MEHTAM DECNAVDA FO ESAERCNI EHT A FO TNEMEVEIHCA SCITNON - STNEDUTS GNIREENIGNE EVITOMOTUA RALUGER

TEEHSKROW DNA ELUDOM GNISU YB GNINRAEL HGUORHT SESICREXE LAUDARG HTIW

: yb ibutraM

tcatsbA

fo tnemeveihca eht gnisaercni ta smia hcraeser latnemirepxe sihT non - raluger

hcihw scihtamehtam decnavda fo tcejbus eht no stneduts gnireenigne evitomotua osla yduts siht ,sediseB .stneduts eht yb tluciffid etiuq deredisnoc neeb sah raf os

a eb ot detcepxe si hcihw sdohtem gninrael etairporppa eht fo eno dnif ot seirt elbnon fo tnemeveihca eht esaercni ot - stneduts gnireenigne evitomotua raluger

ni deilppa eb nac retal hcihw scihtamehtam decnavda fo tcejbus eht no yllaicepse .scitsiretcarahc ralimis gnivah stcejbus rehto

mirepxe gnisu yb tuo deirrac si hcraeser sihT eht htiw hcaorppa hcraeser latne gnikat stneduts gnireenigne evitomotua raluger non 3D lla fo stcejbus hcraeser htiw 8002/7002 raey cimedaca retsemes neve eht ni tcejbus scitamehtam decnavda

ssalC : sessalc owt otni dedived stneduts 27 fo rebmun latot eht eht sa E yb detaert si ssalc tnemirepxE .ssalc lortnoc eht sa D ssalC dna ssalc tnemirepxe si ssalc lortnoc elihw ,sesicrexe laudarg htiw teehskrow dna eludom gnisu gninrael htiw desylana neht era deniatbo atad ehT .dohtem lanoitnevnoc gnisu detaert

rcsed noitcerid eno gnisu scitsitats evitpi t-t wonk ot desu si euqinhcet sihT .tse eud ssalc lortnoc fo taht naht retteb si ssalc tnemirepxe fo tnemeveihca eht rehtehw

.deilppa tnemtaert tnereffid eht ot era yduts eht morf nwardhtiw eb nac hcihw noisulcnoc ehT )1( : swollof sa

non rof scitamehtam decnavda no tnemeveihca ehT - evitomotua raluger sesicrexe laudarg htiw teehskrow dna eludom gnisu stneduts gnireenigne retteb si

)2( ,sesicrexe laudarg htiw teehskrow dna eludom gnisu ton era ohw esoht nahtm gninrael esaercni nac sesicrexe laudarg htiw teehskrow dna eludom gnisu dohte

non fo tnemeveihca eht - gnireenignE ni stneduts gnireenigne evitomotua raluger ot depoh si dohtem gninrael siht ,suht ,ytisrevinU etatS atrakaygoY ytlucaF

esaercni ot evitanretla emoceb .stcejbus ralimis rehto rof tnemeveihca ’stneduts )1( : swollof sa era yduts eht morf nwardhtiw eb nac hcihw noisulcnoc ehT

non rof scitamehtam decnavda no tnemeveihca ehT - evitomotua ralugerexe laudarg htiw teehskrow dna eludom gnisu stneduts gnireenigne sesicr retteb si

)2( ,sesicrexe laudarg htiw teehskrow dna eludom gnisu ton era ohw esoht naht esaercni nac sesicrexe laudarg htiw teehskrow dna eludom gnisu dohtem gninrael

non fo tnemeveihca eht - gnireenignE ni stneduts gnireenigne evitomotua ralugerF ot depoh si dohtem gninrael siht ,suht ,ytisrevinU etatS atrakaygoY ytluca

.stcejbus ralimis rehto rof tnemeveihca ’stneduts esaercni ot evitanretla emoceb

: drow yeK tnemeveihcA scitamehtaM decnavdA

1

ISATSERP NATAKGNINEP L AKITAMETAM RAJALEB TUJNA SAHAM FITOMOTO KINKET AWSI NON - RELUGER

NARAJALEBMEP IULALEM NAKANUGGNEM EK RABMEL NAD LUDOM NAGNED AJR

JNEJREB NAHITAL LAOS GNA

: helO ibutraM

kartsbA

naitileneP nemirepske ini rajaleb isatserp naktakgninem naujutreb

motO kinkeT idutS margorP awsisaham noN fito - hailukatam adap relugeR pukuc gnay hailukatam nakapurem paggnaid ini amales gnay tujnaL akitametaM

awsisaham igab tilus . nakumenem abocnem naka aguj ini naitilenep uti gnipmasiDgninem tapad nakparahid gnay tapet gnay narajalebmep ledom utas halas naktak

non margorp awsisaham rajaleb isatserp - hailukatam adap amaturet ,relugerhailukatam malad nakparetid tapad aynitnan gnay tujnaL akitametaM - hailukatam

.sinejes kitsiretkarak iaynupmem gnay nial tilenep natakednep nagned nakukalid ini naitileneP nagned nemirepske nai

naitilenep keybus gnajneJ fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP awsisaham hurulesnoN margorP )3D( agiT amolpiD - hailukatam hupmenem gnay relugeR

gnay 8002/7002 kimedaka nuhat paneg retsemes adap tujnaL akitametaMret gnay gnaro 27 halmujreb saleK :utiay ,salek aud idajnem igab salek iagabes E

nemirepske nad naukalrep irebid nemirepske saleK .lortnok salek iagabes D nahital laos nagned ajrek rabmel nad ludom nakanuggnem narajalebmep nagned

lrepid lortnok salek gnades gnajnejreb a ep nagned nakuk .lanoisnevnok narajalebmataD - helorepid gnay rajaleb lisah isatserp atad ayntujnales nagned sisilanaid

iju nakanuggnem fitpirksed kitsitats – ( t t – tset nakanugid ini kinkeT .hara utas ) hibel nemirepske salek rajaleb isatserp hakapa iuhategnem kutnu gnidnabid kiab

.nakparetid gnay narajalebmep naukalrep adeb tabika lortnok salek isatserp nagned awhab nalupmisek helorepid ini naitilenep lisah iraD .)1( : rajaleB isatserP

noN fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP awsisahaM tujnaL akitametaM - adap relugeReP nahitaL laoS nagned ajreK rabmeL nad ludoM nakanuggneM narajalebm

gnajnejreB kiaB hibeL nahitaL laoS nagned ajreK rabmeL apnaT gnay gnidnabid nagned ajreK rabmeL nad ludoM nakanuggneM narajalebmeP .)2( ,gnajnejreB

aktakgninem tapad gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS tujnaL akitametaM rajaleb isatserp nnoN fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP awsisaham - kinkeT satlukaF relugeR

nakparahid ini narajalebmep ledom aggnihes ,atrakaygoY iregeN satisrevinU fitanretla nakidajid tapad dap awsisaham rajaleb isatserp naktakgninem kutnu a

hailukatam - .sinejes gnay nial hailukatam

tujnaL akitametaM isatserP :icnuk ataK

2

ISATSERP NATAKGNINEP L AKITAMETAM RAJALEB TUJNA OTO KINKET AWSISAHAM NON FITOM - RELUGER

NARAJALEBMEP IULALEM NAKANUGGNEM EK RABMEL NAD LUDOM NAGNED AJR

EJREB NAHITAL LAOS GNAJN

ibutraM : helO YNU TF fitomotO kinkeT nakididneP nasuruJ nesoD

nauluhadneP

iregeN satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP

urab awsisaham amirenem ialum 1002/0002 kimedakA nuhaT ialum atrakaygoY

margorP 3D gnajnej noN - aguj aynnakanugud gnay mulukiruk nupadA .relugeR

.relugeR margorP igab ukalreb gnay mulukiruk itukignem

iregeN satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF id ukalreb gnay mulukiruK adaP

YNU TF( atrakaygoY 2002 nuhaT tujnaL akitametaM hailukatam tapadret )

margorP awsisaham aumes helo hupmetid bijaw gnay 702 OTO edoK nagned

margorP awsisaham igab kusamret amatrep nuhat adap fitomotO kinkeT idutS

noN - naigabes tubesret hailukatam tapadret gnay narajalebmep iretaM .relugeR

iretam nakapurem raseb - atujnal iretam iretam irad namaladnep uata n - iretam

)8002/7002 ljinaG retsemeS( aynmulebes retsemes id irajalepid hanrep gnay

iretam adap aynnahilimep nagnabmitrep nagned utiay - gnay narajalebmep iretam

hailukatam malad iakapret nad nakhutubid tagnas - p aynnial hailukatam ada

retsemes - ,mumu rasad nailhaek hailukatam kiab ,ayntujnales retsemes

margorP id susuhk nailhaek hailukatam nupuam mumu nailhaek hailukatam

.fitomotO kinkeT idutS

3

tujnaL akitametaM hailukatam adap narajalebmep iretam tagnigneM

aigabes tujnaL irajalepid halet gnay irad namaladnep iretam nakapurem raseb n

kaynab aynnaataynek malad akam ) 102 FKT ( akitametaM utiay ,aynmulebes

tahilret ini laH .aynirajalepmem malad natilusek imalagnem gnay awsisaham

ek retsemes irad iapacid gnay naiju ialin irad muleb ayntujnales retsemes

II retsems adap aynlasim itrepes nakaribmeggnem gnay lisah nakkujnunem

kinkeT idutS margorP awsisaham 421 irad 6002/5002 kimedaka nuhat

noN margorP fitomotO - tujnaL akitametaM hailuk itukignem gnay relugeR

gnay gnaro 21 aynah ,B ialin tapadnem gnay gnaro 24 nad A ialin helorepmem

nad kiab tagnas takiderp nagned sulul tapad awsisaham % 5,34 aynah itrareb

isatserp iapacnem muleb hisam nakatakid tapad )% 5,65( aynhibeles ,kiab

C ialin( kiab irogetak nagned aro 72 = D nad 34 = atar ialin nupadA .) gn - atar

= rasebes urab tubesret salek 7,26 kimedaka nuhat II retsemes adap ayntujnaleS .

noN margorP fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP awsisaham 56 irad 7002/6002 -

gnay gnaro 01 aynah tujnaL akitametaM hailuk itukignem gnay relugeR

repmem % 2,64 aynah itrareb ,B ialin tapadnem gnay gnaro 02 nad A ialin helo

8,35( aynhibeles ,kiab nad kiab tagnas takiderp nagned sulul tapad awsisaham

ialin ( kiab irogetak nagned isatserp iapacnem muleb hisam nakatakid tapad )%

gned ) gnaro 91 = D nad ;61 = C atar ialin na - = rasebes salek atar 2,36 .

akitametaM hailukatam malad awsisaham rajaleb isatserp aynhadneR

adap anerak ,hailuk iretam ayntilus adap katelret aynhunepes kadit agudid tujnaL

rep tubesret narajalebmep iretam raseb naigabes aynrasad gnajnej id amiretid han

tujnaL akitametaM awhab nakbabesid ajas asib ini laH .aynmulebes nakididnep

pahat malad hisam awsisaham arap tubesret audek retsemes adap katelret gnay

4

gnay ATLS id rajaleb arac irad utiay ,aynrajaleb arac naiauseynep

nnaanaskalep nakgnades ,urug ignipmadid nad nakharaid ,gnibmibid kaynab ay

.iridnam rajaleb adap naknaketid hibel iggnit naurugrep id narajalebmep

fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP adap tujnaL akitametaM narajalebmeP

noN margorP - kaynab hisam ini amales relugeR edotem nakparenem

,isartsnomed nagned hamarec edotem nagned narajalebmep utiay ,lanoisnevnok

iretam nairebmep gnukudid muleb gnay sagut nairebmep nad bawaj aynat

.anrupmes araces rutkurtsret gnay sagut rabmel nad ludom nakanuggnem

mem aynranebes ini edoteM pesnok narajagnep kutnu fitkefe gna - pesnok

lamitpo gnay lisah nakirebmem tapad muleb ataynret ipatet ,tujnaL akitametaM

ialin helorepmem muleb gnay awsisaham aynkaynab hisam rotakidni nagned

.naksaumem gnay

rik sata id nagnabmitrep nakrasadreB natakednep utaus abocid ulrep ayna

rajaleb isatserp naktakgninem tapad nakparahid gnay nial narajalebmep

ipakgnelem halada duskamid gnay narajalebmep natakedneP .awsisaham

pakgnel araces silutret gnay iretam nairebmep nagned lanoisnevnok natakednep

iulalem laos isireb gnay ajrek rabmel iatresid raja nahab ludom - gnay laos

upmam nakparahid tubesret natakednep nagneD .gnajnejreb araces nususret

fitka araces awsisaham naktabilem ,iridnam rajaleb kutnu awsisaham gnorodnem

nab naktabilem nikgnum tikideses nagned aynada nagneD .nesod irad naut

gnay awsisaham isakinumok aidem nakapurem tapad nakparahid ajrek rabmel

kutnU .gnajnejreb araces aynnaralanep nakisakinumokgnem kutnu kococ hibel

isatserp naparah nagned nakukalid naka ini naitilenep haluti nagnitnepek

5

ametaM noN margorP fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP id tujnaL akit - relugeR

.takgninem tapad

aparebeb naktabilem gnay sesorp haubes halada narajalebmep sesorP

rajaleb keybus iagabes awsis ,rajaleb rotatilisaf iagabes urug aynaratnaid ,rusnu

rp/anaras nad sesorp malad satilisaf utas halas halas iagabes anarasa

rusnu iraD .narajalebmep - narajalebmep sesorp malad aynnakududek nad rusnu

takekah nagned tiakret iroet nakujagnem gnay nakididnep hokot kaynab tubesret

gnisam - .gnisam

okot utas halaS ) 3891 ( atarbayruS idamuS utiay ,nakididnep h

nahaburep naklisahgnem gnay satifitka nakapurem rajaleb : awhab naktubeynem

.laisnetop nupuam lautka kiab ,rajaleb gnay udividni irid adap ukal hakgnit

apadid irad lisah iagabes tubesret ukal hakgnit nahabureP naupmamek aynnakt

uti nahaburep atres amal fitaler gnay utkaw nuruk malad ukalreb gnay ,urab

.utnetret isautis padahret iskaer aynada anerak uata ahasu aynada anerak idajret

jaleb nataigek awhab naktubeynem )7991( onrapuS luaP ayntujnaleS ra

iridnes nugnabmem kidid atresep anamid ,fitka gnay nataigek halada

.irajalep akerem gnay apa irad iridnes itra iracnem kidid ateseP .aynnauhategnep

akgnarek nagned urab edi nad pesnok naiauseynep sesorp nakapurem ini laH

ip malad ada halet gnay rikifreb .akerem narik

naigabes anamiagabes rajaleb naitregnep nagned aynnatiak malaD

kusamret natakgnit iagabreb adap rajalep kaynab ataynret ,sata id naktubesid

awsisaham idutS margorP non margorp fitomotO kinkeT - imalagnem reluger

talugrep utaus tagnignem tujnaL akitametaM rajaleb malad tareb pukuc gnay na

surah gnay rasad isnetepmok iagabreb nakulremem ini hailuk atam adap rajaleb

6

namahamep nugnabmem kadit / gnaruk gnay awsisaham kaynaB .aynikilimid

pesnok" - araces tujnaL akitametaM "rasad pesnok aggnihes ,iadamem nad raneb

pesnok kaynaB .rajaleb malad natabmah iagabreb imalagnem kaynab akerem -

kutnebmem kutnu nial pesnok nagned nakgnubuhid naidumek gnay rasad pesnok

.urab isautis ipadahgnem kutnu nakulrepid gnay isargetniret fitingok rutkurts

rofnI tapad pesnok nugnabmem kutnu awsisaham/rajalep nakanugid gnay isam

ukub apureb gnay itrepes kilbup nauhategnep :utiay ,rebmus aud irad lasareb -

gnay lamrofni nauhategnep nad ,) hailuk ludom kusamret ( sket ukub

irahes namalagnep itrepes ayngnukudnem - t( irah laos nahital aynada kusamre -

araces nakisakifisalkgnem liated nagned )6591( moolB .tiakret gnay )laos

gnaroes fitingok isnetepmok gnatnet iggnit ek hadner gnay irad naturureb

,)4C( sisilana ,)3C( isakilpa ,)2C( namahamep ,)1C( nauhategnep :utiay ,rajalep

is .)6C( isaulave nad )5C( sisetn

kiab gnay rajaleb nagnukgnil nakatpicnem sesorp utaus halada rajagneM

)7991( onrapus luaP .anug lisahreb gnay rajaleb nataigek idajret raga

nauhategnep nakhadnimem nataigek halnakub rajagnem awhab naktubeynem

ug irad sep naknikgnumem gnay nataigek utaus naknialem ,dirum adapek ur e atr

nep iridnes nugnabmem kidid eg .aynnauhat radas ahasu halada narajalebmeP

nagned iauses rajaleb tapad akerem raga kidid kana utnabmem kutnu rajagnep

sgnufreb rajagneP .ayntanim nad nahutubek rotatilisaf iagabes i gnay

tapad raga gnukudnem gnay isautis nakatpicnem nad satilisaf nakaideynem

,rotatilisaf nad rotaidem iagabes rajagneP .aynrajaleb naupmamek nakdujuwem

urug uata rajagnep gnaroes awhab )7991( onrapuS luaP helo nakiapmasid itrepes

reb rajaleb sesorp raga utnabmem gnay rotatilisaf nad rotaidem iagabes narep

7

nakub nad rajaleb gnay awsis adap aynnanaket idaj ,kiab nagned nalajreb awsis

.rajagnem gnay urug adap

abajid tapad rotatilisaf nad rotaidem iagabes rajagnep isgnuF malad nakr

: tukireb iagabes sagut aparebeb

rajaleb namalagnep nakaideyneM .1 awsis naknikgnumem gnay

treb .naitilenep nad sesorp nagnacnar taubmem malad bawaj gnuggna

.2 rebmem uata nakaideyneM i nataigek nak - gnasgnarem gnay nataigek

s nauhatnigniek nasagag nakiserpskegnem kutnu akerem utnabmem nad awsi -

( akerem haimli edi nakisakinumokgnem nad nasagag owobiW ikusaB , 4002 ,)

,fitkudorp araces rikifreb awsis gnasgnarem gnay anaras nakaideynem

rp gnukudnem gnilap gnay namalagnep nad natapmesek nakaideynem seso

.,rajaleb

awsis narikimep hakapa nakkujnunem nad ,isaulavegnem ,rotinomeM .3

.kadit uata nalajreb

nakapurem ayntakekah adap narajalebmep sesorp naikimed nagneD

nenopmok aratna iskaretni - mulukiruk ,awsis : utiay ,narajagnep nenopmok ,

sesorp tubesret iskaretni malaD .aidem nad edotem ,rajagnep ,nagnukgnil

iulalem kidid atresep adapek rajagnep irad nasep uata isamrofni nahadnimep

itrepes nakididnep aidem nakamanid gnires gnay utnetret aidem nad edotem

.ludom aynlasim

a araP helo ihuragnepid rajaleb isatserp awhab nakatagnem nakididnep ilh

,macam aud idajnem kopmolekid tapad raseb sirag araces gnay ,rotkaf iagabreb

rotkaf utiay lanretni rotkaf nad lanretske . gnay rotkaf halada lanretni rotkaF

ti rajalep is irid malad id adareb takab ,satifitaerk ,rajaleb tanim itrepes iridnes u

8

irid raul irad lasareb gnay rotkaf utiay lanretske rotkaf nupadA .napakacek nad

.ayniagabes nad rajaleb satilisaf ,rajaleb nagnukgnil itrepes ,rajalep

milagN awhab naktubeynem )3002( otnawruP kaynab rajaleb isatserp

helo ihuragnepid tupni latnemurtsni rotkaf uata - gnacnarid ajagnes gnay rotkaf

urug ,narajalep nahab uata mulukiruk halada aynhotnoc ,nakisalupinamid nad

id ukaleb gnay nemejanam atres satilisaf nad ,anaras ,narajagnep irebmem gnay

.natukgnareb gnay halokes akam ,metsis nahurulesek malaD tupni latnemurtsni

naiapacnep malad nakutnenem nad gnitnep tagnas gnay rotkaf nakapurem

sesorp anamiagab nakutnenem tuki gnay halini rotkaf anerak ,rajaleb isatserp

d malad id idajret uti rajaleb anerak ,gnanes naasarep iatresid gnay awsis iri

.iridnesret kirat ayad nagned ilawaid

nakukalem halet gnay aynnaijak iagabreb nagned itilenep kaynaB

ayapu nagned tiakret naitilenep - .rajaleb lisah isatserp naktakgninem ayapu

002( anayluM gnadaD ,narajagnep huragnep gnatnet aynnaitilenep malad )1

nad iroet( rajaleb isatserp padahret kartsba rikifreb naupmamek nad kinket takab

nakrasadreb ludom nakanuggnem narajagnep : awhab naklupmiynem )ketkarp

rajaleb isatserp natakgninep nakirebmem isnetepmok nupuam iroet kiab(

.lanoisnevnok narajagnep nagned adebreb gnay )ketkarp

natakgnineP“ ludujreb gnay naitilenep iulalem )1002( otrayiguS .H.K

nahitaL laoS saguT nairebmeP iulaleM II kinagrO aimiK rajaleB isatserP

P talA naanuggneP nad gnajnejreB naaideyneP :awhab naklupmiynem ”agare

laoS nahitaL naaideyneP iulaleM saguT nairebmeP nad tatkiD - gnajnejreB laos

kinkeT nakdidneP nasuruJ awsisahaM isatserP skednI naktakgnineM upmam

.YNU APIMF aimiK

9

lisah nad iroet aparebeb kajipreB - enep lisah adap akam tubesret naitil

: tukireb iagabes sisetopih nakujaid tapad ini naitilenep

margorP fitomotO kinkeT awsisahaM tujnaL akitametaM rajaleB isatserP”

noN - ajreK rabmeL nad ludoM nakanuggneM narajalebmeP adap relugeR

beL gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS nagned rabmeL apnaT gnay gnidnabid kiaB hi

”gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS nagned ajreK

araC naitileneP

nemirepske naitilenep natakednep nagned nakukalid ini naitileneP

utiay susuhk narajalebmep ledom libmagnem abocnem naka gnay narajagnep

mem nagned ipakgnelid gnay nasahab kokop paites hasipret ludom nakireb

laos apureb gnay ajrek rabmel nagned - nasamek malad gnajnejreb nahital laos

nagned nakgnidnabid naka ini naukalrep nairebmep naanaskaleP .susuhk

adit gnay )lortnok salek( nial salek id narajalebmep ,sinejes naukalrep irebid k

nagned ipakgnelid apnat ajas ludom nakirebid aynah lortnok salek adap anerak

.gnajnejreb nahital laos kutneb malad ajrek rabmel

rihka lisah nakgnidnabid naidumek tubesret naukalrep kutneb audek iraD

aynrajaleb isatserp narajalebmep alop nakumetid tapad naka nakparahid nad

hailukatam adap awsisaham rajaleb isatserp naktakgninem tapad nad iauses gnay

noN margorP fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP id tujnaL akitametaM - relugeR

.atrakaygoY iregeN satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF

fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP awsisaham halada ini naitilenep isalupoP

noN margorP )3D( agiT amolpiD gnajneJ - hailukatam hupmenem gnay relugeR

01

gnay 8002/7002 kimedaka nuhat paneg retsemes adap tujnaL akitametaM

ret gnay gnaro 27 halmujreb .E nad D saleK :utiay ,salek aud idajnem igab

akam ,)001 irad gnaruk( tikides aynah fitaler gnay ayhalmuj tagnigneM

nakukalid kadit ,gnilpmas atoggna aumes halada ini naitilenep keybus itrareb

ek idajnem gnay salek nautnenep ayntujnaleS .isalupop nakutnetid nemirepske sal

( kaca araces modnar E saleK ataynret modnar araces nautnenep lisah irad ,)

.lepmas idajnem gnay

ataD - atad rajaleb isatserp helorepid gnay set iulalem naitilenep malad

d sisilanaid ini narajagnep nemirepske nakanuggnem fitpirksed kitsitats nagne

iju – ( t t – tset hakapa iuhategnem kutnu nakanugid ini kinkeT .hara utas )

salek isatserp nagned gnidnabid kiab hibel nemirepske salek rajaleb isatserp

eS .nakparetid gnay narajalebmep naukalrep adeb tabika lortnok naijugnep muleb

nataraysrep iju aparebeb nagned ilawaid uluhad hibelret ini kinket nagned

)salek( kopmolek audek satinegomoh iju nad satilamron iju itrepes ,sisilana

kinket nagned - ihC ijU nagned utiay ,mizal hadus gnay kitsitats iju kinket

ijU nad dardauK - .F

naitileneP lisaH nasahabmeP nad

paneG retsemS adap nakanaskalid gnay narajalebmep lisah nakrasadreB

YNU TF id ukalreb gnay kimedaka nataraysrep nakukalrebid haletes 8002/7002

akirebid kutnu tarays ihunemem gnay awsisaham halmuj akam rihka ialin n

( gnaro 23 = E salK nad ) gnaro 43 halmuj irad ( gnaro 23 = D salK : halada

.) gnaro 83 halmuj irad

11

tubesret salek audek aynpakgneles lisaH ret 1 lebaT adap tahil malad

.1 naripmaL lorepid akam aynnasakgnir taubid tubesret lebat alibapA lisah he

: tukireb iagabes

oN saleK ialiN aynkaynaB

atareR saleK A B C D

1 D 0 % 0 6 % 91 71 % 35 9 % 82 1,95

2 E 5 % 61 11 % 43 11 % 43 5 % 61 1,56

narajalebmep nagned naukalrep irebid gnay ( nemirepske salek = E salK

aos nagned ludom nakanuggnem ) gnajnejreb nahital l

) gnajnejreb nahital laos apnat ludom irebid aynah ( lortnok salek = D salK

atad mulebeS - iju nakanuggnem sisilanaid ini naitilenep lisah atad

iju ( naveler gnay kirtemarap – ataraysrep ijuid uluhad hibelret akam ) t n

iju ( satilamroN ijU utiay ,aynsisilana - 2 iju( satinegomoH ijU nad ) - .)F

itrepes lebat nautnab nakanugid sisilana nataraysrep iju audek kutnU

lebaT iraD .2 naripmaL adap 3 lebaT nad 2 lebaT adap tahilret 2 lisah helorepid

awhab agrah 2 = 7, 76 lebaT irad nad 3 lisah helorepid 2 = 01 , 10 nupadA .

lebat irad 2 6 =)kd( nasabebek dajared nagned % 5 nahalasek farat kutnu – 5 =1

agrah helorepid 2 lebat agrah aneraK .70,11 = 2gnutih < 2 lebat < 76,7(

1 < 10,01 nad 70,11 itrareb ) 70,1 audek ialin atad tubesret lepmas kopmolek

.lamron isubirtsidreb aynaumes

lepmas kopmolek audek atad satinegomoh ijugnem kutnu ayntujnaleS

iju nakanugid tubesret - : sumuR nagned F

rasebret snairaV 39,931 = F = = 43,2

licekret snairaV 92,95

21

23 = gnalibmep kd nagned % 5 nahalasek farat kutnu F lebaT iraD - kd nad 13 = 1

eynep 23 = tub – = F tapad id 13 = 1 83,2 F aneraK . gnutih F < lebat ialin atad itrareb

.negomoh tubesret salek audek

kopmolek audek atad satinegomoh nad satilamron naijugnep lisah iraD

ujnalid tapad akam tarays ihunemem halet gnay sata id lepmas nagned nakt

ijU( kitemarap kitsitats nakanuggnem atad sisilana - .)t

H sisetopi ini naitilenep utiay ,kutneb aud maladek naksumurid tapad

: tukireb iagabes evitanretla sisetopih nad lon sisetopih

: oH 1 ≥ 2

: aH 1 < 2

ini lah malaD 1 nemirepske salek atarer ialin =

2 lortnok salek atarer ialin =

nagned ) irik kahif ( kahif utas t iju nakanugid tubesret sisetopih ijugnem kutnU

sumur :

1 – 2 = t -

S ( 12 n / 1 S + 2

2 n/ 2 )

atad haleteS - d 1 lebaT adap atad naktapadid tubesret sumur malad ek nakkusami

t agrah gnutih = kd nad % 1 nahalasek farat nagned t lebat irad nupada 40,3 =

23( - 23( + )1 - t agrah tapadid 26 = )1 lebat .66,2 =

t aneraK gnutih t > lebat d aH itrareb ) oH naamirenep haread adap adareb ( kaloti

: iynubreb gnay sisetopiH awhab naklupmisid tapad aynrihkA .amiretid oH nad

noN margorP fitomotO kinkeT awsisahaM tujnaL akitametaM rajaleB isatserP” -

nagned ajreK rabmeL nad ludoM nakanuggneM narajalebmeP adap relugeR

31

ibeL gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS ajreK rabmeL apnaT gnay gnidnabid kiaB h

.amiretid tapad aggnihes raneb halada ”gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS nagned

tamilak nagned nakataynid aguj tapad tubesret nalupmisek gnipmasiD

ed ajreK rabmeL nad ludoM nakanuggneM narajalebmeP” : awhab nial nagn

tujnaL akitametaM rajaleb isatserp naktakgninem tapad gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS

noN fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP awsisaham - kinkeT satlukaF relugeR

.”atrakaygoY iregeN satisrevinU

ilid ualak tagnignem ,sigol pukuc aynarik tubesret nalupmiseK isatserp tah

( aynmulebes akerem 4 lebaT 3 naripmaL pukuc akitametaM hailukatam adap )

: tukireb lebat adap aynnamukgnar nakitahreP .naknitahirpmem

retsemS ialiN aynkaynaB atareR saleK A B C D

70/I - 80 5 % 3 9 % 01 02 % 74 6 % 04 0,16

70/II - 80 5 % 61 11 % 43 11 % 43 5 % 61 1,56

atad alibapA - iju iulalem nakgnidnabrepid tubesret salek isatserp atad

nakifingis gnay adeb ada awhab itkubet tapad aguj ataynret ) t iju( kitsitats

ed nemirepske mulebes edoirep aratna tubesret salek ialin atarer haduses nagn

t lisah helorepid nagnutihrep irad anerak nemirepske gnutih t gnades 49,1 = lebat =

04( = nasabebek dajared nad % 5 nahalasek farat nagned ( 66,1 - 23 + 1 - .07 = )1

B narajalebmep naukalrep aynada nakbabesid tubesret naadebrep awhab itrare

b gnay .adebre

itkubret aguj nemirepske mulebes kopmolek audek satinegomoh iraD

lisah irad itkubret ini lah ,negomoh tafisreb itkubret uti kopmolek audek awhab

fart nagned F lebat irad gnades 68,1 = kopmolek audek F agrah nagnutihrep

41

kd kutnu % 5 nahalasek = F lisah helorepid 93 tubeynep kd nad 93 gnalibmep

F aneraK .11,2 gnutih F < lebat tafisreb nemirepske mulebes salek audek itrareb

.negomoh

halmuj naukalrep mulebes awhab kapmat aynialin isisopmok tahilid akiJ

ah B nad A ialin tapadnem gnay akerem gnades % 31 = % ) 01 + 3( kaynabes ayn

05( rasebes takgninem idaj ,% 05 = % )43 + 61( kaynabes naukalrep haletes - )31

+ 74 ( kaynabes naukalrep mulebes D nad C ialin tapadnem gnay nad % 73 = %

= % )61 + 43( idajnem naukalrep tapadnem haletes % 78 = % ) 04 idaj ,% 05

78( rasebes gnarukreb - isisopmok nagnidnabrep tahilid alibapA .% 72 = % )05

aynmulebes naraja nuhat nagned tujnaL akitametaM hailukatam ialin

nuhat adaP .nakifingis pukuc gnay nahaburep idajret aguj itrareb )7002/6002(

m gnay isisopmok 7002/6002 ada( % 2,64 rasebes B nad A ialin tapadne

% 8,35 kaynabes D nad C ialin tapadnem gnay nad % 8,3 rasebes nakianek

.)% 8,3 rasebes nanurunep ada(

nad satisnetni aynada tabika inikayid aguj ini rajaleb isatserp natakgnineP

d gnay nahital satifitkefe .nemirepske salek irad awsisaham arap helo nakukali

aynada nakkujnunem aynnaataynek gnamem ini salek malad id awsisaham araP

araces gnay bawaj rabmel aynada nagned fitkefe hibel gnay nahital satisnetni

d adapek naklupmukid nad nakajrek akerem surah nituor upmagnep neso

hakgnal nad alop naktabikagnem naka ini laH .natukgnasreb gnay hailukatam -

alop nagned asaibret hadus halasam nakiaseleynem malad akerem hakgnal

.tutnur gnay naiaseleynep adapek rasaynem nad neisife ,sigol gnay naiaseleynep

tabika aguj ini laH hakgnal - gnibmibret hadus hupmetid surah gnay hakgnal

.rutaret nad tapet araces

51

nalupmiS

libmaid tapad aynnasahabmep nad atad sisilana lisah nakrasadreB

: tukireb iagabes nalupmis

.1 margorP awsisahaM tujnaL akitametaM rajaleB isatserP kinkeT idutS

noN fitomotO - rabmeL nad ludoM nakanuggneM narajalebmeP adap relugeR

gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS nagned ajreK kiaB hibeL apnaT gnay gnidnabid

.gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS nagned ajreK rabmeL

nagned ajreK rabmeL nad ludoM nakanuggneM narajalebmeP .2 nahitaL laoS

tujnaL akitametaM rajaleb isatserp naktakgninem tapad gnajnejreB

noN fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP awsisaham - kinkeT satlukaF relugeR

.atrakaygoY iregeN satisrevinU

upmagnep nesod arap igab akam ini naitilenep lisah nakrasadreB

am tapad tujnaL akitametaM nagned sinejes retkarak iaynupmem gnay hailukat

rabmeL nagned ludoM nakanuggnem narajalebmep ledom nakparenem abocnem

gnisam susuhk iric nagned iauses gnajnejreB laoS nahitaL apureb gnay ajreK -

ned awhab itkubret halet anerak ,gnisam ini macames narajalebmep ledom nag

awsisaham igab tujnaL akitametaM rajaleb isatserp naktakgninem upmam halet

noN fitomotO kinkeT iduts margorp - satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF id relugeR

.atrakaygoY iregeN

61

akatsuP ratfaD

.)4002( .minonA 002 mulukiruK kinkeT satlukaF 2 .YNU TF :atrakaygoY .

.)4002( .owobiW ikusaB lanoiskurtsni niaseD UAP : atrakaJ . - .nejriD IAPP.sankidpeD .itkiD

.moolB ( 6591 ) ymonoxaT" . fo noitacifissalC ehT ,sevitcejbO lanoitacudE fo

."niamoD evitingoC : I koobdnaH ,slaoG lanoitacudE yaKcM divaD.cnI ynapmoC

.)4002( .otnawruP milagN pisnirP - narajagneP isaulavE nad pisnirp : gnudnaB .

.ayraK ajameR

.)7991( .onrapuS luaP .nakididneP malad emsivitkurtsnoK : atrakaygoY.suisinaK

.kkd ,.HK ,otrayiguS ( 1002 ) . rP natakgnineP K rajaleB isatse III kinagrO aimi

talA naanuggneP nad gnajnejreB nahitaL laoS saguT nairebmeP iulaleMagareP .YNU naitileneP naropaL .

.atarbayruS idamuS ( 3891 ) . nakididneP igolokisP .ilawajaR .VC : atrakaJ .

71

: 1 naripmaL

etaM rihkA ialiN : 1 lebaT 8002/7002 paneG retsemS tujnaL akitam ) atad sisilana nautnab kutnu (

( E saleK nemirepske salek ) ( D saleK lortnok salek )

oN X1 X12 AN

oN X2 X22 AN

1 75 9423 C 1 76 9844 B - 2 96 1674 B - 2 94 1042 D 3 94 1042 D 3 65 6313 C 4 05 0052 D 4 75 9423 C 5 66 6534 B - 5 55 5203 D 6 37 9235 B 6 75 9423 C 7 75 9423 C 7 96 1674 B - 8 27 4815 B 8 83 4441 D 9 56 5224 +C 9 44 6391 D 01 75 9423 C 01 46 6904 +C 11 76 9844 B - 11 65 6313 C 21 75 9423 C 21 65 6313 C 31 96 1674 B - 31 76 9844 B - 41 06 0063 C 41 75 9423 C 51 66 6534 B - 51 55 5203 D 61 96 1674 B - 61 26 4483 +C 71 78 9657 A 71 66 6534 B - 81 67 6775 +B 81 95 843 1 C 91 95 1843 C 91 75 9423 C 02 14 1861 D 02 15 1062 D 12 34 9481 D 12 36 9693 +C 22 16 1273 +C 22 85 4633 C 32 58 5227 A - 32 06 0063 C 42 08 0046 A - 42 85 4633 C 52 56 5224 +C 52 15 1062 D 62 25 4072 D 62 95 1843 C 72 08 0046 A - 72 57 9423 C 82 47 6745 B 82 76 9844 B - 92 78 9657 A 92 55 5203 D 03 07 0094 B - 03 37 9235 B 13 95 1843 C 13 14 1861 D 23 16 1273 +C 23 75 9423 C

3802 798931 1481 357701 X atarer = 1.56 X atarer = 5.75

S = 97.11 S = 07.7

S2 = 39.831 S2 = 92.95

81

: 2 naripmaL

( ataD satilamroN ijU nautnab ratfaD : 2 lebaT 2 )

( E saleK nemirepske salek )

lavretnI fo fh of( - )hf of( - )hf 2 of( - )hf 2 hf/

14 - 84 2 9.0 1.1 92.1 94.1

94 - 65 3 3.4 - 3.1 16.1 83.0

75 - 46 9 9.01 - 9.1 94.3 23.0

56 - 27 01 9.01 - 9.0 57.0 70.0

37 - 08 5 3.4 7.0 35.0 31.0

18 - 88 3 9.0 1.2 65.4 82.5

23 23 0 21 2 76.7 =

( ataD satilamroN ijU nautnab ratfaD : 3 lebaT 2 )

( D saleK lortnok salek )

lavretnI fo fh of( - )hf of( - )hf 2 of( - )hf 2 hf/

83 - 34 2 9.0 1.1 92.1 94.1

44 - 94 2 3.4 - 3.2 51.5 12.1

05 - 55 5 9.01 - 9.5 24.43 71.3

65 - 16 41 9.01 1.3 18.9 09.0

26 - 76 7 3.4 7.2 64.7 57.1

86 - 37 2 9.0 1.1 92.1 94.1

23 23 0 95 2 10.01 =

91

: 3 naripmaL nemirepskE saleK rihkA ialiN nagnidnabreP : 4 lebaT

( E saleK nemirepske mulebes ) ( E saleK nemirepske haduses ) oN X1 X1

2 AN

oN X2 X22 AN

1 53 5221 D 1 75 9423 C 2 17 1405 B 2 96 1674 B - 3 53 5221 D 3 94 1042 D 4 03 009 D 4 05 0052 D 5 36 9693 + C 5 66 6534 B - 6 66 6534 B - 6 37 9235 B 7 27 4815 B 7 75 9423 C 8 17 1405 B 8 27 4815 B 9 06 0063 C 9 56 5224 +C 01 65 6313 C 01 75 9423 C 11 43 6511 D 11 76 9844 B - 21 66 6534 B - 21 75 9423 C 31 85 4633 C 31 96 1674 B - 41 08 0046 A - 41 06 0063 C 51 65 6313 C 51 66 6534 B - 61 68 6937 A 61 96 1674 B - 71 06 0063 C 71 87 9657 A 81 17 1405 B 81 67 6775 +B 91 03 009 D 91 95 1843 C 02 65 6313 C 02 14 1861 D 12 68 6937 A 12 34 9481 D 22 75 9423 C 22 16 1273 +C 32 06 0063 C 32 58 5227 A - 42 26 4483 + C 42 08 0046 A - 52 65 6313 C 52 56 5224 +C 62 68 6937 A 62 25 4072 D 72 16 1273 + C 72 08 0046 A - 82 17 1405 B 82 47 6745 B 92 02 004 D 92 78 9657 A 03 08 0046 A - 03 07 0094 B - 13 16 1273 + C 13 95 1843 C 23 16 1273 + C 23 16 1273 +C

33 16 1273 + C 3802 798931 43 66 6534 B - 53 67 6775 + B X atarer = 1.56 63 16 1273 + C

73 16 1273 + C S = 97.11 83 65 6313 C 93 65 6313 C S2 = 39.831 04 16 1273 + C 5142 570551

X atarer = 4.06 S = 51 S2 = 522

02