately yes Im a bit stupid really c

Ji m No W hy You didnt volu ntee r to work ton igh t

Nick Yes I did The bo ss needed some ext ra he lp

Jim Oh dear Sarahs going to be fu rious

Nick W hy I havent fo rgotte n somethi ng 11

J im Well it s you r anniversa ry today i 7

Oh no Nick You haven t bo ugh t her a present i

~

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

o Fix it notes

A Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the

statement is pos itive

B

Use a posit iv e q uestion tag if the statement is negat ive

C M ake question tags with aux i lia ry verb

+ pr on oun or be + pronou n depend ing on whats used in th e state m ent

o If th er e isn t an auxi lia ry verb or be in

the statem ent use the corre ct form of do in th e ques t io n tag

E Th e negat iv e qu est ion ta g for I am Im is aren t I

For more information see the Review page opposite Jgt

Question tags

o Review

Ouestion tags

bull Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish Theyre used fo r two reasons one is to ask a rea l question when you re not su re what the answer is the other is to ask for someones agreement or to check that they think the

same as you do Jane s a vegetarian isnt she (Real quest ion Im not 100 sure of the answer) Its rea lly cold today isn t it (I expect you to agree with me )

bull There are three ways of making question tags 1 A uxi liary verb eg can have will etc + pronoun

You can drive cant you NOT vee-een-arive dont-Ytttff (Can in th e statement and in the question taq )

2 Th e verb be + pronoun Hes French isn t he NOT Ie s French ~t-he-shy

(B e in the statement and in the quest ion tag)

3 A form of do + pronoun Cathy eats fish doesn t she NOT Ctlthy ellts fish iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement do in th e question tag )

bull You lise a pronoun in a question tag not someones name J ills com ing tonight isnt she NOT -J~ftigh t isnr-JilF1

bull You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive Im silly arent I You ve got a car haven t you They can do i t cant they She ll come won t she He likes fish doesn t -he

Note The nega t ive question tag for I am is arent f (NOT -afftftt-P )

Im com ing with you aren t I Im a bit silly sometimes aren t I

bull You use a po sitive question tag if the statement is negative I wasn t listening was I It cant possibly work can it We havent got any milk have we You wont tell her will you

They didn t ring did they

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Test it ~

o Choose t he best op tion A or B

a Do yo u drive a Cit roen A Yes I dont B No I dont

b Have you f in ished the report A No I havent B No I did nt

c Is Katy going ou t tonight A No Katy isnt B No she isnt

d No one listens to a word I say A No they do B Yes they do

e Do yo u live in a city A Yes I live in a ci ty B Yes I do Whos com ing to dinner A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner

g Is Neil taking his driving test next week A Yes he is B Yes hes

h Which horse w on th e race

B Guy and Ann are

A The white ho rse did B The w hite horse won the race Is Elizabeth a teacher A Yes Elizabeth is a teacher B Yes she is Everyone laughs at Jonatha n A No they dont B No they do

9 Choose t he best option

a W ho w ants more coffee b Are you go ing to the office c Can you he lp me d Does Isabe l le live in Brussels e W ho bro ke the w indow f Hasnt th is com puter got speakers 9 No one l ikes me h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries

Is Jean-Luc Swiss A re yo u hap py

Pat rick do esPatrick wa nts No I m no tl dont Yes I arnl can No she doesntshe isnt We didWe broke No it hasntit has Yes they do they like Yes it wi llit is No he isn tJean-Luc isn t Yes I amlm

Test it again

o Match the q uesti ons t o t he answers

a Do you li ke tea Sarah b Wo uld yo u marry Simon c Whos on the phone d Havent you been to India e Will Karl come for lunch

f Can you swim 9 Do yo u sell stamps h Did you see the fil m last night

W ho said that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Did they visit Sr i Lanka 10

Short answ er-

No they didnt Yes I can Yes I di d No I do n t She did Yes w e do Nick is Yes he w ill No I havent No I wou ldnt

9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s hort answ ers

a What are those

~ b Whos at the door- c Havent you done it ye t d Is It qolnq to s

e Do vo u like It-

f

No one be lieves her 9

h W ho told yo u that

W ill you always love me

Do I need a passport 110]~

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Fix it notes

A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short answer as the auxilia ry in the quest ion Don t con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer

B Use a sui table prono un in short answers Dont repeat the noun from the questi on

C Don t repeat all the words in a question wh en you give an answe r unless theres a very good reason to

D If the subject of a questi on is a question w or d eg which wh o etc use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short answer

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes use a posit ive auxilia ry or fo rm of do If t he sho rt answer starts w it h No use a negative auxi lia ry or fo rm of do

F If the sho rt answe r comes aft er a stateme nt w ithout an auxi liary ve rb use the correct form of do (not the ma in verb in the stateme nt) in the short answer

For m ore information see the Revi ew page oppos ite [gt

Short answers

o Review

Short answers It s natura l to use short answers to reply to questions A short answer to a yesno quest ion can sound more pol ite or stronger than just Yes or No

bull You use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question Have you got a pen Yes I have Will he go Yes he will

Would it matter No it wouldnt Can you help me No I can t

Note You dont contract auxi liaries in positive short answers Yes I am NOT -yen~ Yes you have NOT Yes voue Yes they will NOT yenestJteyH

You use a suitable pronoun in short answers You dont repeat the noun A re you coming No Im not Is Peter Irish Yes he is NOT Yes Peter is

bull You dont usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless theres a very good reason to Who s playing in the match Oscar and Fred are NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match

bull You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength Th is is common when youre d isagreeing w ith someone You didnt tell the truth did you Yes I did tell the truth

bull If t he subject of a question is a question word eg who which you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer Who said that I did Which suits me best The red one does

bull If t he short answer starts with Yes you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do If the short answer starts with No you use a negative auxiliary or form of do Yes I can Yes we have Yes they do No you wont No they cant No they dont

You can also use a short answer to agree or disagree wi th what someone says You use the same aux iliary in the short answ er as in the statement Lisa s married to Jake No she isnt

If there isnt an auxi liary in the state ment use the correct form of do Dont use the main verb from the statement in the short answor TjOOlS tive in Arie No they dont NOl No hay dan t l ive

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )

Articles

There are two kinds of article definite and indefinite Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un

The is a definite article The house is in Sheep Street The black dog is m ine

A and an are indefinite art icles Thats a camel Do you want an orange Im reading a good book

(See pages 9 13 and 17)

Adjectives

Adjectives tell yo u more about nouns Adjectives can go before a noun or after t he verb be Nick is a man -+ Nick is an intelligent man

Nick is intelligent

There are also comparative adjectives eg bigger easier more interesting and superlative adjectives eg biggest easiest and the most interesting

(See pages 21 25 and 33)

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs They can describe the following things

bull how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency) eg never rarely occasionaly sometimes often usualy always still etc

bull ho w certa in something is (adverbs of certainty) eg possibly certainly definitely etc

bull how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner) eg carefully slowly fast etc

bull when something happens (adverbs of timegt eg yesterday today tomorrow etc

bull where someth ing happens (adverbs of place) eg here there etc

(See pages 21 29 and 37l ~~--- ~~ _---

Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people animals th ings places and ideas Patrick is my brother Ive got a dog Whats that box for We live in a village Everybody needs love

Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence M y dog bit the postman (The subject my dog is a noun The object the postman is also a noun)

Nouns are ei ther countable eg apple bouse etc or uncountable eg advice information bread otc Most common nouns are countable You need to learn the uncountab le onos Many uncountable nouns in English arc countable in othor InnUUtlCl13l1 so hn cara lull

Usefu l grammar tur In

Pronouns

Pronouns rep lace nouns

Subject pronouns are I you he she it we they Helen is a patient person -+ Shes a patient person

Object pro nou ns are me you him her it us you th em Chil dren like bananas -+ Children iike them

Possessive pronouns are my your his her its our their Thats Lisse s house -+ Thats her house

(See page 65 ) bullbull _ bullbull bull -------_ --_bullbullbullbull _-__ -- -- _ y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts These are the most common quantifiers a an some any a lot a bit a few Ilike you a lot There isn t any milk How much cash have you got

(See page 53)

Prepositions

There are preposit ions and expressions of place time and movement They do three things

bull in on at behind under on top of at the bottom of etc tell you where somuthl nu I

The eat s behind the sofa The office is at the end of the street

bull in on at tomorrow last week etc tell you w hen something happens M y birthdays in June Were sailing to France tomorrow

bull over across through etc tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to Tony ran across the road We drove over the bridge

(See pages 69 and 73 )

Question words

The most common question words are who what w hich wtiere when w l1y how whose You can use question words to ask about people things places t lm e runsou and possessions Who s that What colour is the sky Wllere have you been When are they leaving Why are you laughing How did 110 rio thnt Whose book is this

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence Who saw youi Mike snw mo (Wllo is tho subloct) Who did yOIl S(J~ I mw Dnvkt (Who III th e ob lect )

II RI 11111 1 Hb )