Thank You!Thank You!

LLocallyocally I Integratedntegrated FFood &ood & E EnergynergyL.I.F.E.L.I.F.E.

David YarrowDavid Yarrowwww.dyarrow.orgwww.dyarrow.org

sustain and retain wealth for common goodsustain and retain wealth for common good

/biochar/biochar/CarbonFarming/CarbonFarming/terracharge/terracharge/PrepareBiochar/PrepareBiochar/LetFreedomRing/LetFreedomRing/cool-food/cool-food/CarbonSmartFarming/CarbonSmartFarming/BlueLightWater/BlueLightWater

UNITED

WWATERATERHH22OO

CCA

RB

ON

AR

BO

N

NNITROGEN

ITROGEN

MAJORTraceTrace

ORGANICORGANIC 95%95%HydrogenHydrogen 45%45%

OxygenOxygen 30%30%

HHOOCarbonCarbon 15%15%

CO2C + carbohydratecarbohydratecarbohydratecarbohydrate=

NitrogenNitrogen 5%5%

+NN= amino acidamino acid

MAJORMAJOR 4%4%

TRACE TRACE 1%1%

vaporvapor

Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gasesthe chemical composition of lifethe chemical composition of life

Elements in BiologyElements in Biology

CO2

CH4

NOx Nitrous Oxide

Methane

Carbon Dioxide

CO

2 p

arts

per

mill

ion

The Keeling CurveCO2 concentration in atmospheremeasured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii

greenhouse gas emissiongreenhouse gas emissionin Earthin Earth’’s atmospheres atmosphere

19761976 19911991

Climate Change 101Climate Change 101

Before the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, global average CO2 was about 280 ppm.

During the last 800,000 years, CO2 fluctuated between about 180 ppm during ice ages, and 280 ppm during interglacial warm periods.

Today’s rate of increase is more than 100 times faster than the increase when the last ice age ended.

~ NOAA Media Release

Decade            Total Increase       Annual Rate of Increase1963 – 72 9.00 ppm 0.90 ppm per year 1973 – 82 13.68 ppm 1.37 ppm per year 1983 – 92 15.24 ppm 1.52 ppm per year 1993 – 2002 16.73 ppm 1.67 ppm per year 2003 – 12 20.74 ppm 2.07 ppm per year

PARADIGM SHIFTPARADIGM SHIFTClimate ChangeClimate Change

ConfrontingConfronting

TARGETTARGET

CURRENTCURRENT 400 400 ppmppm

EXCESSEXCESS

350 350 ppmppm

still risingstill rising

50 50 ppmppm still risingstill rising

in Earthin Earth’’s atmospheres atmosphere

Dr. James Dr. James HansenHansenleading US Climate Scientistleading US Climate Scientist

www.GlobalClimateSolutions.orgwww.GlobalClimateSolutions.org

Summer 2009Summer 2009Where Should Humanity Aim?

AugustAugust20132013

19881988

Warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Since the 1950s, many observed changes Since the 1950s, many observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, amounts of snow and ice have diminished, amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, sea level has risen, and greenhouse gas concentrations increased.and greenhouse gas concentrations increased.

International Panel on Climate ChangeInternational Panel on Climate Change ( (IPCCIPCC))Summary ReportSummary Report

January 30, 2014January 30, 2014

50%of GHG emissionsAgriculture &Food Supply

Carbon emissions from changes in land use and land cover are the second largest source of man-made carbon emissions after fossil fuel combustion.

Greenhouse gas data show emissions from agriculture, forestry and fisheries nearly doubled the past 50 years, and can increase another 30% by 2050.

PARADIGM SHIFTPARADIGM SHIFTClimate ChangeClimate Change

ConfrontingConfronting

zero net emissionszero net emissionscarbon emissionscarbon emissionsreverse carbon emissionsreverse carbon emissionsreduced carbon emissionsreduced carbon emissions400 400 ppmppm

in Earthin Earth’’s atmospheres atmosphereCURRENTCURRENT

TARGETTARGET

EXCESSEXCESS

XX50 50 ppmppm

350 350 ppmppm

still risingstill rising

Dr. James Dr. James HansenHansenleading US Climate Scientistleading US Climate Scientist

www.GlobalClimateSolutions.orgwww.GlobalClimateSolutions.org

Summer 2009Summer 2009Where Should Humanity Aim?

PARADIGM SHIFTPARADIGM SHIFTClimate ChangeClimate Change

ConfrontingConfronting

reverse carbon emissionsreverse carbon emissionsin Earthin Earth’’s atmospheres atmosphere carbon removal & storagecarbon removal & storagecarbon sequestrationcarbon sequestration

ConfrontingConfrontingClimate ChangeClimate ChangeXX

PARADIGM SHIFTPARADIGM SHIFT

still risingstill rising

Dr. James Dr. James HansenHansenleading US Climate Scientistleading US Climate Scientist

www.GlobalClimateSolutions.orgwww.GlobalClimateSolutions.org

400 400 ppmppmCURRENTCURRENT

TARGETTARGET

EXCESSEXCESS 50 50 ppmppm

350 350 ppmppm

Summer 2009Summer 2009Where Should Humanity Aim?

Climate ChangeClimate ChangeConfrontingConfronting

in Earthin Earth’’s atmospheres atmosphere

PARADIGM SHIFTPARADIGM SHIFT

Scientists calculate soil can store more carbon than atmosphere and all plants combined

2,500 billion tons in soil800 billion tons in atmosphere

560 billion tons in plant life

then there’s the soil microbes…

Suck COSuck CO22

fixed fixed intointo

transform intotransform into

boost soil fertilityboost soil fertility

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

restore restore MicrobiologyMicrobiologygrow more grow more biomassbiomass

pyrolysispyrolysis

inoculateinoculate

out of Earthout of Earth’’s atmospheres atmosphere

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesplant biomassplant biomass

BiocharBiocharsequestered carbonsequestered carbon

positive feedback loop

Climate ChangeClimate Change

super-stable: 1600+ yearssuper-stable: 1600+ years

into solid, stable moleculesinto solid, stable molecules

CharcoalCharcoal

Soil Food WebSoil Food WebAboriginal Cliff PaintingAboriginal Cliff Painting

AustraliaAustralia30,000+ years30,000+ years

Convert Infertile LandConvert Infertile Landintointo

Productive FarmlandProductive FarmlandNutrient-DenseNutrient-DenseCrops & FoodsCrops & Foods

Watersheds & Watersheds & Water QualityWater Quality

RenewableRenewableBiofuelsBiofuels

Deep Cavern ArtDeep Cavern Artsouthern Francesouthern France

32,000+ years32,000+ years

PARADIGM SHIFTPARADIGM SHIFT

Climate ChangeClimate ChangeConfrontingConfronting

Replacing slash-and-burn agriculture Replacing slash-and-burn agriculture with slash-and-char,with slash-and-char,using farm and forestry wastes using farm and forestry wastes for biochar productionfor biochar productioncan provide COcan provide CO22 drawdown drawdown of ~8 ppm or more in half a century.of ~8 ppm or more in half a century.

Carbon sequestration in soil has significant potential.Carbon sequestration in soil has significant potential.

The Potential of BiocharThe Potential of BiocharAugust 2008August 2008

COCO22 drawdown drawdownof ~8 ppm or more in half a centuryof ~8 ppm or more in half a century..Dr. James Dr. James

HansenHansenleading US Climate Scientistleading US Climate Scientistwww.GlobalClimateSolutions.orgwww.GlobalClimateSolutions.org

Biochar produced in pyrolysis of residues from crops, Biochar produced in pyrolysis of residues from crops, forestry, and animal wastes can restore soil fertility forestry, and animal wastes can restore soil fertility while storing carbon for centuries to millennia. while storing carbon for centuries to millennia.

Biochar helps soil retain nutrients and fertilizers, Biochar helps soil retain nutrients and fertilizers, reducing GHG emissions such as Nreducing GHG emissions such as N22O.O.

Climate ChangeClimate ChangeConfrontingConfronting

THE FIRSTTHE FIRSTInternational Conference onInternational Conference on

Soil Carbon SequestrationSoil Carbon Sequestrationas a response to climate changeas a response to climate change

May 2013, Reykjavik, IcelandMay 2013, Reykjavik, Iceland

Carbon-Smart fertility?Carbon-Smart fertility?

Questions?Questions?about our futureabout our future

Who will feed Independence in 2020?Who will feed Independence in 2020? In 6 years?In 6 years?Who will be farmers?Who will be farmers? New farmers?New farmers? Young farmers?Young farmers?

What land will be reserved as farmland?What land will be reserved as farmland?How to rebuild local & regional food infrastructures?How to rebuild local & regional food infrastructures?

How do we grow food to feed communities?How do we grow food to feed communities?What crops must be grown?What crops must be grown?What methods of agriculture will be used?What methods of agriculture will be used?How will crops be processed, marketed & stored?How will crops be processed, marketed & stored?

How to put fertility in soil?How to put fertility in soil?Not just for one year – permanent, long-term, stable?Not just for one year – permanent, long-term, stable?Not just a few elements – all of them, in balance?Not just a few elements – all of them, in balance?

Not dependent on fossil fuels & synthetic chemistry?Not dependent on fossil fuels & synthetic chemistry?

Climate ChangeClimate ChangeConfrontingConfronting