The Age of Exploration: The Age of Exploration: 1400-18001400-1800

The Historical Setting The Historical Setting for Explorationfor Exploration

Europe wanted trade: Europe wanted trade: overland routes overland routes expensiveexpensive

Limited previous Limited previous contact with the contact with the Americas had Americas had occurred: Vikingsoccurred: Vikings

Marco Polo had Marco Polo had reached Chinareached China Vikings

Renaissance Ideas That Renaissance Ideas That Influenced ExplorationInfluenced Exploration

Most educated men Most educated men believed that the believed that the world was roundworld was round

There were stories of There were stories of other lands, but they other lands, but they were not focused on were not focused on the Western the Western HemisphereHemisphere

Economic DevelopmentsEconomic Developments

Trade routes expanded: Trade routes expanded: Italians traded with Asia then Italians traded with Asia then sold to the northern sold to the northern EuropeansEuropeans

Europeans wanted: Europeans wanted: spices(cinnamon, pepper, spices(cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg)nutmeg)

The development of bankingThe development of banking

The Royal Exchange, London

New TechnologyNew TechnologyShipsShips

Caravels Caravels round hulled, carry heavy round hulled, carry heavy

arms, smallerarms, smaller

Ship technologyShip technology rudder, triangular sailsrudder, triangular sails

ArmamentsArmaments gunpowder/ cannons on gunpowder/ cannons on

ships to protect/conquerships to protect/conquer

New TechnologyNew TechnologyNavigationNavigation

AstrolabeAstrolabe Calculate latitudeCalculate latitude

CompassCompass Determine directionDetermine direction

Practical knowledge Practical knowledge of winds and currentsof winds and currents

Astrolabe

CartographyCartographyEarly and Medieval MapsEarly and Medieval Maps

Jerusalem maps

Mappa Mundi

Ptolemaic map

Late Medieval and Late Medieval and Renaissance CartographyRenaissance Cartography

Portolan map Fra Mauro’s map

Cartography and ProjectionCartography and Projection

• Projection: how project a round object on a flat map?

Mercator map of Europe, 16th century

Motives for ExplorationMotives for Exploration

SEARCH FOR RESOURCES AND LANDSEARCH FOR RESOURCES AND LAND

Oceanic resources Land resources

like fish, whales like timber

Land for wheat

Land for Sugar

Motives for ExplorationMotives for ExplorationMISSIONARY ACTIVITYMISSIONARY ACTIVITY

Motives for ExplorationMotives for ExplorationNational: make country more powerful and rich

Personal: fame, money and power

Columbus lands in America

GLORYGLORY

In Summary: In Summary:

Why Explore?Why Explore? GodGod

Missionary workMissionary work

GoldGold Money to be madeMoney to be made TradeTrade

GloryGlory CompetitionCompetition Fame/richesFame/riches

And Because they CanAnd Because they Can TechnologyTechnology

Compass, astrolabe, shipsCompass, astrolabe, ships

mapsmaps WeaponsWeapons Medical knowledgeMedical knowledge

Early Endeavors: Early Endeavors: The PortugueseThe Portuguese

The Portuguese The Portuguese began the era of began the era of European European explorationexploration

The Portuguese The Portuguese were dependent were dependent on the season the seas

Ocean access Ocean access helped Portugalhelped Portugal

Connected Connected northern Europe northern Europe to Italyto Italy

Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator(1394–1460)(1394–1460)

Son of the king of Son of the king of PortugalPortugal

Had been a crusader in Had been a crusader in northern Africa, saw northern Africa, saw wealth/goods therewealth/goods there

Investigated possible Investigated possible trade opportunities in trade opportunities in Africa(gold, silver)Africa(gold, silver)

Established navigational Established navigational school: map makers, school: map makers, sailors, etcsailors, etc

Motivation: wealth and Motivation: wealth and religionreligion

Early Portuguese Exploration:Early Portuguese Exploration:AfricaAfrica

West African West African coast: looking coast: looking for route to Indiafor route to India

Trade Trade developed: gold, developed: gold, slaves, spicesslaves, spices

Portuguese fort on the African coast

Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias Traveled the coast of Traveled the coast of

AfricaAfrica Around the tip of Around the tip of

southern Africa in southern Africa in 14881488

Returned to PortugalReturned to Portugal

Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope

Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama 1498, sailed for India 1498, sailed for India Reached IndiaReached India Sea routeSea route

Da Gama in India Portrait of da Gama

The Portuguese Empire in the The Portuguese Empire in the EastEast

Largest European Largest European empire in Asiaempire in Asia

Opened/controlled trade Opened/controlled trade in India, Japan, East in India, Japan, East Indies, Spice IslandsIndies, Spice Islands

Eventually lost control of Eventually lost control of their trade empiretheir trade empire

Other countries started Other countries started to tradeto trade

Da Gama landing in Calcutta

Portugal

India

Japan

Spice Islands

East Indies

Other Traders in the EastOther Traders in the East

Established East Established East India CompaniesIndia Companies

The English, French, The English, French, and Dutch and Dutch established tradeestablished trade

Dutch settlement in Java, 1665

Afonso d’AlbuquerqueAfonso d’Albuquerque

16th-century commander16th-century commander Seized control of several critical portsSeized control of several critical ports Difficult to secure full control over the areaDifficult to secure full control over the area First governor general in IndiaFirst governor general in India

The Collapse of the The Collapse of the Portuguese EmpirePortuguese Empire

Control over the Control over the empire weakenedempire weakened

Portugal taken over Portugal taken over in 1580in 1580

Japan adopted a Japan adopted a policy of isolationismpolicy of isolationism

Other European Other European countries seized countries seized Portuguese interests Portuguese interests throughout Asiathroughout Asia

Jesuits in Japan

The Spanish Empire in AsiaThe Spanish Empire in Asia Did not focus on Did not focus on

Asian markets Asian markets Established a Established a

colony in the colony in the PhilippinesPhilippines

A Spanish galleon

Northern Europeans in AsiaNorthern Europeans in Asia Latecomers to Latecomers to

AsiaAsia Established East Established East

India CompaniesIndia Companies The English, The English,

French, and DutchFrench, and Dutch

18th-century French map of Southeast Asia

The Dutch and JavaThe Dutch and Java

Wanted Asian portWanted Asian port Jan Pieterszoon Jan Pieterszoon

Coen established a Coen established a trading monopoly in trading monopoly in Java (Indonesia)Java (Indonesia)

Direct and indirect Direct and indirect rulerule

Dutch settlement in Java, 1665

Discovering a New World?Discovering a New World?

Empires in the New World—the result of a Empires in the New World—the result of a mistakemistake

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Italian navigator Italian navigator Sought patron($$) for Sought patron($$) for

his exploration ideahis exploration idea Spain’s King Ferdinand Spain’s King Ferdinand

and Queen Isabella paidand Queen Isabella paid Sail West to get to East Sail West to get to East

IndiesIndies Sailed with 3 boats in Sailed with 3 boats in

14921492

Columbus’s JourneyColumbus’s Journey

Sailed west Sailed west for about 2 for about 2 monthsmonths

Found land in Found land in the Caribbeanthe Caribbean

Believed he Believed he was in Asiawas in Asia

Discovered Discovered Hispaniola Hispaniola and Cubaand Cuba

Columbus’s Subsequent Columbus’s Subsequent JourneysJourneys

2nd journey2nd journey Puerto Rico Puerto Rico

and Jamaica and Jamaica discovereddiscovered

33rdrd and 4 and 4thth trips trips explored South explored South America and America and Central AmericaCentral America

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci Geographer who Geographer who

wrote notes about wrote notes about land they foundland they found

New World named New World named in his honor on a in his honor on a map in 1507map in 1507

Portuguese and Spanish Portuguese and Spanish Explorers in the New World: Explorers in the New World:

Pedro Alvares Cabral: Pedro Alvares Cabral: 15001500 Claimed Brazil for Portugal: Claimed Brazil for Portugal:

sugar plantationssugar plantations

Vasco Nunez da Balboa: Vasco Nunez da Balboa: 15101510 Crossed Panama, saw Crossed Panama, saw

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

Balboa sighting the Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan

Explored the coast of South Explored the coast of South AmericaAmerica

Entered Pacific OceanEntered Pacific Ocean

Magellan’s route

MagellanMagellan

Difficult Pacific journeyDifficult Pacific journey ScurvyScurvy Food shortages: ate Food shortages: ate

rats, leatherrats, leather

Reached Philippines Reached Philippines and Magellan was and Magellan was killedkilled

Of 280 crew, only 35 Of 280 crew, only 35 survived to endsurvived to end

Hernando CortesHernando Cortes Conquered the Conquered the

Aztec Empire Aztec Empire (1519–1521)(1519–1521)

Defeated Defeated MontezumaMontezuma

Stole goldStole gold Millions of natives Millions of natives

killed by smallpoxkilled by smallpox Governor of MexicoGovernor of Mexico

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro

Conquered the IncasConquered the Incas Held Atahualpa, the Held Atahualpa, the

Inca ruler, prisonerInca ruler, prisoner Once he controlled the Once he controlled the

area, he exploited the area, he exploited the Incas: taxes, labor in Incas: taxes, labor in minesmines

Spanish ConquestSpanish Conquest

Empire extends into North AmericaEmpire extends into North AmericaJuan Ponce de Leon claimed FloridaJuan Ponce de Leon claimed FloridaFrancisco Vasquez de Coronado: traveled in Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: traveled in

Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, etcArizona, New Mexico, Texas, etc

Many missionaries settled in today’s U.S.Many missionaries settled in today’s U.S.

The Impact on the The Impact on the Spanish ColoniesSpanish Colonies

Exploitation of Exploitation of gold and silvergold and silver

Plantations Plantations establishedestablished

Trade increasedTrade increased Natives forced Natives forced

labor, lower classlabor, lower class Bring language Bring language

and and religion(Catholic)religion(Catholic)

Woodcut of Potosi

Social Classes & the SpanishSocial Classes & the Spanish

Mestizos

Native Americans

Creoles

Spanish

Benefits for SpainBenefits for Spain

Wealthy empire from silver/goldWealthy empire from silver/goldBuilt navy and army: one of most powerful Built navy and army: one of most powerful

European nationsEuropean nations

Spanish ImpactSpanish Impact

The Spanish in the New WorldThe Spanish in the New WorldBuilt an enormous empire in the AmericasBuilt an enormous empire in the Americas

Governmental Administration

RoyalAdministrators

Council of the

Indies

Vice-royalties

Religion and the Spanish Religion and the Spanish EmpireEmpire

Christian Christian missionaries missionaries

Christian Christian missionaries missionaries and Native and Native American rightsAmerican rights

Explorers Explorers in thein the

New World: North New World: North AmericaAmerica

English

Dutch

North America

Spain

French

Brazil and the PortugueseBrazil and the Portuguese Pedro CabralPedro Cabral Organization and structure of Organization and structure of

BrazilBrazil Economic opportunitiesEconomic opportunities

Brazilian plantation

British and French British and French Exploration in North AmericaExploration in North America

Explorers

John Cabot

Gaspar Corte-Real

Giovannida

Verrazano

JacquesCartier

HenryHudson

The French in North AmericaThe French in North America

Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain FursFurs Jesuit missionariesJesuit missionaries

Champlain in Quebec

Further French ColonizationFurther French Colonization

Mississippi and LouisianaMississippi and Louisiana New France remained smallNew France remained small

La Salle in Mississippi

English ExplorationEnglish Exploration

Henry VIII Henry VIII Wants to find Wants to find

“Northwest Passage” “Northwest Passage” to Asiato Asia

failsfails

Henry VIII

English Colonization English Colonization in North Americain North America

Slow colonization but sped up in 1600sSlow colonization but sped up in 1600s Roanoke: failed colonyRoanoke: failed colony Jamestown: first permanent Jamestown: first permanent

settlementsettlement The 13 coloniesThe 13 colonies Causes of migrationCauses of migration

English MotviesEnglish Motvies

economic opportunities, like many of those economic opportunities, like many of those who settled in Virginia. who settled in Virginia.

relief from religious persecution in relief from religious persecution in England. England. Catholics in MarylandCatholics in MarylandPuritans in MassachusettsPuritans in MassachusettsQuakers in PennsylvaniaQuakers in Pennsylvania

The Role of Trading The Role of Trading CompaniesCompanies

EssentialElements

Joint-stock- investors buy stock, combine wealth

Private endeavors-

no gov’t intervention

Granted charters

Joint-Stock CompaniesJoint-Stock Companies

Joint-stock companyJoint-stock company lets investors share lets investors share risk, profits of businessrisk, profits of businessBuy stockBuy stockGet charter from King to establish colonyGet charter from King to establish colony

help fund colonies in America: Jamestownhelp fund colonies in America: Jamestown•

Triangular Trade: ReviewTriangular Trade: Review

United States, Brazil

Spain, Portugal

Ghana, Nigeria

Rum too

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

Plants, animals, and foodstuffs

Migration of people (voluntary and involuntary)

Disease: smallpox- killed Natives

Columbian Exchange:Columbian Exchange:Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals

From the Americas:

Potatoes: most important Pumpkin

Maize/corn: 2nd most Beans

Cocoa Squash

Peanuts Tobacco

Pineapple Tomatoes

Turkeys Llamas

Quinine: treated malaria Avocados

Columbian Exchange:Columbian Exchange:Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals

From Europe:

Wheat Pigs

Cauliflower Sheep

Cabbage Horse

Citrus Fruits Cattle

Peas Onion

Clover

Effects of Columbian ExchangeEffects of Columbian Exchange

In EuropeIn Europe-More food=more people-More food=more people-quinine helped them -quinine helped them

colonize Africacolonize Africa--

In AmericasIn Americas-horse helps -horse helps Europeans defeat/ Europeans defeat/

colonize Nativescolonize Natives-Natives use horse on -Natives use horse on

plainsplains-grains for farming-grains for farming-weeds came too-weeds came too

Columbian Exchange:Columbian Exchange:European DiseasesEuropean Diseases

European diseases European diseases kill millions of kill millions of NativesNatives

Smallpox, measles, Smallpox, measles, influenza, and influenza, and whooping coughwhooping cough

Smallpox victim

Development of Global TradeDevelopment of Global Trade

World World connected by connected by tradetrade

Mining in the colonies

Changing EconomiesChanging Economies

Wealth from Americas, growth of trade Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes business in Europechanges business in Europe

New economic system—New economic system—capitalismcapitalism——based on private property, profitbased on private property, profit

Inflation occurs: prices rise when supply is Inflation occurs: prices rise when supply is less than demandless than demand

New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy

Policy of Policy of mercantilismmercantilism emphasizes national emphasizes national wealth as source of powerwealth as source of power

2 Ways to get wealth2 Ways to get wealth

1. 1. gather gold, silvergather gold, silver

2. Favorable balance of trade: 2. Favorable balance of trade: nation sells nation sells

more goods than it buysmore goods than it buys

Colonies provide: gold, raw materials used to Colonies provide: gold, raw materials used to make goods(cotton), and market to sell goodsmake goods(cotton), and market to sell goods

Effects of Economic RevolutionEffects of Economic Revolution

Towns growTowns growMerchants gain wealthMerchants gain wealthEuropean nations wealthy and more European nations wealthy and more

powerfulpowerful

Explorers Explorers in thein the

New World: North New World: North AmericaAmerica

English

Dutch

North America

Spain

French

The French in North AmericaThe French in North America

• Looking for water route Looking for water route to Pacificto Pacific• Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage

• New France: QuebecNew France: Quebec• Also explored Great Also explored Great

Lakes, Mississippi RiverLakes, Mississippi River• Dominate fur tradeDominate fur trade• Jesuit missionaries Jesuit missionaries

arrivearrive• New France remained New France remained

smallsmall

Champlain in Quebec

French ExplorersFrench Explorers

Cartier: founded MontrealCartier: founded Montreal Champlain: founded New France and city of Champlain: founded New France and city of

QuebecQuebec Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet

traveled into Wisconsin and discovered the traveled into Wisconsin and discovered the upper Mississippi Valley.upper Mississippi Valley.

Further French ColonizationFurther French Colonization

Robert Cavelier Robert Cavelier de La Salle de La Salle followed the followed the Mississippi River Mississippi River all the way south all the way south to the Gulf of to the Gulf of Mexico Mexico Mississippi and Mississippi and

Louisiana Louisiana established. established. New Orleans New Orleans establishedestablished

La Salle in Mississippi

The DutchThe Dutch

1609 Henry Hudson 1609 Henry Hudson explores waterways explores waterways for the Dutch for the Dutch (Netherlands)(Netherlands)

Dutch claim land, Dutch claim land, found New Netherlandfound New Netherland—now Albany, New —now Albany, New York CityYork City

Dutch focus on fur Dutch focus on fur tradetrade

Colonizing the CaribbeanColonizing the CaribbeanEuropean nations start colonies in the European nations start colonies in the

CaribbeanCaribbeanLarge cotton and sugar plantations work Large cotton and sugar plantations work

by slavesby slaves

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals