the acquisition of adjunct control · 5 chomsky (1981) after learning problems: syntactic...
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Before and afterthe acquisition of adjunct control
Juliana Gerard
Jeffrey Lidz
1contact: [email protected]
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Adjunct control
John bumped Mary after tripping on the sidewalk
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Chomsky (1981)
Adjunct control
John bumped Mary after ___ tripping on the sidewalk
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Adjunct control
John bumped Mary
afterbeforewhile
without…
___ tripping on the sidewalk
Chomsky (1981)
PRO
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Why adjunct control?
John bumped Mary
afterbeforewhile
without…
PRO tripping on the sidewalk
5
Chomsky (1981)
after
Learning problems:
syntactic dependency(closest c-commanding NP)
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Non-adultlike behavior in previous studies
John bumped Mary after PRO tripping on the sidewalk
Available interpretation(s):
Adults: Subject control (John)
4-6 yo: Subject control (John)
Object control (Mary)
Sentence internal (John or Mary)
Free reference (anyone)
Goodluck (1981), Hsu, Cairns, & Fiengo (1985), McDaniel, Cairns, & Hsu (1991), Cairns, McDaniel, Hsu, & Rapp (1994), Broihier & Wexler (1995), Goodluck (2001), Adler (2006)
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Today: source of non-adultlike behavior for adjunct control
• Relevance of event order• Retrieve antecedent + remember event order
• Retrieve antecedent + remember event order
• General implications for memory development• What develops, and when?
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Example: John bumped Mary after PRO tripping on the sidewalk
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Non-adultlike behavior in previous studies
John bumped Mary after PRO tripping on the sidewalk
Available interpretation(s):
Adults: Subject control (John)
4-6 yo: Subject control (John)
Object control (Mary)
Sentence internal (John or Mary)
Free reference (anyone)
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Goodluck (1981), Hsu, Cairns, & Fiengo (1985), McDaniel, Cairns, & Hsu (1991), Cairns, McDaniel, Hsu, & Rapp (1994), Broihier & Wexler (1995), Goodluck (2001), Adler (2006)
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Source of error?
Non-adultlike grammar
Non-adultlike
deployment
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Reasons for non-adultlike behavior?
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Non-adultlike grammar
Reasons for non-adultlike behavior?
Several different non-adultlike grammars proposed- Variable Attachment
- Nominalization
- Agent Control
Variation across studies hard to account for
Goodluck (1981), Hsu, Cairns, & Fiengo (1985), McDaniel, Cairns, & Hsu (1991), Goodluck & Behne(1992), Cairns, McDaniel, Hsu, & Rapp (1994), Broihier & Wexler (1995), Goodluck (2001), Adler (2006)
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Non-adultlike
deployment
Parsing mechanisms
Task effects
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Reasons for non-adultlike behavior?
Parsing mechanisms
Non-adultlike
deployment
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✓
?
Parsing mechanisms
Source of error?
Non-adultlike grammar
Non-adultlike
deployment
?
(✓ ) ?
Gerard & Lidz (2014, 2015, 2016), Gerard et al (2017)
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Reasons for non-adultlike behavior?
• For adjunct control: retrieve antecedent of PRO• Non-adultlike behavior in previous studies
• Previous tasks: remembering event orders while retrieving PRO
Goodluck (1981), Hsu, Cairns, & Fiengo (1985), McDaniel, Cairns, & Hsu (1991), Goodluck & Behne(1992), Cairns, McDaniel, Hsu, & Rapp (1994), Broihier & Wexler (1995), Goodluck (2001), Adler (2006)
Example: John bumped Mary after PRO tripping on the sidewalk
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Adjunct control tasks
Truth Value Judgment Task (TVJT)
• Context:• Described using a sentence with adjunct control• Sentence is true or false wrt the context
• PRO interpretation determines true/false answer• “false” subject control
• “true” object control
Example: John bumped Mary after PRO tripping on the sidewalk
(and vice versa)
Crain & Thornton (1998)Broihier & Wexler (1995), Adler (2006)
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TVJT example
1. Set up a context
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Diego Dora
Broiheir & Wexler (1995), Adler (2006)
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TVJT example
1. Set up a context
• Context with three events
describe with adjunct control
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Broiheir & Wexler (1995), Adler (2006)
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TVJT example
2. Test sentence with adjunct control• Previous studies: sentence is true or false depending on
event order.
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Broiheir & Wexler (1995), Adler (2006)
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TVJT example
2. Test sentence with adjunct control
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Broiheir & Wexler (1995), Adler (2006)
Dora carried Diego after putting on a bandaid.
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TVJT example
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Broihier & Wexler (1995), Adler (2006)
Meaning 1:Meaning 2:
Dora put on a bandaid (false)/adultlike)Diego put on a bandaid (true)
3. True/false answer
Dora carried Diego after PRO putting on a bandaid.
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• Retrieve PRO + remember events
Dora carried Diego after PRO putting on a bandaid.
before/after
true/false
Does the extra cost of remembering event order influence children’s behavior for adjunct control?
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Experiments
• Experiment 1: TVJT based on previous studies• truth value dependent on event order
• Experiment 2: new task (Pinto & Zuckerman, 2015)• no need to remember event order
• Experiment 3: TVJT• no need to remember event order
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Experiment 1: Design
Interpretation of PRO
CONTEXT:“DORA CARRIED DIEGO…
adultlike(PRO = Dora)
non-adultlike(PRO = Diego)
…AFTER PUTTING ON A BANDAID”
…BEFORE PUTTING ON A BANDAID”
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n=34, 4;0-5;5, m=4;8
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Experiment 1: Results
n=34
4;0-5;5
m=4;8
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Dora carried Diego….after putting on a bandaid (false)before putting on a bandaid (true)
pro
po
rtio
n a
ccep
tan
ce
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
ADULT CHILD
n=20
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Experiment 1 summary
• Same pattern for children as for adults, but many object control responses.
• Was children’s behavior influenced by having to remember events?• fewer object responses with no
need to remember event order?
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Experiment 2: New task, new context
Coloring book:Black and white picture, different interpretation depending on how the picture is colored in.
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“Dora kicked the red ball!”
Pinto & Zuckerman (2015), Zuckerman et al (2016)
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Experiment 2: New task, new context
Coloring book:Black and white picture, different interpretation depending on how the picture is colored in.
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“Dora kicked the red ball!”
Pinto & Zuckerman (2015), Zuckerman et al (2016)
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Experiment 2: New task, new context
Coloring book:Black and white picture, different interpretation depending on how the picture is colored in.
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“Dora kicked the red ball!”
Pinto & Zuckerman (2015), Zuckerman et al (2016)
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Using Coloring Book with adjunct control
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“Dora fanned Diego after hugging the brown bear”
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“Dora fanned Diego after hugging the brown bear”
Using Coloring Book with adjunct control
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Dora
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“Dora fanned Diego after hugging the brown bear”
Using Coloring Book with adjunct control
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Diego
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“Dora fanned Diego after PRO hugging the brown bear”
Using Coloring Book with adjunct control
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Experiment 2: Results
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• 32 children, 4;0-5;3, m=4;9
• 85% subject interpretations
“Dora fanned Diego after PRO hugging the brown bear”
subject item
object item
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Experiment 2 summary
• Much more adultlike overall
• Few object interpretations, unlike Experiment 1
• Experiment 1: TVJTExperiment 2: Coloring Book• How much of children’s improvement was due to the
task itself?
• Experiment 3: TVJT version of Experiment 2
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Experiment 3: TVJT, new context
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Dora fanned Diego after PRO hugging the brown bearblue bear Dora Diego
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Experiment 1: Design
Interpretation of PRO
CONTEXT:“DORA CARRIED DIEGO…
adultlike(PRO = Dora)
non-adultlike(PRO = Diego)
…AFTER PUTTING ON A BANDAID”
…BEFORE PUTTING ON A BANDAID”
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Experiment 3: Design
Interpretation of PRO
CONTEXT:“DORA FANNED DIEGO…
adultlike(PRO = Dora)
non-adultlike(PRO = Diego)
…AFTER HUGGING THE BLUE BEAR”
…AFTER HUGGING THE RED BEAR”
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Experiment 3: results
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Dora carried Diego….after putting on a bandaid (false)before putting on a bandaid (true)
Dora fanned Diego after hugging…the bear (false)the bear (true)
interaction (task x context) p = .02
n=32
4;0-5;6
m=4;9
n=32
4;0-5;2
m=4;6
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Summary
• Increase in rate of subject control responses with a change in the taskDemonstrates how extragrammatical factors can
influence children’s interpretations of adjunct control
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Parsing mechanisms
Source of error?
Non-adultlike grammar
Non-adultlike
deployment
✓✓
(Adult grammar)
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Implications
• Task effects with memory demands
• Implications for memory
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Implications
• Task effects with memory demands
• Implications for memory• Remember events + antecedent retrieval
• Remember events + antecedent retrieval
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Implications
• Remember events + antecedent retrieval
• Remember events + antecedent retrieval
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Quantitative? Qualitative?
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Implications
• Quantitative vs. qualitative change
• Memory = storage + retrieval• Development: storage? retrieval?
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Implications
• Quantitative vs. qualitative change
• Memory = storage + retrieval• Development: storage? retrieval?
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• Remember events + antecedent retrieval /
parsing the sentence
planning a response
computing a truth value
memoryload
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Conclusion
• Task effects as a source of non-adultlike behavior for adjunct control• Added memory demand memory overload
• Reduced memory demand successful deployment of grammatical knowledge
• “Memory demand”• Development?
• What other factors?
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Thanks!
• Project on Children’s Language Learning
• Institute for Research in Social Sciences
• Coloring Book• Shalom Zuckerman• Manuela Pinto
• Undergraduate research assistants• Priyanka Konanur• Roxanne Jaffe• Alexis Duncan• Bradford Salen• Arvydas Navickas
• Preschools and children who participated
• Tara Mease
• NSF DDRI grant BCS-1551662
contact: [email protected]
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