textile manufacturing process

TEXTILE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Presented by:

Vishal Kumar Kushwaha

(141050004)

Textile Manufacturing is one of the Largest Industrial Consumers of Water

• “Environmental Technology Best Practice Program, guide Code EG98, Water Use in TextileDyeing and Finishing” states that;

the water consumption is:

150-200 kg/kg of product

Reducing the water consumption REDUCE WASTEWATER GENERATED &INCREASE THE COST EFFECTIVENESS.

In the Guide called as “A Step Towards Cleaner Production”,Susan Barclay and Chris Buckley states that;

Within any process, there are five main aspects that should be taken into account when considering the implementation of waste minimisation.

• raw materials used and other input materials such as water• the type of technology,• the manner is which the process is executed,• the products that are formed, and• the wastes and emissions that are generated.

The Textile Mill Studied

The Textile Mill studied;

• is one of the major mills in Turkey

• has a capacity of 20 000 ton denim fabric per year

• includes Cotton Fiber Production, Dyeing, Sizing and Finishing

8

The Textile Mill Studied

The production is 24 hours a day & 3 shifts/day

The water consumption of 2000 m3/day

Chemical consumption of 1000 ton/month

Over 100 chemicals used

It has own WWTP and Co-generation Units

9

COTTON FIBER PRODUCTION DYING PROCESSES

WEAVING

FINISHING PROCESSES

150-200 kg of water/kg of product

SIZING PROCESSES

http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.salti.com.tr/images/u_teks.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.salti.com.tr/urun_tekstil.asp&h=354&w=300&sz=30&hl=tr&start=2&tbnid=qaW3dN4kq9poDM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=103&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtekstil%2Bboyama%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dtr

Dyeing Machine includes the equipment which is used for preparation and softening processes.

The flow chart for Dyeing Processes in the Mill;

Preparation Pre-Washing Dyeing

Back-Washing

Water consumed in these processes is;

about 40 % of the total water used through this whole production line of the Mill

Softening

NEW TECHNIQUES

WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION STUDY

PROCESS REVIEWING

DETERMINING THE WATER USAGE IN DYING PROCESS

ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION OPTIONS

ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF CHOSEN OPTIONS

Through out the study;

Brain storms with the managers of the selected Textile Mill / Site Visits

Literatural Reviews

European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the Textiles Industry was accepted as main reference document.

WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION STUDY

Rerouting the Rope-Guide

Counter-Current Washing in Back-washing

What is Rope-Guide?

• Different Dyeing recipes exist for Different Denim Products.

• Each recipe has its own application method in the Textile Mill.

• There are four Dyeing Machines in the Mill, which includes;

Preparation, Pre-washing, Dyeing and Back-washing Units in different numbers of their application tanks.

•Therefore, there are some differences of applications of different Dyeing recipe.

• To adjusting the following Dyeing recipe application to the Dyeing machine, Rope-Guide is used in the Mill.

Preparation

Tank

Pre-washing 1

Pre-washing 2

Pre-washing N

Dyeing 1

Dyeing 2

Dyeing N

Back-washing 1

Back-washing 2

Back-washing N

Route of Rope-Guide (Dyeing Recipe A)

Water Flow

New Route of Rope-Guide (Dyeing Recipe B)

• Rope guide is fixed to the rope which will be going through the Dyeing processes, and it determines the route of the rope which will be dyed.

• ReroutingRerouting is to change the route of the rope-guide in an environmental friendly way, which provides reduction of water consumption.

5 dyeing recipes (X, Y, Z, W, U) in different dyeing machines

Application Frequency within the period of the study:30% of the number of the total dyeing recipe

Rerouting is applicable

Rerouting alternatives were determined and application conditions were examined and application was achieved.

Water saving was determined.

The effect of varying dyeing time was observed. The duration of dyeing can be changed between 165 min and 1000

min.

Rerouting the Rope-Guide Materials and Methods

Dying Tank used as

washing tank

Washing Tank

Washing Tank

Fresh water feeding tank

Q

Q/3 Q/3Q/3

Dying Tank used as

washing tank

Washing Tank

Washing Tank

Fresh water feeding tank

Q

Q/2 Q/2

Fresh water

Dying Machines

3 and 4

Dying Machines

1 and 2

Q

Q/2 Q/2

q

According to data obtained from the facility; for the three months, in which the rerouting has taken place, the percentage of those types of dyeing recipes are determined as 30 % of the total production.

Preparation, dying, washing and softening processes are defines “rope dyeing processes” by the facility.

Amount of consumed water in rope

dyeing process(L)

Washing water consumption

(new method) (L)

Washing water consumption (old method)

(L)

Difference (L)

Reduction in total (X,Y,Z,W,U)

water consumption (%)

X 110872 56000 63800 7800 7,0

Y 93479 25000 40600 15600 16,7

Z 265683 41000 51000 10000 3,8

W 156767 85500 93300 7800 5,0

U 163750 92000 99800 7800 4,8

Total 790551 299500 348500 49000 6,2

Rerouting the Rope-Guide Reduction in Water Consumption

March-April-Mai total water use for rope dying processes

Amount of consumed water (L)

March 42475000

April 28191000

Mai 31736000

Total 102402000

Rerouting the Rope-Guide Reduction in Water Consumption

Water consumed in three months for X,Y,Z,W,U type dyings (30% of total consumption) can be calculated as follow;

102402000 L * 0.3 = 30720600 L

Water reduction amount in three months is equal to

30720600 L * 0.062

= 1,904,677 L

Within the selected five specific type of dying the effect of the method was investigated. By investigating this effects, it was obviously seen that water saving can be achieved.

The effect of duration of dying on water saving was also investigated:

when there is an additional freshwater feeding tank to the washing tank there is not significant effect of duration of dying on the water saving percentage.

Rerouting the Rope-Guide Conclusion

• The more important consideration is to achieve the required washing efficiency by using less amount of rinsing water.

• The counter-current washing principle is the most common and efficient one among those techniques.

Counter-current washing is often practiced by introducing raw water into the last wash of the washing series.

The wastewater is then circulated from the last step to the next preceeding step and so on up the line.

The cleanest product is washed with the cleanest water and and the most contaminated product is washed with dirtiest water. The system leads to huge savings in water use.

Material Flow

Water Flow

Typical water savings obtained by counter-current washing

Number of washing tank Water saving(%)

2345

50677580

Source:(US EPA, 1995)

Since preparation and dying processes are typically continuous, counter-current washing can be used to great advantage for water conservation in washing processes. The principle of counter-current washing in textile industry is simple and usually not expensive or difficult to implement.

Filtrate System Saving in water

(%)

Direct counter-current 50-80

Split flow counter-current 40-65

Source: Sillanpää, 2005

•Sillanpää states that the one of the developed techniques is the split flow counter current washing which is the variation of counter-current washing.

•Because the various reasons for each industry, the counter-current washing was modificated and called as split flow counter current washing

Product Flow

Fresh water

Wastewater

Washing 2

Washing 1

Washing 3

Washing 4

Wastewater Wastewater

Reasons for using split flow counter current washing

The company uses cotton as raw material.

According to Textile Sector Environmental Report; in opposition of dying of synthetic raw materials, counter-current washing applications are not common in cotton dying. The cotton fiber pollution is the main reason for that.

For the last washing tank, from which water is sent to the previous, the cotton fiber pollution is minimum. Therefore using filter is a solution and does not create a clogging problem.

But for the washing tanks before the last tank, the fiber pollution is a problem, because the cotton lets its fiber in a suspended situation in these tanks at most. For this reason, it is thought that the filter clogging would be a big problem if direct counter-current washing were applied.

Product Flow

Fresh water

Wastewater

Washing 2

Washing 1

Washing 3

Washing 4

Wastewater WastewaterFilter

3 dyeing recipes (A, B, C) were selected.

Two methods of washing was applied. Normal Flow Washing (old system) Split flow counter current washing (new system)

F<Q where the product quality is said to be the same.

Water saving was determined.

Analysis of wastewater characteristics for water from each washing tank was done to compare with literatural truth.

Samples from each washing tanks were taken after the retention time was exceed.

Counter-Current Washing in Textile Industry

Materials and Methods

Product Flow

Fresh water

WW

21 3 4

WW WW WW

Product Flow

Fresh water

ww

21 3 4

ww wwFilter

Q FF/3 F/3 F/3

Q/4 Q/4Q/4 Q/4

Counter-Current Washing A Type recipe

Product Flow

Fresh water

ww

Washing 2

Washing 1

Washing 3

ww ww

300 L/min

100 L/min 100 L/min 100 L/min

2 3

Product Flow

Fresh water

Washing 1

Washing 2

Washing 3

ww ww

Filter

185 L/min92,5 L/min 92,5 L/min

a

b

c

Flow diagram for new system washing of dying type A

Flow diagram for old system washing of dying type A

• Each washing tank is 1000 L

• 500 min washing period

•Retention time is 10 minute for each tank

• Flowrate of freshwater is 300 L/min

•Each washing tank is 1000 L

•115 min washing period

• Retention time is 10.8 for first two and 5.4 min.

•Flowrate of freshwater is 185 L/min

1

Counter-Current Washing B Type recipe

Flow diagram for new system washing of dying type B

Flow diagram for old system washing of dying type B

• First washing tank is 1600 L, where others are 1000 L.


•Retention time is 30 min for first tank where it is 18 min for others.


•First washing tank is 1600 L, where others are 1000 L.


• Retention time is 39 min for first tank and 24.3 min for 2,3,4 and 6 min for WT 5.


Product Flow

Washing

2

Wastewater

Washing

4

Washing

3

Wastewater

Wastewater

275 L/min

55 L/min

55 L/min

55 L/min

11

2 3

Wastewater

Washing

1

Wastewater

Washing

5

4 5

55 L/min

55 L/min

Product Flow

Fresh water

Washing 2

ww

Washing 3

ww

Washing 5

Filter

165 L/min41,25 L/min

Washing 1

ww

Washing 4

ww

41,25 L/min

41,25 L/min

41,25 L/min

a

b

cdef

Counter-Current Washing C Type recipe

Flow diagram for new system washing of dying type C

Flow diagram for old system washing of dying type C

• First washing tank is 1600 L, RT =30.7 minutes

• the other WT 1600 L with RT=19.2 minutes



•First washing tank is 1600 L, where others are 1000 L.


• Retention time is 47 min for first tank and 29.6 min for 2,3,4 and 7.5 min for WT 5.


Product Flow

Washing

2

Wastewater

Washing

4

Washing

3

Wastewater

Wastewater

260 L/min

52 L/min 52 L/min 52 L/min

1 2 3

Wastewater

Washing

1

Wastewater

Washing

5

4 5

52 L/min 52 L/min

Product Flow

Fresh water

Washing 2

ww

Washing 3

ww

Washing 5

Filter

135 L/min33,75 L/min

Washing 1

ww

Washing 4

ww

33,75 L/min

33,75 L/min

33,75 L/min

a

b

cdef

Counter-Current Washing A Type recipe

Results for each tank in dying type A, old system

Dying Type AOld System

Washing Tank 2

(2)

Washing Tank 3

(3)

TSS (mg/L) 196 44

TDS (mg/L) 2348 1760

Color (Pt-Co) 6920 3320

Turbidity(NTU) 690 389

Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3) 870 680

COD (mg/L) 1002 400

Conductivity (s/cm) 3470 2760

pH 11,1 10,62

Results for each tank in dying type A, new system

Dying Type ANew System

Washing Tank 2

(c)

Filter Inlet(Washing

tank 3)(a)

TSS (mg/L) 322 34

TDS (mg/L) 5198 882

Color (Pt-Co) 9060 2515



COD (mg/L) 1372 264,5


pH 11,8 9,5

Pollution concentration is less in last washing tanks for new system where it is more in 2nd washing tank.

Counter-Current Washing B Type recipe

Results for each tank in dying type B, old system Results for each tank in dying type B, new system

Dying Type BOld System (1) (5)

TSS (mg/L) 206 26

TDS (mg/L) 13456 688

Color (Pt-Co) 8600 4750



COD (mg/L) 3740 238


pH 12,03 9,75

Dying Type BNew System

1(f)

5(a)

TSS (mg/L) 546 22

TDS (mg/L) 24134 558

Color (Pt-Co) 22300 935



COD (mg/L) 4823 102


pH 12,17 9,08

Counter-Current Washing C Type recipe

Results for each tank in dying type C, old system Results for each tank in dying type C, new system

Dying Type COld System (1) (5)

TSS (mg/L) 54 35

TDS (mg/L) 2688 908

Color (Pt-Co) 2280 1330



COD (mg/L) 511 125


pH 11,12 10,18

Dying Type CNew System

1(f)

5(a)

TSS (mg/L) 108 14

TDS (mg/L) 3592 632

Color (Pt-Co) 2860 715



COD (mg/L) 650 87


pH 11,81 9,48

Counter-Current Washing Reduction in Water Consumption

Old System

water consumption (L/min)

New System

water consumption (L/min)

Reduction in water consumption

(%)

Type A 300 185 38

Type B 275 165 40

Type C 260 135 48

All the processes in the Textile Mill were investigated to identify the water conservation opportunities.

As well as the Literatural Review, after some site visits to the facility the processes were detected and the possible changes especially related to the water consuming processes were determined.

Possible water use reduction techniques were detected.

The techniques were applied in the facility.

Conclusion for the Presentation

The water conservations obtained through the techniques of “Rerouting the Rope-Guide” and “Split Flow Counter Current” were determined in the application base.

For counter-current washing, the washing water were analysed to compare the character of it, with the literatural knowledge.

Future Work:

Determination of the total effect of this water conservation applications on the water consumption of the facility.

Conclusion for the Presentation

Thank You for your Attention and Interest on Cleaner Production !!! VISHONAL

textile manufacturing process

Documents

dyeing processes

dyeing nback

dyeing machines

shiftsdaythe water consumption

water use

water usage

total water

different dyeing recipes