thayer nationalism in the asia pacific
TRANSCRIPT
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Nationalismandthe
AsiaPacific:
Focus
ou as s a
EmeritusProfessorCarlThayer
CentreforDefence andStrategicStudiesMarch7 2012
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Learning
Objectives
Nationsandnationalism
colonialism
Nationalismandnationalidentity
Nationalismandregionalco es on
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.
nationalism
. mergenceo nat onsasterr tor a un ts
3. Developmentof
nationalism
4. Isnationalismtheproductofspecific
Europeanhistoricaldevelopmentsthat
spreadglobally
or
was
it
indigenously
constructed?
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feelingstowards
territory,
historical
ties,
,
Nation
extends
beyond
tribal
and
clan
Imaginedcommunity acommunitythatis
soc a yconstructe
y
tsmem ers
w o
imaginethemselvesaspartofalargergroup
w omt ey avenot nteracte w t ormet
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Nation political
authority
based
on
popular
Europeannationalism
product
of
Enlightenment
American&FrenchRevolutions
IndustrialRevolution printinginlocal
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colonialism
movements
in
Asia
during
the
late
19
th
and
Ideologytounitethepeopleinacolonyto
see
n epen ence
rom
ore gn
om nat on
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Drewon
indigenous
sources
of
belief
e g ous,cu tura va ues
Drewon
foreign
influences
Westernliberalism
Radicalideologies
Socialism,Marxism,
Fascism
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2.WesternImperialismand
Colonialism
Philippines
India
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authority S readofCatholicism
andpowerofclergy
Largelanded
estates
led
toalienationoffarmer
1863freecompulsory
educationin
Spanish
Mixedsocialstrata
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Spanishspeaking
educatedelite
ImpactFrenchRevolution
PropagandaMovement
188995
JoseRizal,LaLigua Filipina
Promotedlocal
priests
overSpanishFriarsJose Rizal
executed1896
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theNation)
secret
society
Ledanticolonialrevolt
bytenants
of
Church
ownedland
SpanishAmericanWar
Republicof
Philippines
proclaimed(June1898)
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British Colonialisman n a
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Indian
National
Congress
1885
Satyagraha movement
BiharandGurajat (191819)
GovernmentofIndiaAct(1919) dyarchy
on
oopera on
ovemen ,
Nonviolentboycottofgovernment
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Civil
Disobedience
Movement
1929
32
GandhileadsSaltMarch(1930)
GovernmentofIndiaAct1935
Callforimmediateindependence,notroopsfor
DominionofIndiatoRepublic(194750)
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Indian
Nationalism Historicalappeal Indusvalleycivilisation,
subcontinental
Sat a raha nonrevolution nonviolence
Democracyandbasicrights
qua y ora re g onsan cas es
Swaraj independencefromforeignrule
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Western Imperialism
and Chinang ynasty,
1644-1912
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Manchusas
barbarians
1911
Revolution RepublicofChina1912
NonHanpeoplespartofnationZhonghuaMinzu
ChineseNationalist
Party
KuoMinTang(KMT)/Guomindang(GMD)
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1. Nationalismor
freedom
fromim erialist
domination
2. Democracy
governmentbythe
people
3. PeoplesWelfare
or
Livelihood
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VersaillesPeace
Conference
1919
ofterritorytoJapan
Civilwar,194549
PeoplesRepublic
of
China
1949
Multiethnicstate
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3.NationalismandNational
Indonesia
Burma
Thailand
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Nationalismand National
ent ty n
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1912:National
Indies
Party
1921:Partai Komunis Indonesia(PKI)
: n ono neseo n ones a
1929:Partai Nasional Indonesia(PNI)
YouthOath
1928
Onenation,onehomeland,onelanguage(Bahasa
Indonesia)
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Euro eanruleoverthrown
Indonesiansrecruited
into
government,
Japansoughtsupportfromnationalists
Japanestablishedmassorganisations
CreatedMasyumi
1943createdauxiliaryforces PETA
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Independence
August17,1945
PancaSila(Five
Principles) In epen enceo
Dutchterritories
1945 Constitution
JakartaCharter
dropped
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NationalismandNationalIdentity
inViet
Nam
beforethe
19
th
Century?
TwoTrungSisters
Independencefrom
China(939CE)
ResistancetoMongols
Resistanceto
Ming
Dynasty
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1900
Indochina
pacified Mt Nc lossof
country
Coalmines
in
the
north
Plantationsinthecentre
Largericeandrubber
estatesin
south
Oppressivetaxandcorve
system
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resistance Mei irestorationJa an
1912revolutioninChina
1927Vietnam
Nationalist
Party
Spreadofvernacular
quc ng MarxismLeninism
Chinesecommunism
PhanBi Chu
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Red Soviets 1930-31
Nghe-Tinh Xo-Viet
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Japanoccupies
FrenchIndochina
194045
Independenceof
Minh)
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NationalismandNationalIdentity
inBurma
Monarch abolished
Local
chieftans removed IncorporatedintoBritishIndia
Westernandvernaculareducation
introduced
Internalmigration
Agriculturecommercialized
Indianmigration
Burman v ethnicminorities
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Saya SanRebellion
1930
WeBurmans Association 1930
Burman intellectuals
at
Rangoon
University Burman supremacy
Nationalist,proindependence
Assimilateethnic
minorities
Thakins (Master)astitle,formofaddress
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Thirt
Comrades
and
Burmese
Independence
AntiFascist
Peoples
Freedom
Immediateelections,constitutional
conventionandselfgovernment
enera s r e ea s o r s
discussions
AFPFLwinselections,January1948
Burman orBurmesenationalism?
Aung San
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NationalismandNationalIdentity
inThailand,
1938
44
MilitarizedThai
society
pro
CulturalMandates
conom cna ona sm
Massmediapromoted
na ona sm
an
asc sm Territoriallyexpansive(Tai
peop esGeneral Phibunsongkhram
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4.NationalismandRegional
Identity
Residueof
anti
colonialism/anti
westernism
Alignmentsafterindependence
ProWest,
neutral,
non
aligned,
communist
FivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence
Non use of force territorial inte rit national
sovereignty,mutual
respect,
mutual
benefit
CoreASEANnorms
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NationalismandRegionalIdentity
SouthAsia
Secular Indiav Muslim
Pakistan
India nonali ned but tilted towards Soviet Union
Pakistan:USallybuttilttowardsChina
(SAARC)1985
Indiassheersizedominatessubregion
1990sIndias
Look
East
policy
Nationalismanim edimenttore ionalidentit
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Prowest,
non
aligned/neutral,
communist
Regionalconflict
,
,
Territorialdisputesfueledbynationalism
Anticommunismkeymotivatingfactor
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NorthEastAsia
Legacies
of
colonial
past ChinaJapan,KoreaJapan,
Territorialdisputes
JapanChina,
Korea
Japan,
Japan
Russia
NorthKoreanhypernationalism?
Chinasriseandreassertionofnationalism
Reunification;anti
U.S.
primacy
Noregionalassociation
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Postwar
U.S.
primacy
and
liberal
economic
order
AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)
MahathirEastAsiaEconomicGroup/Caucus
ASEAN Plus 3 China Ja an and Korea
ChinasEast
Asia
first
approach
Emer enceofEastAsiano enre ionalism
EastAsiaSummitandADMMPlus
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Nationalismandthe
AsiaPacific:
Focus
ou as s a
EmeritusProfessorCarlThayer
CentreforDefence andStrategicStudiesMarch7 2012