The 1st Research Coordination MeetingReference Database for PIGE

Van de Graaff Lab in Tehran activities

This presentation includes:

Introduction of group Research activities of groupPIGE activities in Van de Graaff Lab

Main facility of the laboratory

3 MV Van de Graaff electrostatic acceleratorproducing energetic beams of H+, D+, He+ up to

3 MeV for IBA analysis techniques

TECHNIQUE ION BEAMENERGY

(MeV)REMARK

PIXE and

microPIXEH+ 1 - 3

Type and concentration of elements Z>11

Lateral map of elements

RBS 4He+, H+ 1-3Type, element concentration and depth profile Z> 4

RBS-channeling

4He+, H+ 1-3Crystal structure, surface damaged layer, crystal interface mismatch, dopant, …

ERDA 4He+ 2-3

4He+ are used only for the measurement of H.

NRA H+, D+ 0.4 - 3Type and concentration of light elements from H upwards

TYPICAL ION BEAMS AND INCIDENT ENERGIES USED IN VARIOUSIBA TECHNIQUES:

Proton Scanning

Microscopy Analysis of an Archeological

Sample

Elemental Maps in sample 1, Scan area: 2.5×2.5 mm2

K Cu Cl

Sn Optical microscope

image

P

X-Ray Spectrum

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Energy(keV)

Co

un

ts

Center

EdgeP

Cu(L)

S

Cl K Sn

Fe

Cu(Ka)

Cu(Kb)

X-ray spectra of external region (blue) and

Target

VACUUM CHAMBER

Si (Li)x-ray detector

(for PIXE)

Ge(Li)-ray detector

(for PIGE)

Annular particledetector

(for ERDA)

Annular particleDetector

(for RBS)

Faraday cup

COLLIMATORS

Ion beam

CONVENTIONAL IBA EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Experimental facilities

Conventional IBA reaction chamber

Proton Microprobe

RBS-Channeling system

Research activities of group via publications since 1972

The number of publications exceeds 150, categorized as follows:

Fundamental ResearchEnvironmental ResearchMaterials ScienceHuman Health Archaeology

Fundamental ResearchPublication Titles Authors

Juillet-Aout ,No. 172, 1972 Le Van de Graaff de 3 MeV du Centre Nucléaire de Téhéran

S.Farrokhi , D.Moghemi , R.Nahavande , M.Pichevar , B.Delaunay

Zeitschrift-fuer-Physik,-A(1978), Vol.288(2) Page133-137.

Proton induced LX-ray cross-sections for In ,Sn,Nd,Dy,Pt and Au

M.R Khan , A.G Hopkins, D Crumpoton , (Aston Univ)

X-ray Spectrometry, Vol.9,No.1,1980

Kβ/Kα Ratios in Energy dispersive X-Ray Emission

Md.R.Khan and M.Karimi

Nuclear instruments and Methods in Physic Research B (1996)15-18

M-Shell X-ray production Cross sections of Tb, Ho, Tm and Lu for protons of Energy 2-6 MeV

F. Shokouhi, S. Fazinic, I. Bogdanovic, M. Jaksic, V. Valkovic, H. Afarideh

J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys.30(1997)863-872 .

L subshell and total M shell x-ray production cross sections of Hg for protons of energy 0.7-2.9 MeV

A.Amirabadi , H.Afarideh,S.M.Haji-Saeid , F.Shokouhi and H.Peyrovan

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 247 (2006) 217-222

L-sub shell and total M-shell X-ray production cross sections of Ta, W, Pt, Au, Pb and Bi by 0.7-2.4 MeV protons

M.Goudarzi , F.Shokouhi, M.Lamehi-Rachti, P.Oliaiy

PIGE activities in VDG labNa, Mg, Al and Si excitation

function through

(p,p'γ) ، (p,γ) ، (p,α γ) reactions

PIGE activities in VDG labNa, Mg, Al and Si excitation function through

(p,p'γ), (p,γ) & (p,α γ) reactions

(p,p'γ) Reaction mechanisms

X

X*

p p'

γ

γ

(p,γ) Reaction mechanisms

X*

p

X

Y

Ƃ ƴĩřƹŻřƾůźƏ(p, γ)

γ γ

γ

γ

γ

p

(p,αγ) reaction mechanisms

γ

γ

γ

γ

γ α

p

X

X*

Y

Investigation of 23Na by PIGE

23Na + p

23Na* + p 23Na + p 24Mg* 24Mg* + γ

4He + 20Ne

4He + 20Ne*

23Na and 20Ne energy levels

Mg: 24Mg 78.8%, 25Mg 10.01%, 26Mg 11.23Likely nuclear reactions

24Mg + p

24Mg* + p 24Mg + p 25Al* 25Al* + γ

4He + 21Na

4He + 21Ne

25Mg + p

25Mg* + p 25Mg + p 26Al* 26Al* + γ

4He + 22Na

4He + 22Na*

26Mg + p

26Mg* + p 26Mg + p 27Al* 27Al* + γ

4He + 23Na

4He + 23Na*

Investigation of Mg by PIGE

27Al energy levels

Investigation of Al by PIGE

27Al + p

27Al* + p 27Al + p 28Si* 28Si* + γ

4He + 24Mg

4He + 24Mg*

28Si Energy levels

28Si 92.23%, 29Si 4.67%, 30Si 11.23%

Likely nuclear reactions between proton and Si

28Si + p

28Si* + p 28Si + p 29P* 29P* + γ

4He + 25Al*

4He + 25Mg*

29Si + p

29Si* + p 29Si + p 30P* 30P* + γ

4He + 26Al*

4He + 26Mg*

30Si + p

30Si* + p 30Si + p 31P* 31P* + γ

4He + 27Al

4He + 26Al*

29Si Energy levels

Overlap of γ-ray emission by different targets

Target Reaction Eγ (keV) Overlap with :

Mg

25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg 392 25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg 585

26Mg(p,γ)27Al 846 27Al(p,p'γ)27Al 25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg 974

26Mg(p,γ)27Al 1014 27Al(p,p'γ)27Al 30Si(p,αγ)27Al 24Mg(p,p'γ)24Mg 1368 23Na(p,γ)24Mg 27Al(p,αγ)24Mg

Na

23Na(p,p'γ)23Na 442

23Na(p,γ)24Mg 1368 24Mg(p,p'γ)24Mg 27Al(p,αγ)24Mg

23Na(p,αγ)20Ne 1634

23Na(p,p'γ)23Na 1636

Al

27Al(p,p'γ)27Al 846 26Mg(p,γ)27Al

27Al(p,p'γ)27Al 1014 26Mg(p,γ)27Al 30Si(p,αγ)27Al

27Al(p,αγ)24Mg 1368 24Mg(p,p'γ)24Mγ 23Na(p,γ)24Mg

27Al(p,γ)28Si 1779 28Si(p,αγ)28Si

27Al(p,γ)28Si 2838

Si

30Si(p,αγ)27Al 1014 26Mg(p,γ)27Al 27Al(p,p'γ)27Al

30Si(p,γ)31P 1268 29Si(p,p'γ)29Si 1274 28Si(p,αγ)28Si 1779 27Al(p,γ)28Si

Q-Values for different (p,γ) reactions

p + 23Na 24Mg* Q = 11.693 MeV

p + 24Mg 25Al* Q = 2.271 MeV

p + 25Mg 26Al* Q = 6.306 MeV

p + 26Mg 27Al* Q = 8.271 MeV

p + 27Al 28Si* Q = 11.585 MeV

p + 28Si 29P* Q = 2.279 MeV

p + 29Si 30P* Q =4.394 MeV

p + 30Si 31P* Q = 7.297 MeV

Employed reaction chamber

Experimental setup for PIGE

Si excitation function measurements

Energy range: 1.5-2.6 MeVCharge: 40 µC Target: Al, Si, NaCl, MgScattering Angle: 135 degreeDetector: HPGe

Si thick target γ-ray yield at different proton energies

Ep=1.5 MeV

Ep=2.0 MeV Ep=2.5 MeV

γ-ray yield due to excitation levels of Si isotopes at different proton energies

Eγ (kev)

Ep (MeV)Y=N/

40(Count/µc)Eγ

(keV)Ep

(MeV)Y

Eγ (keV)

Ep (MeV)

Y

1014

1.5 0.18

1274

1.5 0.00

1779

1.5 0.05

1.6 0.30 1.6 0.00 1.6 0.05

1.7 0.35 1.7 0.00 1.7 0.08

1.8 0.35 1.8 0.50 1.8 0.15

1.9 0.39 1.9 0.50 1.9 0.15

2 0.55 2 0.63 2 0.20

2.1 0.58 2.1 1.10 2.1 0.20

2.2 0.64 2.2 1.43 2.2 0.20

2.3 0.65 2.3 3.03 2.3 0.68

2.4 0.68 2.4 5.20 2.4 0.75

2.5 0.69 2.5 12.65 2.5 0.78

γ-ray yield excitation functions due to natSi+p reactions

 Y(E0) = εabs(Eγ) . Np . Fm . Fi . Nav . A-1 . ∫0

E0σ(E) / ε( E) dE

εabs(Eγ) absolute efficiency of the detection system Eγ emitted energyNp number of incident protons fm mass fraction (concentration) A-1 inverse of the atomic mass of the element fi abundance of isotope i Nav Avogadro’s numberσ(E) nuclear reaction cross-section ε( E) stopping cross-section of the sample in units of energy area per mass.

γ-ray yield of a thick target bombarded by a proton beam of energy E0 may be written as:

Calculated excitation yields using published resonance widths at different levels

Ep (MeV) Ep (keV) dE/dx yield yield * Isotope concen. Ntotal = C×∫σ(E) × dx/dE 326.80 0.2678 0.2 0.010

369.900 0.2600 4.1 3.781370.700 0.2600 2.7 2.490371.000 0.2598 1.8 1.660415.80 0.2520 0.7 0.033698.40 0.2098 0.9 0.040724.000 0.2064 0.2 0.148724.200 0.2064 0.4 0.397731.00 0.2055 0.5 0.021917.00 0.1840 0.5 0.0231094.60 0.1667 0.2 0.0051175.40 0.1498 0.3 0.0091203.40 0.1575 1.1 0.0341213.10 0.1567 0.1 0.0021288.80 0.1509 0.2 0.0071297.70 0.1503 0.9 0.0281301.00 0.1500 0.7 0.0221302.00 0.1499 1.5 0.0701321.90 0.1485 1.6 0.0501330.70 0.1479 0.2 0.0071348.10 0.1466 0.1 0.0021380.200 0.1444 63.0 58.1051381.000 0.1444 16.0 14.7571389.70 0.1438 2.5 0.0781398.20 0.1432 3.1 0.0961470.00 0.1386 0.6 0.0261480.50 0.1380 3.4 0.1051482.00 0.1378 2.3 0.071

1.5 1489.70 0.1374 1.4 0.043 542.8761505.00 0.1364 4.4 0.2051506.50 0.1364 0.1 0.0021509.70 0.1362 2.5 0.0781515.90 0.1358 0.6 0.019

1.6 1595.10 0.1312 0.3 0.009 545.1701652.000 0.1282 5200.0 4795.9601660.20 0.1277 0.6 0.0191667.20 0.1274 0.6 0.0191669.000 0.1273 4.6 4.2431680.000 0.1267 2.8 2.5731686.00 0.1264 9.1 0.425

1.7 1694.20 0.1260 1.7 0.053 38012.864

×104

Calculated Excitation Function of Si

Other Si excitation functions

γ-ray yield of Al thick target at different proton energies

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000E (kev)

co

un

ts

1779 keV27Al(p, γ)28Si

1460 kev40K

1369 kev27Al(p,αγ)24Mg

1016 keV27Al(p,pγ)27Al

843 keV27Al(p,pγ)27Al

Measured Al excitation function

Calculated γ-ray yield excitation function at different energies

γ-ray yield of Na thick target at different proton energies

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Eγ (keV)

cou

nts

Ep=1.5 MeV Ep=2.0 MeV

Ep=2.5 MeV

440 keV23Na(p,p'γ)23Na

1369 keV23Na(p, γ)24Mg

1633 keV23Na(p,αγ)20Ne

1635 keV23Na(p,p'γ)23Na

Measured excitation function for Na

Calculated Na excitation function

γ-ray yield of Mg thick target at different proton energies

390 kev25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg

585 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg

844 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg

974 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg

1014 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg

1369 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg

1460 keV40K

Ep=1.5 MeV

Ep=2.0 MeV

Ep=2.5 MeV

Measured excitation function of Mg

Estimated excitation function of Mg

γ-ray spectrum of a typical sample

Thank you very much

for your attention