tests for hydrocarbons

7/24/2019 Tests for Hydrocarbons

1/7

TESTS FOR HYDROCARBONS

Elaizha A. Carias, Alodia Eunicia O. Castillo, Aureo Paul D. Chiong, Alison A. Claveria, Jehhan

Decampong, and Regina Marie DG. De Guzman

Group 2 2G Pharmac !rganic Chemis"r #a$ora"or

ABSTRACT%drocar$ons are organic compounds con"aining car$on and hdrogen a"oms "ha" are covalen"l $onded "o each

o"her. &n "he e'perimen", "he (ere classi)ied $ o$serving "heir solu$ili", )lamma$ili", ac"ive unsa"ura"ionaroma"ici", and o'ida"ion "o "heir sui"a$le "es"s. %e'ane, hep"ane, cclohe'ane, cclohe'ene, $enzene, and "oluene

(ere su$*ec"ed "o di))eren" phsical and chemical "es"s "o di))eren"ia"e "heir in"rinsic phsical and chemical proper"ies

in "erms o) s"ruc"ure and $ehavior. +he phsical proper"ies o) "he compounds (ere o$served "o iden"i) "heir phsical

s"a"e, color and odor. +he compounds (ere all clear, colorless liuid, and "he onl var in odor. Concen"ra"ed sul)uric

acid (as "he reagen" used "o "es" "he misci$ili". &gni"ion "es" (as used )or i"s )lamma$ili". All o) "he compounds (ere

)lamma$le having luminous )lames. Also, onl "he cclic compounds produced soo". +he ac"ive unsa"ura"ion (as

"es"ed "oo $ using -aeers and -romine "es". All "he compounds reac"ed (i"h 2/ 0Mn!1 solu"ion in -aeers +es"

Decoloriza"ion )rom purple "o $ro(n (as onl seen in cclohe'ane, and cclohe'ene. or "he -romine "es", "he

compounds (ere s"udied "hrough "heir reac"ion (i"h 3.4/ -r2in CCl1reagen". &mmedia"e decoloriza"ion occurred in

all compounds e'cep" in "oluene. A)"er "ha", aroma"ici" o) "he compounds (ere "es"ed. or "his "o $e done, a ni"ra"ing

mi'"ure composed o) concen"ra"ed %5!6 and concen"ra"ed %27!1 (as com$ined "o "he hdrocar$ons. Aroma"ic

compounds (ere )ound ou" "o $e cclohe'ene, $enzene, and "oluene, in (hich "he all produced a ello( oil laer.

INTRODUCTION%drocar$ons are "he simples" organic

compounds $ecause i" con"ains onl car$on andhdrogen. +he car$on s8ele"on ma $e acclic,

(hich is an open9chained, or cclic, a close9chained. %drocar$ons, or molecules (hich

con"ain hdrogen a"oms and car$on a"oms "ha"

are $onded "o each o"her and ma or ma no"con"ain o"her a"oms, are classi)ied in"o "(o

dis"inc" ca"egories: sa"ura"ed and unsa"ura"ed.;nsa"ura"ed %drocar$on

5umerous "es"s (ere per)ormed "o $e

a$le "o classi) "he phsical and chemicaproper"ies o) "he sample compounds: he'ane

hep"ane, cclohe'ane, cclohe'ene, $enzeneand "oluene.

Misci$ili" is "he proper" o) su$s"ances "o

mi' in all propor"ions, )orming a homogeneous

solu"ion. &" is mos" o)"en applied "o liuids, $u"applies also "o solids and gases. 7u$s"ances are

said "o $e immisci$le i) a signi)ican" propor"ion
http://www.ck12.org/physical-science/Atoms-in-Physical-Sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://www.ck12.org/physical-science/Atoms-in-Physical-Science


2/7

does no" )orm a solu"ion. !"her(ise, "hesu$s"ances are considered misci$le. ;1=

+he rule used in de"ermining hdrocar$onsolu$ili" is, li8e dissolves li8eB. +his *us" means

"ha" polar compounds ?(a"er, alcohols, andcar$o'lic acids@ dissolve o"her polar compounds

and nonpolar compounds dissolve o"her nonpolarcompounds, $u" "end no" "o dissolve polar

compounds. &" is misci$le i) "he solu"ions have nolaers and i" is immisci$le i) "he solu"ions have

laers.lamma$ili" "es" chec8s a num$er o)

proper"ies. Almos" all organic compounds are

readil )lamma$le. lamma$ili" is (hen "he

compounds reac" e'o"hermicall (i"h o'gen.

-ecause o) "he high hea" o) reac"ion, i" means a

)ire (ill resul" )rom "he reac"ion. Mos" alcohols

and al8anes are prime e'amples. +heir high

)lamma$ili" is "he resul" o) "heir ease o) reac"ion

(i"h o'gen, and "he large amoun" o) hea" given

ou" (hen "he reac". +his hea" resul"s )rom "he

)orma"ion "he $onds in C!2and %2!, (hich are

ver s"a$le and have less energ "han "he $onds

o) "he ini"ial reac"an"s. +he e'cess energ is los"

as hea".

ello( )lames are luminous. Al"hough "he

can ge" a" some o'gen, "he can" ge" as much

as "he need "o "urn all o) "he car$on "ha"s $eing

$urn" up in"o car$on dio'ide. +his is (h "his 8ind

o) )lame produces soo". 7ince i" can" release all

o) "he car$on as C!2, some o) i" ge"s released as

"he $lac8 s"u)) in smo8e, (hich is "he soo".

Figure ".#uminous lame

!n "he o"her hand, $lue )lames are non9

luminous. +hese )lames have access "o as much

o'gen as "he could possi$l use, so "he can

$urn ver e))icien"l. All o) "he car$on "ha" ge"s

used can $e "urned in"o C!2, so "here (ill $e no

soo".

#uminous )lames do no" produce much

energ $ecause "he don" $urn as e))icien" as

non9luminous. +his *us" means "ha" "he non9

luminous )lames have a lo" more energ "han

luminous ones, and "heir )lames are ac"uall

ho""er. +his is (h "he luminous ones loo8 ello(

and "he non9luminous ones loo8 $lue. ;4=

or "he "es" in ac"ive unsa"ura"ion, "(o

di))eren" "es"s (ere done.

&n -aeers "es", "he presence o) car$on9car$on dou$le $onded compounds, called al8enesor car$on9car$on "riple $onded compounds

called al8ne $onds (as de"ermined. &" usesdilu"e Po"assium Permangana"e "o o'idize "he

car$on9car$on dou$le or "riple $ond. &"s calledo'ida"ion $ecause "he dou$le $ond is replaced $

a hdro'l group. +he car$ons charge goes )rom$eing F< "o F2, so i" loses an elec"ron ?and is

"hus o'idized@.

Figure #. Posi"ive and nega"ive resul" in -aeers

+es"

An al8ene is replaced (i"h a diol. +here is

an evidence )or "he reac"ion $ecause "he purplepo"assium permangana"e goes colorless. Al8nes

(or8 "he same (a, $u" a 1 hdro' ua""rol isproduced. +he reac"ion is impor"an" $ecause i"

doesn" (or8 on al8anes ?compounds (i"hcar$on9car$on single $onds@ or aroma"ic

compounds. ;=

A $romine solu"ion is also used "o "es")or unsa"ura"ion. +his "es" is used "o

de"ermine i) "here is an al8ene compound,

$ecause i) "here is, "he solu"ion (ill $e

colorless. -romine does no" reac" (i"h an al8ane$ecause i" con"ains onl single $onds (hichcanno" add "he $romine. Hhen an al8ene is

reac"ed (i"h $romine, "he red9$ro(n color o) "he$romine is immedia"el los" due "o "he reac"ion o)"he $romine. ;I=

Figure $. Resul"s in -romine +es"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution


3/7

Aroma"ici" is a proper" associa"ed (i"h"he e'"ra s"a$ili" o) cer"ain "pes o) p ss"ems.

undamen"all, i" arises )rom having "hema'imum num$er o) elec"rons in

"he p $onding molecular or$i"als. As (e (ill see,i" is no" res"ric"ed "o $enzene, su$s"i"u"ed

$enzenes, 9mem$ered rings or *us"hdrocar$ons. +he proper" o) aroma"ici" is

generall a$ou" a signi)ican" e'"ra s"a$ili"

associa"ed (i"h a resonance delocalizeds"ruc"ure. +his e'"ra s"a$ili" modera"es "hereac"ivi" o) "hese ss"ems compared "o al8enes

and means aroma"ics can $e considered as "heiro(n )unc"ional group. +he presence o) aroma"ic

ss"ems can also in)luence "he reac"ivi" o)

)unc"ional groups direc"l a""ached "o "hearoma"ic ss"em par"icularl in "he $enzlic

posi"ion. +here)ore i" is impor"an" "ha" ou are

a$le "o recognize "he aroma"ic ss"ems.

+he $asic o'ida"ion (as "es"ed using

po"assium permangana"e, an inorganiccompound and a ver s"rong o'idizing agen".

&" is used in "he de"ermina"ion o) "he "o"al

o'idiza$le organic ma"erial in an aueoussample. +he value de"ermined is 8no(n as

"he permangana"e value.

+he o$*ec"ives o) "his e'perimen" (ere "o

di))eren"ia"e hdrocar$ons in "erms o) in"rinsic

phsical proper"ies, and chemical proper"ies

$ased on s"ruc"ure and $ehavior. +his also aims

"o analze a hdrocar$on and de"ermine i) i" is

sa"ura"ed, ac"ivel unsa"ura"ed, aroma"ic or an

arene.

E%&ERI'ENTA(A. Co)*ounds Tested +or Sa)*les used,

%e'ane is an al8ane hdrocar$on having a

chemical )ormula o) C%


4/7

Figure 10.7"ruc"ure o) Cclohe'ene

-enzenes chemical )ormula is C%, so i"has si' car$on ?C@ a"oms and si' hdrogen ?%@

a"oms. &"s chemical s"ruc"ure can $e descri$ed as

a he'agon ring (i"h al"erna"ing dou$le $onds, assho(n in )igure . &" is a liuid "ha" is colorless

and )lamma$le, (i"h a s(ee" and li""le alcohol9li8e odor. &" a use)ul chemical su$s"ance $u" also

a "o'ic one, and con"inuous e'posure "o i" canhave cancerous e))ec"s. +his is $ecause $enzene

is a carcinogen, (hich means "ha" i" can

po"en"iall cause cancer. ;


5/7

RESU(TS AND DISCUSSION


6/7

CO'&OUNDS TESTED

He8ane He*tane C2cloe8ane

Condensed 7"ruc"ural

ormula

A. Phsical s"a"e a" R+

Appearance

Color

!dor

liuid liuid #iuid

All clear All clear All clear

colorless colorless Colorless

odorless Alcohol9li8e odor Gas9li8e odor-. 7olu$ili" in conc. %27!1

In5erence

immisci$le immisci$le &mmisci$le

insolu$le insolu$le &nsolu$leC. &gni"ion "es"

In5erence

luminous #uminous seconds, luminous

)lamma$le )lamma$le lamma$le, (i"h soo"D. -aeers "es"

-romine "es"

In5erence

purple purple -ro(n&mmedia"e decoloriza"ion &mmedia"e decoloriza"ion &mmedia"e decoloriza"ion

E. +es" )or aroma"ici" ni"ra"ion

In5erence5o changes 5o changes 5o changes

9 9 9. -asic !'ida"ion -lue green 5o changes -lue green

In5erence F 9 F

CO'&OUNDS TESTED

C2cloe8ene Ben9ene Toluene

Condensed 7"ruc"ural

ormula

A. Phsical s"a"e a" R+

Appearance

Color

!dor

liuid liuid #iuid

All clear All clear All clear

colorless colorless Colorless

Gas9li8e odor #i""le alcohol9li8e odor #i""le alcohol9li8e odor-. 7olu$ili" in conc. %27!1

In5erence

immisci$le immisci$le &mmisci$le

insolu$le insolu$le &nsolu$leC. &gni"ion "es"

In5erence

63 seconds, luminous


7/7

+he degree o) luminosi" can $e assessed $ "hepresence o) ello( )lame and soo". Aroma"ic

compounds $urn (i"h soo" )lame due "o "heincomple"e com$us"ion (hich causes "he

)orma"ion o) an un$urned car$on.

&n "erms o) degree o) luminosi",

aroma"ic compound unsa"ura"ed hdrocar$on,

unsa"ura"ed hdrocar$on

sa"ura"ed hdrocar$on

&) "he )lame is $lue or non9luminous, "hen i"resul"s "o a comple"e com$us"ion, and "he car$on

is comple"el o'idized.

!n "he o"her hand, incomple"e com$us"ion isindica"ed $ a ello( )lame ?luminous@, and "he

car$on is no" comple"el o'idized.

Comple"e com$us"ion:

C'%F !2 C!2F %2!

&ncomple"e com$us"ion:

C'%F !2 C!2 F C! F C ?soo"@ F

%2!

h""p:KK(((.so)"schools.comKdi))erenceKsa"ura"ed

NvsNunsa"ura"edNhdrocar$onsK

tests for hydrocarbons

Documents