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Testing the methodological utility of trace element analysis for detecting dietary differences in fossil fauna from Turkana Christina Ryder 1 , Rhonda Quinn 2,3 , Jason Lewis 4,5 , Jean-Philip Brugal 6 , Sonia Harmand 4,5,7 , Hélène Roche 7 , Frederick Kyalo Manthi 8 , Matthew Sponheimer 1 Introduction 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2 Department of Sociology, Anthropology & Social Work, Seton Hall University, 3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 4 Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, 5 Turkana Basin Institute, 6 Université d’Aix-Marseille, CNRS, LAMPEA, 7 CNRS, Maison de l’Archéologie et de l’Ethnologie, Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre La Défense, 8 Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya Nachukui Formation, West Turkana, Kenya Trace element analysis (Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Mg/Ca) has been utilized to gauge diet in fossil hominins 1,2,3,4,5 . Biopurification of Sr, Ba, Mg, relative to Ca, increases with trophic space and consequently carnivores exhibit trace element ratios lower than sympatric herbivores 6,7,8,9 . Previous work has characterized South African ecosystems and has been used to infer meat consumption in Australopithecus and Paranthropus 2,4,5 . Trace element ratios successfully parsed out trophic level in an eastern African modern mammalian ecosystem (Laikipia, Kenya) 10 . Previous work found browsers (a diet comprised of Sr, Ba depleted leaves) display low Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca dietary values relative to sympatric grazers 1,2,3 . Yet contrary to previous work 4 , our modern study in eastern Africa found no significant separation among herbivorous taxa. Here we present a pilot study in eastern Africa assaying the relationship between Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca values in herbivorous fossil taxa to determine if the modern faunal pattern found in Laikipia, Kenya persists through time. The Nachukui Formation, one of three main formations in the upper part of the Turkana Basin, is situated west of Lake Turkana and encompasses sediments dating to the Plio- Pleistocene 11 . The Nachukui Formation is comprised of eight members and ranges in age from 4 Ma to 0.7 Ma. Numerous hominin-bearing archaeological sites are found within the Nachukui Formation including Lokalalei 1a (early Homo) 12 , Naiyena Engol (Homo) 13 , and Kalokodo 6 (Paranthropus boisei) 13 . Fauna included in the study are from eleven sites: Lomekwi 3, Nasura 1, Nasura 2, Nasura 3, Lokalalei 1, Lokalalei 2C, Naiyena Engol 1, Naiyena Engol 2, Nadung’a 3, Nachukui 6, Kalokodo 6. Site dates from Roche (2011) and Chris Lepre (pers. comm). NSF provided funding for student training in anthropological isotopic methodologies (to RQ, NSF-BCS 1455274). Seton Hall University Research Council provided travel funds to RQ for sample collection. Results: Ba/Ca Herbivore Site Comparisons Results: Sr/Ca Herbivore Site Comparisons 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 Naiyena Engol 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Lokalalei 1 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 Lokalalei 2C 3 4 5 6 7 Lomekwi 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 All Sites 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Naiyena Engol 2 Sites with a minimum of two herbivorous diet groups (browser , grazer , mixed feeder) are presented with boxplots in the above figure. Naiyena Engol 1 Lokalalei 1 Lokalalei 2C Lomekwi 3 All Sites Naiyena Engol 2 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Sites with a minimum of two herbivorous diet groups (browser , grazer , mixed feeder) are presented with boxplots in the above figure. Site Difference Test Statistic p-level NY1 (Grazer -Mixed Feeder) 1.2971 0.7646 0.4463 NY2 (Browser -Grazer) 2.0389 29.9327 0.1151 LA1 (Grazer-Mixed Feeder) 0.2432 0.2120 0.6523 LA2C (Browser-Grazer) 3.0420 1.4647 0.2717 LOM-3 (Browser-Grazer-Mixed Feeder) 0.2480 0.7822 All Sites(Browser -Grazer-Mixed Feeder) 0.0286 0.9718 Site Difference Test Statistic p-level NY1 (Grazer -Mixed Feeder) 0.5042 0.5227 0.5220 NY2 (Browser -Grazer) 1.0401 4.4634 0.2814 LA1 (Grazer-Mixed Feeder) 0.5122 1.4199 0.2532 LA2C (Browser-Grazer) 0.9681 1.0887 0.3370 LOM-3 (Browser-Grazer-Mixed Feeder) 0.0139 0.9862 All Sites(Browser -Grazer-Mixed Feeder) 0.8468 0.4333 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 forest woodland grassy woodland wooded grassland grassland Lomekwi (3.4-3.2 Ma) 14 Lokalalei (2.4-2.3 Ma) 15 Nasura (2.3-2.0 Ma) 16 Naiyena Engol (1.8-1.6 Ma) 15 Nariokotome (1.6-1.4 Ma) 15 n = 23 n=8 n = 18 n = 18 n=8 Changing Woody Cover in the Nachukui Formation Fraction of Woody Cover open wooded grassland Future Directions: Indicators of trophic level Vegetation Structure of the Nachukui Formation Monitoring Diagenesis Mass Spectrometry Diet Categories We analyzed Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca from bulk enamel of 87 individuals with thirty- nine and forty-eight specimens identified at the tribe and family level, respectively. Diet categories include C 4 grazers, C 3 browsers, mixed C 3 -C 4 feeders, carnivores, and omnivores. Enamel samples were analyzed at the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Rutgers University. Trace elements were analyzed on a Thermo iCapQc ICP-MS under the direction of Jake Setera; δ 13 C values were analyzed on a FISIONS IRMS under the direction of Jim Wright and Rick Mortlock. Dietary classification for each specimen was confirmed by a δ 13 C value. Above, the most common diet is listed for each taxon, and the less common diet is in parentheses. 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 Felidae Panthera Papionini Papio Sr/Ca Kalokodo 6 We found no significant difference in Sr/Ca among herbivorous taxa at individual sites (NY1, NY2, LA1, LA2C, LOM3) or when all sites were combined. Similar to the findings in Laikipia, Kenya, Nachukui fossil C 3 browser and C 4 grazer Sr/Ca ratios do not differ from one another. We found no significant difference in Ba/Ca among herbivorous taxa at individual sites (NY1, NY2, LA1, LA2C, LOM3) or when all sites were combined. Similar to the findings in Laikipia, Kenya, Nachukui fossil C 3 browser and C 4 grazer Ba/Ca ratios do not differ from one another. In Laikipia, predators showed lower Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca than their prey. In the Nachukui sample, one Panthera specimen from Kalokodo 6 was the only terrestrial carnivore available for analysis. Here we compare the Panthera to one specimen of Papio available from Kalokodo 6. Major conclusions cannot be derived from a single carnivore, yet the lower Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios of Panthera (carnivore) relative to Papio (omnivore) is intriguing and warrants further research. Site Abbreviation Age (Ma) Lomekwi 3 LOM-3 3.4 – 3.2 Lokalalei 1 LA1 2.4 – 2.2 Lokalalei 2C LA2C 2.4 – 2.2 Nasura 1 NAS1 2.3 – 2.0 Nasura 2 NAS2 2.3 – 2.0 Nasura 3 NAS3 2.3 – 2.0 Kalokodo 6 KLD6 1.8 – 1.6 Naiyena Engol 1 NY1 1.8 – 1.6 Naiyena Engol 2 NY2 1.8 – 1.6 Nachukui 6 NK6 1.3 – 1.1 Nadung’a 3 NAD3 0.9 – 0.7 Grazers Hipparion Kobus Theropithecus Mixed Feeder Aepycerotini Grazer Proboscidea Browser Giraffa Grazers Hexaprotodon Equus Tragelaphini Alcelaphini Bovini Grazers Proboscidea Rhinocerotinae Browser Bovidae Grazers Hipparion Kobus Theropithecus Mixed Feeder Aepycerotini Grazer Proboscidea Browser Giraffa Grazers Proboscidea Rhinocerotinae Browser Bovidae Pedogenic carbonate d 13 C values (Quinn et al., 2013, unpublished; Harmand et al., 2015) were used to calculate the fraction of woody cover 17 through time in the Nachukui Formation. Despite change in the vegetative structure in the Nachukui Formation, the relative Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios amongst fossil taxa do not vary by site, implying that trace elements may be useful at gauging dietary differences amongst time-transgressive faunal assemblages and vegetation community changes. Sample Collection and Pretreatment from each specimen was weighed and treated with 0.5 mL of 65% HNO 3 in Teflon beakers. The solution was evaporated to dryness on a hotplate. Residue was dissolved, according to standards of the lab, into 5 mL of 2% HNO 3 to be analyzed. Two modern zebra samples were analyzed multiple times to serve as an internal standard between runs. NIST SRM 1400 (bone ash) was used as the external standard. Error is estimated as ±3%. Reduncini LM 3 from LA1 Aepycerotini LM 3 from LOM-3 Family Tribe Diet* N δ 13 C range Camelidae Browser 3 -11.6 to -10.2 ‰ Deinotherioidea Browser** 1 Giraffidae Browser** 1 Felidae Carnivore 1 -4.5 ‰ Bovidae Bovini Grazer 3 -0.9 to .02 ‰ Bovidae Tragelaphini Grazer 3 -1.5 to 2.4 ‰ Bovidae Aepycerotini Grazer (Mixed Feeder) 8 -1.6 to 0.6 ‰ Bovidae Alcelaphini Grazer (Mixed Feeder) 8 -4.8 to 1.6 ‰ Bovidae Antilopini Grazer (Mixed Feeder) 4 -2.9 to 0.6 ‰ Bovidae Reduncini Grazer (Mixed Feeder) 4 -3.8 to 1.0 ‰ Bovidae Grazer (Browser) 5 0.0 to -8.6 ‰ Hippopotamidae Grazer (Mixed Feeder) 8 -5.6 to -1.2 ‰ Cercopithecoidae Papionini Grazer (Omnivore) 5 -2.1 to -1.9 ‰ Equidae Grazer 4 -0.6 to 0.2 ‰ Rhinocerotidae Grazer 3 -0.9 to -0.5 ‰ Proboscidea Grazer (Browser) 16 -10.1 to 0.6 ‰ Suidae Omnivore 10 -2.1 to 0.1 ‰ 0 100 200 300 400 500 126 356 284 1510 55 Mn 64 Zn 66 Zn 68 Zn 85 Rb 87 Rb 89 Y 139 La 147 Sm 172 Yb 232 TH 235 U 238 U Below Detectable Limit 14.1 We gauged diagenesis in the Turkana fossil enamel samples by measuring Mn, Zn, Rb, Y, La, Sm, Yb, Th, and U. Concentrations of 55 Mn and 87 Rb are significantly higher in the fossil enamel samples than in the modern assemblage. We interpret that the Turkana fossil enamel sample has undergone element-specific diagenetic effects, but still holds promise for traces element analysis for inferring trophic level. 232 Th 235 U 238 U 64 Zn 66 Zn 68 Zn 85 Rb 87 Rb 55 Mn 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Modern Fossil Feibel (2011): Locality map of the Turkana Basin. Faunal samples analyzed here were excavated by the West Turkana Archaeological Project and are housed in the Archaeology Department of the Kenya National Museums in Nairobi. Enamel was sampled with a diamond-tipped rotary tool (Foredom Series) from clean surfaces of whole teeth. We preferentially sampled late-forming teeth depending on species known eruption sequences. Half of the samples (n=45) were pretreated with 0.1 M acetic acid for ten minutes then rinsed three times with distilled deionized water. No significant differences exist between pretreated or unpretreated samples 18 . **δ 13 C values unavailable Turkana fossil enamel concentrations (ppm) Modern-fossil enamel concentration differences (ppm) Results: Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca Modern-Fossil Comparisons All references denoted by superscript numbers are provided on handout. One-way ANOVA One-way ANOVA 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Antilopini Reduncini Tragelaphini Ba/Ca Nachukui Laikipia R 2 =.92 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Antilopini Hipparionini/Equini Reduncini Tragelaphini Sr/Ca Nachukui Laikipia R 2 =.96 We found good agreement between fossil and modern Sr/Ca (R 2 =0.96) and Ba/Ca (R 2 =0.92) ratios of tragelaphini, antilopini, reduncini and hipparionini/equini. Notably for Ba/Ca, the distribution of data prohibits a meaningful interpretation. Next, between 1.0-1.5 mg of enamel powder 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 Ba/Ca Papionini Papio Felidae Panthera Hipparionini/Equini

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Page 1: Testing the methodological utility of trace element analysis for … · 2018-04-25 · Testing the methodological utility of trace element analysis for detecting dietary differences

TestingthemethodologicalutilityoftraceelementanalysisfordetectingdietarydifferencesinfossilfaunafromTurkana

ChristinaRyder1,RhondaQuinn2,3,JasonLewis4,5,Jean-PhilipBrugal6,SoniaHarmand4,5,7,HélèneRoche7,FrederickKyaloManthi8,MatthewSponheimer1

Introduction

1DepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofColoradoatBoulder,2DepartmentofSociology,Anthropology&SocialWork,SetonHallUniversity,3DepartmentofEarthandPlanetarySciences,RutgersUniversity,4DepartmentofAnthropology,StonyBrookUniversity,5TurkanaBasinInstitute,6Universitéd’Aix-Marseille,CNRS,LAMPEA, 7CNRS,Maisondel’Archéologieetdel’Ethnologie,UniversitéParisOuest-NanterreLaDéfense,8DepartmentofEarthSciences,NationalMuseumsofKenya

NachukuiFormation,WestTurkana,Kenya

Traceelementanalysis(Sr/Ca,Ba/Ca,Mg/Ca)hasbeenutilizedtogaugedietinfossilhominins1,2,3,4,5.BiopurificationofSr,Ba,Mg,relativetoCa,increaseswithtrophicspaceandconsequentlycarnivoresexhibittraceelementratioslowerthansympatricherbivores6,7,8,9.PreviousworkhascharacterizedSouthAfricanecosystemsandhasbeenusedtoinfermeatconsumptioninAustralopithecusandParanthropus2,4,5.TraceelementratiossuccessfullyparsedouttrophiclevelinaneasternAfricanmodernmammalianecosystem(Laikipia,Kenya)10.Previousworkfoundbrowsers(adietcomprisedofSr,Badepletedleaves)displaylowSr/Ca,Ba/Cadietaryvaluesrelativetosympatricgrazers1,2,3.Yetcontrarytopreviouswork4,ourmodernstudyineasternAfricafoundnosignificantseparationamongherbivoroustaxa.HerewepresentapilotstudyineasternAfricaassayingtherelationshipbetweenSr/Ca,Ba/CavaluesinherbivorousfossiltaxatodetermineifthemodernfaunalpatternfoundinLaikipia,Kenyapersiststhroughtime.

TheNachukuiFormation,oneofthreemainformationsintheupperpartoftheTurkanaBasin,issituatedwestofLakeTurkanaandencompassessedimentsdatingtothePlio-Pleistocene11.TheNachukuiFormationiscomprisedofeightmembersandrangesinagefrom4Mato0.7Ma.

Numeroushominin-bearingarchaeologicalsitesarefoundwithintheNachukuiFormationincludingLokalalei1a(earlyHomo)12,NaiyenaEngol(Homo)13,andKalokodo6(Paranthropusboisei)13.Faunaincludedinthestudyarefromelevensites:Lomekwi3,Nasura1,Nasura2,Nasura3,Lokalalei1,Lokalalei2C,NaiyenaEngol1,NaiyenaEngol2,Nadung’a3,Nachukui6,Kalokodo6.SitedatesfromRoche(2011)andChrisLepre (pers.comm).

NSFprovidedfundingforstudenttraininginanthropologicalisotopicmethodologies(toRQ,NSF-BCS1455274).SetonHallUniversityResearchCouncilprovidedtravelfundstoRQforsamplecollection.

Results:Ba/CaHerbivoreSiteComparisons

Results:Sr/CaHerbivoreSiteComparisonsNaiyena Engol 1

2.5

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GrazerMixed Feeder

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NaiyenaEngol1 Lokalalei 1

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Lokalalei1Lokalalei 2C

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BrowserGrazer

BrowserGrazer

Lokalalei2C Lomekwi 3

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BrowserGrazerMixed FeederBrowserGrazerMixed Feeder

Lomekwi3 All Sites

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BrowserGrazerMixed FeederBrowserGrazerMixed Feeder

AllSitesNaiyena Engol 2

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Column 2

BrowserGrazer

BrowserGrazer

NaiyenaEngol2

Siteswithaminimumoftwoherbivorousdietgroups(browser,grazer,mixedfeeder)arepresentedwithboxplotsintheabovefigure.

NaiyenaEngol1 Lokalalei1 Lokalalei2C Lomekwi3 AllSitesNaiyenaEngol2Naiyena Engol 1

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Naiyena Engol 2

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BrowserGrazer

Lokalalei 1

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Lokalalei 2C

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Lomekwi 3

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All Sites

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BrowserGrazerMixed FeederBrowserGrazerMixed Feeder

Siteswithaminimumoftwoherbivorousdietgroups(browser,grazer,mixedfeeder)arepresentedwithboxplotsintheabovefigure.

Site Difference TestStatistic p-level

NY1(Grazer-MixedFeeder) 1.2971 0.7646 0.4463

NY2(Browser-Grazer) 2.0389 29.9327 0.1151

LA1 (Grazer-MixedFeeder) 0.2432 0.2120 0.6523

LA2C (Browser-Grazer) 3.0420 1.4647 0.2717

LOM-3(Browser-Grazer-MixedFeeder) 0.2480 0.7822

AllSites(Browser-Grazer-MixedFeeder) 0.0286 0.9718

Site Difference TestStatistic p-level

NY1(Grazer-MixedFeeder) 0.5042 0.5227 0.5220

NY2(Browser-Grazer) 1.0401 4.4634 0.2814

LA1 (Grazer-MixedFeeder) 0.5122 1.4199 0.2532

LA2C (Browser-Grazer) 0.9681 1.0887 0.3370

LOM-3(Browser-Grazer-MixedFeeder) 0.0139 0.9862

AllSites(Browser-Grazer-MixedFeeder) 0.8468 0.4333

0

0.2

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forest

woodland

grassywoodland

woodedgrassland

grassland

Lomekwi(3.4-3.2Ma)14

Lokalalei(2.4-2.3Ma)15

Nasura(2.3-2.0Ma)16

NaiyenaEngol(1.8-1.6Ma)15

Nariokotome(1.6-1.4Ma)15

n=23 n=8

n=18

n=18

n=8

ChangingWoodyCoverintheNachukuiFormation

Fractio

nofW

oodyCover

openwoodedgrassland

FutureDirections:Indicatorsoftrophiclevel

VegetationStructureoftheNachukuiFormation

MonitoringDiagenesis

MassSpectrometry

DietCategories

WeanalyzedSr/CaandBa/Cafrombulkenamelof87individualswiththirty-nineandforty-eightspecimensidentifiedatthetribeandfamilylevel,respectively.DietcategoriesincludeC4 grazers,C3browsers,mixedC3-C4feeders,carnivores,andomnivores.

EnamelsampleswereanalyzedattheDepartmentofEarthandPlanetarySciencesatRutgersUniversity.TraceelementswereanalyzedonaThermoiCapQc ICP-MSunderthedirectionofJakeSetera;δ13CvalueswereanalyzedonaFISIONSIRMSunderthedirectionofJimWrightandRickMortlock.

Dietaryclassificationforeachspecimenwasconfirmedbyaδ13Cvalue.Above,themostcommondietislistedforeachtaxon,andthelesscommondietisinparentheses.

Sr/Ca

5.0

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6.0

6.2Taxa

Felidae PantheraPapionini Papio

FelidaePanthera

Papionini PapioSr/Ca

Kalokodo 6

WefoundnosignificantdifferenceinSr/Caamongherbivoroustaxaatindividualsites(NY1,NY2,LA1,LA2C,LOM3)orwhenallsiteswerecombined.SimilartothefindingsinLaikipia,Kenya,Nachukui fossilC3 browserandC4 grazerSr/Ca ratiosdonotdifferfromoneanother.

WefoundnosignificantdifferenceinBa/Caamongherbivoroustaxaatindividualsites(NY1,NY2,LA1,LA2C,LOM3)orwhenallsiteswerecombined.SimilartothefindingsinLaikipia,Kenya,Nachukui fossilC3 browserandC4grazerBa/Ca ratiosdonotdifferfromoneanother.

InLaikipia,predatorsshowedlowerSr/Ca andBa/Ca thantheirprey.IntheNachukui sample,onePanthera specimenfromKalokodo 6wastheonlyterrestrialcarnivoreavailableforanalysis.HerewecomparethePanthera toonespecimenofPapio availablefromKalokodo 6.Majorconclusionscannotbederivedfromasinglecarnivore,yetthelowerSr/Ca andBa/CaratiosofPanthera (carnivore)relativetoPapio(omnivore)isintriguingandwarrantsfurtherresearch.

Site Abbreviation Age(Ma)Lomekwi3 LOM-3 3.4– 3.2Lokalalei1 LA1 2.4– 2.2Lokalalei2C LA2C 2.4– 2.2Nasura1 NAS1 2.3– 2.0Nasura2 NAS2 2.3– 2.0Nasura3 NAS3 2.3– 2.0Kalokodo6 KLD6 1.8– 1.6NaiyenaEngol1 NY1 1.8– 1.6NaiyenaEngol2 NY2 1.8– 1.6Nachukui6 NK6 1.3 – 1.1Nadung’a3 NAD3 0.9 – 0.7

GrazersHipparionKobus

Theropithecus

MixedFeederAepycerotini

GrazerProboscidea

BrowserGiraffa

GrazersHexaprotodon

EquusTragelaphiniAlcelaphiniBovini

GrazersProboscidea

Rhinocerotinae

BrowserBovidae

GrazersHipparionKobus

Theropithecus

MixedFeederAepycerotini

GrazerProboscidea

BrowserGiraffa

GrazersProboscidea

Rhinocerotinae

BrowserBovidae

Pedogenic carbonated13Cvalues(Quinnetal.,2013,unpublished;Harmand etal.,2015)wereusedtocalculatethefractionofwoodycover17throughtimeintheNachukuiFormation.

DespitechangeinthevegetativestructureintheNachukui Formation,therelativeSr/CaandBa/Caratiosamongstfossiltaxadonotvarybysite,implyingthattraceelementsmaybeusefulatgaugingdietarydifferencesamongsttime-transgressivefaunalassemblagesandvegetationcommunitychanges.

SampleCollectionandPretreatment

fromeachspecimenwasweighedandtreatedwith0.5mLof65%HNO3 inTeflonbeakers.Thesolutionwasevaporatedtodrynessonahotplate.Residuewasdissolved,accordingtostandardsofthelab,into5mLof2%HNO3 tobeanalyzed.Twomodernzebrasampleswereanalyzedmultipletimestoserveasaninternalstandardbetweenruns.NISTSRM1400(boneash)wasusedastheexternalstandard.Errorisestimatedas±3%.

RedunciniLM3 fromLA1

AepycerotiniLM3fromLOM-3

Family

Tribe Diet* N δ13Crange

Camelidae

Browser 3 -11.6to-10.2‰

Deinotherioidea Browser** 1 Giraffidae Browser** 1

Felidae Carnivore 1 -4.5‰

Bovidae Bovini

Grazer 3 -0.9to.02‰

Bovidae Tragelaphini

Grazer 3 -1.5to2.4‰

Bovidae Aepycerotini

Grazer(MixedFeeder) 8 -1.6to0.6‰Bovidae Alcelaphini Grazer(MixedFeeder) 8 -4.8to1.6‰

Bovidae Antilopini

Grazer(MixedFeeder) 4 -2.9to0.6‰

Bovidae Reduncini

Grazer(MixedFeeder) 4 -3.8to1.0‰

Bovidae Grazer(Browser) 5 0.0to-8.6‰

Hippopotamidae

Grazer(MixedFeeder) 8 -5.6to-1.2‰Cercopithecoidae Papionini Grazer(Omnivore) 5 -2.1to-1.9‰

Equidae Grazer 4 -0.6to0.2‰

Rhinocerotidae

Grazer 3 -0.9to-0.5‰

Proboscidea Grazer(Browser) 16 -10.1to0.6‰Suidae

Omnivore 10 -2.1to0.1‰

0

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500 55Mn64Zn66Zn68Zn85Rb87Rb89Y139La147Sm172Yb232Th235U238U

126

356

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1510

55Mn 64Zn 66Zn 68Zn 85Rb 87Rb 89Y 139La 147Sm 172Yb 232TH 235U 238U

BelowDetectableLimit14.1

Wegaugeddiagenesis intheTurkanafossilenamelsamplesbymeasuringMn,Zn,Rb,Y,La,Sm,Yb,Th,andU.Concentrationsof55Mnand87Rbaresignificantlyhigherinthefossilenamelsamplesthaninthemodernassemblage.WeinterpretthattheTurkanafossilenamelsamplehasundergoneelement-specificdiageneticeffects,butstillholdspromisefortraceselementanalysisforinferringtrophiclevel.

232Th 235U 238U 64Zn 66Zn 68Zn 85Rb 87Rb 55Mn

Modern & Fossil

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232Th 235U 238U 64Zn 66Zn 68Zn 85Rb 87RbElement

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Modern

Fossil

Feibel(2011):LocalitymapoftheTurkanaBasin.

FaunalsamplesanalyzedherewereexcavatedbytheWestTurkanaArchaeologicalProjectandarehousedintheArchaeologyDepartmentoftheKenyaNationalMuseumsinNairobi.

Enamelwassampledwithadiamond-tippedrotarytool(ForedomSeries)fromcleansurfacesofwholeteeth.Wepreferentiallysampledlate-formingteethdependingonspeciesknowneruptionsequences.Halfofthesamples(n=45)werepretreatedwith0.1Maceticacidfortenminutesthenrinsedthreetimeswithdistilleddeionizedwater.Nosignificantdifferencesexistbetweenpretreatedorunpretreatedsamples18.

**δ13Cvaluesunavailable

Turkanafossilenamelconcentrations(ppm)

Modern-fossilenamelconcentrationdifferences(ppm)

Results:Sr/Ca andBa/Ca Modern-FossilComparisons

Allreferencesdenotedbysuperscriptnumbersareprovidedonhandout.

One-wayANOVA

One-wayANOVA

Laikipia vs. Nachukui

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7AntiloEquidRedunTragelLaikipia

Antilopini

Reduncini

Tragelaphini

Ba/Ca

Nachukui

Laikipia

R2=.92

Laikipia vs. Nachukui

2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

AntiloEquidRedunTragelLaikipia

Antilopini

Hipparionini/Equini

Reduncini

Tragelaphini

Sr/Ca

Nachukui

Laikipia

R2=.96

WefoundgoodagreementbetweenfossilandmodernSr/Ca(R2=0.96)andBa/Ca(R2=0.92)ratiosoftragelaphini,antilopini,redunciniandhipparionini/equini.

NotablyforBa/Ca,thedistributionofdataprohibitsameaningfulinterpretation.

Next,between1.0-1.5mgofenamelpowder

Ba/Ca

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

1.40

1.45Taxa

Felidae PantheraPapionini Papio

Ba/Ca

PapioniniPapio

FelidaePanthera

Hipparionini/Equini

Methodological guide 8

Test Methodological Approaches

ESSO-LM How-To: Using the Trace Controller Utility

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Methodological Orientation

Methodological Considerations

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methodological guide

Methodological frameworks harmonisation

Methodological Basis

Methodological Framework WP6

TrackFin methodological discussions

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