IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 1

6th Newsletter, December 2015 / January 2016

Dear reader,

Before you is the sixth and last edition of the IMPACTS newsletter, covering the period July – December 2015. The newsletters inform partners and stakeholders on the developments in the EU FP7 IMPACTS project1. You can navigate through this document by clicking on the elements of the content list (below).

Previous newsletters:

Newsletter 1, January – July 2013

Newsletter 2, August – December 2013

Newsletter 3, January – July 2014

Newsletter 4, August - December 2014

Newsletter 5, January – June 20154

Contents of this newsletter About IMPACTS

Events & meetings

Current activities

Publications

Contact information

About IMPACTS IMPACTS is a collaborative project co-funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework

Programme. The goal of the IMPACTS project is to close knowledge gaps related to transport and

storage of CO2-rich mixtures from various CO2 sources to enable realisation of safer and more cost-

efficient solutions for CCS. The results of IMPACTS will help to ensure safe and reliable design,

construction and operation of CO2 pipelines and injection equipment, and safe long-term geological

storage of CO2. The project started on 1 January 2013 and has a duration of three years. It has 12

research performing partners and 5 funding partners. You can find more information on the project

website.

1 If you wish to receive this newsletter, but are not on the mailing list, please send an e-mail to an.hilmo@sintef.no.

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 2

Events & meetings

CCS workshop, October 19-21 2015, Bucharest, Romania

The course „The impact of the quality of CO2 on transport and storage behaviour” was held in

Romania from 19 to 23 October 2015. The event was held at the International Conference Center

and Central Library of the University Politehnica of Bucharest and was adjusted to the level of

Master students. Nevertheless, the course was open for students, research institutes, regulatory

authorities and people from industry.

The main objective of the course was to provide knowledge sharing to students and people from

industry, based on the main results obtained during the implementation of IMPACTS project. In

principle, all results from the IMPACTS project are relevant for CCS projects in Romania and

surrounding countries.

The training course material was based on the IMPACTS toolbox, thermodynamic reference models

for CO2 mixtures relevant for CCS and the framework for CCS risk assessment taking HSE aspects

into account, the impact of the quality of the CO2 and CCS chain integrity, and finally the IMPACTS

recommendations report.

The training sessions were organised in an interactive manner, facilitating a vivid dialogue with the

audience; viewpoints and knowledge were exchanged between lecturers and trainees The IMPACTS

CCS course was divided in ten (10) technical sessions based on the topics of the proposed lectures:

• Session 1: Models on thermodynamic properties and equilibrium;

• Session 2: Typical CO2 mixtures and operating conditions, transport and storage gap

analysis, classification of CO2 impurities;

• Session 3: Typical CCS chains;

• Session 4: Corrosion of pipeline steels caused by CO2 mixtures;

• Session 5: The influence of CO2 mixture composition;

• Session 6: Techno-economic analyses of impacts of CO2 quality;

• Session 7: Operational and material effects of impurities in CO2 streams;

• Session 8: Chemical and physical effects of impurities on CO2 storage;

• Session 9: Risk assessment of CO2 transport and storage infrastructure;

• Session 10: IMPACTS recommendations.

A large number (43) of participants from Romania representing students and academia, research

institutes, gas and oil industry, power sector and national regulatory authority formed the audience

for the lectures kept by IMPACTS researchers from Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Germany; SINTEF

Energy Research, Norway; Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO);

Progressive Energy Ltd. (PEL), United Kingdom and Fundación Ciudad de la Energía (CIUDEN), Spain.

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 3

2nd CO2Quest workshop, Dec 16-17 2015, Athens, Greece

“How Quality of CO2 IMPACTS its transport and storage properties?” This was the topic of the final

dissemination event from the EU project IMPACTS. IMPACTS is a pan-European research project

where researchers from academia and industry from nine different countries collaborate on

investigating the effect of impurities on CO2 transport an storage.

2nd International forum on recent developments of CCS implementation

The conference entitled “The 2nd International forum on recent developments of CCS

implementation” (IMPACTS ccsforum_2_agenda) was held in Athens, Greece in December 2015.

IMPACTS joined forces with the sister EU project CO2QUEST which has performed research on the

same topics. This made for a very interesting final conference which included valuable knowledge

exchange between the two projects.

Interestingly the two projects combined nicely provided complimentary results leading to a great

overview of what is the impact of impurities on CO2 transport. The results ranged from CO2QUEST

showing interesting experimental results on CO2 behavior (release and dispersion characteristics)

during a pipeline fracture tests at their CO2 pipeline test facility in Dalian, China (Figure) to very high

quality experimental thermodynamic data obtained by the IMPACTS project at RUB University’s

laboratories in Germany, density data from Tsinghua University in China, and also key

thermodynamic modeling results obtained at SINTEF Energy Research in Norway to name a few of

the key IMPACTS results.

Dr. Nils Røkke, SINTEF opening the event

International participants

A total of about 70 people attended the conference which also included international experts from

the USA as well as the head of the standard committee ISO/TC 265 on CO2 Transportations Dr. Achim

Hilgenstock from DVGW in Germany.

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 4

Dr. Achim Hilgenstock Head of the ISO Working Group 2 on CO2 Transportation.

Standardization committees, such as ISO are interested on the results from IMPACTS along with the

participating industry which may construct and operate future European CO2 pipelines.

Case studies

Case studies were performed on selected, representative CCS chains that revealed the impact of

impurities in CO2 streams on the design and operation of the transport and storage infrastructure

through techno-economic assessments. From this, recommendations have been suggested for

optimized CO2 quality on a case-by-case basis for CCS chains which are seen significant for large-

scale deployment of CCS. In particular IMPACTS recommendations have been made on

design/operation of pipelines where new methodologies have been suggested for selecting the

design criteria for operation of CO2 pipelines to avoid two-phase flow and running ductile fractures,

to limit over-specifying and to reduce costs. IMPACTS also provides recommendations on corrosion-

related issues in the CCS chain; a framework for risk assessment of CCS considering CO2 streams

with impurities; and recommendations on injection and storage of CO2 with impurities.

Dr. Xingqing Yan (DUT, Dalian, China) CO2QUEST showed results of testing from their Large-scale

Experimental CO2 Pipeline.

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 5

IMPACTS is very pleased to be invited to participate along with CO2QUEST

to produce a Special Issue in the Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control to be

issued during fall of 2016. This special issue will contain all the key results

and recommendations from the IMPACTS project.

All Photos above: Abigail Ward, University of Leeds, England for CO2QUEST

Executive Board meeting, Dec 16 2015, Athens, Greece

The fifth EB meeting was held in December, in Athens, parallel to the 2nd CCS workshop (see above).

Current activities During the final 6 months of the project, the focus of the activities in the project was to finalise the

remaining deliverables. These are described in the next section.

Publications and presentations In the last period a number of deliverables were produced. Where possible, links are provided to the

reports on the IMPACTS website.

D1.2.3 Results of experimental work at SINTEF ER, Snorre Foss Westman et al. (SINTEF-ER)

A new setup for the measurement of vapor-liquid phase equilibria of CO2 -rich mixtures relevant for

carbon capture and storage (CCS) transport conditions is presented. An isothermal analytical method

with a variable volume cell is used. The apparatus is capable of highly accurate measurements in

terms of pressure, temperature and composition, also in the critical region. More…

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 6

D1.2.4 Results of experimental work at SINTEF ER, Snorre Foss Westman et al. (SINTEF-ER)

A new setup for the measurement of vapor-liquid phase equilibria of CO2 -rich mixtures relevant for

carbon capture and storage (CCS) transport conditions is presented. An isothermal analytical method

with a variable volume cell is used. The apparatus is capable of highly accurate measurements in

terms of pressure, temperature and composition, also in the critical region. More…

D1.2.6 Report on the reference model for thermodynamic properties by Stefan Herrig et al. (RUB)

The knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of the involved fluids is a crucial requirement for

the interdisciplinary efforts within this project. The most accurate way to determine these

properties is by means of empirical multiparameter equations of state explicit in the reduced

Helmholtz energy. As a member of Work Package 1.2 ("Thermophysical behavior of CO2 mixtures")

the thermodynamics group of RUB (Ruhr-Universität Bochum) is continuously developing such a

correlation for CO2 -rich mixtures. The first version of this reference model was developed by

Johannes Gernert (see Gernert and Span, 2015) and validated within deliverable D.1.2.5 of the

IMPACTS project. This version of the model titled as "equation of state for combustion gases and

combustion gas like mixtures" (EOS-CG) already allowed for calculations of mixtures containing

carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon monoxide. In the course of this project,

the model was first extended to the additional components methane, hydrogen, and hydrogen

sulfide by adapting existing mixture functions from the GERG-2008 model of Kunz and Wagner

(2012) for natural gas mixtures. More…

D1.2.7 Stable algorithms for phase equilibrium calculations by Stefan Herrig et al. (RUB)

As a member of Work Package 1.2 (“Thermophysical behavior of CO2 mixtures”) the

thermodynamics group of RUB (Ruhr-Universität Bochum) developed a new phase stability

algorithm for up to three phases in equilibrium. In addition, this algorithm enables the prediction of

solid CO2 and solid H2O as well as of gas hydrates. For the first time, fluid phases in equilibrium with

these solid phases can be described by means of Helmholtz equations of state. The new algorithms

have been implemented in the upcoming second version of the software package TREND (see Span

et al., 2015). In contrast to most other property packages, the user does not have to decide whether

the calculation of a specified state point requires a hydrate or solid phase model but the algorithms

automatically employ the adequate equations. This means a significant progress for the calculation

of CCS processes where the prediction of such phase equilibria is one of the most challenging

problems. More…

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 7

D1.3.2 The influence of CO2 mixture composition and equations of state on simulations of

transient pipeline decompression by Eskil Aursand et al. (SINTEF-ER)

When CO2 is captured from industry, it will rarely be pure, but will be mixed with other gases such

as e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, methane and ethane. Such CO2 mixtures can have significantly different

properties from pure CO2 , which must be taken into account when predicting the temperature and

pressure. A key component necessary to describe flow of CO2 mixtures is the thermodynamic

model, which relates properties like pressure, temperature and density to each other. In this work,

we examine whether it is beneficial to use highly accurate thermodynamic models (EOS-CG and

GERG) instead of a much simpler model (Peng–Robinson) when predicting temperature and pressure

during a decompression. We also investigate whether the amount of other gases has any significant

effect on temperature and pressure. Our results show that for decompression, the choice of

thermodynamic model matters much less than the amount of other gases. More…

D1.4.2 General corrosion from CO2 mixtures by Minghe Xu & Zhe Wang (Tsinghua University)

Carbon steels are the most economical materials for constructing pipelines, but corrosion issue

should be further studied to assess their suitability to the purpose, in particular in wet CO2 streams

containing different levels of impurities (e.g. O2, H2O, SOx, NOx, Ar, N2…). The present report deals

with corrosion problems for X60, X65, X70 and X80 pipeline steel in supercritical CO2 environment

with SO2, H2O, and O2. This research focused on the effect of moisture, pressure, temperature and

rotation rate on the corrosion behavior of X60, X65, X70 and X80 steel samples in supercritical CO2

environments with SO2, O2, and H2O impurities regarding corrosion of pipelines in CO2 service.

More…

D1.4.3 Stress corrosion from CO2 mixtures by Giuseppe Mortali & Emilia Imbimbo (CSM)

Among the infrastructures involved in the CCS chain carbon steel pipelines for CO2 transportation

are the most important. The pipes and the welds can be exposed to severe service conditions (e.g.:

high pressure, high flow rate, high temperature and a high percentage of water) possibly leading to

corrosion/degradation of both parent material and welds.

To investigate the resistance of materials and welds to the combined action of mechanical stress and

corrosion environment an extensive stress corrosion testing campaign has been set up and carried

out. The goal of the tests was to study the effects of the impurities in carbon dioxide (liquid and

supercritical phase) on carbon steel pipelines. Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking (SSC) tests were

performed to define the application limits in the pipeline for transport and storage. More…

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 8

D1.5.3 & D1.5.4 Numerical modelling of the effects of impurities on CO2 storage by Marielle Koene

et al. (TNO)

This report investigates the potential effect of various types of impurities on the storage capacity in

the geological structures, the flow behaviour during injection, and geochemical reactions between

the CO2 with the host rock, cap rock and wellbore cement. For this purpose we use storage

calculations and reservoir simulations and geochemical modelling software, updated with new

equations of state (EOS) for the relevant CO2 mixtures. The most important results showed that

various impurities significantly lower the density of the gas, resulting in a potentially large decrease

in storage capacity. More…

D2.1.1 Report on CO2 transport tests by Ruth Diego et al. (CIUDEN)

The goal of this report is to provide a framework for risk assessment for CO2 transport, with

particular focus on CO2 with impurities. As a first step in the development of the risk assessment

framework an overview of guidelines, recommended practices, reports and projects related to the

risk management within CCS was developed. Particular focus has been given to CO2 with impurities

and to what extent the methods in use are sufficient for analysing and managing risk related to

handling large quantities of impure CO2 . More…

D2.1.2 Report on lab tests to study the impurities effects under reservoir conditions by Silvia Perez

et al. (CIUDEN)

In previous works developed in the IMPACTS frame, experiments considered chemical interactions

between impure CO2 (binary mixtures), reservoir fluids, typical reservoir (e.g., sandstones and

carbonates) and cap rocks (e.g., shales and evaporites). Run conditions were up to 20 MPa/80 °C

(CIUDEN) and up to 40 MPa/200 °C (GFZ) thus they covered the complete spectrum of conditions to

be expected in natural storage systems. To address the effects on material under operational

conditions, the batch and the plug flow reactor experiments previously described are extended in

this WP in order to cover other systems such as cements and more complex systems (i.e. NO2 and

CO2 ). These experiments are focused on quantifying the effect of the impurities on the material

surrounding abandoned wells (cement fill and well casing). More…

D2.1.3 Report on field tests to study the impurities effects on CO2 storage behaviour by Juan

Andres Martin et al. (CIUDEN)

CIUDEN has performed short-term injection-extraction tests of CO2 with air (i.e. O2 and N2) in its

Technology Development Plant located in Hontomín. Before the test campaign execution, CIUDEN

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 9

simulated the results using its made-to-measure model previously developed in the frame of the

IMPACTS project in order to interpret the experiments. In the field tests conducted in Hontomín

Pilot , up to 150 tons of CO2 and synthetic air (5 % v of N2 and O2) were co-injected on fractured

carbonates (i.e. Hontomín), comparing the operational parameters with the baseline where 1,500

tons of pure CO2 were injected during the reservoir hydraulic characterization. Besides this, the

analysis of the geochemical reactivity of CO2 with impurities injected on the rock matrix and its

correlation with the results from laboratory were done. To achieve these goals, during two months

after injection, samples of fluids from reservoir were extracted using different DOT´s, being the gas

phase analyzed in a MIR-FT whereas the liquid phase was analyzed using liquid chromatography.

More…

D2.2.2 & D2.2.3 CCS chain element parameters and performance variations due to the impact of

impurities in the CO2 stream by Charles Eickhoff et al. (PEL)

The purpose of this report is to collect these effects together and look at their impact on the

economics of the whole CCS process or chain. The chain consists of three basic elements: a capture

process associated either with a power station or an industrial unit, a transport element to get the

CO2 to where it will be stored – this may be a pipeline or ship transport or both - and a geological

storage location where the CO2 is ultimately stored underground. In order to look at the economics

of the CCS chain, the report puts together costs associated with each of the CCS chain elements.

Also, importantly, detailed costs are gathered relating to the effects that the various impurities have

on various parts of the chain elements and their efficiencies and energy consumption. This is in

order to allow an investigation of the change in costs associated with the impurities. More…

D2.2.4 Techno-economic issues and trade-offs for CO2 purity in CCS chains by Charles Eickhoff et al.

(PEL)

This report makes use of the effects of impurities in a captured CO2 stream which have been derived

and collated elsewhere in the IMPACTS project. The financial consequences of these technical

effects have also been derived in a previous report (D223) so that an analysis can be undertaken of

the optimal financial level of impurities in a CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) chain for any

particular set of circumstances. This is called a Techno-economic (or TE) analysis. The techno-

economic analyses carried out within the IMPACTS project are performed using a specially written

model derived from a standard economic model which has been adapted to include the detailed

financial influences of impurities in the CO2 stream on typical CCS chains. More…

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 10

D2.3.2 & D2.3.3 Framework for risk assessment of CO2 transport and storage infrastructure by

Angunn Engebo et al. (DNV)

The goal of this report is to provide a framework for risk assessment for CO2 transport, with

particular focus on CO2 with impurities. As a first step in the development of the risk assessment

framework an overview of guidelines, recommended practices, reports and projects related to the

risk management within CCS was developed. Particular focus has been given to CO2 with impurities

and to what extent the methods in use are sufficient for analysing and managing risk related to

handling large quantities of impure CO2 . The next step will be to utilise the framework assessing the

impacts of impurities to the risk picture and ultimately to costs. More…

D 3.1.1 Framework for IMPACTS Recommendations by Jana Jakobsen et al. (SINTEF-ER)

This deliverable aims to outline the framework (draft) for the IMPACTS Recommendations

deliverable (D3.1.2), which will be available at the end of the project. This will be done in close

dialogue with the WP leaders. More…

D3.1.2 IMPACTS recommendations by Amy Brunsvold et al. (SINTEF-ER)

The EU CCS Directive requires that the captured CO2 consists "overwhelmingly" of CO2 , which is

often translated to a minimum concentration of 95% CO2 . For most CCS systems, the CO2

concentration is in the range of 95-99% CO2 , but there could be many different combinations of the

chemical depending on the CO2 source and the CO2 capture method. And as large CO2 pipeline

networks develop worldwide, many CO2 streams with varying compositions could potentially be

mixed together as they are transported to storage locations.

So is the requirement of "overwhelmingly" CO2 enough to ensure safe transport and storage? Is it

pure enough for the transport pipelines to withstand corrosion? Is it pure enough to ensure that

there are no phase changes (i.e. change to solid phase) of the CO2 mixture that could lead to

damaged equipment and poor performance? And what if the costs of the entire project could be

reduced by purifying the CO2 stream before transport and storage? Or what is the trade-off of

transporting lower purity streams and implementing corrosion-preventing measures? There are a

multitude of questions and factors at play and there is no one-size-fits all approach to designing and

operating all CCS systems. The IMPACTS project worked on establishing a method to discover the

relationship between the CO2 stream quality and the cost of safe transport and storage. More…

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 11

D3.1.3 Impacts of impurities on capture side requirements by Frank Gisart et al. (GE)

To establish economic effects of CO2 quality (purity level) on a CCS Project a financial model is

required to study trade-offs between elements of a CCS chain so that the overall performance/cost

of the CCS chain can be assessed and optimized.

This report presents input for the financial model starting from three possible capture units (oxyfuel

process, chilled ammonia process, advanced amine process) and one gas processing plant. The

relative cost savings or additional costs associated with a laxer or tighter CO2 product specification

compared to the reference case are presented. More…

D3.2.1 New standard property model for CO2 mixtures by Stefan Herrig et al. (RUB)

The thermodynamics group of RUB (Ruhr-Universität Bochum) is continuously developing a standard

equation of state for CO2 -rich mixtures including components found to be relevant in CCS

applications. In addition, new algorithms were developed to face the challenges of phase stability

analyses and predictions of various phase equilibria including fluid phases as well as hydrates or

solids of CO2 and water. To enable straightforward calculations based on these complex

thermodynamic models and algorithms RUB is providing the software package TREND (see Span et

al., 2015) to the CCS community. The upcoming new version of TREND is supposed to be an

important element of the IMPACTS Toolbox. More…

D 3.2.2 IMPACTS Toolbox by Joris Koornneef et al. (TNO)

The IMPACTS Toolbox provides a comprehensive but accessible overview of the results of the project

and its main conclusions. The IMPACTS Toolbox is an excellent starting point for further reading and

research on the effects of impurities in the CO2 flow on the planning, design and operation of a CCS

infrastructure. The toolbox shows highlights of new experimental data, thermodynamic reference

models for CO2 mixtures relevant for CCS and the framework for CCS risk assessment taking into

account HSE aspects, the impact of the quality of the CO2 and CCS chain integrity. More…

D 3.3.1 IMPACTS results exploitation plan - Version 1.1 by Angunn Engebo et al. (DNV)

The purpose of this results exploitation plan is to enable an optimal dissemination and use of the

results of the IMPACTS project. Publishing own results is a priority for all researchers. The purpose of

this plan is to focus on joint activities for dissemination, knowledge sharing and utilisation of results.

The plan describes the elements of results exploitation, including roles, responsibilities and timing.

More…

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 12

D 3.3.3 Program, presentations and summary from CCS course in Romania by Claudia Tomescu et

al. (ISPE)

The main objective of the course was to provide knowledge sharing to students and people from

industry based on the main results obtained during the implementation of IMPACTS project. The

IMPACTS project has the objective to develop a CO2 quality knowledge base required for

establishing norms and regulations to ensure safe and reliable design, construction and operation of

CO2 pipelines and injection equipment, and safe long-term geological storage of CO2 . The project

studies the impacts of relevant impurities in the CO2 stream on the design, operation and costs of

the capture, transport and storage infrastructure and to provide recommendations for optimized

CO2 quality through techno-economic assessments (amongst other considerations). More…

Presentations and posters at conferences

2ND INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF CCS IMPLEMENTATION .

Sigmund Ø. Størset, Marit J. Mazzetti, Morten Hammer, Charles Eickhoff, Filip Neele, Daniël Loeve; IMPACTS: The impact of the quality of CO2 on transport and storage behavior

Publications

- Snorre Foss Westman et al., Vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the carbon dioxide and

nitrogen (CO2 + N2) system at the temperatures 223, 270, 298 and 303 K and pressures up to

18 MPa, Fluid phase equilibria, 409, 207-241, 2016.

- Minghe Xu, Qian Zhang, XiaoXian Yang, Zhe Wang, Jianmin Liu, Zheng Li, Impact of surface

roughness and humidity on the X70 Steel Corrosion in Supercritical CO2 mixture with SO2, H2O

and O2, Journal of Supercritical fluids, 107, 286-297, 2016.

- J. Gernert and R. Span, EOS-CG: A Helmholtz energy mixture model for humid gases and CCS

mixtures, J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 93, 274-293, 2016

- Xiaoxian Yang, Markus Richter, Zhe Wang, Zheng Li, Density measurements on binary

mixtures (nitrogen + carbon dioxide and argon + carbon dioxide) at temperatures from

(298.15 to 423.15) K with pressures from (11 to 31) MPa using a single-sinker densimeter, J.

Chem. Thermodynamics, 91, 17-29, 2015

- Xiaoxian Yang, Zhe Wang,* and Zheng Li, Accurate Density Measurements on Ternary

Mixtures (Carbon Dioxide + Nitrogen + Argon) at Temperatures from (323.15 to 423.15) K

with Pressures from (3 to 31) MPa using a Single-Sinker Densimeter, Journal of Chemical &

Engineering data, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.1025b00625 (2015).

IMPACTS Newsletter 2015-02 13

Contact information

Nils A Røkke, Chairman of the Executive Board, Nils.A.Rokke@sintef.no

Sigmund Størset, Coordinator, Sigmund.Storset@sintef.no

Marit Mazzetti, Project manager, Marit.Mazzetti@sintef.no

An Hilmo, Project secretary, An.Hilmo@sintef.no

Website: www.sintef.no/impacts

Newsletter: prepared by TNO, The Netherlands, Filip.Neele@tno.nl