The Age of The Age of Absolutism in Absolutism in

EuropeEurope

1600-17151600-1715

Europe in 1700

Absolutism in FranceAbsolutism in France

Louis XIV (1643-1715) Louis XIV (1643-1715) believed the monarch believed the monarch personified the statepersonified the state

Absolutism was Absolutism was created under created under Cardinal Mazarin who Cardinal Mazarin who secularized France secularized France and fostered loyalty to and fostered loyalty to the French statethe French state

Reign of Louis XIVReign of Louis XIV

Used intendants to limit the power of Used intendants to limit the power of the nobilitythe nobility

Mercantilism was used to increase Mercantilism was used to increase the wealth of Francethe wealth of France Jean Baptiste ColbertJean Baptiste Colbert

ColonizationColonization CanadaCanada

Built the Palace of Versailles to Built the Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his power and limit the demonstrate his power and limit the power of the nobilitypower of the nobility

Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles

Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles

Versailles Grande Versailles Grande GallerieGallerie

Daily routines at Daily routines at Versailles were Versailles were exploited by exploited by Louis XIV Louis XIV

The nobility The nobility competed competed against each against each other to perform other to perform menial tasks for menial tasks for the kingthe king

Versailles—Some Versailles—Some StatisticsStatistics

Modern cost: over Modern cost: over $2,000,000,000$2,000,000,000

Annual upkeep took 25% Annual upkeep took 25% of France’s incomeof France’s income

Main building 500 yards Main building 500 yards longlong Two wings: 150 yards longTwo wings: 150 yards long

2,000 rooms2,000 rooms 15,000 acres of gardens 15,000 acres of gardens

with 1,400 fountainswith 1,400 fountains

Peter the GreatPeter the Great Ruled 1696-1725Ruled 1696-1725 Modernized Modernized

Russia through Russia through WesternizationWesternization

Expanded Russia Expanded Russia to Pacificto Pacific

Taxed his Taxed his subjects heavily subjects heavily to pay for his to pay for his projectsprojects

Russian Empire after PtGRussian Empire after PtG

Winter Palace in St. Winter Palace in St. PetersburgPetersburg

Philip II of SpainPhilip II of Spain

Ruled Spain (1556-1598) Ruled Spain (1556-1598) when the empire was at its when the empire was at its heightheight

Devout CatholicDevout Catholic Centralized royal powerCentralized royal power Married Mary I of EnglandMarried Mary I of England Invaded England with Invaded England with

Spanish Armada in 1588Spanish Armada in 1588

Frederick II of PrussiaFrederick II of Prussia

Absolute ruler of Prussia (1740-1786)

Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman Empire, into one nation

Built on of Europe’s most powerful militaries

Supported the Enlightenment

Maria Theresa of AustriaMaria Theresa of Austria

Absolute monarch of Austria (1740-1780)

Enlightened Despot Eased taxes and gave

more rights to her subjects

Gave birth to 16 children while in power

1717thth Century England Century England

James I (1603-1625) supported James I (1603-1625) supported absolute ruleabsolute rule

Charles I (1625-1649) fought with Charles I (1625-1649) fought with Parliament over money for his wars Parliament over money for his wars with Spainwith Spain

Dissolved Parliament in 1629 starting Dissolved Parliament in 1629 starting the English Civil War between the English Civil War between supporters of Charles and supporters supporters of Charles and supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwellof Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector – Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector – EnglandEngland

Ruled through the army instead of Ruled through the army instead of ParliamentParliament

Exiled Catholics to IrelandExiled Catholics to Ireland Strict Puritan laws passed – theaters Strict Puritan laws passed – theaters

closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gamblinglewd dancing, taverns or gambling

When Cromwell died, Restoration began.When Cromwell died, Restoration began.

The RestorationThe Restoration

Charles II (1660-1685) learned the Charles II (1660-1685) learned the lessons of his predecessors – don’t mess lessons of his predecessors – don’t mess with Parliamentwith Parliament

James II (1685-1688) was an unpopular James II (1685-1688) was an unpopular kingking Returned to AbsolutismReturned to Absolutism Antagonized ParliamentAntagonized Parliament Ran up a huge debtRan up a huge debt Openly CatholicOpenly Catholic

Forced from throne in what came to be Forced from throne in what came to be called the Glorious Revolution.called the Glorious Revolution.

The Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution (1688)(1688)

William of Orange, the Dutch William of Orange, the Dutch monarch was asked by the English monarch was asked by the English people to depose their king, James IIpeople to depose their king, James II

Parliament now reigned supreme Parliament now reigned supreme The Bill of Rights (1689) outlined the The Bill of Rights (1689) outlined the

powers and rights of Parliamentpowers and rights of Parliament

English Bill of Rights of English Bill of Rights of 16891689

Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the monarchymonarchy

Monarchy could neither make nor suspend Monarchy could neither make nor suspend lawslaws

Trial by jury reinstatedTrial by jury reinstated Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person

can be held in prison without first being can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of charged with a specific crime. Due process of lawslaws

Laid groundwork for American system of lawsLaid groundwork for American system of laws

Thomas Hobbes (1588 –Thomas Hobbes (1588 –1679)1679)

Man is inherently Man is inherently selfish and selfish and aggressiveaggressive

Left on own, chaos Left on own, chaos and conflict would and conflict would rulerule

Citizens need law Citizens need law and to follow a and to follow a sovereign to avoid sovereign to avoid chaoschaos

John Locke (1632 – 1704)John Locke (1632 – 1704)

Believed that over Believed that over time people would join time people would join together to benefit together to benefit from cooperationfrom cooperation

Through a Social Through a Social Contract, sovereignty Contract, sovereignty would remain with the would remain with the peoplepeople

Natural Rights—life, Natural Rights—life, liberty, and propertyliberty, and property