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Title:Ashortcourseinmedicalterminology/JudiL.Nath,Ph.D.,LourdesUniversity,KelseyP.Lindsley,R.Ph.,Pharm.D.

Description:Fourthedition.|Philadelphia:WoltersKluwerHealth,[2019]|Revisionof:Shortcourseinmedicalterminology/C.EdwardCollins,TextandAcademicAuthorsAssociation,St.Petersburg,Florida.|Includesindex.

Identifiers:LCCN2017044655|eISBN9781496351500

Subjects:LCSH:Medicine—Terminology.|Medicalsciences—Terminology.|BISAC:MEDICAL/Dictionaries&Terminology.

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-JUDIL.NATH

Thisbookisdedicatedtomyparents,whohavealwayslovedandsupportedme

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This new edition builds on the foundation established in the previous threeeditions.Thereaderwillfindthewritingstyleofthiseditioneasytofollow,with special focus given to ensuring that each page is user friendly andaccessible toall levelsof learning.Aseducators,wewanted tobe sure thatstudentsfoundthecontentmanageable,interesting,andunderstandable.

APPROACHANDCONTENTORGANIZATIONThissectionoutlinestheglobalchangesthatweremadethroughouttheentiretextbook as well as the chapter-by-chapter changes. We begin with thosechangesacrossthechapters.

GlobalChanges• Thenarrativehasbeenmodernizedtomakethetextmoreuser-friendly

andapproachableforstudents.

• Thechapterheadingshavebeenstandardizedtoappearinaconsistentordersomaterialispresentedutilizingaconsistentstyle.

• Thetopics in thestudytablewerealsostandardizedsothat theorderfollowsapredictablesequence.

• StudyTablesmaycontaintermsthatarenotinthenarrative;however,allbold-facedtermsinthenarrativearefoundintheStudyTables.Thebookwouldbecomeunwieldywithtextifthetermsinthetableswerealso in the narrative. We have selected the most relevant terms forinclusioninthetables.

• The end-of-chapter exercises have been standardized, so that fromchapter-to-chapterexercisesarepresentedinthesameorder.

• Chapter15TheSpecialSensesofSightandHearinghasbeenmovedto appear directly after Chapter 7 The Nervous System. This order

makessensefromafunctionalperspectiveandmatchesothercurrentanatomyandphysiologybooks.Rearrangingthetopicsinthismanneralso allows the book to be used in tandem with an anatomy andphysiologycourse.

• All terminology has been updated per current medical usage.Stedman’sMedicalDictionary,TerminologiaAnatomica,TerminologiaHistologica,TerminologiaEmbryologica,andleadingmedicaljournalswere used to standardize themedical terms, so that they are currentandmatchtermsusedincommonpractice.

• Pronunciations match Stedman’s Medical Dictionary. AlthoughStedman’sMedicalDictionary uses a diacritic format whereby signsand symbols are used with letters to indicate pronunciations, thepronunciations given in this book are those used for oralcommunicationsoweusedphoneticpronunciations.

• AppendixesAthroughEhavebeenupdatedsotheinformationisthemostcurrent,nationallyrecognized.

• Theartworkhasbeenupdatedandrevisedextensively tobeaccurateand contemporary. We also improved the text–art integration toenhancethestudentlearningexperience.

• Citationsfromimagecaptionshavebeenremoved,sothatthereaderisnotdistractedfromtheimageanditslearningopportunity.

• Unnecessarily long table titles were shortened to make table titleseasierforstudentstoreadandunderstand.

• Morephotoswereaddedforrealismandinterest.

• The phrase “word elements” was changed to “word parts” to avoidambiguities when some word parts served double functions, as insometimes a word part was a root and a prefix. This change alsoenabledconsistency.

• QuickCheckswereupdatedtoprovidebenchmarkswithinthechapterforstudentstoassessretentionofinformation.

• Sidebar Information was updated with interesting facts. It is alsodesignedsothatitisa“pointablefeature”andthereisatleastoneperchapter.

• Material from Crossword Puzzles and Chapter Quizzes has beenfoldedintotheEnd-of-ChapterExercises.

RevisedTableofContentsChapter1 AnalyzingMedicalTerms

Chapter2 CommonPrefixesandSuffixes

Chapter3 OrganizationoftheBody

Chapter4 TheIntegumentarySystem

Chapter5 TheSkeletalSystem

Chapter6 TheMuscularSystem

Chapter7 TheNervousSystem

Chapter8 TheSpecialSenseofSightandHearing

Chapter9 TheEndocrineSystem

Chapter10 TheCardiovascularSystem

Chapter11 TheLymphaticSystemandImmunity

Chapter12 TheRespiratorySystem

Chapter13 TheDigestiveSystem

Chapter14 TheUrinarySystem

Chapter15 TheReproductiveSystem

BasicChapterOutlineTemplate1. LearningOutcomes(changedfromlearningobjectives)

2. Introduction

3. WordPartsRelatedtotheXXXSystem

4. StructureandFunction

5. QuickCheck(atleaseoneperchapter)

6. DisordersRelatedtotheXXXSystem

7. DiagnosticTests,Treatments,andSurgicalProcedures

8. PracticeandPractitioners

9. TheXXXSystemAbbreviationTable

10. Sidebar(atleastoneperchapter)

11. TheXXXSystemStudyTable(alphabetizedwithinsubheadings)

• StructureandFunction

• Disorders

• DiagnosticTests,Treatments,andSurgicalProcedures

• PracticeandPractitioners

12. End-of-ChapterExercises—notallexercisesmaybepresent,buttheorderofexercisesismaintained

• ExerciseX-XLabeling

• ExerciseX-XWordParts

• ExerciseX-XWordBuilding

• ExerciseX-XMatching

• ExerciseX-XMultipleChoice

• ExerciseX-XFillintheBlank

• ExerciseX-XAbbreviations

• ExerciseX-XSpelling

• ExerciseX-XCaseStudy

Chapter-by-ChapterChangesChapter1AnalyzingMedicalTerms

• NewArt:Figure1-1

• NewWordParts:non-

• NewTerms:etymologyandlanguagesense

• DeletedWordPart:cleric

• AddednewQuickCheck

Chapter2CommonPrefixesandSuffixes

• ChangedchaptertitlefromCommonSuffixesandPrefixestoCommonPrefixes and Suffixes and changed the order of presentation in thechaptersothatprefixesareintroducedbeforesuffixesandtomatchthenewchaptertitle

• NewWordParts: a-, an-, anti-, -cele, -cyte, de-, dis-, -eal, -edema, -emesis,-emia,-ism,-lith,-lysis,-oid,-opsy,-pathy,-phobia,-plasia,-poesis,-rrhea,-sclerosis,-stasis,-stenosis,-stomy,tic,and–tome

• AddednewQuickCheck

Chapter3OrganizationoftheBody

• Changedchapter title fromTheBody’sOrganization toOrganizationoftheBody

• NewArt:Figures3-1,3-2,3-3,3-4,3-5,3-6,and3-7

• NewWordParts:gastr/oandthorac/o

• New Terms: abdominal cavity, anatomy, caudal, cephalad, cervix,coccyx, coronal plane, cranial, lumbus, pelvic cavity, physiology,sacrum,thorax,andventral

• Deleted Terms: anatomical terms of location, dorsal cavity, andmidsagittal

• AddednewQuickCheck

Chapter4TheIntegumentarySystem

• NewArt:Figures4-1,4-6,and4-10

• NewWordParts:adipo-and-oma

• NewTerms:arrectorpilimuscles,benign,bulla,carcinoma,decubitusulcers, edema, erythematous, fissure, hypodermis, integumentarysystem,malignant,plaque,pruritic,prurigo,andwheal

Chapter5TheSkeletalSystem

• NewArt:Figures5-1,5-2,5-8,5-9,5-10,5-11,5-12,5-13,5-14,andnewimagesforTable5-3

• NewTerms:appendicularskeleton,axialskeleton,carpalbones,closedfracture, compound fracture, compact bone, cranial suture, cranium,epiphyseal plate, hip bone, joint, kinesiologists, lateral malleolus,ligaments, tendons, medial malleolus, neoplasms, occupationaltherapists, open fracture, osseous tissue, physical therapists, simplefracture, spongy bone, sternum, synovial fluid, synovial joint, tarsalbones,thoraciccage,andvertebralcolumn

• NewAbbreviations:MRIandNSAID

• DeletedAbbreviations:CTSandLE

• DeletedTerms:chondrodyniaanddactylomegaly

• DeletedWordParts:cheir/oand-desis

Chapter6TheMuscularSystem

• DeletedTable6-2becauseitisinChapter5

• ReorganizedcomparativeartinFigure6-1

• AddednewSidebarondysphagiaanddysphasia

• NewArt:Figures6-2and6-5

• NewAbbreviations:ALS,FX,MD,NSAID,andPT

• DeletedAbbreviations:CTD,DMD,andDTR

• NewTerms:agonist,Duchennedystrophy,dysphagia,fascicle,musclefibers,paresis,skeletalmuscle,andstriatedmuscle

• Deleted Terms: myoparesis, tenalgia, tenontoplasty, tendoplasty, andtenoplasty

Chapter7TheNervousSystem

• NewArt:Figures7-1,7-3,7-5,7-6,7-8,andLabelingExercise7-1

• NewAbbreviations:AD,CSF,CT,DM,MRI,andPD

• DeletedAbbreviations:IQ,OBS,PERRLA,SAD,andTENS

• New Terms: demyelination, lesion, seizure, sympathetic nervoussystem,andparasympatheticnervoussystem

• Term Changes: changed brain stem to brainstem per TerminologiaAnatomica,changedpetitmalseizuretoabsenceseizure

• Added a new sidebar on the difference between psychiatrist andpsychologist

• DeletedTerms:subsystems

Chapter8TheSpecialSensesofSightandHearing

• NewArt:Figures8-2,8-3,8-4,8-8,8-9,andLabelingExercise8-1

• NewAbbreviations:EOM,LASIK,andO.D.

• DeletedAbbreviations:ASL,dB,ECCE,ERG,ICCE,andPVD

• New Terms: auditory tube, cones, external acoustic meatus, deaf,extra-ocular muscles, eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, lacrimal ducts,lacrimal fluid, lacrimal glands, lacrimal sac, laser-assisted in situkeratomileusis (LASIK), lateral angle of eye, medial angle of eye,orbit,refraction,rods,andscleralbuckle

• TermChanges:innercanthuschangedtomedialangleoftheeye,outercanthus changed to lateral angle of the eye, outer ear changed toexternalear,innerearchangedtointernalear,externalauditorycanalchanged to external acousticmeatus, andeustachian tubechanged toauditorytubeperTerminologiaAnatomica

• DeletedWordParts:dacryocyst/o,irit/o,andphak/o

Chapter9TheEndocrineSystem

• NewArt:Figure9-1,9-3,9-4,9-5,9-6,9-7,andLabelingExercise9-1

• NewAbbreviations:T3,T4,CT,PTH,andGTT

• DeletedAbbreviations:BS,IDDM,andNIDDM

• New Terms: corticosteroids, fasting blood sugar (FBS), goiter,exophthalmos, hypothalamus, pineal gland, glands, polydipsia,polyuria,andthyroid-stimulatinghormone(TSH)

Chapter10TheCardiovascularSystem

• NewArt:Figures10-5,10-6,and10-7

• DeletedAbbreviations:CP,ICU,Rh+,andRh–

• New Terms: apex, atrioventricular valves, coronary artery disease,embolus,heartbeat,pulmonarycircuit,andsystemiccircuit

• Deleted Terms: arteritis, cardiodynia, cardiomalacia, pericardial sac,andphagocyte

Chapter11TheLymphaticSystemandImmunity

• NewArt:Figures11-1,11-2,11-3,11-4,andLabelingExercise11-1

• NewAbbreviations:EBV

• DeletedAbbreviations:CBC,HLA,andRIA

• DeletedFigure:formerFigure10-1

• NewTerms:allergy,autoimmunedisease,elephantiasis,immunization,lymphnode, lymphography,pathogen,systemic lupuserythematosus,vaccination,andvaccine

Chapter12TheRespiratorySystem

• ChangedTheNoseheadingtoTheNose,NasalCavity,andParanasalSinuses; changedThe Pharynx heading toThe Pharynx andTonsils;addednewsectiononTheDiaphragm

• AddednewSidebaronthecommoncoldviruses

• NewWordPart:adeno-

• New Art: Figures 12-1, 12-3, 12-4, 12-6, 12-7, 12-8, 12-9, andLabelingExercise12-1

• NewAbbreviations:BP,c/o,F,ICU,P,TandA,URI,VC,andWBC

• DeletedAbbreviations:T&AchangedtoTandA

• DeletedFigure:formerFigure11-4

• NewTable12-2PulmonaryVolumesandCapacities

• New Terms: cyanosis, lungs, nasal cavity, nasal septum, nose,paranasalsinuses,tonsils,andventilation

Chapter13TheDigestiveSystem

• NewArt:Figures13-1,13-2,13-3,13-5,andLabelingExercise13-1

• ChangedcommonbileducttobileductperTerminologiaAnatomica

• NewAbbreviations:NGandUGIS

• DeletedAbbreviations:GB,GBSNGT,andUGI

• New Terms: absorption, bile duct, digestion, elimination,esophagogastroduodenoscopy, irritable bowel syndrome, and loweresophagealsphincter

• DeletedTerms:commonbileductandfundus

Chapter14TheUrinarySystem

• NewArt:Figures14-1,14-3,andLabelingExercise14-1

• Changed perirenal fat to perinephric fat or pararenal fat body perTerminologiaAnatomica

• Added information on the nephron, glomerulus, and glomerularfiltrationrate

• NewAbbreviations:ARFandCRF

• DeletedAbbreviations:BPHandPSA

• New Terms: antibiotic, calyx, kidney transplant, micturition,nephropexy,renalcorpuscle,renalcortex,renalmedulla,renalpelvis,andrenaltubule

Chapter15TheReproductiveSystem

• NewArt:Figures15-1,15-4,15-6,15-7,andLabelingExercise15-1

• NewSidebaronmeiosisandmitosis

• ChangedamnioticsactoamnionperTerminologiaAnatomica

• Changed spermatozoon and spermatozoa to sperm per TerminologiaHistologica

• NewAbbreviations:A,C-section,EDC,EDD,G,HIV,P,Papsmear,STD,andSTI

• DeletedAbbreviations:DUF,HRT,HSG,IUD,PMS,TAH,andVD

• New Terms: abortus, amnion, amniotic fluid, amniotic sac, clitoris,glans, foreskin, fundus, labiummajus, labiumminus,umbilical cord,urologist,andvulva

OTHERRESOURCES

Onlineancillarymaterialscomplementthetextandprovideadditionalsupportforstudentlearning.

StudentResources:

• QuestionBank,with a variety of exercise types to reinforce chaptermaterial

• EducationalGames, suchascrosswordpuzzles,hangman,andword-buildingchallenges

• AudioGlossary

• FlashCards,includingFlashCardGenerator

• ChapterQuizzes

• FinalExam

InstructorResources:

• PowerPoint slides and Lesson Plans include useful information tofacilitatepresentationofmaterialbyinstructors.

• Test Generator, with more than 500 questions to test students’knowledgeofterms,theirmeanings,andabbreviations.

• Handoutsincludeadditionalpuzzlesandgamesforadditionalstudentpractice.

Welcome to the field of medical terminology. This workbook-textbook iswrittentoteachthelanguageofmedicineinanengagingandmeaningfulway.Itiswrittentorepresenttherealworldsothatyoucanmoveseamlesslyfromthe classroom to actual practice. The approach is based on research thatdemonstrateshowstudents learnbest.To thatend,weuseda three-prongedapproach:(1)immersion—thetermsarepresentedincontext;(2)chunking—the material is given in manageable units; and (3) practice—exercises thatallowyoutocheckyourknowledge.Learningwordpartsisalsoanessentialcomponentof learning the terms. If you learn the tablesofwordparts, youwill be well on your way to knowing medical terms you have neverencountered,becauseyoucanfigureoutthetermsbybreakingthemintotheircomponentwordparts.Thiswillbequiteuseful,becausenoteverywordyouwillencounterinyourcareersisfoundinthisbook,butyouwillbeequippedwith theknowledge tounderstand theirmeaning.Wealsoencourageyou topay special attention to the analysis sections in the Study Tables, as theseprovideinteresting,foundationalinformationforformingmedicalterms.

While learning medical terminology, you will also learn some basicanatomy(bodystructures),physiology(bodyfunctions),andpathology(bodydiseases).Becausemedical termsdescribe thehumanbody inhealth and indisease,attaininganelementaryunderstandingof these topicswillhelpyouretainaworkingmemoryofmedicallanguage.

Learningmedical terms canbe easy if you approach the subject fromaproperperspective.Beginbytellingyourselfthatmedicaltermsdonotmakeupaseparatelanguage.Medicaltermsaresimplywordsthatyoucanaddtoyour vocabulary. As with all words, medical words are meant to conveyinformation.

Asyouenteramedicalprofession,youwillbecommunicatingwithothermedical professionals and with patients. Therefore, your job will include

choosingwordsandsentencestructuresthatconveyaccurateinformationandreflectaprofessionalattitude.Thatistosay,bothyourcommunicationskillsand your attitude toward patients are very important. As you are about todiscover,learningmedicalterminologycanbeeasyattimesandchallengingatothers.However,ifyouusethetextbookanditsancillariestotheirfullest,youwillbewellonyourwaytomasteringmedicalterminology.

JudiL.Nath,Ph.D.Professor

LourdesUniversitySylvania,Ohio

KelseyP.Lindsley,R.Ph.,Pharm.D.Pharmacist,PreceptorClinicalPractitionerPortClinton,Ohio

LEARNINGOUTCOMES

Uponcompletionofthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

■ Recognizeprefixes.

■ Recognizesuffixes.

■ Definealloftheprefixesandsuffixespresentedinthischapter.

■ Analyzeanddefinenewtermsintroducedinthischapter.

■ Pronounce,define,andspelleachtermintroducedinthischapter.

A Short Course inMedical Terminology, Fourth Edition, was developed toprovide an easy, efficient, and effective way to learn medical terminology.ThisUser’sGuide introduces thefeaturesof thebook thathelp the learningexperience.

A logical organization guides students through the basics of medicalterminology,wordparts,andwordanalysis.

Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the basics of word building and set thefoundationforlearningterms.

Chapters3–15offeranoverviewofeachbodysystemand introduce termsthat identify the structure and functionof that systemalongwith terms thatname system disorders, diagnostic tests, treatments, surgical procedures,practice,andpractitioners.

Each chapter opens with a statement of learning outcomes. These aremeasurableeducationalaimsandobjectivesthatindicatewhatyoushouldbeabletodoaftercompletingthechapter.

AnintroductionandatabularpresentationofWordPartsrelatedtoaspecificbodysystemarepresentednext.

WordPartsExercisesofferyouanopportunity toquicklyreviewthewordpartsbeforemovingontonewmaterial.

StructureandFunctionsectionswithfull-colorillustrationshelpyoulearn

basicanatomyandphysiologyusingtighttext–artintegration.

QuickChecksexerciseshelpreinforceyourknowledgeoftermpartsbefore

studyingdisordersrelatedtothebodysystems.

All body system chapters include an Abbreviations Table, which listscommonabbreviationsandtheirmeaningsusedinthechapter.

Sidebarsappearthroughouttohighlightinterestingfactsaboutmedicaltermsandwordsingeneral.

All body system chapters include a Study Table summarizing terms forreinforcementof thematerial inaneasy-to-reference format.Some terms inthetablearenotfoundintherunningnarrative,butareimportanttoinclude,orthetermsareusedintheend-of-chaptercasestudy.

End-of- Chapter Exercises and a Case Study close out each chapter tomaximize learning. Exercises include figure labeling, word building,matching, multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, short answer, true/false, andspelling. The Case Study provides real world application of medical termsand gives you an opportunity to interact with the chapter material as youwouldinaclinicalsetting.

Theauthorsandpublisherwouldliketothankthefollowingindividualswhohelpedtoreviewthistextbook:

RhondaAnderson

Instructor

Phlebotomy

GreenvilleTechnicalCollege

Greenville,SouthCarolina

MarianneDemsky

Instructor

HumanResources

JohnsHopkinsHospital

Baltimore,Maryland

PatriciaKetcham

DirectorofNursingLaboratories

SchoolofNursing

OaklandUniversity

Rochester,Michigan

AmieMayhall

Instructor

MedicalOfficeCareers

OlneyCentralCollege

Olney,Illinois

AshitaPatel

Instructor

MedicalAssisting

WakeTechnicalCommunityCollege

Raleigh,NorthCarolina

LonaSandon

AssistantProfessor

ClinicalNutrition

UTSouthwesternMedicalCenter

Dallas,Texas

KarenK.Smith

AssistantProfessor

HealthInformationManagementProgram

UniversityofArkansasforMedicalSciences,CollegeofHealthProfessions

LittleRock,Arkansas

JonetteTalbottRN,MSN,NP-C

ProfessorandProgramDirector

PracticalNursing

SouthsideVACommunityCollege

Alberta,Virgina

MargaretTiemann

Instructor—Retired

HealthInformationTechnology

St.CharlesCommunityCollege

Cottleville,Missouri

RafaelTolentino

ChiefAcademicOfficer

Nursing&HealthAllied

HomesteadSchools,Inc.

Torrance,California

Withsinceregratitude,Iwishtoacknowledgeallthehardworkdonebythemembers of the editorial staff ofWoltersKluwer.Writing and publishing atextbookrequiresmorethanputtingfingerstothekeyboard.Theprintedbookrepresentstheworkofmanydedicatedindividuals,withoutwhomthisprojectcould not be completed. To begin, thanks to exceptional editor, JonathanJoyce,forbringingthisbooktomyattentionandencouragingmetoworkonit.Toeditorialcoordinator,JohnLarkin,thankyouforbeingmypointperson;youwerealwaysquick to respondandhelpfulwithyour responses.Specialappreciation is extended to developmental editor, AmyMillholen, who hasbeen atmy side for several titles, providing expert advice and direction.Aroundofapplausegoes to theWoltersKluwersalesandmarketing teamledbymarketingmanager,LeahThomson.

WealsoofferposthumousheartfeltindebtednesstoC.EdwardCollins,theoriginalauthorofthisbook.Throughthreeeditionsyouwerethepenbehindthepages;maythisworkbeatestamenttoyourlegacy.

1 AnalyzingMedicalTerms

2 CommonPrefixesandSuffixes

3 OrganizationoftheBody

4 TheIntegumentarySystem

5 TheSkeletalSystem

6 TheMuscularSystem

7 TheNervousSystem

8 TheSpecialSensesofSightandHearing

9 TheEndocrineSystem

10 TheCardiovascularSystem

11 TheLymphaticSystemandImmunity

12 TheRespiratorySystem

13 TheDigestiveSystem

14 TheUrinarySystem

15 TheReproductiveSystem

APPENDICES

A Answers

B GlossaryofWordPartswithMeanings

C GlossaryofAbbreviations

D Error-ProneAbbreviations,Symbols,andDoseDesignations

E Top100PrescribedMedications

Index

LEARNINGOUTCOMES

Uponcompletionofthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

■ Discussthepurposeofmedicalterminology.

■ Recognizeeachofthefourwordpartsofmedicalterms:prefixes,roots,suffixes,andcombiningforms.

■ Definethecommonlyusedprefixes,roots,andsuffixesintroducedinthischapter.

■ Dividemedicaltermsintowordparts.

■ Understandhowwordpartsareputtogethertomakemedicalterms.

■ Recognizetheimportanceofproperspelling,pronunciation,anduseofmedicalterms.

INTRODUCTIONThere are many ways and various books to help you learn medicalterminology.Thisbookisintendedforashortcourseinmedicalterminologyand focuses onmedical terms, their definitions, and brief exercises to helpyouquicklygaugeyourunderstanding.Thatmeansthisbookcanbeworkedthroughinaslittleas8weeks.Ourgoalistogiveyouallthebasicsyouwillneed tobesuccessful inyourcareer,whileallowingyou tohavea little funlearning.Everywordinthemedicalfieldisnotfoundinthisbook,butallthe

Latin and Greek word parts are found here. These word parts can becombined tomake thousandsofmedical terms,andunderstanding thebasicwordpartsisthefirststeptowardunderstandingcompletewords.Whileitispossible to memorize the definitions of individual medical words,understandingjustthepartsthatmakeupthemedicalwordiseasierandfasterthan learningeverywordbecause thereare fewerwordparts thancompletewords. In fact, approached the right way, medical terminologymay be theeasiestsubjectinyourprogram.Learningittakesabitofthoughtandanopenmind;butitneednotinvolvesweatingorrippingoutyourhairinfrustration.

Whyismedical terminologyimportant?Can’tmedicalprofessionals justuse simple words like “gut” and “cut”? Unfortunately, these aren’t alwaysspecificenough.Gutcanrefertothestomach,smallintestine,largeintestine,oranypartofyourdigestivesystem.Ifyouhavepaininoneoftheseareas,youwouldwanttobeabletoeasilyidentifyasingleareaandhaveallmedicalprofessionalsrecognizethatspecificarea.Theterm“cut”couldmeanjustanincision,orinothercasesitcouldmeancuttingoffabodypart.Forexample,“Shecutherhand”indicatesanincision,but“Cutthehanddistaltothewrist”could mean an amputation. Luckily medical terminology allows us tospecifically identifyplaces in thebodyandevenwhat typeofcut it iswithwords(seeFigure1-1).

FIGURE1-1Thiscartoondemonstratesthevalueofstandardizedmedicalterms.

Thefoundationofmedicalterminologyisrootedinlearningthefourbasicwordparts:prefixes,roots,suffixes,andcombiningforms.You’lllearnhowto distinguish among these word parts in order to combine them intomeaningfulmedicalterms.

First, let’s examine some medical term characteristics. Most medicalterms are derived from Latin and Greek languages. While this may makethemseem“foreign,”75%ofallEnglishwords arederived fromLatin andGreek.When you look up a term in the dictionary, itsetymology, orwordorigin,isusuallygivenalongwithitsdefinition.Forexample,dementiaisanimpairmentofcognitivefunctionmarkedbymemoryloss.Itcomesfromthe

Latinword,demens,whichmeans“outofone’smind.”

ACQUIRINGANDUSINGLANGUAGESENSE

Accurate communication in any specialty field depends on language sense.Language sense is knowing what words mean and forecasting the effectstheircombinationswillproduce.Thisisatwo-partdefinition.First,wehavetounderstandwhatthewordwe’reusingmeans.Second,wehavetotrustthatthepersonlisteningtowhatwe’resayingalsounderstandsthemeaningofthewords thatwe’re using.While this is important in everyday language, it isespecially importantwithmedical terminologywheremisunderstanding canhavedrasticeffectsonpatients.

Whodecideswhatthe“correct”anatomictermis?AsystemofanatomicnamingknownasTerminologiaAnatomicaisconsideredtheinternationalstandardforterminologythatdealswithhumananatomy.ItwascreatedbytheFederativeCommitteeonAnatomicalTerminologyandfirstpublishedin1998.ItisessentiallyananatomydictionarythatgivestheLatinbaseofthewordalongwiththeacceptedEnglishterm.Ithasstandardizedanatomy-relatedterminologyandisagreatresource.

Whatdoeslanguagesensehavetodowithlearningmedicalterms?First,wordshaveparts,andexaminingthosepartsforcesthelearnertoseeandhearwords in a new way. That is, the person becomes conscious of words aswords.You’ll have to think about each part of theword and then put it alltogethertounderstandhowthepartsmakeupthewhole.Second,theabilitytousewordswellinvolveslearningthephoneticandgrammaticalcodesthatmake complex communication possible. This means using properpronunciationandusingmedicalterminologycorrectlyinasentence.Medicalterminology is probably one of your first exposures to clinical culture. Socongratulations!Thisisyourfirststeptowardsuccessinthemedicalfield!

MEDICALTERMPARTS

Nearly everymedical term contains one ormore roots. Itmay also containone ormoreprefixes and one or more suffixes.When you start combiningpartsintowords,youwillalsouseacombiningformofaroot.Thismeansasinglemedicaltermmayconsistofonepartorseveralparts,buteverypartofa termbehaves inoneof threeways: root,prefix,orsuffix.Thegood—andmaybe surprising—news is that these three parts also make up all otherEnglish words. The even better news is that as an English speaker, youalreadyknowalotoftheseparts,especiallyprefixesandsuffixes.

Hereistheorderofwordpartsusedinformingwords:prefixesfirst,rootssecond,andsuffixeslast,assumingawordcontainsallthreeparts.Ifaprefixispresent,itappearsatthebeginningoftheterm.Arootisnext.Therootis

foundinthemiddleoftheword,andtheyformwordsbyaddingprefixesorsuffixes to them. Suffixes are always the endings of words. A combiningform is used in combinationwith anotherword part that is distinct from aprefixorsuffixthatadjuststhesenseorfunctionoftheword.

Some words, such as nontraditional, contain all three word parts. Theprefixisnon-(not),therootistradition(establishedcustomsornorms),andthesuffix-al(makesthewordanadjectivemeaning“relatingto”).Thiswordisthusanadjectivemeaning“notrelatingtocustomsornorms.”

EXAMPLE: There are movements that encourage women to seeknontraditionaloccupationssuchasfirefighting.

Somewordscontainonlytwoparts,suchastraditionist.Traditionistherootand–ist is the suffix that refers to “adhering to a system of beliefs orcustoms.”So,atraditionistisapersonwithestablishedbeliefsorcustoms.

EXAMPLE:Mr.Brown,whoaskedthatboysinhisclassroomremovedtheirhats,wasconsideredatraditionist.

Other words contain other combinations, such as nontradionalist (theprefixnon-=not;theroottradition=establishedcustomsornorm;thesuffix-al=adjective formmeaning relating to;andanother suffix–ist= refers toadheringtoasystemofbeliefsorcustoms).So,anontraditionalistisapersonwithoutestablishedbeliefsorcustoms.

EXAMPLE: Mrs. Brown, who didn’t mind boys wearing hats in herclassroom,wasconsideredanontradionalist.

Hereisamedicaltermthathastworoots:psychopath(psychoandpath).Psychopath is amedical term that has become a commonEnglishword. Itrefers to a person who has a severe psychological disorder. One mightcontendthatpathisasuffixbecauseinthetermpsychopath,itcomeslast.Ifwe consider that the word part path comes to us from the English wordpathos,whichmeanssorrow,suffering,or tragedy, thenmaybeweought toidentifyitasaroot.However,asitcomesattheendofsometerms,isitnotalsoasuffix?Thebestanswertothatquestionis,“Whocares?”Youmaycallitarootorasuffix,anditdoesn’treallymatteraslongasyouknowwhatitmeansandwhereitgoesinaparticular term.Thebottomlineis thatprefix,root, and suffix identification is a convenient way to look at and decipherterms;andmostofthetime,assigningthelabelsofprefix,root,andsuffixtoaword’spartsleadstoanacceptabledefinition.Ifthepartsvaryalittlenowandthen,don’tdespair;theuniversewillgoon.

ANALYZINGTERMSLearningtopickoutprefixes,roots,andsuffixes,asisdoneforyouinTable1-1, will permit you to define many, or even most, medical terms. Beforegoinganyfurther,wemustdealwithwhathasbeentraditionallyreferredtoasafourthwordpart:thecombiningform.Acombiningformissimplyarootthat includesoneormorevowels tackedonto theendof it tomakea root–suffixcombinationpronounceable,asinthewordpsychology.Themainrootispsych (mind), and the suffix is -logy (study of).But “psychlogy” doesn’tflowaswellaspsychology,thusweinsertthe“o”tocreateamoreEnglish-soundingword.So,astheexampleshows,thecombiningformconceptisallabout vowels, consonants, and pronunciation. A problem thus arises. Thatproblemisthatwerememberaword(orawordpart,forthatmatter)intwoways: by recalling the sound itmakeswhenwe hear it spoken and by thesoundavisualcombinationofitslettersmakeswhenweseeitwritten.

TABLE1-1ANALYSISOFEXAMPLEWORDS

Term Prefix Root Suffix TermMeaning

cardialgia cardi(heart) -algia(pain)

painintheheart;also,heartburn(adigestivedisorder)

cardiology cardio(heart) -logy(studyof)studyoftheheartanditsdisorders

carditis card(heart) -itis(inflammation)inflammationoftheheart

diagnosisdia-(across;through)

gnosis(Greekwordmeaning“knowledge”)

discoveryofthecauseofsignsandsymptoms

diseasecausedbyhealth

iatrogenicdisease

iatro(physician);gen(origin,cause)

-ic(adjectivesuffix)

care(whetheranindividualworker,particularinstitution,orthesystemasawhole)

psychopath psycho(mind);path(disease)

personwitha(serious)mentaldisease

When I asked a colleaguehow shepronounced theprefix iatro-,whichmeans physician, she said, “eye-a-tro.” Another colleague pronounced it,“eye-at-ur,” and a French friend of mine insisted on, “eye-att-re” with aclippedfinalvowelsound,asinLouvre.

This book will introduce roots with their potential combining vowelsaddedwithforwardslashes(/)separatingthemfromtherestoftheroot.

EXAMPLE:card/i/o

Bytheway,itwouldmakeequalsensetointroducethemasfollows:

EXAMPLE:card;cardi;cardio(allthreeare,phoneticallyspeaking,roots.)

You can learn a great deal from Table 1-1. To begin with, the termscardialgia,cardiology,andcarditisnotonlyshowthethreeformsoftherootforheart(card,cardi,andcardio)butalsointroduceyoutothreeimportantsuffixes:-algia,-logy,and-itis.

• -algia=pain

• -logy=studyof

• -itis=inflammation

Thesethreesuffixesoccurinmanymedicalterms.Forexample,whenyoulearn a new root, such as neur/o, which means nerve, you will know themeaningsofneuralgia,neurology,andneuritis:

• neuralgia=paininanerve

• neurology=thestudyofthenervoussystem;alsothespecialtydealingwithdiagnosisandtreatmentofnervoussystemdisorders

Title PageCopyright PageDedicationNew to This EditionAuthor’s PrefaceUser’s GuideReviewersAcknowledgmentsContents1 Analyzing Medical Terms2 Common Prefixes and Suffixes3 Organization of the Body4 The Integumentary System5 The Skeletal System6 The Muscular System7 The Nervous System8 The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing9 The Endocrine System10 The Cardiovascular System11 The Lymphatic System and Immunity12 The Respiratory System13 The Digestive System14 The Urinary System15 The Reproductive SystemA AnswersB Glossary of Word Parts with MeaningsC Glossary of AbbreviationsD Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose DesignationsE Top 100 Prescribed MedicationsIndex