Testing for Heterogeneity (Sex differences)

Danielle Dick, Hermine Maes, Tim York

Sex Effects

1. Does the magnitude of genetic/environmental effects differ in males and females?

Sex Effects

P1 P2

A1 A2C1 C2E1 E2

1.0 (MZ) / .5 (DZ) 1.0

aF aFcF cFeF

eF

Females

P1 P2

A1 A2C1 C2E1 E2

1.0 (MZ) / .5 (DZ) 1.0

aM aMcM cMeM

eM

Males

Sex Effects

P1 P2

A1 A2C1 C2E1 E2

1.0 (MZ) / .5 (DZ) 1.0

aF aFcF cFeF

eF

Females

P1 P2

A1 A2C1 C2E1 E2

1.0 (MZ) / .5 (DZ) 1.0

aM aMcM cMeM

eM

Males

aF = aM ? cF = cM ? eF = eM ?

Sex Effects

1. Does the magnitude of genetic/environmental effects differ in males and females? (QUANTITATIVE)

2. With OS pairs: Are the same genes/environments acting in males and females (QUALITATIVE)

Sex Specific Effects

• Inspecting the correlations from DZ like-sex and opposite-sex pairs can alert you to the presence of sex-specific effects if the OSDZ correlation is markedly less than the SSDZ correlations.

ADE heterogeneity model