FAO Fihorieo Synopniallo. 37 FRrn/337(Distribution restricted) SAT - Ma1ayun anchovy -' 1,21(O5),OO,O3

SYNOPSIS 0F BIOLOGICAL DATA

ON THE MAIAYA1 ANCHOVY

Stolephorus pseudohotorolobus Hardenberg 1933

Prepared by

THAM Afl KOW

Direotor

Fisheries Biology UnitUniversity of Singapore

for

The Honolulu Symposium

on

The 05K Results

DOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE TJNITHD NATIONSRome, April 1968

PRBPILRATION OF TUIS SINOPSIS

This synopsis was prepared for presentation at the Symposium on the CSK Resultoto be held in Honolulu, 29 April - 2 May, 1968.

Distribution

AuthorFAO Department of FisheriesFAO Regional Fisheries OffioersRegional Fisheries Counoils and CommissioneParticipants of the Ronolulu Symposium onthe CSK Results

"Current Biblioraphy" entry

Than, Ah Kow (1968) 13-6M153FAO Fish.Synop., (31)pag.var.Synopsis of biologioal data on the Malayananchovy Stolephorus pseudoheterolobusllardenberg 1933

Taxonomy. Distribution. Life history.Population struoture. Exploitation.Manageme nt.

Do 11-169me.

n S Mala an u.nohoy j

1.21 Affinities1.22 Taxonomio statua1.23 Subspecies1.24 Standard common naines, vornaoulntr flamee 1*2

1.3 Morphology0

1.31 External morphology432 Cyto-morphology*

1.33 Protein speoifioity*

2 DISTRIBUTION 21

2.1 Total area

2.2 Differential distribution

2.21 Spawn, larvae and juveniles2.22 Adults

2.3 Determinants of distribution

2.4 Hybridization*

CONTENTS

3,2 Pro-adult phase 1

3.21 Embryonic Dhaso 1

3.22 Larval phase 1

3.23 Adolesoent phase 1

303 Adult phase

3.31 Longevity3.32 Hardiness 3*23.33 Competitors 23.34 Predators 23.35 Parasites, diseases, injuries, ad abnormalities4

3 BIONOMICS

3.1

AND LIFE HISTORY

Reproduotion

3t1

i

i

1

1

I

3.113.123.133.143.153.163.17

SexualityMaturityMatingFertilisationGonadsSpawningSpawn

Pe no.1 IDENTITY 11

1.1 Nornonclature

1,11 Valid names

1.2 Taxonom

ii FRm/537 Malayan anchovy

Page no.

3.4 Nutrition and growth 3*2

3.41 Feeding*

3.42 Food 2

3.43 Grow-th rate 23,44 Metabolism

3,5 Behaviour 2

3.51 Migrations and local movements 23.52 Schooling 23.53 Responses to stimuli 2

4 POPULATION 4*1

4.1 Struoture i

4.11 Sex ratio4.12 Age composition4.13 Size composition

4.2 Abundance and density of population

4.21 Average abutithince*4.22 Changes in abundance4.23 Average density*4.24 Changes in density*

4.3 Natality and recruitment*

4.31 Reproduction rates*4.32 Factors affecting reproduoticn4,33 Recruitmeni

4.4 Mortality and morbidity*

4,41 Mortality rates*4.42 Faotors oau*ing or affecting mortality*4.43 Factors affecting morbidity*4.44 Relation of morbidity to mortality rates*

4.5 Dyriamios of population (as a whole)*

4.6 The population in the community and the ecosystem

5 EXPLOITATION 5*1

5.1 Fishing equipment

5.11 Gears5.12 Boats

5.2 Fishing areas

5.21 General geographic distribution i

5.22 Geographic ranges*5.23 Depth ranges i

5.24 Conditions of the grounds i

1.21 Affinities1.22 Taxonomie status1.23 Subspecies1.24 Standard common names, vernaoular names 1s2

1.3 Norpholo

1.31 External morphologytm1 . 32 Cytomorphologytm1.33 Protein speoifioity*

2 DISTRIBUTION 2*1

2.1 Total area

2,2 Differential distribution

2.21 Spawn, larvae and juvenhlea2,22 Adulta

2.3 Determinants of distribution

2.4 Hybriclization*

3 ]3IONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY 3t1

3.1 Reproduction i

3.11 Sexuality3,12 Maturity 1

3.13 Mating3.14 Fertilisation 1

3.15 Gonads 1

3.16 Spawning 1

3.17 Spawn i

3.2 Pre-adult phase

3.21 Embryonic phase3.22 Larval phame3.23 Adolescent phase

3.3 Adult phase

3.31 Longevity 1

3.32 Hardiness 3t23.33 Competitors 2

3.34 Predators 2

3.35 Parasites, dieaes, injuries, and abnormalitiestm

CONTENTS

ala an anohov i

Page no.

i IDENTITY lsl

1,1 Nornonolature

1.11 Valid names

1.2 Taxonomy i

ala an anohovy iii

Page no.

5.3 Fishing seasons 5i1

5.31 General pattern of season ()55.32 Dates of beginning, peak and end of season5.33 Variations in date or duration of season4

5.4 Fishin o orations and results i

5.41 Effort and intensity45.42 Selootivity*5.43 Catches4

6 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 6,1

6,1 Regulatory (isgislatíve) measures

6.11 Limitation or reduotion of total oatoh6,12 Protection of portions of population 1

7 POND FISH CULTURE

8 REFERENCES 8,1

* As no information was available to the author these items have been omitted fromthe text.

/S37 Malnyon anchov-y 1:1

1 IDENTITY

1. 1 Nomenclature

1.11. Valid names

Stolephorus pseudoheterolobus llardenberg 1933

This species was first described byHardenberg (1933).

1.2 Taxonomy

1.21 Affinities

- Suprageneric

Phylum VertebrataSubphylum CraniataSeries PiscesClass TeleostomiSubclass ActinopterygiiOrder ClupeiformeeFamily Engraulidae

- Generic

Genus Stolephorus Lacphde 1803

Elongate; scales thin, very deciduous, notmore than 7 prominent spined scutes betweenpectorals and ventrals. Snout prominent.Naxillary may be produced as far as gill opening.Dorsal, generally without small predorsal spine,situated totally or partly before anal, which isshort (16-23 rays) and goes 4.5-7.5 times inlength. Upper pectoral ray not produced. Teethon jaws, vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue.Eleven to 13 branchiostegal rays. Caudal peduncleat least twice as long as high at its end. A

silvery band along the sides. Gregarious plank-

tonic marine fishes of small size, translucentwhen alive.

- Specific

Stolephorus pseudoheterolobusHardenberg 1933 (Fig. 1)

D.14-15; A. 16-18; P. 13-14; V. 7; L.l. 38;L,tr.9. Head 3.8-4.2, height 5.6-6.2 in length.Eye 3.5-4.0 ín head. Snout somewhat shorter thaneye. Maxillary reaches to somewhat behind man-dibulary joint, dilated posteriorly, pointed.Distance tip of snout-back end of maxillary4.4-4.7 in length. Origin of dorsal in the midst(or somewhat behind it) between tip of snoutand first rays of caudal. Ventrals insertedbefore dorsal, in the middle between origin ofanal and root of pectorals. Distance origin ofanal-root of caudal equal to the distance originof anal-root of pectorals or gill opening. Anal5.8-6.2 in length, about as long as lower jaw,its origin behind dorsal. Ventrals two-thirdsof pectorals, which are about as long as post-

orbital part of head. Gill takers 23-25, 4-6abdominal scutes, the last one remote fromventrale. A silvery band on both sides and ablack spot on occiput. There are 3 or 4 enlargedand curved serrations on ventral edge of maxillarywhich distinguish it from other species.

1.22 Tax000mic status

Key to the species of Stolephorus

Maxillary extending to gill opening. . 2

Maxillary extending to mandibularypoint 5

A double pigment line on back 3

No pigment lines on back. . S. insulariPigment lines from head to caudal (twobroad ones from head to dorsal and twonarrow ones from dorsal to caudal)

S tri

Pigment lines different 4Two broad pigment lines from head todorsal S rommersoniTwo narrow pigment lines from dorsal tocaudal S baganensisEnd of maxillary pointed 6

End of maxillary rounded, truncated. . 8

Origin of anal below about middle ofdorsal S indicus

Origin of anal below or behind last 3rays of dorsal 7

Height 6.0-6.2 in length; 3-4 curvedenlarged serrations on ventral edge ofmaxillary S pseudoheterolobusHeight 5.1-5.6 in length; no curvedenlarged serrations on ventral edge ofmaxillary S heterolobusAbdominal spines present. .S. zollingeriMo abdominal spines S celebicus

1.23 Subspecies

Delsman (1931) in his studies on the fisheggs and larvae from the Java Sea found twotypes of eggs which he thought could be as-cribed to this species. Both ware oval shapedand without knobs or oil globules, but one wasslightly longer than the other. The larvaehatched out from the shorter eggs had 27-28prae-anal myotomes whilst those from the longereggs had 28-30. The two types of larvae had avery characteristic feature in common whichdistinguished them from the larvae of all theother elongated Stolephorus eggs. The terminalportion of the gut does not extend to theborder of the lower unpaired fin fold as in thecase of nearly all other fish larvae. The ventis situated either on the left or on the rightside of the fin fold, close beneath the infer-ior border of the myotomes. He had the im-pression that the longer variety could be themore oceanic of the two.

1.24 S Landard common names,

vernacular names

English name:Chinese name (Hokkien):Chinese name (Cantonese):Chinese naine (Teochew):Ilalay name:

Indonesian name:

Matayan anchovyKang HuKong YueOh JiauIkan BilisIkan Tri

1:2 FRjn/S37 Malayan anchovy

yRmL31 Malayan anphovy 1

Figire la. 3to1ehoruI3 psewioheterolobus Haxdenberg.

L

Figure lb. ìIaxillary bone of S. pseudoheterolobus withcharaoterietic enlarged curved aerrations.

I(L)

2.1 Total area

According to Hardenherg (1934),S. pseuclohoterolohus is found, in tho Rhio-.LinggArohipologo, Java and Celobes., Thais (1965)has found J. in Singapore, south and eastcoast of Johore (Malaysia).

2.2 Differential, distribution

2.21 Spawn, larvao noci juveniles

Spawxu Delsman (1931) found the plank-tonic eggs of this species in the whole of theJava Sea throughout the year. Tham (1965) hasaleo found. the eggs of this species inSingapore Straits occasionally but in verysmall numbers. The large specimens of thisspecies caught in Singapore Straits are foundby him to be mature. They probably d.c notspawn in Singapore Straits becauso thesalinity is not sufficiently high, sinceaccording to Hardenberg (1934) this species isfound. in the Java Sea further out to sea..The presence of this fish in Singapore Straitssay be clue to the fact that they are carriedin by tho monsoon currents or they have movedin to feed on the plankton, since Thus (1953)found. a definite correlation between thequantity of the catch of this species and thequantity of plankton in Singapore Straits.

Larvae: The larvae are found. in the saineareas as the eggs.

Juveniles: The juveniles may be caughtin large quantities along the south and.south-east coast of Malaysia, Singapore Straitsand the Rhio-Lingga A.rohipelago,

The adults are caught in large quantitiesalong the east coast of West Malaysia, JohoreStraits, Singapore Straits, the Hhio-Lingga

a ohipelago, Barika and Java Sea, They arealways found in a maturing or aaturs conditioflIn Singapore Straits Tham (1953) found adefinita seasonal variation. They aro caughtin saximum quantities durïng February-March-April-May and Auguet-September-October.

2.3 Determinants of distribution

From the temperature and calinity datacollected by Thais (1953) during 1948 and 1949,temperature and salinity, within the limitsobserved, did not appear to have any effect onthe availability of S. peeudoheterolobus.However, with exceptionally hevy and continuedrainfall the hoa1 appear to move away fromthe coast, so that it would. appear that theincreased. turbidity and. lower salinity arcadverse environmental factors. The range oftemperature observed in Singaporo Straits Is

from 27.0°C to 30,5°C. The limits of temp-erature tolerance muy thuc be assumed to benot fur below 27°C and. not euch above 31°C.In the absenioe of heavy continued rainfall,Them 1955) observed that high wind.forceunder certain circumstances fuvLured theaggregation of S. rueudoheterolobue inSingapore Straits. There is no doubt thatthis species us well as the other species ofStolephorus found. in Singapore Straite areattracted by light, since fixed traps whichdu not use light to attract fish do not catchStolephorus in large quantities. Their food,which consists almost entirely of plan.ktonicorganisms, may be a factor which restrictatheir abundance to coastal waters, since in theseas around Malaysia and Singapore th planktonis most abundant along the coastal area and issparse in the open sea.

FRn/537 Ma1ran anohov

2 DISTRIBUTION 2.22 Adults

IN DIAN OCEAN

F A AREA OF OCCURRENCE]

Figure 2 Distribution of S. pseudoheterolobus.

FRm S Mal.,, an anohoy

VI Nalayan pçhovy

BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY

3. 1 Reproduction

3. 11 Sexuality

Stolephorue psoudoho-terolobus isheterosexual. There Ire no known observableexternal characters for distinguishing malesfrom females. There are no reports of anyobserved. caces of herniaphroditism or state 01'inter-sexuality in this speolos.

3.12 Maturity

According to Thais (1965) S. psoudo-heterolobuo matures at about 50 mm standardlength. This observation is based on maturitystudios of over 10,000 specimens.

3.13 Mating

Spawning is believed, to be carried, out inschools since both mature malos and femalesare caught by the millions in Singapore Straitsduring certain seasons.

3.14 Fertilisation

Fertilisation is believed, to be externaland both the ova and sperms are shod freelyinto the water, as there are no intromittentorgans in the males,

3.15 Gonads

According -to Tham (1965) the gonads beginto be visible to the naked eye at a standardlength of 35-40 mm, The ovaries are full witheggs visible to the naked eyo at a standardlength of 50 mm or above,

Fecundity, In a single specimen of afemale of 62 mm standard length a total of1,500 eggs were counted. This indicates thatthe number of eggs in a single mature femaleis of the order of 1,000 to 2,000.

3,16 Spawning

From Delamuri's (1931) data on occurrenceof eggs in the plankton and from Tham's (19660)length-frequency studies of this species, itappears to spawn throughout the year atintervals of slightly over a month or about 2months. It may be that some of these spawningperiods are much more intensive than others.According to Delsman (1931) the spawning maytake placo fairly far out at sea, Thais (1953)found very few Stolephorus eggs in SingaporeStraits in his study of the plankton.

3.17 Spawn

According to Deisrean (19)1) the eggs ofS, psoudohetorolobue are oval in shape withouta knob or oil globule. There are two sizes of

3z1

eggs, (a) length 0.98-1.14 inni; breadth 0.51-0.55 mm (ò) length 1.10-1.22 mm; breadth0.53-0.57 mm. The ovum is transparent and. non-adhesive,

3.2 Pro-adult phase

3.21 Embryonio phase

Dslsman (1931) was of the opinion that theeggs of this species as well as other speolesof Stolephorus hatohd out about 24 hours afterfertilisation so that embryonic development iscompleted within this períod.

After 12

After 36

3.22 Larval phase

Development in the larval phase (afterDelsman 1931)

On hatching, length of 3.33 mier yolk saofrom head to three-quarters oflength of fish; mouth not yetopen; no paired fins; no bran-chia], skeleton.

hours, length of 5.22 men yolksac quarter of length of fish,partly absorbed.

hours, length of 5.45 mmi yolksao aboorbed south andbranchial skeleton forming;pigment spots formed alonglength of fish; caudal marked.off in primordial fold.

No data are available for larvae after36 hours.

3.23 Adolescent phase

Delsinan (1931) observed that in specimensof species of Stolephorus of 25.5 mm totallength all the fins including the ventrale hadbeen formed. At 1h erra total length all theother fins had been formed, whilst the ventrall'inc wore growing rapidly. He designated thehtolephorua cpecirneno of 18 mm or more totallength am 'young fish'. Thain (1965) observedthat young specimens of S. pseudoheterolobusof 15 mm standard length in Singapore Straitscould be distinguished from the young of otherspecies in that their maxillary had the last3 or 4 serrations enlarged and curved.

3.3 Adult phase

3.31 Longevity

Nothing is known of the longevity of thisspecies. Hardenberg (1934) stated that thelength of the largest epsoimen 01' this speciesis 100 mm total length or about 83 mm standardlength. According to the growth equation givenunder 3.43 the age of a fish of this lengthcould bo about 1 year 3 months. But the

3t2

majority of' the specimens of this speciescaught in Singapore Straits hove never reached,this length, the largest specimen being onlyabout 80 mm otanlord length.

3.32 Hardiness

In Singapore Straits this pecioe is foundin salinities ranging from 26 0/00 to 32 0/00and the water temperature ranges from 27°C to30.5°C. According to Hardenborg (1934) theyare never found in water of lese than 17 °/osalinity. Most of thes ríe immediately afterthey are lifted out of the water. Among fishfound in Singspore Straits this species is theleast hardy.

3.33 Competitors

Tham (1950) found that this species feedson the same planktonic organisms as a host ofother species found in Singapore Straits. Itcan therefore be expected that it has manyoompotitors in Singapore Straits.

3,34 Predators

This species forme the food of many speciesof predacious fish in Singapore Straits, themost important of which are Scoinberoinorusguttatus, Scomberornoruo liricolatus,Scomberomorua coininerconi, Chirocentrua dorab,Engraulia app., Saurida (çraciliu, Sphyraenaapp., oarangìda, Trichiurus app., Gazza minuta,eoiaenids, Therapon spp.(' ham, 1950).

3.4 Rutrition and. growth

3.42 Food

In Singa13ore Straito this species has beenobserved to feed heavily cii calonid, copepodsand also Leptochela ap. to a slightly lesserextent, Plankton diatoms aleo form a fairlylarge proportion of Its diet. Those over 50 mmstandard len,th have been observed to feed, onpolychaetes, pteropods, lamellibranch larvae,mysids, squillo larvae, Lucifer ap., otherdecapol larvae as well as gastropod. larvae,ostracods, cyprin larvae, harpacticids,arnphipods, cumacoans and Acetes app. InSingapore Straits their stoaacha are neverempty. From December to the followingFebruary they have been observed to feed. veryheavily. From April to July their stomachsare moderately full. Feeding appears to beslight from August to November (Tham, 19,0).

FJÙn/537 Mala.yan anchovy

3.43 Growth rute

Thai, (1966b) studied the growth of severalopeoies of Stolophorue, including S.pseudoheterolobua, in Singapore Straits and.suggested that the growth of S.pseudoheterolobus could be represented. by theequation

1 89(1et

where lt stand0rd length (mm) at time t

t age of fish in days.

The catabolic growth coefficient K io 0.0057for one day and the asymptotic standard lengthis 89 mm. According to this equation, at thestandard length of first maturity (50 mm) theage of this species should be about 125 days ora little over 4 months, This gives an averagegrowth rate of about 12 mm per month.

3.5 Behaviour

3.51 Migrations and local movements

}iardenberg (1934) observed. this speciesmigrating from Banka to the Liagga Archipelagoand thon further north to the Miau Archipelagofrom February to October, but he was not surewhether there was a reverse migration. Nothingis known about the migration of thie species inSingapore Siraits.

3.52 Schooling

It is not known whether or not this speciesexhibits schooling behaViour but thia specieshas been observed to aggregate in huge shoalsin Singapore Straits and east coast of WestMalaysia.

3.53 Responses to stimuli

It is well known that this species can beinduced. to aggregate by means of light, sincein Singapore Straits this forms the main basisof the kelong method of fishing whioh catchesmainly Stolephorus app. and, in partioular.pseudohaterolobus. Thom (1953) ha also shownthat, provided the physical and chemical envir-onmental conditions are favourable, thisspecies appears to aggregate in SingaporeStraits to feed..

...0.0057 (t+16))

4,11 Sex ratio

Praotioally no work has been published onthis aspeot. In One sample of 100 saturo fish,Than, (unpubliehed) found 62 malos to 38 females.

4.12 Age composition and sizecomposition

35 mm standard length aro eeldcm found in thecatoh. Thie species appears to enter thecommoroial catch at a standard length of about15 mm.

The weightlength relationship for thisspecies was determined by Than, (1966e) and muybe expressed as

w - 0.003717 L3'594

where W weight of the fieh in grame

an1 L - standard length of fish in orn.

From the catch data collected by Thus(1953), there is a definite chando in theabundance of this apeciee during the differentmonths of the yeni' in Singapore Straits. ThisepeCies is much more abundant from February toMay and from Auust to October. Hardenberg(1934) also noted that thi species wasabundant from October to Jebruary the followingyear around Banka, from February to August

abundant. It as believed that they are broughtinto the proximity of Singapore Straits by thenorthcast rnonnoon current from the South ChinaSea from December to April the following yearand by the southwest monsoon current from theJava Sea from Juno to October.

Salinity range: 17 /oo to 3P /ooO

27.0°C to 30.5°cTemperature rangeTrophic habitat: coastal areasBreeding habitat: surface waters over

deep areas

FRm/S37 Malay an anohovy4:1

4 POPULATION 4.2 Abundance andof population

4,1 Structure 4.22 Changes in abundance

According to the study of length around Lingga Archipelago and from April tofrequencies carried out by Than, (1966a), the October around Rhio Archipelago.structure of the population in Singapore Straitschanges from month to month. Throughout the 4.6 The population in the community andyear one may find fish of any length between the ecosystem35 mm standard length to 60 mm standard length,There may be one or more modos, with a maximum From the observations made by Tham (1953),of 4 modes in any one sample. Those modes S. pueudoheterolobuo appears to be a key speciesshift from month to month, During the months in tho fIsh population ìn Singapore Straits whichof December to May the following year a large is a feeding ground for thie species. Whennumber of juveniles ranging from 20 mm to plankton io abundant, this species se abundant35 mm in length aro caught together with larger also. When this epecios io abundans,fish, From August to November fish of loss than Scombcromoru app. which prey on it is also

Ma.t s an Ltnchov

5 EXPLOITATION

5.1 Fishing ec1uipment

5.11 Oears

Ir, general, this species muy be caught ininshore gears such as the fixed trape, bouohseines and push nets. The most important ofthe fixed traps for catching this species inSinguporo waters and the south and south-eastcoasts of West Malaysia is tho koloruj whichuses a light to attract the fish into the trap.It may aleo be caught by fixed filter nets suohas the ambai and jermal. Along the east coastof West Malaysia the lighted purse seinem arealso used for catching this species.

5.12 Boats

The fishing boats used include rowboatsas well as powered boats.

5.2 Fishing areas

5,21 General geographic distribution

?000rding to Hardenberg (1934) this speciesis found mainly in the lthio-Lingga Archipelago.It is aleo found at Tjarita, Batas and Bataviain Java, at Muntok in Sumatra, in Macasear,Menado and Amboina in Celabes. It is veryabundant in Singapore and along the south andsouth-east coasts of West Malaysia.

5.23 Depth rangen

This species is generally regarded as asurface fish, although the fact that it feedsheavily on Leptochela sp. indicates that itdces venture down to somewhat below 5 fathomsalong the coast of Singapore where thie foodorganism is found.

5.24 Conditions of the grounds

Mud, sand or mud-sand mixture.

5.3 Fishinìg seasons

In Singapore Straits and Johore Straitsfishing for this species is carried out through-out the yoar. Along the south-east coast ofWest Malaysia fishing for this species iscarried out from Î'Iarch to November.

5.4 Fishinr o.erations and results

No data on landings of S. pseudoheterolobusare available, tho landings of mixed 3.oseudoheterolobus, S. nsularie, S. indica andS. heterolobus of three kelongs in SingaporeStraits throughout the year for 1948 and 1949are available. Roughly speaking, S.pseudoheterolobus makes up about 80% of thetotal Stolephorus catch. The catch of allspecies of Stole horus in Singapore Straitsduring the two years Tham 1953) are as fo11ows

Best months 1178-1738 kg per gear per month276-435 kg per man per month

Worst month: 198-231 kg per gear per month50-58 kg per man per month

FRm/S37 Malaan anchovy

6 PROTECTION AND MANkGE!NT

6,1 Regulatory (legislative) measures

6.11 Limitation or reduotion oftotal catch

No regulatory measures of any kind areenforced. in Malaysian waters. In Singaporewaters no new kelongs have been lloensed einoe1954 as it was found that an inorease in thenumber of euoh gears in Singapore waters leadsto decrease in the oath per sear.

6.12 Protection of portions ofpopulation

There are no closed axeas or closedseasons which are enforced. by law in Singaporeor Malaysian waters. There is aleo no limi-tation in size or efficiency cf gears or onmesh size of nets, because any gear whichcatches the adult of Stolephorus will aleocatch the young of other species of fishwhich are caught by the same gear.

FRm/$37 Mala.yan anchovy 6s1

6 PIIOTgCTION AND AI&OENT

6.1 egulatory (legislative) measures

6.11 Limitation or reduotion oftotal catch

No regulatory measures of any kind areenforced in Malaysian waters. In Singaporevaters no new kelongs have been licensed inoe

1954 as it was found that an increase in thenumber of auch gears in Singapore waters leadsto decrease in the oatöh por soar.

6,12 Protection of portions ofpopulation

There arc no closed areas or closedseasons which are enforced by law in Singaporeor Malaysian waters. There is also no limi-tation in size or efficiency of gears or onmesh size of nets, because any gear whichcatches the adult of Stolephorus will almocatch the young of other species of fishwhich are caught by the sanie gear.

FRm/S37 Malayan anchovy 8:1

8 REFERENCES

Deisman, H. C. , Fish eggs and larvae from the Java Sea. 17. The genus Stolephorus. Treubia,1931 13:217-43.

Hardenberg, J.D.F., Natuurk.Tildschr.Ned.-lnd. ,93.1933

Some remarks on the genus Stolephorus Lacpde in the Indo-Australion1934 Archipelago. Treubia,14(3):313-75.

Lacpde, B.G.E. , Histoire naturelle des poissons. Paris, vol.5, p.381.1803

Thsm, Ah Kow, The food and feeding relationships of the fishes of Singapore Straits.1950 Fishery Publs.colon.Off.,1(1):35 p.

A preliminary study of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics1953 o Singapore Straits. Fishery Publs.colon.Off.,1(4):65 p.

» Response of Stolephorus pseudoheterolobus Hardenberg to environmental factors.1955 Papers presented at the International Technical Conference on the Conservation

of the Living Resources of the Sea, Rome, 18 April-10 May, 1955. United NationsPubl. No. 1956:II.B.l.

Notes on the biology of the anchovy, Stolephorus pseudoheterolobus Hardenberg.1965 ]3u11.natn.Mus.St.Singapora,33(4):23-6.

» A preliminary study of the growth rate of Stolephorus pseudoheterolobus Hardenberg.1966a Malay.agric.J. ,45(3):258-67

A contribution to the study of the growth of members of the genus Stolephorus.1966b Proc.Indo-Pacif.Fish.Coun.,l2

» A contribution to the biology of Ikan Bilis, Stolephorus pseudoheterolobus1966c }Iardenberg. Bull.natn.Mus.St.Singapore,33