the age-of-exploration

Chapter 12

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

BY: Zia, Didy, &

Vicky

Ferdinand Magellan was the Portuguese captain that led the expedition to sail out to unknown lands. Along with the 268 sailors on the ships with them was Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian noble who recorded in his diary the successes, failures, and hardships of the voyage. This crew became the first Europeans to sail out into the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic. And the first ship to sail around the world was the Victoria. The 300-year period from 1450 to 1750 was “The Age Of Exploration.”

THE GREATEST SEA VOYAGE IN HISTORY: MAGELLAN’S

EXPEDITION

FERDINAND MAGELLAN

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

THE VICTORIA

Adventurous sailors were busy discovering new countries which pushed the borders of knowledge. This had 3 motives:

1. to spread Christianity2. to search for gold and riches3. to seek glory and prestige

these 3 motives are summarized in the 3 G’s:

GOD, GOLD, AND GLORY

12.1 – VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION

The Portuguese & Spanish initiatives in exploration eventually ended the control of the Italian city-states to northern Europe. It was an age when people didn’t really know much about the world or other people.

12.1 – VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION

Adventurers thought they had the right to plant a flag (and a cross), and then claim discovery for their king, the traditional way.

“Terra nullius” or “mundus nova”a new land declared which was

available for mining, habitation, or colonization

12.1 – VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION: ADVANCES

IN KNOWLEDGE

Explorers learned from the prophet Isaiah (in the Bible) that the earth was round, which was also believed by a classical Greek geographer, Eratosthenes, and the Persian al-Biruni. Arab geographers and mapmakers drew more accurate land and sea maps. Lines of latitude were included to show the distance North and South of the Equator. This led to discovering many islands in the Asian continent.


IN KNOWLEDGE

Magellan knew of Mindanao because his cousin Francisco Serrano had been shipwrecked there before. Martin Behaim, a German mapmaker, drew a small island shaped like Mindanao at 9 degree latitude above Equator in 1492. In 1154, the Norman conqueror of Islamic Sicily, Roger II ordered al-Idrisi, a Muslim scholar, to draw a map of the world.


IN KNOWLEDGE

THE BOOK OF ROGER, THE MAP OF THE KNOWN WORLD

Sailors began to use the magnetic compass, a Chinese invention brought by the Arabs. They also developed better ways to chart the course of ships at sea. They could calculate the ship’s latitude using an astrolabe, an Arab instrument that measured the position of star. The Portuguese developed the three-mast sailing caravel. It could sail longer and carry more food.


IN KNOWLEDGE

MAGNETIC COMPASS

ASTROLABE

CARAVEL

Because kings usually divided islands between Portugal and Spain, they called each new landfall “an island,” even if it was not.


IN KNOWLEDGE

After the fall of the Holy Land and the Mediterranean to the Moors in the mid-15th century, the traditional land and sea routes between East and West were blocked. These ancient routes included the overland Silk Route and the Mediterranean Sea.

12.1 – VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION: PORTUGUESE

EXPLORATIONS

Kings of emerging nations, Portugal & Spain, sponsored the great expeditions of the 1400s and 1500s. Portugal’s first godfather in overseas exploration was Prince Henry the Navigator, the 3rd son of King John I. He established a school of navigation and an observatory in Algarve, Portugal. He, along with other explorers discovered new islands – the Madeira and Azores Islands.


EXPLORATIONS

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR

Bartolomeu Dias:discovered the Cape of Good

Hope in Africa.

Vasco de Gama:first European navigator to

reach the Indies and found the route to India.


EXPLORATIONS

Christopher Columbus, a mariner, tried to convince Portugal, then Spain to sponsor a voyage to Asia. This project had been denied by the Portuguese king, but Queen Isabella of Spain welcomed him. Because of the Queen’s crusading zeal, Columbus mentioned converting new souls in the new lands. This made the Queen “Isabel la Catolica” and the Islamic Andalucia conqueror in Spain very interested in his project.

12.1 – VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION: SPANISH

EXPLORATIONS

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Spain was the most loyal Catholic kingdom in Europe and the Pope’s defender of the faith.On August 3, 1492, Columbus left Spain, crossed the Atlantic, and then landed in the New World on October 12. He called the native people “Indians” because he thought he was in the Indies, or the Spice Islands. The Dominican and other islands were later called “West Indies.”


EXPLORATIONS

Columbus proved that the earth was a round sphere, and not flat. He sailed over the horizon and reached a faraway new world and returned safely.


EXPLORATIONS

Columbus’ voyages fueled rivalry between Spain & Portugal. King John II of Portugal rejected Spanish claims to the Caribbean Island. Spain rejected Portugal’s claim to Brazil. In order to prevent a war, Pope Alexander VI arranged a peaceful settlement by fixing a demarcation line from the North Pole to South Pole.

12.1 – VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION: PAPAL

DIVISION OF THE WORLD

All newly discovered lands west of the line went to Spain. Portugal had the right to colonize and trade with any lands east of the line. However, Portugal protested that the Spanish pope had cheated them. After 2 more negotiations, the two kingdoms signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. Portugal acquired Africa, Asia (but the Philippines) and Brazil.



The rest of the Americas, and the Philippines, became Spanish territories.

Spanish colonies in South America faces the Pacific Ocean, while Portugal held on to Brazil, which faces the Atlantic Ocean.In the meantime, England, France, and the Netherlands ignored the treaty.



Further voyages of Columbus showed that he had found a vast new continent. Amerigo Vespucci had to audit this discovery due to Spain’s debts. He charted the coastline of South America and stated that the land was mundus novas. Mapmakers put his name on the map for the Americas.

12.1 – VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION: WESTERN

ROUTE TO THE EAST

AMERIGO VESPUCCI

In 1513, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, a Portuguese explorer, discovered the Pacific Ocean but thought it was only an sea.But the most spectacular achievement was the circumnavigation of the world by Magellan. He was Spain’s service because of the rejection of King Manuel I of Portugal. He sailed from Spain, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, passed through the strait now called the Strait of Magellan.


ROUTE TO THE EAST

STRAIT OF MAGELLAN

Magellan also crossed the new ocean bigger than the Atlantic which he named “Pacific.”

On March 16, 1521, Magellan reached the Philippines where he was killed by Lapu-Lapu in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521.


ROUTE TO THE EAST

BATTLE OF MACTAN

1) Find new resources2) Get rich3) Spread religion4) Personal glory5) Learn about new people

and new places

REASONS WHY PEOPLE LIKE TO EXPLORE

The maritime explorations of the 15th and 16th century gave rise to the Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, and Dutch Colonial Empires. This increased their territorial holdings, and grew richer and more powerful as well as opened the door for Christianity everywhere.

12.2 – THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL EMPIRES

Portugal is the first European colonial empire because of its maritime explorations. They were the first to develop colonies in Africa, Asia, and South America. The spice trade from the Indies, slave trade from Africa, and product of New World plantations, along with gold and silver, made Portugal the richest nation in Europe by the 1600s.

12.2– THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL EMPIRES:

PORTUGAL

The Portuguese were not really interested in mission like the Spaniards. They were mainly interested in getting rich from the spices, which made European food delicious and worth their weight in gold.

12.2 – THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL EMPIRES:

PORTUGAL

Arab merchants (Moors), resented the Portuguese newcomers. Because the Arab traders were Muslim, the Portuguese saw the competition as a Christian crusade. They burned Arab ships & piers, ransacked Moorish ports, and tortured prisoners.


PORTUGAL

ARAB MERCHANTS (MOORS)

In 1509, Afonso de Albuquerque became governor of their trading posts in India where he seized key positions along the Strait of Hormuz trade route to shut out the Moors from the Persian Gulf. This gave Portugal control of the Indian Ocean. Albuquerque also seized the narrow Strait of Malacca, the gateway to Moluccas (the Spice Islands).


PORTUGAL

AFONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE

The Portuguese envied the Chinese silks, satins and porcelain, so they sailed into Chinese waters. But the Ming Emperor only allowed limited trade to Macau. Other European nations were restricted to Canton. The Portuguese ships discovered Japan during a typhoon opening a new source of trading.


PORTUGAL

The Japanese and Chinese became suspicious of the Europeans as they only had few goods to trade. They heard stories about the Europeans grabbing land in the Moluccas at gunpoint. Jesuit missionaries like Francis Xavier also stained relations. They also suspected the Christian missionaries of helping the foreign traders to grab territory.


PORTUGAL

Protestant merchants from England, the Netherlands, and the Spanish & Filipino missionaries encouraged the Japanese to open their country to the world. In 1639 to 1853, Japan expelled all foreigners and closed Japan to the world.


PORTUGAL

From 1580 to 1640, the Spanish kings acquired the vacant Portuguese throne due to Philip’s Portuguese mother. Portugal lost its once largest colonial empire. It was taken over by the Dutch in the East Indies and Formosa, and the Spanish in the New World.


PORTUGAL

Brazil, Angola, Macau, Goa, Timor, and minor enclaves in the East Indies were the ones that remained loyal to being Portuguese. Portugal developed its empire in Brazil, making it the largest Portuguese-speaking nation in the world.


PORTUGAL

BRAZIL

After Columbus’ discovery of America, Spain sent out conquistadors and missionaries to explore. The Spanish kings had more success than the Portuguese because of their clever business arrangement with explorers. In the 1600s, Ponce de Leon explored Florida, and Spanish missionaries reached out into California. Hernan Cortes conquered Mexico. Pizarro conquered Peru.

12.2 – THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL EMPIRES: SPAIN

Another empire was established on the other side of the globe – in the Philippines and nearby islands. In 1571, Miguel Legazpi had conquered the Islamic kingdom of Manila and rebuilt it as the capital of Spanish Philippines. Spanish missionaries were highly successful in the Philippines. They succeeded in converting nearly one million islanders to Catholicism in a relatively short time.


Philippines became the only Christian nation is Asia in world history.

Spain differed from the other Western colonies in two ways:1.Catholicism was their main goal2. they had the largest colonial

holdings of all


Spain was the “Defender of the Catholic Faith.” For the Spanish colonialists, “the Cross always follows the flag.”

After the Reformation, the missionaries to the new colonies had marching orders to harvest a new crop of souls to replace those who turned Protestants.


In the 1500s, the Spanish king and the pope issued decrees to abolish slavery in the Spanish colonies and gave natives the right to own encomiendas (farms). Other colonial powers had mercantilist wealth motives. For them, “trade follows the flag.” The Philippines became the mission base for Spanish missionaries headed for China, Japan, and other places in Asia.


At the height of its glory, Spain had the largest overseas colonial empire in the medieval world. In the 1500s to 1700s, the Spanish king was the only monarch who could boast, “The sun never sets on our empire.”


The first successful colonial venture of England was the founding of Jamestown in 1608 in Virginia. After this, the Thirteen Colonies were established on the Atlantic Seaboard of North America. In 1612, the Bermudas were colonized by an English commercial company.


ENGLISH

JAMESTOWN

THIRTEEN COLONIES

By right of Captain Cook’s discovery, England colonized Australia, New Zealand, and other islands in the South Pacific. Because of its extensive colonies in the New World, Asia, Oceania, and its naval supremacy, England became the greatest colonial power in the 18th and 19th centuries.


ENGLISH

CAPTAIN COOK DISCOVERED AUSTRALIA

In the 17th century, France built a formidable colonial empire in the New World and India, which rivaled England. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain, the builder of the French colonial empire in North America, founded Quebec on the St. Lawrence River.


FRENCH

Although a small country, Holland also established a vast colonial empire. The Dutch took over some territories from the Spanish and the Portuguese; others explored on their own.


DUTCH

Europe’s expansion overseas changed the course of world history. The East had always dominated the world. But the Age of Exploration changed all that.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION

1. the spread of Christianity and European civilization

2. slave trade3. colonial wars of supremacy4. rise of mercantilism5. commercial revolution6. increase of knowledge7. Western domination

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION

The Age of Exploration and Western expansion were the periods of the greatest spread of Christianity. Spanish and Portuguese missionaries brought Catholicism and converted people. Protestants settled in the new land, especially in North America. The migration of Europeans also brought Western civilization abroad.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION: THE SPREAD OF

CHRISTIANITY AND EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

Portugal brought the Catholic religion and the Portuguese language and culture to their colonies. The Spaniards spread Catholicism and Hispanic culture. The British and Dutch were not officially interested in religion so their colonies largely remained non-Christian but spread their language, culture, and laws. The Dutch developed the Indonesian spice and oil trade.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION: THE SPREAD OF

CHRISTIANITY AND EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

The dark side of Portuguese and Western presence in the New World. The Portuguese who explored the wet coast of Africa in the 1400s took a lot of black slaves. Slavery was abolished early in the Spanish colonies due to the priests’ protests. By 19th century, it was officially abolished due to the abolitionist campaign of Protestant Christians in Britain and other countries.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION:

SLAVE TRADE

During the 1500s, as each colonial empire grew, Portugal, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England competed for supremacy and clashed over rival claims. In the 1700s, wars fought in Europe affected colonies lasting for over 2 centuries. Portugal and Spain fought wars for supremacy in the Philippines and in the Moluccas.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION: COLONIAL WARS

OF SUPREMACY

The Dutch captured Moluccas and Formosa, and tried to conquer the Philippines in the 1600s. These attacks failed due to the loyalty of the Filipinos to their Catholic colonizers. In the New World, a war between the French and the Dutch over the fur trade involved 2 American tribes to fight each other as well.


OF SUPREMACY

Chief rivals in eastern North America were England and France. They battled over Canada and nearby territories in a war that spilled from battlefields in Europe and India, known as the 7 Years War, which also spilled into Manila where the British East India Company occupied for 2 years.


OF SUPREMACY

SEVEN YEARS’ WAR

Wars in mainland Europe spilled over into the colonies, and caused the balance of power to shift back and forth. These destructive wars lasted over a century. These wars for colonies were collectively called the “Second Hundred Years’ War.”


OF SUPREMACY

SECOND HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR

A new economic doctrine called “mercantilism” was invented to create new wealth and to justify colonialism. Mercantilism believed that the greatness of a nation depended on the amount of colonies and gold it owned. It was thought the more colonies, the better. It was a priority to obtain gold as it was the valuable “coin of the realm.”

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION: RISE OF

MERCANTILISM

The expansion of world trade and mercantilism helped bring commercial revolution that affected the way people did business and created new wealth for others. It led to beginnings of industrial production and capitalism. It made Westerners rich by the spice trade, cargos, and free slave labor in plantations.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION: COMMERCIAL

REVOLUTION

Capitalists invested in many new industries which were popular at the time. Banking and credit facilities developed even more to finance the growing commercial activities. People became used to the money economy rather than barter. Wealth in Europe tripled every two generations. World trade expanded and the West became rich and domineering.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION: COMMERCIAL

REVOLUTION

The Age of Western colonialism in the 1500s to 1900s was the greatest expansion of civilization. The maritime discoveries and explorations enlarged humanity’s knowledge of the earth, other lands, and other people and cultures. New technology, goods, products, and services of the East enriched Western civilization.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION: INCREASE OF KNOWLEDGE & WESTERN

DOMINATION

The Age of Exploration and the growth of commerce changed the way people looked at themselves. The Europeans became strong, proud, and arrogant. They thought their way of life was superior to that of the civilizations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Five centuries of Western expansion made the Westerners confident and prosperous.

12.3 – RESULTS OF EUROPE’S EXPANSION: INCREASE OF KNOWLEDGE & WESTERN

DOMINATION

THANK YOU!

the age-of-exploration

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