Test Results

Foreign Policy • The U.S. is often referred to as the world’s only

super power in military terms. Do we have an obligation to protect and/or maintain peace and security through out the world because of that status? Why or why not – explain.

I. U.S. Foreign Policy (the procedures a country adopts for dealing with other

countries)

• A. 3 general goals• 1. Economic

Interests – to promote U.S. businesses.

• 2. Security Interests – to protect U.S. citizens

• 3. Ideological Interests – to promote a way of life.

I. U.S. Foreign Policy cont…

• B. The Monroe Doctrine – 1823

• 1. Defines U.S. policy with Europe.

• 2. No more European colonies in the western hemisphere.

• 3. Europe was seen as a threat to U.S. interests.

C. Imperialism1. The policy of acquiring new land and territory on foreign soil to expand an empire (Empire Building). Necessary to protect the interests of the nation.

D. U.S. Interests late 1800’s

• 1. Increase American prestige and glory.

• 2. Expand Christianity.• 3. Expand Democratic

Ideals.• 4. New markets to sell

U.S. goods to.• 5. New sources of natural

resources.• 6. Make the U.S. a world

power.

7. Alaska • Acquired in 1867 from Russia – purchased for 7.2 million dollars.

• Known as Seward’s Folly - named after the Secretary of State William Seward who negotiated the deal.

• It was thought the land was worthless – a barren wilderness.

• Seward would have the last laugh as gold and mineral resources have been discovered that have paid off many times more than the 7.2 million purchase.

8. Hawaii • - As trade with Asia increases, friendly ports will be needed for refueling and resupplying.

• - Sugar cane plantations were the primary business interest in Hawaii.

• - As trade and U.S. business interests increased, the ruling monarch Queen Liliuokalani took action to protect her rule.

• - Supported by the marines a group of U.S. plantation owners forced the queen to step down in 1893.

• - Hawaii was annexed in 1898

II. Spanish American War• A. Background• 1. The island of

Cuba was a Spanish colony since 1500’s.

• 2. The U.S. had business interests there since the 1850’s.

• 3. The U.S. offered to purchase Cuba from Spain but were rejected.

U.S. Business Interests

• Traded slaves until 1862

• Sugar Plantations 1860’s until 1950’s.

• In 1860 370,000 slaves in Cuba.

• 1860’s – 1870’s Cubans willing to fight for their freedom with, at times, the help of Americans.

B. Cuba’s Struggle for Independence

• 1. Cuban War for Independence – 1895

• - Led by Jose’ Marti• - Many Americans

sympathize with the Cuban fight against Spain.

• - Many U.S. businesses are concerned for their well being.

Jose Marti – Cuba’sGeorge Washington.

B. Continued…• 1. continued…• - The Cubans resort to

guerilla warfare – rarely engaging the Spanish in open battle.

• - General Valeriano Weyler was sent by Spain to take care of the rebels.

• - He moved people into detention camps.

General Valeriano Weyler – “The Butcher”

C. Incidents to U.S. involvement.

• 1. The DeLome’ Letter.• - A letter intercepted by

Cuban rebels and released to the U.S. Press.

• - Written by the Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.

• - Speaks very unkindly about President McKinley

• - Deteriorates U.S./Spanish Relationship.

Enrique depuy De Lome’ Spanish Ambassador to U.S.

C. Continued…

• 2. U.S.S. Maine• - Sent to Havana

Harbor in January of 1898.

• - Explosion – February 15, 1898

• - 266 of 350 crew died

• - cause???

Reading - Directions• ½ of class read five paragraphs after the

three stars to 1910.

• While you are reading look for what the investigation found and what evidence was used.

• Other ½ of class read 4 paragraphs starting at 1910. Also look for what the investigation found and the evidence that was used.

Wreckage of the Battleship U.S.S.Maine

Admiral Sigsbee aboard The Maine in the captain’s quarters.

The Remnants of U.S.S. Maine

The U.S.S. Maine was an impressive battleship, at 319 feet long and displacing 6,682 tons it was the largest ship ever to enter the harbor at Havana.  Though only a second class battleship, the nine-year-old vessel was among the most impressive of the U.S. Naval fleet.  One of our country's first steel warships, the Maine was unique in the fleet due the fact that it had been totally designed and built by Americans.  It was the largest ship ever actually constructed in a U.S. Navy yard.  Painted the bright white of a peace-time US Naval Vessel, the impressive battleship boasted four of the huge 10-inch breech-loading rifles in addition to its smaller battery armaments.

How Spain is viewed by the revolutionaries.

The Spanish had confined many Cubans to concentration camps. The press called them "death camps." Wild stories with screaming headlines -- Spanish Cannibalism, Inhuman Torture, Amazon Warriors Fight For Rebels -- flooded the newsstands. This is where Weyler got his name “The Butcher”.

A change in U.S. public opinion??

C. Incidents continued…

• 3. Yellow Journalism

• - William Randolf Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were newspaper tycoons competing for sales.

• - War makes for good business.

• - Sensationalism – exaggerating the news to outsell the competition.

• - Rumor reporting on concentration camps and who sank The Maine.

The term yellow journalism came from a popular New York World comic called "Hogan's Alley," which featured a yellow-dressed character named the "the yellow kid." Determined to compete with Pulitzer's World in every way, rival New York Journal owner William Randolph Hearst copied Pulitzer's sensationalist style and even hired "Hogan's Alley" artist R.F. Outcault away from the World. In response, Pulitzer commissioned another cartoonist to create a second yellow kid. Soon, the sensationalist press of the 1890s became a competition between the "yellow kids," and the journalistic style was coined "yellow journalism."

One of the most oft-repeated stories connected with the Spanish-American War concerns Frederic Remington. The artist was engaged by William Randolph Hearst, publisher of the New York Journal, to go to Cuba with noted writer Richard Harding Davis and provide illustrations to accompany a series of articles on the Revolution. Arriving in Havana in January of 1897, Remington soon became bored with seemingly peaceful Cuba and wired Hearst: "Everything is quiet. There is no trouble. There will be no war. I wish to return." The publisher's reply is alleged to have been: "Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."

Sensationalism at its best.

Newspapers Declared:

Remember the Maine,

To Hell with Spain!

D. War is Declared – April 25, 1898

E. Action takes place

• 1. The Philippines

• - May 1st, 1898 the U.S. fleet engaged Spain in Manila bay.

• - In 6 hours of battle Admiral Dewey’s 10 ships sank the entire squadron of 8 Spanish ships

• - Casualties Spanish – 381, US – 1

• - 20,000 U.S. ground troops will eventually join forces with Emilio Aguinaldo’s rebels

U.S.S. Olympia

WreckageOf the SpanishFleet

The American ships came in as close as they thought the depth of the water would allow, first passing the Spanish position from west to east, and then countermarching east to west. Five passes were made along the two and a half mile course by the Asiatic Squadron at a speed of six to eight knots.

E. Action continued…

• 2. Cuba

• - U.S. needed to raise an army – 250,000 volunteered.

• - 25% of soldiers were African American.

• - Army lacked the resources to equip and train the forces.

Backlogs of War material

Enlistees often hadto provide their ownsupplies.

The Army organizes?

E. Action continued…

• - June 14, 1898 1st U.S. troops (17,000) landed east of Santiago.

• - Goal was to move toward the harbor and drive the Spanish fleet out.

• - Most famous unit was a volunteer Calvary unit from the west known as the rough riders and led by future President Theodore Roosevelt.

•

E. Action continued…• - Major offensive July 1st,

1898.• - U.S. troops advance toward

Santiago with the rough riders charge up Kettle and San Juan Hills.

• - The Spanish panic, order retreat on land and at sea on July 3.

• - Armistice declared August 12, 1898

• - Overall results – U.S. 460 battle deaths – 5200 disease deaths.

• - Spanish 60,000 deaths 90% due to disease.

The Rough Riders – led by retired Assistant Secretary of the NavyTheodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt leadsThe Charge upSan Juan and Kettle Hills.

The Retreat.

F. Treaty of Paris • 1. U.S becomes an imperial

power.

• 2. Spanish colonies of Guam and Puerto Rico become U.S. possessions.

• 3. U.S. pays $20 million for the Philippines.

• 4. Cuba is granted independence but is tied to the U.S.

• 5. Treaty is ratified in February 1899.

G. War in the Philippines

• 1. McKinley promises independence to the Philippines if they help us fight the Spanish.

• 2. After Spain loses control we break our promise because we want to “civilize” the Filipinos and we are interested in their ports for trade.

• 3. War rages until 1906. More U.S. troops die here than in the Spanish American War.

The Panama Canal

The Panama Canal"By far the most important action I took in foreign affairs during the time I was President was related to the Panama Canal," wrote Theodore Roosevelt in his autobiography.  In a speech several years after he "took" Panama, Roosevelt explained: "There are plenty of other things I started merely because the time had come that whoever was in power would have started them.  But the Panama Canal would not have started if I had not taken hold of it, because if I had followed the traditional or conservative method I should have submitted an admirable state paper to Congress… the debate would be proceeding at this moment… and the beginning of work on the canal would be fifty years in the future. Fortunately [the opportunity] came at a period when I could act unhampered.  Accordingly I took the Isthmus, started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal, but to debate me."

III. The Panama Canal• A. Background• 1. A colony of Columbia• 2. U.S. offered $10

Million + $250,000 annual payment

• 3. Columbia says NO! They want 25 million upfront.

• 4. Roosevelt sees it as a “shakedown”

• 5. Panamanians revolt.• 6. Roosevelt sends a

message – U.S. Marines on the Gunboat Nashville

• 7. “Speak softly but carry a Big Stick!!!”

Panama Canal - Construction

• Began in 1904 -completed 1914.

• 1st ship passes through 1919 (7 months after TR’s Death).

• 232 million Cubic yards of earth excavated to create the 50 mile path between the seas

• 5,600 deaths• $350 million to build

Panama Canal Completion

There is a postscript to the Panama Canal story.  After the revolution in 1903, the Republic of Panama became a U.S. protectorate until 1939.  In 1921 the U.S. paid an indemnity of $25 million to Colombia, and relations with Latin America continued to improve through the "Good Neighbor" policy of Franklin Roosevelt in the 1930s.  Finally, in 1978, President Jimmy Carter obtained Senate approval of an agreement by which the canal would be turned over to Panama by 1999.   Today the Canal is owned and operated by the government of Panama.

IV. Foreign Policy – William Howard Taft

• A. Dollar Diplomacy – no show of force militarily.

• 1. Use our influence through monetary loans.

• 2. Particularly Latin America