texas and the civil war and reconstruction civil war (1861-1865) reconstruction (1865-1874)
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Texas and the Civil WarTexas and the Civil Warandand
ReconstructionReconstructionCivil War (1861-1865)Civil War (1861-1865)
Reconstruction (1865-1874)Reconstruction (1865-1874)
MAJOR ERAS IN TEXAS MAJOR ERAS IN TEXAS HISTORY HISTORY
WHY HISTORIANS WHY HISTORIANS DIVIDE THE PAST INTO DIVIDE THE PAST INTO ERASERAS
Civil War (1861-1865)Civil War (1861-1865) Reconstruction (1865-Reconstruction (1865-
1874)1874) Historians divide the Historians divide the
past into eras so it is past into eras so it is easier to identify cause easier to identify cause and effect of the great and effect of the great events/people in history.events/people in history.
Civil War (1861-1865)Civil War (1861-1865)
States’ RightsStates’ Rights SlaverySlavery Confederate States Confederate States
of Americaof America Last battle fought Last battle fought
of the Civil Warof the Civil War BlockadeBlockade
Reasons for Texas to Enter the Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil War Civil War
States RightsStates Rights Texans believed that Texans believed that
states should be able states should be able to make their own to make their own political, economic, political, economic, and social decisions.and social decisions.
SlaverySlavery Texans believed that Texans believed that
slavery was vital to slavery was vital to the economy.the economy.
Reasons for Texas to Enter the Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil WarCivil War
Sectionalism – loyalty Sectionalism – loyalty to the interests of to the interests of one's own region or one's own region or section of the country, section of the country, rather than the nation rather than the nation as a wholeas a whole The Texas economy, The Texas economy,
social structure, social structure, customs, and political customs, and political values was much like values was much like other southern states.other southern states.
Reasons for Texas to Enter the Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil WarCivil War
Tariff – a tax on tradeTariff – a tax on trade Texans were for low Texans were for low
tariffs to continue to tariffs to continue to trade cotton with trade cotton with European nations. European nations. Southern states Southern states produced 80% of the produced 80% of the world’s supply of world’s supply of cotton.cotton.
The federal government The federal government imposed protective imposed protective tariffstariffs
Civil War in TexasCivil War in Texas
Political effectsPolitical effects Texas joined the Texas joined the
Confederate States of Confederate States of AmericaAmerica
Houston removed from Houston removed from office because he failed office because he failed to sign an oath to the to sign an oath to the ConfederacyConfederacy
Conscription Act – Conscription Act – 60,000 Texans joined 60,000 Texans joined Confederate armyConfederate army
Some Texans sided with Some Texans sided with the Union and joined the Union and joined the Union forcesthe Union forces
Civil War in TexasCivil War in Texas
Economic effectsEconomic effects Shortages of commodities, Shortages of commodities,
such as coffee, medicine, such as coffee, medicine, clothing, salt, paperclothing, salt, paper
Trade along Mexican Trade along Mexican border continued and border continued and supplied some of these supplied some of these items to Texansitems to Texans
Cotton production declines Cotton production declines and corn and wheat and corn and wheat production increasesproduction increases
Shortage of free laborShortage of free labor Inadequate production in Inadequate production in
agriculture and businessagriculture and business Shortages were also due Shortages were also due
to the Union blockade to the Union blockade along the Texas coastalong the Texas coast
Civil War in TexasCivil War in Texas
Social effectsSocial effects Greater Greater
responsibilities for responsibilities for women and children women and children during the warduring the war
Loss of family Loss of family membersmembers
Union supporters Union supporters were treated with were treated with hostilityhostility
Important People and Events of Important People and Events of the Civil Warthe Civil War
John Bell HoodJohn Bell Hood Leader of the Leader of the
Confederacy’s Hood’s Confederacy’s Hood’s Texas BrigadeTexas Brigade
Most notable battle Most notable battle Seven Day’s Campaign Seven Day’s Campaign and fought at and fought at GettysburgGettysburg
Ft. Hood in Killeen is Ft. Hood in Killeen is named for himnamed for him
John ReaganJohn Reagan Served in the cabinet of Served in the cabinet of
Confederate President Confederate President Jefferson Davis as Jefferson Davis as Postmaster GeneralPostmaster General
Important People and Events of Important People and Events of the Civil Warthe Civil War
Francis LubbockFrancis Lubbock Governor of Texas in Governor of Texas in
18611861 Assistant to Assistant to
Confederate President Confederate President Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis
John MagruderJohn Magruder Commanded Commanded
Confederate forces in Confederate forces in TexasTexas
Recaptured GalvestoRecaptured Galvesto
Important People and Events of Important People and Events of the Civil Warthe Civil War
Thomas GreenThomas Green Led the troops that were Led the troops that were
on the steamboats on the steamboats converted to gunboats converted to gunboats by General John B. by General John B. Magruder, who Magruder, who commanded the commanded the Confederate forces in Confederate forces in TexasTexas
Gunboats attacked Gunboats attacked Union ships in Galveston Union ships in Galveston Bay and took back Bay and took back control of Galvestoncontrol of Galveston
Important People and Important People and Events of the Civil WarEvents of the Civil War
Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross Served as the
19th governor of Texas, a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War, and a president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, now called Texas A&M University
Important People and Events of Important People and Events of the Civil Warthe Civil War
Battle of GalvestonBattle of Galveston July 1861 – the Union Navy July 1861 – the Union Navy
began to blockade Texas portsbegan to blockade Texas ports October 1862 – a Union fleet October 1862 – a Union fleet
sailed into Galveston Harbor and sailed into Galveston Harbor and Confederate forces retreated.Confederate forces retreated.
Confederate General John B. Confederate General John B. Magruder recaptured it by Magruder recaptured it by converting two steamboats into converting two steamboats into gunboats by lining their sides gunboats by lining their sides with cotton bales, earning the with cotton bales, earning the nickname “Cotton Clads”nickname “Cotton Clads”
January 1, 1863 – General John January 1, 1863 – General John B. Magruder and his men B. Magruder and his men captured several hundred Union captured several hundred Union soldiers.soldiers.
The city of Galveston was again The city of Galveston was again under Confederate controlunder Confederate control
Important People and Events of Important People and Events of the Civil Warthe Civil War
Battle of Sabine PassBattle of Sabine Pass 1863 – The U.S. made plans to invade Texas.1863 – The U.S. made plans to invade Texas. Union General William B. Franklin and 5,000 troops hoped to Union General William B. Franklin and 5,000 troops hoped to
land his army near Sabine City, and then march overland to land his army near Sabine City, and then march overland to attack Houston and Beaumontattack Houston and Beaumont
Ft. Griffin at Sabine Pass was guarded by Confederate Ft. Griffin at Sabine Pass was guarded by Confederate Lieutenant Richard Dowling and Davis GuardsLieutenant Richard Dowling and Davis Guards
September 8, 1863, Union soldiers attacked, but the Davis September 8, 1863, Union soldiers attacked, but the Davis Guards fought back, marking a complete victory for the Guards fought back, marking a complete victory for the ConfederacyConfederacy
Important People and Events of Important People and Events of the Civil Warthe Civil War
Battle of Palmito RanchBattle of Palmito Ranch Confederate General Robert Confederate General Robert
E. Lee surrendered on April 9, E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865, but Confederate forces 1865, but Confederate forces did not stop fighting for did not stop fighting for another month because word another month because word spread slowly.spread slowly.
May 12, 1865 – the Union May 12, 1865 – the Union army moved inland to occupy army moved inland to occupy Brownsville.Brownsville.
They collided with They collided with Confederate troops led by Confederate troops led by John S. Ford, who captured John S. Ford, who captured over 100 Union troops, and over 100 Union troops, and battled with thembattled with them
Union troops informed the Union troops informed the Confederate troops that the Confederate troops that the war was over.war was over.
Reconstruction (1865-1874)Reconstruction (1865-1874)
13th Amendment – ended 13th Amendment – ended slaveryslavery
14th Amendment – 14th Amendment – citizenship given to African citizenship given to African AmericansAmericans
15th Amendment – 15th Amendment – suffrage given to all malessuffrage given to all males
Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans Military DistrictsMilitary Districts Removal of Native Removal of Native
Americans on the frontierAmericans on the frontier Cattle Industry boomsCattle Industry booms Constitution of 1876Constitution of 1876
Reconstruction (1865-1874)Reconstruction (1865-1874)
Political effectsPolitical effects Martial law – the military polices the Martial law – the military polices the
state under Governor Edwardsstate under Governor Edwards Constitution of 1876 – written at the Constitution of 1876 – written at the
end of Reconstruction; this is the end of Reconstruction; this is the constitution Texas still follows todayconstitution Texas still follows today
Indian wars – the government removes Indian wars – the government removes Native Americans from the frontier.Native Americans from the frontier.
Passage of the Reconstruction Passage of the Reconstruction AmendmentsAmendments
13th Amendment – ended slavery13th Amendment – ended slavery 14th Amendment – citizenship given to 14th Amendment – citizenship given to
African AmericansAfrican Americans 15th Amendment – suffrage given to all 15th Amendment – suffrage given to all
malesmales
Reconstruction (1865-1874)Reconstruction (1865-1874)
Economic effectsEconomic effects Growth of tenant farming and sharecroppingGrowth of tenant farming and sharecropping Expansion of railroadExpansion of railroad Cattle industry boomsCattle industry booms
Reconstruction (1865-1874)Reconstruction (1865-1874)
Social effectsSocial effects Concern over future of Concern over future of
freedmenfreedmen Juneteenth – June 19, 1865 – Juneteenth – June 19, 1865 –
Emancipation Day in Texas Emancipation Day in Texas (African-Americans learn (African-Americans learn they are free)they are free)
Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau establishedestablished
Black Codes (state laws that Black Codes (state laws that limited rights of African limited rights of African AmericansAmericans
Ku Klux Klan (terrorized Ku Klux Klan (terrorized African American voters and African American voters and kept them away from the kept them away from the polls)polls)
Effects of Physical and Human Effects of Physical and Human factors on Texasfactors on Texas
End of the Civil War in Texas and End of the Civil War in Texas and freeing of Texas slavesfreeing of Texas slaves
Communication during the 19th Communication during the 19th century was very slow. The war century was very slow. The war ended April 9, 1865. ended April 9, 1865.
Confederate soldiers were still Confederate soldiers were still fighting May 12 - May 13, 1865 in fighting May 12 - May 13, 1865 in Texas because they had not heard Texas because they had not heard that Robert E. Lee surrendered that Robert E. Lee surrendered and the war was overand the war was over
Texas slaves did not hear about Texas slaves did not hear about their emancipation until June 19, their emancipation until June 19, 18651865
Texas is not devastated after the Texas is not devastated after the war because few battles were war because few battles were fought in Texas in comparison to fought in Texas in comparison to the rest of the southern states.the rest of the southern states.
Crops were still planted/sold Crops were still planted/sold through Mexico and circumvented through Mexico and circumvented the Union blockadesthe Union blockades
Texas TimelineTexas Timeline
Texas in the Civil War and Texas in the Civil War and Reconstruction – Reconstruction – 1861 – Sam Houston 1861 – Sam Houston
resigns as governor of resigns as governor of TexasTexas
1861 – Texas secedes1861 – Texas secedes 1865 – The Civil War ends 1865 – The Civil War ends
and Abraham Lincoln is and Abraham Lincoln is assassinatedassassinated
June 19, 1865 – Texas June 19, 1865 – Texas slaves find out they are slaves find out they are free from General Gordon free from General Gordon Granger in GalvestonGranger in Galveston
1870 – Texas is readmitted 1870 – Texas is readmitted to the United Statesto the United States
1874 – Reconstruction 1874 – Reconstruction ends in Texasends in Texas
Texas TimelineTexas Timeline
Texas in the Civil War and Texas in the Civil War and Reconstruction Reconstruction
1876 – the Constitution of 1876 – the Constitution of 1876 is adopted. (This is the 1876 is adopted. (This is the constitution used in Texas constitution used in Texas today.)today.)
1861 – Civil War begins 1861 – Civil War begins (Texas joins the Confederate (Texas joins the Confederate States of America, seceding States of America, seceding from the U.S.)from the U.S.)
1876 – adoption of current 1876 – adoption of current state constitution (Texans did state constitution (Texans did not want a strong central not want a strong central government and opted to government and opted to rewrite the constitution and rewrite the constitution and include limitation of the include limitation of the governor’s powers and voting governor’s powers and voting rights to African Americans)rights to African Americans)