the 9/11 survival guide to the skiesthe 9/11 survival guide to the skies complete flight safety...

The 9/11 Survival Guide To The Skies

Complete Flight Safety Handbook

For Travelers

By Julie Nogal

Illustrations by Amy Vala

The 9/11 Survival Guide to the Skies


Complete Flight Safety Handbook

for Travelers

Copyright © 2002 Julie Nogal

All rights reserved.

Universal Publishers / uPUBLISH.com

Parkland, Florida, USA • 2002

ISBN: 1-58112-623-9 paperback

ISBN: 1-58112-622-0 ebook

www.upublish.com/books/nogal.htm

A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

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It is out of great respect that I dedicate this book to the memoryof United Flight 93’s crew and passengers. Their heroic efforts onSeptember 11, 2001 taught us heightened awareness, bravery andteamwork. These people undoubtedly saved many of our lives thatday. I hope their courageous example, as well as this book, willsave lives if such extreme and adverse conditions reoccur.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank my family and friends for their love, support andencouragement. I thank my dad for his hard work and dedicationto making this book cover awesome. I thank Amy for her hardwork, dedication and wonderful illustrations. I thank my co-work-ers and friends for sharing their stories. I thank Frank for showingme that I could do it all by myself. I thank Dyan for her superbediting skills and advice. I thank Jeff for believing in my idea forthis book. I thank God for helping me make my dreams come true.

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CONTENTS

Foreword ix

Introduction xi

Before Your Flight

How to Survive Packing 3

How to Survive the Trip to the Airport 7

How to Survive the Ticket Counter 9

How to Survive Security 11

How to Survive Boarding 13

During Your Flight

How to Aid a Choking Adult 21

How to Aid a Choking Infant 23

How to Survive Turbulence 27

How to Survive a Decompression 31

How to Survive Delays 33

How to Survive Air Rage 35

How to Prepare for an Anticipated Emergency Landing 39

How to Brace for an Emergency Landing 41

How to Escape the Aircraft on Land 43

Survival Guidelines for Land 49

How to Escape the Aircraft in Water 51

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Survival Guidelines for Water 57

How to Erect a Simple Canopy 63

How to Survive an Unanticipated Emergency Landing 65

How to Administer Simple First Aid 73

Shock 73

First-degree burns 74

Second-degree burns 74

Third-degree burns 74

Bone, joint and muscle injuries 75

Bleeding eye 76

Eye injury 76

Head injuries 77

Neck and back injuries 77

How to Understand Hijackings 79

How to Avert a Hijacking 83

How to Survive Zero Tolerance 85

How to Survive Present Day Hijacking Threats 95

Bio-Terrorism 95

Weapons (Knives/Guns) 97

Explosives 99

Diversionary Tactic 100

Hostage Situation 102

How to Defend Yourself 105

Conclusion 111

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FOREWORD On September 11, 2001 a terrible tragedy touched our nation

and the world. It affected so many people, places and experiencesthat its ripple effect will be felt for years to come. One industry in particular was affected like no other…the airline industry. The way we travel will never again be the same.

Changes are in the works. Security at our nation’s airports hasbecome stricter. All U.S. airports have turned security over to thefederal government. Curbside check-in has only been partiallyrestored. Some airport parking garages are no longer available.More baggage searches are being conducted. And carry-on baggageis limited. Your flight will have an armed Federal Air Marshallonboard. And you will be prohibited from carrying any kind ofknife, scissors, corkscrew or any item considered to be a weapon.You will have to be at the airport 2-3 hours before your flightdeparture. Be patient. This is for your safety, as the traveling publicand for our safety, as crewmembers. We have to stick together. Wehave to remain safe and sane.

I am a flight attendant. I was safe that fateful day, but there weremany others who were not. My thoughts and prayers were withthem that day, as they are today and always. God Bless and Fly Safe!

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INTRODUCTIONAs I sat next to a well-educated elite frequent flyer in first

class, I asked him how much he thought air travel had changedsince 9/11. Do you know what he said? He said, “Not much.”That’s the attitude that we have to change today!

Everyone else has seemed to notice the changes: increasedsecurity measures, increased lines, but most importantly increasedawareness. Maybe you’re asking right now. . .How can I help? Ihope you are. If we as Americans and as travelers would have hadincreased awareness during the days preceding 9/11, maybe theWorld Trade Center would still be standing and all the peopleinside still working. We can’t lay blame. We can only decide rightnow to change. Change our attitudes forever! I realize the compla-cency with which we used to travel. A simple phone call to a reser-vations agent or a quick check on the internet and you were off.We just wanted to get from Point A to Point B with relative ease,right?! Well, all that has changed. In these days following 9/11, wehave been asked by President Bush and Attorney General JohnAshcroft to become more aware. Look around. Be aware of our sur-roundings. If we notice anything amiss, tell someone. Call yourlocal law enforcement agency or the F.B.I.

The FAA, TSA and the airlines are asking the same fromyou as you travel. Look around. Be aware of your surroundings. Ifyou notice anything amiss, tell someone. We all need to pitch in.We all need to take responsibility. We all play a vital role. We havebecome a team: the FAA, TSA, the airlines, the crewmembers andthe traveling public. Let’s act like one.

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BEFORE YOUR FLIGHT


HOW TO SURVIVE PACKING

Remember You Are Only Allowed One Carry-On

Please be smart and pack the following items!

Your ticket. If you are not in possession of a paper ticket forsame day travel, any of the following can be used:

1) E-ticket itinerary; 2) E-ticket receipt; 3) Travel agency itinerary; 4) Boarding document; or 5) Copy of a confirmation e-mail.

Photo I.D. If you are over the age of 18, you are required tohave government issued photo identification to travel.

Calling cards/Credit cards. These are handy to have in anemergency. Or just to make a phone call from the airport or airplane.

Snacks and bottled water. Most airlines have eliminated foodservice. Many others have re-evaluated food service parameters inorder to save money. Check with your airline before traveling. Theseitems also prove to be lifesaving in a delay or cancellation situation.

Reading material/CD player. To me this is just common sense.Do not count on the airlines to entertain you! Yes, they have magazineson board. But how often have you found them satisfactory, much less exciting?

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Medications and bottled water. These items should be self-explanatory. Don’t leave home without them.

Sweater or jacket. You may find that the cabin temperaturewill vary from flight to flight. And you may not want to use an “air-plane blanket”.

$$$$. In case you need a Bloody Mary or there is an in-flightmovie you are dying to see.

One destination outfit and undergarments. This, ofcourse, is just as a precaution in the off chance your “airline ofchoice” misplaces your checked luggage.

Important note: Dress in natural fabrics such as cotton, denimor wool. Synthetics may melt when heated.

Wear non-restrictive clothing and low-heeled leather or canvas shoes.These tips may save your life in a fire while escaping the aircraft.

More on packing. Approximate dimensions of your carry-on bagshould be 22”x 14”x 9”, including wheels and handles (or smaller).Also, be aware that different airplanes have different size overheadbins. If you have just traveled from Europe on a Boeing 777, ofcourse your “large” carry- on fit in the bin. These airplanes havehuge overhead bins and lots of them. But you are now boarding a737 which only holds about 1/3 of the people and is built that way,so your luggage may not fit in the bin.

How to pack. Here are a few pointers on this very importantsubject. First, check the weather in the city, state, country, etc thatyou are traveling to. I always do. Secondly, consider what youwill be doing on the trip. Will you be sightseeing? Then, of course,bring comfortable shoes. Are you scaling Mt. Everest? Then, ofcourse, bring your foul weather gear. Are you traveling on business,but you like to work out at the hotel? Then, bring yourrunning/walking shoes and some workout gear. Be sure to wear a

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suit jacket on the plane to save room in your luggage. You can coupleit with khakis for a more casual traveling day. Thirdly, make a list.Before you even start packing make a list of items that are mandatory.You will find that your list will remind you of other importantitems you need to bring. Lastly, bring your favorites. Wear what is going to make you feel good and look good!

Lay it all out on the bed. Make sure you have a primary base color,such as black or brown. This will help you mix and match yourwardrobe for optimal wearings. Try not to pack too many naturalfibers. They wrinkle quite a bit. Look for synthetics that canpack/roll easily. If at all possible, layer the clothes that you wear onthe plane to save room in your luggage and to ensure that you arewarm enough. Then you won’t have to send the flight attendantsearching for that one last hidden blanket!

Now, packing. This is how I begin. I start with shoes and toiletries.They are the heaviest and I place them on the bottom of my bag. Iput socks, belts and glasses in my shoes. I then lay my makeup ortoiletries bag on the bottom on the left or right side. Now, theother side can be used for clothes. In my bag, I roll everything! Ieven roll business suits. But I roll them with a plastic bag from thedry cleaner. Let me explain. Lay your suit on the bed on a drycleaning bag, or if you are very skilled, in a dry cleaning bag. Now,roll it tightly. When you roll, there will be air trapped in betweenthe bag and your clothes causing a cushioning effect. This will helpto alleviate a lot of wrinkles. You can do this with casual clothes also.

Pack your toiletries in travel-size containers and then in Ziplocbags. You can even place these in shoes. Don’t forget your travelalarm clock, camera and film.

What to pack for your unaccompanied minor. The helpfulhints, in the pages preceding will also apply here. I recently met ayoung lady (8 years old) on her way to South Africa from Raleigh-Durham, NC and all she had for the trip was a doll. This child may

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be hungry, thirsty, bored, etc. and it is your job as a parent to makesure your child is taken care of.

The flight attendants can only do so much. We can make sure yourchild has food and water, but we can’t make sure he/she is entertained.And we’re really not sure he/she will like our food or if there will beany food! So, always pack a “goodie” bag for your unaccompaniedminor even if he/she is only traveling on one plane for one hour.

What he/she needs in his/her carry-on bag includes: reading material,dolls/toys, food (all his/her favorites), water (at least one bottle),sweater/jacket, identification (passport, if traveling internationally),money, medications (he/she will need to be able to administer themhim/herself), CD player, and of course, an airline ticket.

Be sure your child has some important information written downin a safe place before he/she boards the airplane. Such as: 1) yourchild’s name; 2) your name, your address and phone number; 3)the name, address and phone number of the person meeting yourchild upon arrival. Be sure your child does not share this informationwith anyone, not even a friendly stranger. And make sure yourchild knows how to make a collect call.

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HOW TO SURVIVE THE TRIP TO THE AIRPORT

The following are some tips sure to make your journey less stressful!

Check the weather. Be prepared. Check the weather in bothyour arrival and departure cities so you will be comfortable in theclothes you pack either for business or pleasure.

Check the status of your flight. The easiest way to do thisis to check your airline’s website. Try: delta.com, aa.com, ual.com,etc. You may also call the airline’s reservation line. There should bea separate option for arrival and departure information.

Check parking availability. FAA has closed many parkingareas and garages since 9/11. Call your local airport authority to ensure availability.

Use public transportation. Many government officials haveencouraged using public transportation following 9/11. Most citieshave convenient subway or bus service to the airport.

Ensure you know your way. Make sure you have directions tothe airport or someone in the car who has been there . . .recently!

Allow extra time for traffic and road construction.This is especially true during rush hours and the summer months.

Take your time. Driving the speed limit will increase yourchances for a safe arrival.

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HOW TO SURVIVE THE TICKET COUNTER

Make Sure You Need To Be In Line.

The following are reasons to be waiting:

You need to pay for your ticket. In other words, you onlyhold a reservation on the flight you are planning to travel on today.

You need to check bags. Remember only one carry-on and one personal item (purse, laptop, small backpack or briefcase) isallowed. Most airports allow curbside check in also.

You need to exchange your ticket on one airline foranother. You were originally scheduled to fly to New York onDelta, but you’ve been rebooked on U.S. Airways, please checkwith Delta.

You need to pay a service charge. Many airlines allow you to do this at their websites and/or over the phone with a reservations agent.

You need to pay an excess baggage charge. This is probablythe case if you are traveling to Europe for a month and won’t bedoing laundry. Or if you are a surfer and you need your surfboardin Hawaii ASAP.

You have an E-ticket, but no receipt or printed confirmation.Same day ticketed passengers only are allowed through security.

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Your airline will provide you with a ticket or boarding pass at the counter.

You need to escort an unaccompanied minor to the gate.Again, since you are not a same day ticketed passenger (but yourchild is) you will need special documentation from your airlinebefore successfully passing through security.

You are traveling with your pet. You will need to check Fidoor Fluffy in with your airline. There is a fee for pets in cabin or incargo. Again, some airlines allow you to pay this fee at their websiteor over the phone.

You are traveling on a bereavement fare. When this unfor-tunate situation occurs, most airlines offer discounted rates. Mostalso require you to check in at their ticket counter to sign an affidavit.

You are traveling on a government or military fare.Most airlines offer military and government employees special fares.Most likely, you will be required to show identification verifyingyour status with the government.

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HOW TO SURVIVE SECURITY

Please Be Patient!

Inevitably, there will be long lines.

Bring your ticket for same day travel. If you don’t have apaper ticket, you must have: 1) e-ticket confirmation; 2) e-ticketitinerary; 3) airline issued boarding document; or 4) printed e-mailconfirmation.

Bring your I.D. Every passenger 18 years of age or older, musthave government issued photo identification. Bring your passportor travel documents if you are traveling overseas.

Bring reading material/CD player. These items are essentialto entertaining yourself.

Be 100% aware of your surroundings. If you see anythingamiss or someone acting strange, please report it.

Be courteous to the screeners. They have been instructed to carefully examine each x-rayed carry-on and/or hand search it.

Don’t test security. Do not try to smuggle weapons orweapon-like items such as: scissors, knife or corkscrew.

Don’t complain. These security enhancements are for your safetyand the safety of all crewmembers.

Don’t be surprised . . .if a flight crew “cuts” in front of you inline, please yield. They may be your crew!

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After you’ve cleared security, ask yourself these questions.Do I have snacks? Do I have magazines? Do I have a bottle of water? If you don’t have any of these items in your possession, I suggestyou make a run to the newsstand and procure your favorite news-paper or magazine or both. Then check to see if there is a deli orcoffee shop open. Get a bottle of water, a cup of joe, a sandwich, abagel, etc. If you are traveling with children, I suggest you double,triple or quadruple the amount of snacks and drinks you bringwith you. You know how fussy kids can be. Even if there is foodservice on the airplane, you know inevitably it won’t be “what thekids are expecting”.

One last thing before arriving at the gate, visit the ladies’/men’sroom. If you get on an airplane with a full bladder, inevitably youwill have to fight your way to a bathroom through the chaoticboarding process. Or, worst case scenario, you delay the plane’spushback from the gate because you are in the bathroom. It couldbe quite embarrassing especially if a P.A. is made as to why theplane hasn’t pushed back yet. Now, you can proceed to the gatefully prepared.

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HOW TO SURVIVE BOARDINGBe vigilant about unattended bags. While you are waitingto board the airplane, please be 100% aware of your surroundings.If you see an unattended bag, tell a gate agent or security personnel.

Be prepared for random searches. Airlines are randomlyhand-searching passengers’ bags at the gate. And in most cases, you are required to show picture identification before boarding the airplane.

Board when your row number is called. This is commonsense. It also averts a stampede and possible injury.

The following suggestions should be followed whenstowing your bags:

Stow heavy items under your seat. For example, slide yourlaptop under the seat in front of you. This item could severelyinjure someone if it falls from the overhead bin.

Don’t stack bags in the bin or overstuff the bins. Again,these bags could fall out injuring you or someone around you.

Check around you for anything foreign or suspicious.Check overhead bins, seatback pockets or under your seat. If youfind anything suspect, please tell a flight attendant.

Be aware: The week of 9/11, a flight attendant friend of minewas working a flight when a passenger called her over. The passengerhanded her the Passenger Safety Information Card and told her toopen it. When she did, she found, “We’re all going to die,” writtenin black marker.

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On a lighter note, here is some information regarding your boardingexperience. If you are in a wheelchair or on crutches or need specialassistance, you will usually be able to board first. Then come theELITE frequent flyers. These people fly this airline at least 25,000+miles per year. Don’t take it personally.

Next to board, coach class, which means everyone else. Yes, thereis a method to the madness! The airline will board by row numberbeginning with the rear of the airplane. Take a moment to checkyour ticket, again. What seat are you in? If your seat number is30A, you are in seat 30A, not Rows 35 and higher and not Rows40 and higher. You will hear the gate agent announce Rows 30 andhigher. This is you. Don’t forget, there is a method to the madness!

Please stay away from the door while the other passengers are boarding in the correct order!

Once you’ve boarded in an orderly fashion, keep your boardingpass out. This is for several reasons. First, the flight attendantmay double-check your boarding pass. Secondly, the airplanemay be a wide body. There are two aisles on a wide body and theflight attendant will be able to direct you down the correct aisle.You can just ask the flight attendant, “Which aisle is 30A down?”She/He will be more than happy to assist you. Thirdly, there maybe someone sitting in your seat. This boarding pass always comesin handy in a mistaken seat or duplication situation.

On the way to your seat, you may see pillows and blankets in theoverhead bins. Yes, they are for you. Please help yourself! They arecommunity property. Once everyone has boarded, it is extremelydifficult to locate a pillow or blanket because, you’ve guessed it,they are under, between and betwixt everyone’s luggage. You willnever be able to locate one again. And usually the flight attendantswon’t either!

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Stowing your bags. Don’t ask the flight attendant “Is there aplace I can put my bag so I don’t have to carry it all the way backto my seat?” Because he/she will say “Yes”, and check your bag!Don’t ask the flight attendant to stow your bag for you because it’stoo heavy. If it’s too heavy for you, it’s too heavy for him/her. Andmost airlines don’t want to have to pay the doctor bills while theflight attendant is out of work on an O.J.I. (on the job injury). The flight attendant or a “very nice” passenger will ASSIST you.

You’ve found your seat and there just so happens to be room NEARyour seat in the bins for your luggage. Lucky you. It’s okay if theoverhead bin directly over your seat is full. There will be roomNEAR your seat. You do not OWN this bin. And you did not pay forthis bin. It is community property. Believe me, I’ve heard them all!

I had to throw a passenger off an airplane once because shetold a flight attendant to go F*&% herself while the helpful flightattendant was trying to locate space for her bag. There was noroom in HER bin for HER luggage.

Make sure the bin closes after you’ve stowed your bag. The otherday a woman stowed her roll-aboard (bag with pull handle and wheels)length-wise in the overhead bin. She didn’t try to close the bin. I discovered five minutes prior to departure, while closing all thebins, that her bag did not fit. By now, we had no additional roomand had to check it. So, again, if you stow your bag length-wise,please check to see if the bin closes. If not, just reposition your bag and try it again!

You will notice on a wide body aircraft (B-767, MD-11, B-777)there are bins located over the middle row of seats. Yes, these arefor your use also. We do ask one thing, however. When you loadthem up with your luggage, please close them. It is nearly impossiblefor the flight attendants to close them once you are sitting in theseats below them and they’re heavy too!

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If you are seated at a BULKHEAD SEAT, this is a seat with a walldirectly in front of you, all of your carry-on luggage must go in anoverhead bin. This allows you a free and clear aisle (at your feet) toexit the aircraft in an emergency. It’s also an FAA (Federal AviationAdministration) regulation.

A European woman had boarded my flight and was seated at abulkhead seat. It was an “open” boarding process. This means shechose to sit at the bulkhead. This also means that her bag neededto be stowed in an overhead bin for takeoff and landing. The reasonshe said she chose to sit there was because there was a lot of roomat her feet to stow her bag. Wrong answer! On foreign carriers,however, this practice is acceptable. Inevitably, she had to move toa different seat so she could stow her bag underneath the seat infront of her.

If you are wearing a coat or jacket and would like to stow it in theoverhead bin, please wait until everyone has boarded and foundroom for his/her luggage! Try folding your coat or jacket and placingit on top of your luggage. Or, try this. Sit down with your coat on,carefully slip it off your shoulders and over your seatback. Thismethod allows you to have easy access to your coat and keeps itfairly wrinkle-free for your arrival.

If you are sitting in first class, let’s go over a few things. You find a place for your bags, you sit down, you are thirsty. . .naturally,right?! It’s winter and you have a coat and it’s hot! You think toyourself. When is that flight attendant going to pick up my coat?When am I going to get a drink? Okay, take a deep breath.

The flight attendants are doing the best that they can, swimmingupstream like trout during mating season, trying to collect all thecoats and take all the drink orders in a timely fashion. You will seehe/she fighting the crowd to get to you. Please, be patient. Do notring your call button incessantly! This will send the crew into anemergency mode state. They may rush to your seat with an oxygen

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bottle, defibrillator and a first aid kit. I’ve had this happen beforeand it certainly is embarrassing for the passenger that just wantedhis jacket hung. We have all forgotten that the call buttons shouldbe used for emergency purposes only.

When the Captain announces we are next in line for take off, weare required to pick up your cups. If you are not finished withyour drink, be assured you will be served another right after takeoffand as soon as it is safe for the flight attendants to serve you.

Boarding last. Let me tell you how it may work if you are one ofthe last persons on an airplane. First, it’s probably a full flight. Thisis especially true if you stood by and you were given a boardingpass, just minutes before departure. Secondly, the full overheadbins are now closed. The flight attendants do this purposefully toadvise you as to which bins are full.

When you board one minute prior to departure and all the bins areclosed, do not open three or four and leave them open! This willdelay our departure and everyone else’s. You may have to checkyour bag even before you have boarded the airplane. This isinevitable on a full flight!

I was traveling and had to check my bag because I fly stand-by.There was another passenger out in the jet-way also checking hisbag and making it quite clear that his bag “better get to Louisvillebecause it has very important items in it.” Hey, so does everyoneelse’s. . .I thought.

All the flight attendant is doing is putting a tag on yourbag that clearly has your final destination printed on it. Thisassures that the ramp agents will transfer it to the correct planewhen the time comes. When you put a stamp on your bills, don’tyou feel confident that your letter will be delivered to its final destination? Of course you do. That’s all we’re doing when wecheck your bag.

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A woman had to be escorted off an airplane by police, while Iwas working, because she refused to check her bag. She delayedour departure. We were 20 minutes late pushing back from the gatebecause she threw a tantrum. Don’t let this happen to you!

DURING YOUR FLIGHT

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HOW TO AID A CHOKING ADULTTelltale signs that he/she is choking: clutching his/herthroat, face turns bright red, then blue and no sound during effortto breathe.

Try to get a flight attendant’s attention. Flight attendantsare trained for many emergency situations, this being one of them.If this effort fails, be ready to act.

Stay calm. Many people have performed the Heimlich maneuversuccessfully. Have faith and here goes!

Have the person stand up. He may have already been standingup clutching his throat, which was your first telltale sign. . .now;(See figures 1-3)

Stand directly behind the person. Stabilize yourself.

Make a fist with your thumb tucked inside your fingers.

Place the thumb side of your fist against the middle ofthe person’s abdomen. Your fist should be positioned justabove the navel and well below the tip of the breastbone.

Now, wrap both arms around the person. Grasp your fistwith your other hand.

Press your fist into the person’s abdomen with a quickupward thrust!

Try to dislodge the object with each thrust. Continue theabdominal thrusts until the object has been dislodged and the airwayhas been cleared.

Pat yourself on the back! You’ve just saved a life.

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Figures 1-3

How to Aid a Choking Adult

HOW TO AID A CHOKINGINFANT

This one is a little trickier. But by following these easy steps, you’re sure to

be successful!.

Once again, try to get a flight attendant’s attention.They are trained to aid in this type of emergency also.

Be prepared to act! (See Figures 1-3)

Slide one hand under the infant’s back. Support his/herneck with your fingers.

Hold the infant’s jaw between your thumb and fingers,with your other hand.

Turn the infant over. His/her face should be resting on your forearm.

Lower your arm onto your thigh. Support the infant’s headand neck. And be sure to keep the infant’s head lower than the chest.

Give 5 (five) indirect/sweeping back blows with the heel ofyour hand. Concentrate on the area between his/her shoulder blades.

Try to dislodge the object with each blow!

Now, sandwich the infant between your hands andforearms. Take your free hand and forearm and place them alongthe infant’s head and back. Support the infant’s head and neck withyour fingers.

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Figures 1-3

How to Aid A Choking Infant

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Turn the infant over. Face up on your forearm.

Again, lower your forearm and rest it on your thigh.Keep the infant’s head lower than his/her chest.

Place two fingertips on the breastbone, one fingerwidth below the nipples.

Again, using your fingertips, compress breastbone 1/2 inch to 1 inch, 5 times.

Compress smoothly. Keep your fingers on the chest at all times.

Try to dislodge the object with each compression!

Repeat. This entire sequence can be repeated until the airwayhas been cleared.

Congratulations! You’ve just saved a life.

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