texas a&m university sounding rocketry team
TRANSCRIPT
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1Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
SOUNDING ROCKETRY TEAM
TEAM 12
Ross Alexander
Jacob Caesar
Jacob Doll
Integrated Flight Modeling: Trajectory
& Hybrid Engine Performance
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2Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
OUTLINE
• Overview
• Motivation
• Simulation Path
• Flight Simulation (FS)
• Simulation
• Modeling
• Validation
• Hybrid Engine Model (HEM)
• Simulation
• Modeling
• Validation
• Future Efforts
OVERVIEW
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3Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
PROBLEM
• Commercial software programs have many limitations
• Limited or no hybrid engine capability
• Over-simplified input variables
• No statistical flight analysis
SOLUTION
• TAMU-SRT Flight Simulation (FS)
• 6-DoF flight simulator for both solid and hybrid rockets
• TAMU-SRT Hybrid Engine Model (HEM)
• Full hybrid engine simulation from first principles
OVERVIEW | MOTIVATION
HEM
FS
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4Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
OVERVIEW | MODELS
INTEGRATED FLIGHT MODEL
FS
• RKF-45 integration
• 6 DoF EOM
• Recovery model
• Modified standard
atmosphere
• Dryden wind model
HEM
Kinematic
Model
Atmospheric
Model
Monte Carlo
Simulation
Engine
Model
• Stochastic systems
• Historical weather
• Statistical analysis
• Multiphase flow model
• Combustion model
• Time-dependent thrust curve
Aerodynamic
Model
• High-fidelity CFD
refinement
• Wind tunnel testing
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5Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
METHODOLOGY
• Quantify uncertainty of stochastic systems
• Assign distributions → step through many flights
• Improved accuracy by accounting for off-nominal flights
FS | MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
ESTABLISH SPREAD STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
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6Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
FS | MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
RANDOM SAMPLING
• Pre-flight uncertainties
• Flight day uncertainties
• Uniform, normal, Latin Hypercube Sampling
• Random seed control
POST-PROCESSING
• Mean flight
• Quantify spread of output → min/max, 𝜎
• Confidence in launch safety
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7Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
KINEMATICS
• Quaternion-based angular orientation
• RKF-45 numerical integration
• Reference frames
1. Inertial (Flat-Earth East-North-Up)
2. Relative Wind (freestream + wind)
3. Body Fixed
FS | ARCHITECTURE
𝑧 (U)
𝑥 (E)
𝑦 (N)
East-North-Up Inertial Frame
𝑧 (U)
𝑥 (E)
Earth-fixed Frame Relative Wind Frame Body Frame
𝑧 (U)
𝑥 (E)
𝛼𝑇
𝑧 (U)
𝑥 (E)
𝛼𝑇𝜃
𝑧𝑏
𝑥𝑏 𝑦𝑏
Bottom (x-z)
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8Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
TRANSLATIONAL
• Body frame: thrust
• Wind frame: lift, drag
• Inertial frame: weight
ROTATIONAL
• Moments about shifting CG
• Idealized aerodynamic forces
• Thrust & aerodynamic damping
FS | EQUATIONS OF MOTION
𝑎 =𝑇 + 𝐿 + 𝐷 +𝑊
𝑚(𝑡)
𝑀𝐴 +𝑀𝐷 = 𝐼 𝜔 + 𝜔 × 𝐼𝜔 + 𝐼𝜔
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9Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
FS | ATMOSPHERIC MODEL
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
MODIFIED STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
• Isentropic gradient: 0 to ~280,000 ft ASL
• Humidity correction for air density
• WGS-84 gravitational model
HISTORICAL WEATHER DATA
• 30-year hourly normal (NOAA)
• 10th, 90th percentile – lower, upper bounds
• Feed distribution to Monte Carlo simulation
HISTORICAL
WEATHER
1981-2010
JUN 21
1981
JUN 21
2009
JUN 21
2009
JUN 21
2009
JUN 21
2009
JUN 21
2009
JUN 21
2010
JUN 21
2010
JUN 21
2010
JUN 21
2010
JUN 21
2010
JUN 21
2009
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10Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
STOCHASTIC WIND MODEL
• Three-dimensional, spatially-frozen vector field
• Altitude-dependent, stochastic gusts
• Derived from Dryden power spectral density
• Augmented from real-world conditions
FS | TURBULENCE MODEL
SIGNAL GENERATION
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝜎 → 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
Avg.
Wind
Turbulent
Intensity Wind Field
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11Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
FS | AERODYNAMIC DATA
AERODYNAMIC DATAFIRST-ORDER
METHODS
(DATCOM)
HIGHER-ORDER
METHODS
(CFD)
WIND TUNNEL
TESTING
HIGHER-ORDER
METHODS
(CFD)
WIND TUNNEL
TESTING
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12Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
SYSTEM
• Oxidizer: nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Fuel: hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)
MULTIPHASE FLOW
• N2O exists in oxidizer tank as a saturated mixture
• Oxidizer tank vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE)
• Liquid phase or gas phase flow through the injector
COMBUSTION
• Empirical mass-flux-based fuel grain regression model
• Equilibrium chemistry
HEM | MODELING APPROACH
OXIDIZER
FUEL
INJECTOR
NOZZLE
OXIDIZER
TANK
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
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13Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
• New coin selected based on comparative
empirical test data with water
• Tested 8 coins for average mass flow rate
and discharge coefficient (Cd)
• Verified in nitrous oxide cold flow testing
REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS
• Extracted new internal ballistic
coefficients based on testing campaign
• Correlation between oxidizer mass flux
and regression rate using a, n
• Critical hybrid regression research
HEM | VALIDATION – EMPIRICAL MODELS
𝑟 = 𝑎𝐺𝑜𝑥𝑛
𝑚 = 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑗𝐶𝑑 2𝜌(Δ𝑝)
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14Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
HEM | VISUALIZATION
NP-915 ICARUS II | SET-IV TEST VIDEO | THRUST & PRESSURE MONITORS
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15Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
HEM | VISUALIZATION
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16Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
THEORETICAL MODEL VALIDATION
• SRT-5 testing campaign achieved
several successful static engine
tests (SETs)
• Good first-order model agreement
between empirical and theoretical
data
HEM | VALIDATION – THRUST
CLASS II – PRESSURE
CLASS I – LOAD CELL
HYBRID ENGINE MODEL
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17Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
DESIGN TOOL
• Study on engine parameters (nozzle, grain,
tank, injector, etc.)
COMPARISON TOOL
• Baseline for static engine test or cold flow
test data
PREDICTION TOOL
• Estimation of hybrid engine performance
• Provides FS with:
• time-dependent inertial properties
• time-dependent thrust curve
HEM | APPLICATIONS
ADVANCED FLIGHT
PREDICTION TOOL
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18Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
FS | MASS PROPERTIES
N20
Vapor
N20
LiquidHTPB
Phase
Transition
SIMPLIFIED GEOMETRY
TRANSIENT MASS PROPERTIES
• Mass, CG, moments of inertia vary through burn
• Idealized fuel and oxidizer geometry
• Phase transition line and mass flow from HEM
• Dynamic stability margin calculationLiquid
Phase
Gas
Phase Power Off
Rail Exit
AoA
OscillationsApogee
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19Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
𝐷𝑧
𝐷𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑊
Apogee
Main
Deploys
Recovery
Drogue
KINEMATICS
• Post-apogee 3 DoF translational simulation
• Dynamic parachute inflation
IMPACT MAP
• Google Maps projection – recovery aid
• Circular error probability (CEP) impact zone
analysis
FS | DESCENT MODELING
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20Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
FS | VISUALIZATION
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21Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
FS | TARGET IMPULSE
TARGET IMPULSE ALGORITHM
• Given desired apogee, finds required oxidizer fill
• Iterative process → Regula Falsi over fill weight
• Interfaces over existing Monte Carlo simulation
APOGEE
WITHIN
BOUND?
FILL
GUESS
DESIRED
FILLYES
NO
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22Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
FLIGHT PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE
• Characterize vehicle performance
• Captures input sensitivity
• Identify no-go regions – launch day safety check
• Avoid delays in launch sequence
FS | FLIGHT PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE
(700 PSIA, 15 FT/S) MIN STAB: 1.00 CAL
(600 PSIA, 25 FT/S) MIN STAB: 0.75 CAL
FPE LOOKUP PROCESS
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23Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session
FLIGHT SIMULATION (FS)
• Additional validation testing
• Parallelization
• Extended recovery modeling
• Internally generated first-order aero data
HYBRID ENGINE MODEL (HEM)
• Additional validation testing
• Ballistic coefficient research
• More complex gas models
• Nonlinear regression modes
• Hybrid combustion frequency analysis
FUTURE EFFORTS
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24Texas A&M University® | Sounding Rocketry Team | 2018 IREC Podium Session