Text Text StructuresStructuresReaders Readers JournalJournal

Review• Reading passages can be arranged in

many different ways.

• The author chooses to present the information to you purposefully.

• The structure of a reading passage adds meaning and organization.

• It is important that you identify how a passage is organized in order to decipher why a piece was written at all.

Types of Text Structures• Compare/Contrast

• Sequence or Chronological

• Description

• Problem and Solution

• Cause and Effect

Text Structure

Description Signal Words

Comparison Two or more events, concepts, objects or places are compared, showing how they are alike and/or different

• but• however• nevertheless• in contrast• different

from• unlike• similarly• the same• like•Whereas•On the other hand

Comparison/Contrast text structure

Compare and Contrast

Text Structure

Description Signal Words

Sequence

Timeline

Steps

Cycle/

circle

Items or events are listed in numerical or chronological

order.

• first

• second

• later

• next

• then

• finally

• dates

• after

• when

Sequence/Chronological text structure

Sequence or Chronological

Text Structure Description Signal Words

Description

Bubble Map

A topic is described by

listing characteristics,

features, attributes, and

examples.

• for example• for instance• such as • is like• in addition • also• including• in particular•Features

Descriptive text structure

Description

Text Structure Description Signal Words

Cause- and EffectCause-the action that makes something happen

Effect-the result of that action

The causes of an event and its

resulting effect(s) are presented.

• if/then/so• as a result• therefore• consequently• since• because• hence• thus• this led to

Cause and Effect text structure

Text Structure

Description Signal Words

Problem and Solution

Evidence

Results

Fishbone

Model

A problem and one or more

solutions to the problem are presented.

• problem is

• solution is

• if/then

• to solve the

problem…

One reason for the problem

Problem and Solution text structure

Problem and Solution

Skiing Snowboarding      the sport of skiing, snowboarding does

not involve the use of poles. In skiing, the skier’s feet are strapped to separate skis, and he or she can change direction using the poles. In

snowboarding, , the feet are strapped to a single board of fiberglass or wood. The snowboarder must steer by leaning in the

direction he or she wants to go, as a skateboarder does. most skiers compete by racing against each other on

different courses, most snowboarders compete with freestyle tricks or great feats of acrobatics

vs. Unlike

on the other hand

Whereas

Clara Barton's Civil War work in . the Battle of Bull Run, she started a group to gather and give supplies to wounded soldiers. In , she got permission to travel behind the lines. Barton gave aid to soldiers of both the North and South. She made it her mission to help not just soldiers but any person in need.

the war, she became a popular and widely respected speaker. She gave lectures about the importance of helping care for soldiers in times of war and everyday people in times of peace. In she started the American Red Cross. The organization still carries out the work she started. Barton worked as its

director until her death.

began April 1861 After

July 1862

After

1881

The Jeep Cherokee Scrambler is designed to perform under tough conditions. It offers both high protection and high style. mountain bike features a steel/aluminum hard tail frame. Full suspension adds a heavy duty shock absorber to the back wheel. It features front fork suspension. This bike gives you more comfort and greater control as you attack the trails. It features 21 speeds, front disc brakes, a headset, plastic pedals, and all-terrain tires. The Jeep MTB-style is padded to keep you comfortable on long rides.

This heavy duty

also

also

The US Oil Embargo of Japan

     In 1931, Japan invaded a country called Manchuria. Six years later, it invaded mainland China. Japan was an ally of Germany and Italy, both under the control of Adolf Hitler. Most countries were worried about this alliance because these nations were attacking their neighbors. The United States was among the nations who shared a concern about these aggressive countries called “the Axis.”      Soon after Japan invaded China, World War II started. Japan attacked lands belonging to other countries; many of them were allied with the United States. Though the United States was not at war yet with Japan, President Roosevelt took action these attacks. The United States refused to sell Japan steel and oil. This is a situation called an “embargo.” Steel is used in the manufacture of weapons of war, and oil is used as fuel for war machines. The United States claimed that it was refusing to sell these resources to Japan because it did not want to help Japan wage war.     Japan decided to attack the US soon after the embargo began. Japan wanted to force the US to surrender quickly. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought the US into World War II, and the Axis countries were defeated four years later.

because of

In Thailand, Police Colonel Pongpat Chayapan was tired of his police officers breaking the law. He was annoyed that they did not take warnings seriously. Thai police officers were littering and parking in banned areas. They were also showing up to work late quite often. After dealing with these for far too long, Chayapan found a : make them wear Hello Kitty armbands.     Now, any Thai officer that breaks the law will be required to wear an armband that has Hello Kitty sitting on top of two hearts. The officers will also have to stay in the office all day long. They will not be allowed to discuss which law they broke. Officers that break the law will also have the same penalties and fines that the rest of the public has.     Chayapan said about the armbands, "Simple warnings no longer work. This new twist is expected to make them feel guilt and shame and prevent them from repeating the offense. This is to help build discipline. We should not let small offenses go unnoticed."

problemssolution

    Unlike the sport of skiing, snowboarding does not involve the use of poles. In skiing, the skier’s feet are strapped to separate skis, and he or she can change direction using the poles. In snowboarding, on the other hand, the feet are strapped to a single board of fiberglass or wood. The snowboarder must steer by leaning in the direction he or she wants to go, as a skateboarder does. Unlike most skiers compete by racing against each other on different courses, most snowboarders compete with freestyle tricks or great feats of acrobatics.

Clara Barton’s Civil War work began in April 1861. After the Battle of Bull Run, she started a group to gather and give supplies to wounded soldiers. In July of 1862, she got permission to travel behind the lines. Barton gave aid to both the North and South. She made it her mission to to help not just soldiers, but any person in need.

After the war, she became a popular and widely respected speaker. She gave lectures about the importance of helping care for soldiers in times of war and everyday people in times of peace. In 1881, she started the American Red Cross. The organization still carries out the work she started. Barton work as its director until her death.

The Jeep Cherokee Scrambler is designed to perform under tough conditions. It offers both high protection and high style. This heavy duty mountain bike features a steel/aluminum hard tail frame. Full suspension adds a heavy duty shock absorber to the back wheel. It also features front fork suspension. This bike gives you more comfort and greater control as you attack the trails. It also features 21 speeds, front disc brakes, a headset, plastic pedals, and all-terrain tires. The Jeep MTB-style is padded to keep you comfortable

on long rides.

In Thailand, Police Colonel Pongpat Chayapan was tired of his police officers breaking the law. He was annoyed that they did not take warnings seriously. Thai police officers were littering and parking in banned areas. They were also showing up to work late quite often. After dealing with these problems for far too long, Chayapan found a solution: make them wear Hello Kitty armbands.     Now, any Thai officer that breaks the law will be required to wear an armband that has Hello Kitty sitting on top of two hearts. The officers will also have to stay in the office all day long. They will not be allowed to discuss which law they broke. Officers that break the law will also have the same penalties and fines that the rest of the public has. Chayapan said about the armbands, "Simple warnings no longer work. This new twist is expected to make them feel guilt and shame and prevent them from repeating the offense. This is to help build discipline. We should not let small offenses go unnoticed."

The US Oil Embargo of Japan

     In 1931, Japan invaded a country called Manchuria. Six years later, it invaded mainland China. Japan was an ally of Germany and Italy, both under the control of Adolf Hitler. Most countries were worried about this alliance because these nations were attacking their neighbors. The United States was among the nations who shared a concern about these aggressive countries called “the Axis.”      Soon after Japan invaded China, World War II started. Japan attacked lands belonging to other countries; many of them were allied with the United States. Though the United States was not at war yet with Japan, President Roosevelt took action because of these attacks. The United States refused to sell Japan steel and oil. This is a situation called an “embargo.” Steel is used in the manufacture of weapons of war, and oil is used as fuel for war machines. The United States claimed that it was refusing to sell these resources to Japan because it did not want to help Japan wage war.     Japan decided to attack the US soon after the embargo began. Japan wanted to force the US to surrender quickly. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought the US into World War II, and the Axis countries were defeated four years later.

Thinking Map

Example Passage

Type Definition Key Words

Seq

uen

ce o

r S

eq

uen

ce o

r C

hro

nolo

gic

al

Ch

ron

olo

gic

al

Com

pare

an

d C

on

trast