thames vision - urban strategies€¦ · the thames vision is the first project of its kind: a...

2035

Thames Vision

Consultation on goals and priority actions

December 2015

1. Developing the Vision for the Thames

Introduction

The Thames Vision is the first project of its kind: a 20-year frameworkfor the busiest tidal river in the UK, running 95 miles through Londonto the North Sea. A river that is as iconic as the global city it runsthrough. The Vision has been developed by the Port of LondonAuthority (PLA), and is a product of considerable participation from awide cross-section of Thames stakeholders, including the public (seeAnnex). We are very grateful for their continuing input.

The Vision is that the Thames plays an increasing part in thesustainable development of this growing world city, the counties ofEssex and Kent and the wider UK. London is recognised as one ofthe two top cities globally (with New York)1, strongly linked to itsquality of life. The Thames is the reason London came into beingwhere it is, and the river continues to be at the centre of the capital’slife, economy and imagination.

The Vision considers all Thames uses together: trade, travel, leisureand pleasure. It sets growing river use in its context as a great naturalasset, which must be conserved and improved – in terms of its waterquality, wildlife and attractiveness as open space.

This consultation document is an important milestone in the Vision’sdevelopment. It sets out what we have learnt so far, the scope forgrowth in all types of river use and a proposed set of goals andactions to deliver it. Its purpose is to stimulate discussion as wedevelop the Thames Vision for consultation in Spring 2016.

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port of london authority: thames vision 2035

Contents

1. Developing the Vision forthe Thames page 1

2. Thames Vision 2035:emerging goals and priorityactions page 6

Summary of emerging goals and priority actionspage 7

2.1 Port of London – Moretrade, more jobs page 8

2.2 Inland freight – More goodsoff roads onto the river page 12

2.3 Passenger transport – More journeys page 15

2.4 Sport and recreation – Moreparticipants page 17

2.5 Environment and heritage –Improved tidal Thamesenvironment page 19

2.6 Community and culture –More people coming toenjoy the Thames and itsbanks page 22

3. Next stepspage 25

Annex: organisations whocontributed to the Vision page 26

Referencespage 28

public meetings – in Putney, the Southbank andOrsett in Essex – held in May and June,attracted over 200 participants. A summary ofthe responses is published atwww.pla.co.uk/About-Us/The-Thames-Vision/Evidence-Base.

The responses overwhelmingly welcomed the

creation of a Vision for the Thames, recognisingthe multiple uses of the river. This is depicted inthe ‘word cloud’ below in the language used inHave Your Say, 2015 in reply to the question“What do you value most about the tidal RiverThames?”:

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Context

The Thames Vision comes at a time of Londongrowing ever bigger. The capital is expected togrow, on current projections, from today’s 8.6million to 10 million people by 2035, and to 11million people by 2050. The Mayor’s ‘City in theEast’2 has set out how that demand could bemet. It envisions that the majority of the 200,000homes to be delivered will lie along the RiverThames, from London Bridge to the Isle of Dogsand Greenwich Peninsula. These opportunitiesfor such significant new housing, as well ascommercial space, infrastructure and otherdevelopment, frame how the Thames and itsbanks will develop over the next two decades.Accordingly, it is essential that the Thamesresponds to the needs of growing London andthe wider South East. The growing city will needincreasing volumes of goods and wastetransported.

A second significant context for the ThamesVision is the Thames Tideway Tunnel project.This is the biggest single investment in waterand sewerage infrastructure in London sinceBazalgette’s Victorian scheme created theLondon embankments in the nineteenth century.Like the Victorian scheme, the £4 billion ThamesTideway Tunnel will have a transformative effecton the cleanliness of the river. With the tunnel inoperation, the Thames will be the cleanest it hasbeen since the Industrial Revolution. At the sametime, the river will provide the artery fortransporting up to eight million tonnes of spoiland material for this project. This is a veryvisible demonstration of the strategic importanceof the tidal Thames insupportinginfrastructure. Part ofthe development of theVision has focussed onthe new opportunitiesthat this could create inthe 2020s and 2030s.In short, how can weget the most benefitfrom a cleaner river?

A third context is climate change; in particularflood risk through London and the ThamesEstuary. Environment Agency data shows thatsea level rise is tracking below the low trajectoryin the Thames Estuary 2100 work on flood riskmanagement. Consequently a decision will notneed to be taken on any Thames Barrierreplacement before 2035. The existing ThamesBarrier will continue to provide protection fromflooding and rainfall in the non-tidal Thamescatchment for London throughout the period ofthis Vision.

Fourth, and an underlying assumptionthroughout this Vision document, is that growingriver use has to be achieved with at least currenthigh levels of safety. The PLA, Maritime andCoastguard Agency (MCA), RNLI and Policework together to provide services to maintainand improve river safety. These include workingwith operators to raise safety issues, providingimproved safety guidance, promoting continuousimprovement in vessel standards andencouraging improved reporting of incidents tothe PLA and MCA, including ‘near miss’reporting. Interpretation of this data has alreadyassisted in identifying new safety initiatives,including improving the collective response toriver incidents. There has been a significantdecrease in serious or very serious incidents3 onthe tidal Thames in recent years.

The process so far

The Thames Vision is led by the PLA, based on acollaborative approach, for a shared Vision forthe Thames. The project was launched on 25

March 2015, whenthe public and usersof the River Thameswere invited to ‘HaveYour Say’ on itsfuture. There were226 responses to theinitial ‘call forevidence’, nearly halfof which were fromthe public. Three

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Word cloud: Most used words in response to the question: “What do you value most about the Thames?”

value of maritime and port operations on theThames.

• River Thames public amenity, carried out byOxford Economics, 2015: this estimates theamenity value of the tidal Thames, consideringtourism benefits, sport and health implicationsand the value of living near the River Thames.

• River capacity in central London, carried out byMarico Marine, 2015: this identifies howcapacity in central London could be optimisedto support the growth of vessel traffic. The executive summary will be published inearly 2016.

• Forecast growth in port trade, carried out byStamford, 2015: a combination of econometricand market intelligence was used to deriveforecasts for cargo handled in the Port of

London to 2035. A summary of the report,including the assumptions used, is on theVision section of the website: because ofcommercial confidentiality, the full report is notbeing published.

Next steps in the process

This consultation is the next phase of theThames Vision Project. We are seeking yourviews on the emerging goals and priority actions,as we develop the Thames Vision forconsultation in Spring 2016. The actions are for arange of stakeholders: some are for the PLA;many are for other organisations to lead orparticipate in delivering over the next twodecades. We thank everyone who hascontributed so far.

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The most recurrent themes in the responseswere: the protection or improvement of thenatural environment; more commercial activitieson the river; improved water quality; increasedleisure and recreational opportunities; and riveraccess. Overall, the most compelling singlemessage was that people wanted to see moreuse of the river.

Following the initial ‘call for evidence’, we heldroundtable discussions in September andOctober covering the breadth of current uses for the Thames:

• Port and infrastructure;• Inland freight; • Passenger transport;• Sport and recreation;• Houseboats;

• Environment and heritage; and• Culture and community

Over 75 organisations were involved, exploringthe potential for, and barriers to growth, and thepriorities for achieving that growth in the next 20 years.

Alongside this engagement, the PLAcommissioned four external studies (in one case in partnership with Transport for London) to provide a strong evidence base for theThames Vision.

The studies, copies of which are being madeavailable on the Vision section of the PLAwebsite, were on:

• River Thames economic prosperity, carried outby SQW, 2015: this estimates the economic

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Thames Vision Opportunity Map to 2035 (a large version of this map is at the back of this publication)

Comments among the Have Your Say responses included:“It is the commercial river,

exporting and importing goodsfor 9 million people in Londonand 25 million people in the

South East.”

“The fact that it functions both as an internallyimportant commercial waterway, and an

internationally important place for wildlife.With wise stewardship, these functions areentirely compatible. A habitat for wildlife,

both within the water and on the river banks.A place where people can relax and enjoy a

connection to the environment”.

“A route through theheart of the City with allpassenger boats andsmaller commercial

craft. And in myopinion, the best way to

view the City.”

“The Thames is the jewel in London’s crown.For centuries, the historic gateway between

Britain and the world, and the setting fornational celebrations from Tudor ice fairs tothe 2012 Torch relay. It continues to have

enormous potential to contribute to the healthand wellbeing of its users, the city, its

inhabitants and visitors”.

“The upper river is theleisure river with pleasurecraft and rowing, lovelywalks along the banks.”

2. Thames Vision 2035: emerginggoals and priority actions

What is emerging is huge potential for all typesof river use to grow further over the next 20years, in a safe and sustainable way. By 2035we can see greater use of the Thames in allaspects: from port trade to passenger transport,sport and recreation to cultural enjoyment.

Achieving this will require long-term thinking andstrong partnerships across public, private andvoluntary sectors. The more that river and widerstakeholders unite behind common goals, themore likely we are to realise our collectiveambitions for the Thames.

The emerging goals are:

• The busiest ever Port of London, handling 60 –80 million tonnes of cargo each year, on thedoorstep of Europe’s biggest metropolitanconsumer market

• More goods and materials moved betweenwharves on the river – every year sustainingthe record level of 5.5 million tonnes carried bywater in 2014 – taking 550,000 lorry trips offthe region’s roads

• Double the number of people travelling by river– reaching 20 million commuter and touristtrips every year

• Greater participation in sport and recreation onthe water

• The cleanest Thames since the IndustrialRevolution, with improved habitats in the waterand on adjoining land

• A riverside which is a magnet for ramblers,historians, artists and others, whether livingnearby, on the river or travelling from furtherafield

These goals apply to the whole length of theriver. At the same time, we have to be realisticand recognise that growth in every aspect ofriver use is not always possible at the same timein the same place. Our experience and researchshows that some parts of the river in centralLondon are already at capacity in terms of

numbers of vessels at some peak times in theSummer. Increasing river traffic in these areas ispossible, but requires effective leadership fromthe PLA, with input from stakeholders. In somecases this means looking at ways to improve theefficiency of how the river is used. We also haveto recognise that some river uses are simply notcompatible in the same stretch of water at thesame time.

Alongside developing goals, we have alsolooked at where these goals can best be realisedon the length of the tidal river from Teddington tothe North Sea. The new ‘opportunity map’ (seelarge fold out map held in back cover) for thetidal Thames summarises current and potentialriver uses and infrastructure. These newopportunity zones, for example for more watersports and new residential moorings, set outclearly where we think the best areas are forgrowth, taking account of other uses of the river.The zones should encourage investment andinterest in new river activity.

We set out in more detail over the next pages thenature of the goals, and the priority actions todeliver them. We also set out how workingtogether over the next two decades we can turnVision into reality.

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Thames Vision 2035:Planning for the Thames’ future: making the most of its potential for the benefit of all

- Sustained private sector investment - Continued improvements to the main navigation channels- Lower Thames crossing downstream of Tilbury, by 2025- Widening of A13, by the end of 2018- Electrification of the Barking to Gospel Oak line, by Summer 2017- At least three Thames crossings east of Tower Bridge, that allow

continuation of river trade; the first by 2022- Closure of level crossings affecting operational terminals, by 2020

- Establish the Thames as the default choice for transport of wasteand construction materials; and increasingly containerised goods

- Protect and reactivate safeguarded wharves with at least Peruvian,Orchard and Hurlingham wharves brought into operation over thenext decade

- Work with Transport for London and the Greater London Authorityto extend the River Concordat to promote freight movements bywater

- Establish a Thames Skills Academy by Autumn 2016, to provide asustainable model for skills development on the Thames

- Make more efficient use of piers and river space, including newtimetabling to manage peaks in traffic

- Encourage more use at current low peak times- Long-term pier strategy, going beyond the existing River Action

Plan: new piers at Thamesmead, Erith, Greenhithe, Swanscombe,Grays and Tilbury by 2025

- Sport opportunity zones from Kew Bridge to Richmond, PutneyBridge to Chelsea, and east of Greenwich

- Establish and work towards a target for sport participation on theThames

- More visitor moorings in appropriate locations on a busier river

- Tideway to build and bring into operation the Thames TidewayTunnel by 2023

- Water quality improves to ‘good’- Joined-up Thames Path running from Teddington to the sea- Improve biodiversity of nature reserves: wherever practicable, all

Sites of Special Scientific Interest along the river brought into‘favourable’ condition

- New residential moorings in appropriate locations on a busier river - Ensure that houseboats are moored appropriately and find

innovative solutions to reduce the impact of wash- Explore development of a Thames brand for culture, heritage and

quality of life, including support for Totally Thames

Port of London: More trade, morejobsThe busiest ever Port of London,handling 60 – 80 million tonnes ofcargo each year, on the doorstep ofEurope’s biggest metropolitanconsumer market

Inland freight: More goods offroads onto the riverMore goods and materials movedbetween wharves on the river – everyyear sustaining the record level of 5.5million tonnes carried by water in 2014– taking 550,000 lorry trips off theregion’s roads

Passenger transport: MorejourneysDouble the number of peopletravelling by river – reaching 20 millioncommuter and tourist trips every year

Sport and recreation: MoreparticipantsGreater participation in sport andrecreation on the water

Environment and heritage:Improved tidal Thames environmentThe cleanest Thames since theIndustrial Revolution, with improvedhabitats in the water and on adjoining land

Community and culture: Morepeople coming to enjoy the Thamesand its banksA riverside which is a magnet forramblers, historians, artists andothers,whether living nearby, on theriver or travelling from further afield

Summary of emerging goals and priority actions

Forecast demand

The Port of London is on the doorstep ofEurope’s biggest metropolitan consumer market,with consumer spending in Greater Londonforecast to grow from £129 billion in 2014 to£199 billion in 2035. London alone accounts forapproximately 22.6% of UK GVA, and as part ofthe wider South East that figure increases to38%6. The Port of London is strategically placed to best serve this already huge andgrowing market.

The PLA commissioned Stamford ResearchGroup to undertake forecasts of trade until 2035.The forecasts are a combination of: (i) econometric forecasts (from estimates offuture traffic and economic activity in the UK,based on the relationship between traffic andeconomic activity) and (ii) market intelligence(from market research interviewing the portterminals). This market research was appliedand forecasts were produced for all types ofcargo handled in the Port of London, includingintra-port traffic.

Forecasts for unitised trade, petroleum,aggregates/cement, other cargoes, total intra-port and inter-port traffic are shown on page 11,

for three scenarios (high, central and low). Theassumptions behind these forecasts arepublished on the PLA’s website7.

Stamford Research Group forecasts that totalinter-port trade will increase to between 56 and93 million tonnes in 2035, depending upon lowor high assumptions (see graph below). Forcomparison, the largest tonnage ever in the Portof London was 61.6 million tonnes in 1964.

Vision, 2035

We are setting the goal: the 20-year Vision cansee the busiest ever Port of London, handling60 – 80 million tonnes of cargo each year, onthe doorstep of Europe’s biggestmetropolitan consumer market.

What is needed to achieve this goal in a safeand sustainable way? This consultation isproposing the following priority actions:

• Sustained private sector investment.Growth will be driven primarily by the privatesector and, as shown in our research, £2.5billion of port investment is already happeningor planned over the next five years alone.Sustaining these levels of investment requiresa business-friendly framework of public policyand for the PLA, as statutory harbour authority,

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port of londonport of london

2.1 Port of London – More trade,more jobs

Today, 2015

The River Thames is home to the second biggestport in the UK, on the doorstep of London andthe South East, the biggest markets in the UK.With 96% of UK imports/exports by volumecoming in or leaving by sea, it is an essential partof the UK’s infrastructure4.

There are over 70 independently run terminalsand wharves along the tidal Thames fromWandsworth to the sea. The port handled 44.5million tonnes of goods and materials in 2014and provided employment for 43,000 people, ofwhom 27,000 were directly employed in portoperations. A further 16,000 jobs were in thesupply chains that support the port and otherindirect impacts. In total, the overall Gross ValueAdded of the Port of London in 2015 was £4billion5.

The port comprises a wide range of terminals,including:

• the multi-purpose Port of Tilbury handlingcontainerised, roll-on/roll-off and bulkcommodities

• the new London Gateway, a specialisedcontainer handling facility

• several oil storage terminals, including Vopak

• the Port of London is, by far, the mostimportant port – serving the most importantmarket – in the UK. Research by LondonAggregates Working Party (LAWP) notes thatover half of all the aggregates sold in Londonhad been handled at a wharf on the RiverThames. Numerous aggregates terminals arepivotal to the local construction industry,including Cemex, Tarmac and BrettAggregates, as well as to more localbusinesses, such as J Clubb.

• specialist terminals, including:

� Europe’s largest cane sugar refinery,Tate & Lyle at Silvertown, which importsraw sugar which they process into 30-40% of UK’s refined sugar

� Ford who import around 300,000vehicles and export 700,000 dieselengines each year, manufactured at thecentre of all of Ford UK logistics atDagenham

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0

2010

30405060708090

100

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44.5

64.6

HighCentralLow

75.882.7

92.7

59.967.7

72.779.0

Port of London Total Inter-port Cargo Forecast

49.351.3 53.1 55.9

Forecast total Port of London trade to 2035 8

locations have been proposed includingGallions Reach and Halfway Reach(Belvedere/Dagenham). From the port’sperspective, there is a pressing need for betterriver crossing infrastructure to enable transportof freight, and improve connectivity. Theseneed to be sited and designed so that theyallow the full range of river uses to continue,especially the passage of large sea-goingvessels. In this way we will enable both growthin port trade as well as growth in the transportof goods and people on the river.

• Closure of level crossings affectingoperational terminals, by 2020. Providingmore freight paths to port facilities. This will be24-hour free access, thus avoiding theattendant delays associated with railway levelcrossings, which will be very beneficial forcargo handling facilities.

Do you think these are the right goalsand priority actions for the next 20years? Are there others you would like tosee included instead?

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port of londonport of london

to support a commercially attractive port. Aspart of the development of this Vision, a ‘Port &Infrastructure’ group met, comprising some ofthe major terminal operators and key publicbodies. We plan to make this group into aregular forum, to focus on influencing publicspending decisions on major infrastructureprojects and, more generally, making the portas commercially attractive as it can be.

• Continued improvements to the mainnavigational channels. The wider ThamesEstuary contains the main approach channelsthat provide access to the River Thames andthe commercial port. This area is a verydynamic natural environment where sandbanks and shoals are constantly moving,dissolving and reforming. The PLA isresponsible for the conservancy of the tidalThames, which includes maintaining safe andopen access to the port, through ensuringnavigational channels are clear and deepenough to meet the future commercial needsof the port. We will ensure that we respond tochanging market demands on both capital andmaintenance dredging, whilst maintaining thehighest standards of environmental protection.

• Lower Thames crossing downstream ofTilbury, by 2025. There is a pressing case fora new lower Thames crossing. The consensusview from port operators is that the moststrategic option is downstream from Tilbury.The reasons for this are:

� reducing pressure on M25 and theexisting Dartford Crossings

� creating new routes linking A13 and A2

� the new logistics parks at LondonGateway and the Port of Tilbury

� freight traffic demands a long-term view

• Widening of A13, by the end of 2018.Increasing the capacity of the A13, especiallyat, and adjacent to, the M25 interchanges andDartford Crossings, will reduce congestion andpotential for knock-on effects. The currentarrangement is unsustainable, since incidentsquickly have consequences and introduceinward and outward delays for cargo handlingfacilities in the port. All port facilities in thearea would benefit from such an improvementin the local road infrastructure and its links tothe motorway network.

• Electrification of the Barking to GospelOak line, by Summer 2017. Electrificationand gauge enhancement scheme betweenThames Haven/Tilbury Docks and the MidlandMain Line via Barking and Gospel Oak ispositive.

• At least three further Thames crossings eastof Tower Bridge, that allow continuation ofriver trade; the first by 2022. Many assumethat crossings are exclusively bridges; butother types of crossings – tunnels and ferries –need to be considered too. The first proposednew crossing is the Silvertown Tunnel. Thishas potential to bring much needed relief to thecongested Blackwall Tunnel which was lastexpanded in 1967. It will bring significanteconomic benefits to both sides of the river.

• For the second and third crossings, various

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0

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Port of London Unitised Forecast

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Includes containers. ro/ro & import/export of vehicles

16.9

29.737.3

42.548.3

21.4 23.6 25.8

32.728.9

42.248.0

56.1

HighCentralLow

2

2

2

02468

101214

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Port of London Aggregates/Cement Forecast

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HighCentralLow

9.6

12.2 12.3 13.1

10.99.9

11.510.5

11.710.9

12.411.3

2

01234567

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Port of London Intra-port Traffic Forecast

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3.63.7 3.9 4.2

5.96.2

5.5 5.2 5.4 5.7

0

23456789

10

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Port of London Other Cargoes Forecast

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6.1

6.86.8

HighCentralLow

5.15.1

5.0 5.0

7.17.67.8

8.59.4

6.4

02468

101214161820

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Port of London Petroleum Forecast

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N.B. Central and low forecasts are the same

11.9 12.912.9 12.112.1

13.3 13.6 13.9 14.1

HighCentralLow

11.411.4

10.710.7

Port of London trade forecasts to 2035

Forecast demand

With strong demand for new development andthe resultant pressure on land in London, it ismore important than ever to bring into use theremaining wharves. These will serve the needsof the construction and other sectors, andprovide new opportunities to transport a widerrange of goods by river. Respondents to our‘call for evidence’ believe there is potential totransport more and a greater range of thesematerials and new goods by river over the next20 years.

As London grows to the east, there is potentialto transport more household and containerisedgoods by river too. This would reducecongestion, cut carbon emissions and improveroad safety, especially for cyclists. With thelarge concentration of container ports’ capacityof about four million TEUs (twenty footequivalent unit) at Tilbury and London Gatewayand the growth of logistic parks and RegionalDistribution Centres (RDCs) on the banks of theThames, it makes sense to look at the potentialfor transporting more of the goods that havecome in by sea, along the river for the largestconsumer market in the UK. Within the 20 yeartime period we are considering, this could

potentially include consolidation forconstruction, supermarkets and home deliveries.

Vision, 2035

We are setting the goal: the 20-year Vision cansee more goods and materials movedbetween wharves on the river – every yearsustaining the record level of 5.5 milliontonnes carried by water in 2014 – taking550,000 lorry trips off the region’s roads.


• Establish the Thames as the default choicefor transport of waste and constructionmaterials; and increasingly containerisedgoods. The challenges are to make the mostof the potential of the river, for example byraising awareness and sharing best practice;incorporating water transport into riparianboroughs’ transport plans and wider planningpolicies; encouraging waste contracts to usethe river; and encouraging trials of newservices to existing wharves, for example inWest London.

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inland freightinland freight

2.2 Inland freight – More goods offroads onto the river

Today, 2015

The River Thames is a critical piece of thecapital’s transport infrastructure, as it is for Kentand Essex. It is by far the UK’s busiest inlandwaterway, and volumes moved have increasedto the record level of 5.5 million tonnes carriedby river in 2014 as a series of strategic projectsmoved ahead.

There is a strong strategic case for using thetidal river for transport of freight. For every 1,000tonne barge on the river, there are 100 fewerlorry movements required on the roads. Thisdelivers a number of wider benefits. First, itreduces congestion on the roads with benefitsfor road safety, particularly for cyclists andpedestrians, which is a key priority in the LondonPlan. Second, it’s the most environmentallysustainable option. Transport by barge isestimated to produce about one third of thegreenhouse gas emissions compared to theequivalent journey by lorry9. Third, as numerousprojects have shown, river transport can be themost economic option.

Movement of construction materials, spoil,

household refuse and vegetable oils are made byriver to numerous terminals. Efficient handling ofbuilding materials and spoil is essential for bothlarge construction projects and general buildingin the region now and to meet the forecastconstruction demand in the future.

The construction projects – Crossrail andThames Water’s Lea Tunnel – have shown whatis possible in terms of moving out tunnellingspoil and bringing in construction material byriver. The recently started excavation works forthe Northern Line extension at Battersea will usethe Thames to transport 600,000 tonnes ofwaste to Tilbury in Essex. This will remove over40,000 lorry journeys and prevent 2,000 tonnesof carbon emissions.

In order to maintain inland freight traffic, it isessential that wharves are available throughoutthe capital to get goods and material on and offthe river and to maximise the benefit of theriver’s east to west link. Between 1987 and1994, over 20 operational wharves wereredeveloped with a resultant and permanent lossin cargo handling capacity. Since 1997 wharvesin the capital have been safeguarded (i.e.protected) under planning legislation and policy.

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• Protect and reactivate safeguarded wharveswith at least Peruvian, Orchard andHurlingham wharves brought into operationover the next decade. Having exit and entrypoints to the river is fundamental for freightand cargo transported by river. Strategically-placed operational wharves are needed to linkwith road and rail communications.Continuation of London’s safeguardedwharves policy – which protects 50 wharvesalong the tidal Thames for the transport ofgoods and materials – is vital. Equally so,reactivating safeguarded wharves that are lying dormant, with developers sitting tight,hoping that they can be turned instead intoriverside housing developments contrary toestablished policy.

• Work with Transport for London and theGreater London Authority to extend theRiver Concordat to promote freightmovements by water. By setting a target wecan gain momentum to make this change inthe same way that a target for passengertransport on the river was very effective. Byhaving a freight target, we can encourage themodal shift from road to rail, looking at timingof freight, financial incentives (whereappropriate) and having the right infrastructure in place.

• Establish a Thames Skills Academy byAutumn 2016, to provide a sustainablemodel for skills development on theThames. With sustained increases inpassenger and freight movements on theThames, and major infrastructure projects suchas the Thames Tideway Tunnel, there areimmediate needs to improve training provision(including Boatmaster’s Licence qualifications),raise standards and enhance skills on the river.The Thames Skills Academy is beingestablished to meet these immediate needs aswell as to ensure a long-term skills supply forfuture passenger and freight movement on theriver after the Thames Tideway Tunnel iscompleted. It is intended that the ThamesSkills Academy will be established as a GroupTraining Association. This long-established

concept of a learning partnership of marine-based employers is well-placed to make themost of Government training systems andassociated funding.


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2.3 Passenger transport – Morejourneys

Today, 2015

The River Thames is an iconic piece of thecapital’s passenger transport infrastructure. TheThames adds much needed transport capacity,particularly in locations ill-served by other publictransport. Boat trips are an attractive part of thetourist offer and services provide access to the35 Thames riverside attractions10. These areincreasingly important with the limited coachparking available in central London.

In 2014 there were 9.8 million passengerjourneys on the Thames. This is an increase of22.5% since 2013 and 150% over the lastdecade. We are well on the way to reaching thetarget set out in the Mayor’s River Action Plan of12 million passenger journeys by 2020. Thebreadth of what is on offer is increasing, fromcommuter services to 23 piers from Putney toWoolwich Arsenal; dinner cruise and leisureboats; and fast RIB experiences.

The PLA’s study into the ‘amenity value’ of theThames demonstrated how much the rivercontributes to the wider economy. Over £2billion of GDP is generated by tourism in thewards immediately adjacent to the Thames’banks. In total there were 23.4 million visitortrips to attractions beside the Thames, of which4.7 million have a direct maritime connection –such as the Cutty Sark at Greenwich or HMSBelfast at Tower Bridge.

Forecast demand

Demand for river commuter travel is set to grow.This will be driven by population growth in EastLondon, close to the river. There is alsoincreasing demand for leisure services, forexample new destinations close to the Thames(e.g. the proposed Paramount Theme Park onthe Swanscombe Peninsula in Kent), as well asfrom increasing the leisure offer of the Thamesitself. The cruise market is also growing, withcruise terminals already in central London andGreenwich, and a further one planned to open at

Enderby Wharf in 2017. Some £68 millioninvestment in passenger and cruise-relatedservices is planned over the next five years5.

Jointly with the Transport for London, the PLAcommissioned Marico Marine to ascertain thecapacity of the river to accommodate passengerand freight transport in central London. Theevidence showed that there is considerablecapacity for more transport on the river –passengers and freight – with management,especially if we create more navigable space andlook to increase passenger journeys in the earlymorning and evenings, and outside of Summerschool holidays.

Vision, 2035

We are setting the goal: the 20-year Vision cansee double the number of people travelling byriver – reaching 20 million commuter andtourist trips every year.

passenger transportinland freight

2.4 Sport and recreation – Moreparticipants

Today, 2015

The tidal Thames is home to a wide range ofsports and recreation. There are more than 100sport and recreation clubs along the Thames:rowing clubs, that are predominantly (but notonly) up river of Putney; and paddling clubs andwater-sport centres offering canoeing, stand uppaddle boarding and windsurfing up river ofPutney, below Tower Bridge and out towards the estuary. There are also cruising, yacht andsailing clubs along the length of the Thames, as well as a number of scout groups and seacadet units.

The Thames plays host to 83 major sportingevents, including the University Boat Race, therace for Doggett’s Coat and Badge (run everyyear since 1715) and the Great River Race. Anestimated 5,800 people row on the tidal stretchof the Thames each year10. A conservativeestimate suggests the value of peopleparticipating in sport and recreation on theThames or its towpath is £132 million a year interms of health and wellbeing benefits10.

Growing river use has to be supported by atleast the current high level of safety. The PLAworks closely with all the recreational clubs, andtheir representative bodies, to provide accessiblesafety information for participants and to supporta strong safety culture along the river.

Swimming is currently permitted by PLA Byelawsupriver from Putney. However, the tidal Thamesis not a benign environment. Open swimmingorganisations, including the Outdoor SwimmingSociety and the Wild Swimming Magazine,advise people not to swim in streams/tidal flowsthat exceed their swimming speed (which isapproximately 0.8 metres per second for a goodswimmer). The tidal flow to the Thames oftenexceeds 3 knots (1.5 metres per second) so isnearly twice the speed that a capable swimmeris able to achieve. Over 100 swimmers have gotinto difficulties in the tidal Thames in the last five

years, requiring rescue. With the river becomingcleaner, there may be more demand forswimming. We will continue to work withswimming event organisers, as well as the RNLI,the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and othersto ensure safety and appropriate facilities. Thereare also a number of proposals for lidos in thetidal Thames. If these are appropriately locatedthey would enable people to swim if not in theriver itself, then at least on the river, as we see ina number of other global cities.

During the ‘Have Your Say’ consultation, therewere a lot of requests to increase the availabilityof accessible visitor moorings and to make themreasonably priced.

Forecast demand

With a growing London over the next 20 years,and new investment in boat yards andrecreational craft planned over the next fiveyears, there is potential for growth. Given theprojected increase of the river for more transportof people and goods too, we are proposingopportunity zones for sport and recreation inwhich to focus growth.

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• Make more efficient use of piers and riverspace, including new timetabling to managepeaks in traffic. There is potential to managetimetables to avoid the current situation wherethe river reaches peak capacity at a smallnumber of very short periods of time in thevicinity of Tower, Westminster andEmbankment Piers. New timetables will be setfor Summer 2016 by London River Services,the operators and the PLA. These will bescheduled to achieve better berth availabilityand more effective management of passengerpiers. We will also look to see the scope forthese timetables to have regard for other usersof the river, for example people sailing in EastLondon. Looking forward to future years,timetabling should be routinely reviewed tomake sure we are making most efficient use ofpiers and river space for the overall benefit ofcustomers. We will also look at other optionsto better utilise river capacity in centralLondon.

• Encourage more use at current low peaktimes. There is enormous capacity forincreased passenger transport outside of peaktimes (i.e. 11:00 – 18:00 during Easter to theend of September in central London).Operators want to look at creating newopportunities to attract people to the riveroutside of these peak times and places. Ideasinclude attracting more of the high numbers of

people on the Southbank onto the river; moredining experiences; boat tours to see nature onthe river; park-and-glide (i.e. park further downthe river and come into London by river). Ideasalso included adding excitement to the river atnight with, for example, the Mayor’s proposedbridges lighting project (with bridges lit fromTower Bridge to Albert Bridge).

• Long-term pier strategy, going beyond theexisting River Action Plan: new piers atThamesmead, Erith, Greenhithe,Swanscombe, Grays and Tilbury by 2025.With Local Authorities, London River Services,commercial boat operators and the PLAworking together, we will look strategically atthe current use of existing piers and potentialsiting of future piers and pier extensions for thenext 10-20 years. This will form the basis forcontinuing work with riparian boroughs withinand outside London to identify newopportunities.


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sport and recreationpassenger transport

2.5 Environment and heritage –Improved tidal Thames environment

Today, 2015

The tidal Thames provides a range of diverse,thriving habitats for many different species offish, birds, seals and other wildlife. It is home tonine Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs),mainly inter-tidal habitats. Many of these havefurther international environmental designationssuch as RAMSAR Convention wetland sites orEuropean designations such as SpecialProtection Areas or Special Areas ofConservation. Over 95% of the PLA’s area iscovered by a designation. The latest surveysfound over 900 seals and visits from 300,000overwintering birds every year. Many thousandsof people enjoy the Thames-side environmentand wildlife at visitor centres, including those atRainham and Mucking. There are at least 10million walkers or cyclists on the Thamestowpath each year10.

Against that, there are a number of majorchallenges to improve the Thames environment.Most significantly, at present there are around 50major discharges of untreated sewage into thetidal Thames each year as a result of theinadequate capacity of the Victorian

infrastructure. Despite Bazalgette’s foresight inbuilding a sewerage system that could meet thedemands of a much bigger London, nearly 150years on, the system no longer has the capacityit needs.

A second major challenge has been highlightedby the PLA’s current Cleaner Thames campaign.Up to 300 tonnes of rubbish is recovered fromthe Thames each year, with the number of plasticbottles growing year on year. A study byresearchers at Royal Holloway, part of theUniversity of London, has shown that up to 70%of bottom feeding fish in the Thames has plasticfibres in their guts, which can then get into thehuman food chain.

Third, there is potential for further improvementin the Thames Estuary designated habitats.

Opportunities

The Thames Tideway Tunnel will make the riverthrough central London the cleanest it has beensince the Industrial Revolution. With more stableand higher water quality will come morebiodiversity. There are already 125 fish speciesfeeding on the abundant invertebrates to befound in the river.

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Vision, 2035

We are setting the goal: the 20-year Vision cansee greater participation in sport andrecreation on the water.


• Sport opportunity zones from Kew Bridge toRichmond, Putney Bridge to Chelsea, andeast of Greenwich. There is potential for thegrowth of water sports: more rowing,kayaking, canoeing and stand up paddleboarding at Kew – Teddington; more kayakingat Putney – Chelsea; and more kayaking aswell as sailing at Greenwich – Crossness,particularly in Gallions and Barking reaches.Further east, there are opportunities for moreyacht clubs serving sailing and motor boatingas well as kayaking, and for rowing and paddleboarding in Benfleet Creek.

• Establish and work towards a target forsport participation on the Thames. More

data on current and projected sportparticipation as well as more accessibility toinformation about sports provision on theThames will help deliver this. As will closeworking with the sport and recreation clubsalong the Thames. There is scope to workclosely with Sport England, who supportrowing, sailing and canoeing activity on theThames. It will be vital to work closely withriparian boroughs and the Greater LondonAuthority, so that the required infrastructurealong the banks, including access points, isprioritised in local plans and wider strategies.

• More visitor moorings in appropriatelocations on a busier river. We will examinethe potential for further visitor moorings on thetidal Thames. At the moment, there are up to40 alongside visitor moorings at Town Pier,Gallions Point Marina, South Dock Marina,Hermitage Wharf, Oyster Pier, Plantation WharfPier, Dove Pier, Chiswick Pier and BrentfordDock. Depending upon availability, there arealso visitor moorings at Limehouse, StKatharine’s Dock and Imperial Wharf. Most ofthese sites require the negotiation of a lock orare tidally restricted.


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environment and heritagesport and recreation

want to see a reduction in litter falling into theriver too, which is being targeted through theawareness building ‘Cleaner Thames’campaign. We are also consulting on changesto the Byelaws to ensure Class V passengervessels don’t discharge into the Thames from2023. Any improvements in water quality willbenefit the ecology, which in turn means theThames is able to provide improved ecosystemservices. These include amenity (e.g. angling)and livelihoods (e.g. commercial fisheries).

• Joined-up Thames Path running fromTeddington to the sea. Joining up the Pathwill require innovative thinking and a widerange of organisations working together. Thereis the task of ‘closing the gaps’ on the existingThames Path above Woolwich, particularlywhere new developments provide the chanceto create access alongside the river that haspreviously not been possible. There can beparticular challenges in finding the best routenear wharves and terminals, which requirespragmatic solutions that achieve the bestpublic access that is also safe for the publicand takes into account safety, regulatory andoperational requirements of the operator.There is also scope to support Natural Englandin its work to create a coastal path around thewhole of England, with the Thames areascheduled for work to begin in 2017.

• Improve biodiversity of nature reserves:wherever practicable, all Sites of SpecialScientific Interests along the river broughtinto ‘favourable’ condition12. There are nineSSSIs along the tidal River Thames, all withinthe PLA’s jurisdiction. The first priority is to getthe sites into ‘favourable’ condition, wherepracticable, so they support more wildlife. Thecondition of the sites will benefit from enablingmore connectivity of habitats across theThames, for example by looking at newstepping stone sites and managing a group ofsites in a coherent way. It is also beneficial tocontinue to encourage communities to identifywith local reserves and sites to protect andimprove the access by wildlife.


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The waste water treatment improvements todischarges into the Thames that are beingprovided by investments by Tideway, ThamesWater and other operators provide a greatplatform for cleaner water and a moresustainable river.

The Thames already has a number ofenvironmental improvement projects like theNature Improvement Area, Catchment Plans andFuturescape, led by an increasing number ofnon-profit organisations and charities such asthe Wildlife Trusts, RSPB and the ThamesEstuary Partnership. Projects are driven andresourced by enthusiastic volunteers up anddown the Thames. For example, the Thames 21team’s work on clean ups and partnering in theCleaner Thames campaign. These extremelyvaluable volunteer contributions help to improvethe Thames environment and general amenity.

Thames Estuary 2100 will be providing improvedflood defences across the Estuary to protect theincreasing population to growing risk of floodingdue to the effects of climate change. During theirworks, flood defences will need to be repairedand raised. Predicted changes in the frequencyof extreme weather events as a result of climatechange are expected.

Vision, 2035

We are setting the goal: the 20-year Vision cansee the cleanest Thames since the IndustrialRevolution, with improved habitats in thewater and on adjoining land.


• Tideway to build and bring into operationthe Thames Tideway Tunnel by 2023. Thecompletion of this project, extending fromActon in the west to Abbey Mills in the east,together with the Lea Tunnel and thesubstantial investments in capacity at ThamesWater’s existing Sewage Treatment Works, willdramatically reduce both the number and totalvolume of sewage discharged into the Thamesand its tidal tributaries. Cumulatively, this willact as the largest improvement in the waterquality of the River Thames within London in a generation.

• Water quality improves to ‘good’11. As wellas through delivery of the tunnel, this will beachieved by all parties working onimprovements and best practice through theTidal Thames Catchment Plan and the widerThames River Basin Management Plan. We

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environment and heritage environment and heritage

2.6 Community and culture – Morepeople coming to enjoy the Thamesand its banks

Today, 2015

The River Thames offers a place to enjoy thewater, a place to enjoy the sights of a historicworld city, and is in places a haven of peace in abustling region. The city grew from the river andits history is weaved into the development ofLondon, Kent and Essex. Uniquely in the world,there are four UNESCO World Heritage Sites onthe banks of one river: Kew Gardens, Palace ofWestminster, Tower of London and MaritimeGreenwich. The Thames is inseparable from thecultural heritage and artistic landscape ofLondon, Essex and Kent, with people enjoyingarchaeological explorations on the foreshorealong the Thames, and visiting the National Trustproperty at Ham and the historic forts protectingthe river at Tilbury, Gravesend and furtherdownstream.

Some 4.7 million people visit the Thames or itsmaritime related attractions annually. On top ofthis, there are many one-off national and regionalevents on the river, such as the Queen’sDiamond Jubilee River Pageant, and annualevents including the University Boat Race, NewYear’s Eve fireworks display, Heads of the RiverRaces and the Great River Race. At least 23.4million people visit the attractions located by the

side of the Thames. Some 99,000 people areemployed in the tourism industry in wardsadjacent to the Thames, estimated to produce a£2.4 billion Gross Value Added contribution toGDP10.

The river connects its adjacent communities –along the Thames Path and, with crossings,across the water. Many stakeholders are keen tosee more local river crossings. There is strongfeeling among stakeholders that access forvessels has been possible since Roman timesalong the full stretch of the tidal Thames.Upstream from London Bridge, the issues aremore straightforward. When considering rivercrossings downstream, we take full regard to theimportance of the river as a navigationalwaterway, enshrined as such in common law.

Totally Thames takes place every Septembercelebrating the river through a season of art,cultural and river events along the Thames inLondon. A total of 2.6 million people experienced215 events in September 2015.

The river is home to many residential moorings,located at 24 sites along the full length of thetidal Thames, with by far the majority locatedupstream of Vauxhall Bridge in West London.These moorings add to the vibrancy of theThames and meet the desire of people to live onthe river.

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community and culture community and culture

Opportunities

The growth in London’s population, combinedwith forecasts showing increased numbers oftourists coming to London, Kent and Essex,brings the potential for a lot more visitors toenjoy the Thames and further boost its attractionand economy. Visit England predicts compoundannual growth rates in nominal spending of7.9% for in bound tourism, 7.1% for domestictourism and 5.3% for day visits between 2013and 2020. In real terms, this amounts to anannual growth rate of 4.3% in total tourismspending, with predictions indicating a fasterreal growth per annum in London, compared tothe rest of England13. There is a lot of activityalready in the river and on its banks. Therecould be potential for more by providinginformation about what’s on offer and generatinggreater interest through a well-recognisedThames brand for environment, culture, heritageand community. An interactive map might beone way of delivering that.

The residential mooring community, who havebeen represented through their contributions tothe public consultation and a roundtablediscussion hosted by the PLA, make the casefor increasing the number of residentialmoorings. This poses questions about wherethese are best located on an ever busier river.Turbulent waters – wash – from passing boatsdoes create issues for residential moorings,depending on the amount of wash, the nature ofthe residential vessel and location and type ofmooring. Progressively low wash vessels arebeing developed and brought into use –including the PLA’s harbour launches.Houseboats need to be suitable for theconditions in which they are moored and to haveproper moorings. Whilst there will always bewash – the Maritime and Coastguard Agencyclassify the tidal Thames as Category C/D wherewave heights of up to 1 metre may beexpected – further improvements can be made.

Vision, 2035

We are setting the goal: the 20-year Vision cansee a riverside which is a magnet forramblers, historians, artists and others,whether living nearby, on the river ortravelling from further afield.


• New residential moorings in appropriatelocations on a busier river. We consider thatthere is potential for more, by locating them inappropriate opportunity zones, such as aboveWandsworth and areas of Kent and Essexwhere existing and forecast use of the rivermake such moorings viable (see map at theback of this publication).

• Ensure that houseboats are mooredappropriately and find innovative solutionsto reduce the impact of wash. Innovative


solutions will include having the right mooringsand the right vessels for the river, and havinginformed river use that complies with PLAByelaws and Directions. There is also a role fordevelopers to find solutions that allow vesselsto be moored on the water. These can bedeveloped by sharing best practice along theThames. We will evaluate the performance ofnew forms of wash mitigation measures, forexample the approach being trialled from late2015 at the new Plantation Pier in Wandsworth.

• Explore development of a Thames brand forculture, heritage and quality of life, includingsupport for Totally Thames. We will explorethe potential for this with a range oforganisations (such as London & Partners, VisitBritain and the Greater London Authority). Alot more could be made of the global asset ofthe Thames, its cultural, heritage andenvironmental offer. Activities and destinationson the Thames are located by the land, ratherthan the river. By joining up the offer – tying inculture and heritage, environment, communityand transport – of the Thames for residentsand visitors alike and providing a strong brandfor new initiatives, more commercial, voluntaryand statutory bodies will be able to worktogether to promote the Thames.

An interactive, accessible map of the offeralong the whole Thames might be one way toachieve this. There is already a lot of publicinformation about recreational opportunities onthe river, through the Recreational Users Guideon the PLA website. There is scope to domore for a wider public audience. Whilst somedestinations are well known along the Thames,many are not. There is no one place thatshows what is on offer, e.g. taking a boat tosee one of the World Heritage Sites; going forlunch at the RSPB’s Greater Thames Marshesat Rainham; taking part in a community artsproject at Southend.


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3. Next Steps

We welcome comments by Monday, 15 February 2016. In particular we are looking to

hear your feedback on these questions:

• Are these the right goals for the Thames Vision?

• Are these the right priority actions to achieve the Vision?

• Are there other goals and priority actions you think are needed

in the Thames Vision?

We are also keen to understand which section(s) of the river your views relate to:

• Teddington Lock – Putney Bridge

• Putney Bridge – Thames Barrier

• Thames Barrier to Southend

We would like to make responses to the consultation available on our website and use

some quotes/extracts when we publish the Vision next year. If you do not want your

response to be publically available, please indicate so in your response.

You can share your feedback via:

• online form on the website (www.pla.co.uk/ThamesVision)

• email to [email protected]

• post to Katherine Riggs, Vision Project Director, Port of London Authority,

London River House, Royal Pier Road, Gravesend, Kent DA12 2BG

Thank you for your involvement so far. We want to continue to hear from as many

people as possible. We look forward to hearing your views.

community and culture

Perca ConsultingPoplar, Blackwall and District Rowing ClubPort of London AuthorityPort of TilburyPutney Town Centre

QRB GlorianaQueen Victoria Seamen's Rest

Ramblers AssociationReagents NetworkRealising Your FutureRichmond Bridge Boat ClubRiver Thames Alliance Co. LtdRiver Thames SocietyRNLIRolfe Judd PlanningRowdy Boat CoRoyal Borough of GreenwichRoyal HaskoningDHVRoyal Yachting AssociationRSPBRWE Generation UK

S. Walsh & Sons LSCA LogisticsShadwell Basin Outdoor Activity CentreShellShoebury Watermen’s AssociationShoreline Environments/Super Yachts ClubSKASouthbank Sailing ClubSouthend Coastal Rowing ClubSouthwark CathedralSt Pancras Cruising ClubStema ShippingSustrans

Transport for LondonThames 21Thames Anglers ConservancyThames ClippersThames Discovery Programme (MOLA)Thames Estuary PartnershipThames Explorer TrustThames Motor Yacht ClubThames Regional Rowing CouncilThames ShippingTidewayThames Traditional Rowing AssociationThames WaterThamesbankThe Boat Race Company LtdThe Fishmongers’ Company

The Lenox ProjectThe Wildlife TrustThurrock CouncilThurrock Yacht clubTide Line ArtTotally ThamesTower Bridge Yacht and Boat ClubTwickenham Yacht Club

UCLUniversity College London Boat ClubUniversity of GreenwichUpnor Sailing ClubUpper Thames, Association of Thames Yacht ClubsUrban Space ManagementUrban Strategies

Viking River CruisesVopak

Wandsworth Borough CouncilWatermen and Lightermen of the ThamesWest London River GroupWestminster City CouncilWestminster SchoolWild Capital

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Active 360 Ahoy Centre Angling TrustArupAssociation of Thames Yacht ClubAvery Associates Architects

Beckett RankineBerkeley GroupBig Stick AdvertisingBiodiversity by DesignBJ Wood and Sons LtdBritish Canoeing

Canal and River Trust Canoe WildCastlekeep LtdCH2M HILL TEAM2100Chas Newens MarineChelsea Kayak ClubChiswick Pier TrustCity CruisesCity of LondonClipper VenturesCMA CGMCommercial Boat Owners AssociationCorporate Risk Associates LtdCory EnvironmentalCrown Estate

DEFRADepartment for Transport Devonport MarineDuck Tours

Emanuel SchoolEnglish HeritageEnvironment AgencyErnst & YoungEssex Chambers of CommerceEssex County CouncilEuromix Concrete

FarrellsFishmongers

Gasworks Dock PartnershipGlobe Rowing ClubGPS MarineGravesend MuseumGravesend Rowing Club Gravesham CouncilGreater London AuthorityGreenergyGreenwich CouncilGreenwich Yacht Club

H.W. Wilson ltdHansonHavering Council

Heatherwick StudioHermitage Community MooringsHeybridge Parish CouncilHistoric EnglandHouses of ParliamentHR Wallingford (Dredging Liaison Group)HSBC Rowing Club

Institute of Civil EngineersIndustrial ChemicalsInland Waterways AssociationInstitute for SustainabilityISM Shipping Solutions

J Clubb Ltd

Keltbray Group HoldingsKent County CouncilKent Invicta Chamber of CommerceKey FastenersKotug

Lafarge TarmacLittle Ship ClubLivett GroupLondon Assembly Labour GroupLondon City Cruise PortLondon ConcreteLondon Corinthians Sailing ClubLondon CouncilsLondon GatewayLondon Nautical SchoolLondon RIB VoyagesLondon Riverside BIDLondon Rowing ClubLondon Transport MuseumLondon Wildlife Trust

MacAndrewsMaricoMarine Conservation SocietyMayor of LondonMetal CultureMarine Management OrganisationMuseum of London Group

National Maritime Development GroupNational TrustNatural EnglandNewham Borough CouncilNine Elms PierNorfolk Broads Yachting CompanyNorth Kent Yachting AssociationNymph Limited (Lady Daphne)

Old Chiswick Protection SocietyOPLAC

Palmer's CollegeParr's Priory Rowing Club

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Annex: Organisations who have contributed to the Vision

References:

1. Kearney, A.T. 2014 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook. 2014

2. Mayor of London. City in the East. 2015

3. Serious Incident – slight/significant injury to persons + up to moderate cost

implication (>£50K). Very Serious Incident – serious injury or fatality to persons

+ serious/major cost implication (>£2M)

4. UK Trade & Investment. The UK Ports Sector: A showcase of world class

expertise. 2013

5. Port of London Authority. River Thames Economic Impact Report Summary

2015

6. Harari, D. Regional and local economic growth statistics. House of Commons

library. 2014

7. Intra-port: Cargo moving between terminals on the River Thames and cargo

from Medway and Brightlingsea. This includes spoil, aggregates, construction

materials, household waste and vegetable oils

8. Unitised trade includes containers, roll on/roll off traffic and the import/export of

vehicles

9. McKinnon, A. CO2 emissions from freight transport: an analysis of UK data.

Logist. Res. Netw. 2007

10. Port of London Authority. Adding Value: The River Thames Public Amenity

2015

11. ‘Good’ water quality: slight change from natural conditions as a result of

human activity. No restriction on the beneficial uses of the water body. No

impact on amenity or fisheries. Protects all but the most sensitive wildlife

12. ‘Favourable’ condition: SSSI is being adequately conserved and is meeting its

‘conservation objectives’, however there is scope for enhancement of these

sites

13. www.visitengland.com/biz/tourism-england/refreshing-growth-strategy-

englands-tourism-industry/performance-and-outlook

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