The Age of Exploration

Chapter 2

Essential Questions

1.1. What were the three main motives for What were the three main motives for exploration?exploration?

2.2. Which explorers and countries were Which explorers and countries were most noteworthy during this time?most noteworthy during this time?

3.3. What resulted from the voyages?What resulted from the voyages?

Europe wanted to trade in Asia, but hated and was afraid of Muslims in Europe wanted to trade in Asia, but hated and was afraid of Muslims in between them. No land or routes to trade around them yet and the between them. No land or routes to trade around them yet and the Muslims would only trade Asian goods with Italy.Muslims would only trade Asian goods with Italy.

Discussion Questions: Why was Europe interested in the Asia? Discussion Questions: Why was Europe interested in the Asia? What was the major dilemma in getting what they wanted? What was the major dilemma in getting what they wanted?

What were the three motives for What were the three motives for exploration?exploration?

1.1. God: Wanting to Christianize heathens God: Wanting to Christianize heathens (especially Muslims), cultural superiority, (especially Muslims), cultural superiority, ““white manwhite man’’s burden.s burden.”” *Like U.S. Imperialism*Like U.S. Imperialism

2. Glory: Spirit of adventure and curiosity during 2. Glory: Spirit of adventure and curiosity during renaissance, fame, nationalism. renaissance, fame, nationalism. *Manifest Destiny, Manifest Destiny, Turner thesisTurner thesis

3.3. Gold: Rulers who trade with Asia get rich and Gold: Rulers who trade with Asia get rich and powerful. Merchants who sell Asian goods in Europe powerful. Merchants who sell Asian goods in Europe make a lot of money. make a lot of money. *Trade today*Trade today

Previously

unknown Asian goods in high demand since

Crusades.

What made exploration What made exploration possible?possible?

Technology:Technology:

Smaller, sturdy ships called Smaller, sturdy ships called caravels with a smaller crew.caravels with a smaller crew.

More accurate mapsMore accurate maps

MarinerMariner’’s compasss compass

Weapons: Cannons and guns.Weapons: Cannons and guns.

How did the Pope keep Spain and How did the Pope keep Spain and Portugal from fighting over Portugal from fighting over

newly discovered lands?newly discovered lands?Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation: Spain tells Pope about discovery. Spain tells Pope about discovery.

Pope divides non-Christian world between Portugal Pope divides non-Christian world between Portugal and Spain so they donand Spain so they don’’t fight.t fight.

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration

ColumbColumbus us

Explain what Columbus did in Explain what Columbus did in 14921492

Discovered America:Discovered America:Italian navigator sailing for Spain and seeking westward route to Italian navigator sailing for Spain and seeking westward route to

Asia. Thought Caribbean was Asia. Took Indians to Spain. Took Asia. Thought Caribbean was Asia. Took Indians to Spain. Took colonist back to America. Arrested after colonies mismanaged. colonist back to America. Arrested after colonies mismanaged. Cabot and Vespucci followed to N. America.Cabot and Vespucci followed to N. America.

Explain what Magellan did Explain what Magellan did in 1519in 1519

First to circumnavigate the worldFirst to circumnavigate the world

Sailed west from Spain, cut through S. America at the Straight of Sailed west from Spain, cut through S. America at the Straight of Magellan to Pacific, sailed and starved for one month to Asia. Magellan to Pacific, sailed and starved for one month to Asia. Magellan dies in Philippians. Crew finishes without him.Magellan dies in Philippians. Crew finishes without him.

Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration

Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama

What do you know about What do you know about Portuguese exploration?Portuguese exploration?

1. Small country with big interest. Prince Henry the Navigator spends his own money on expert group to secretly prepare a crew.

2. Set up trade and colonies on east coast of Africa. Used cannons to negotiate trade rights with locals.

3. Dias and da Gama = India. Kick out Muslims, set up trade rights with locals.

4. Competition with Italy for Asian goods means cheaper items for Europeans, demand goes up, Portugal makes money.

5. They had nothing to trade to Asia, must pay in gold. Not powerful enough to colonize Asia, like they did in the Central and South America.

Malinche, a slave fluent in Maya and Aztec, served as interpreter for the conqueror Hernando Cortés.

The American Colonies Emerge

Spain establishes an American empire, devastating native populations. England forces the Dutch from North America and establishes thirteen colonies.

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Section 2

Spain’s Empire in the AmericasThroughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquer Central and portions of North America.

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The Spanish Claim a New Empire

Cortés Subdues the Aztec• Conquistadors (conquerors)—Spanish explorers,

seek gold, silver • 1519 Hernándo Cortés leads army into Americas,

claims land for Spain • Aztec dominate region; Nahua people who resent

Aztec join Cortés • Montezuma thinks Cortés a god; gives him share

of Aztec gold • In 1520 Aztec rebel; in 1521 Spanish and their

allies defeat Aztec• Cortés founds Mexico City, New Spain colony on

Tenochtitlán ruins

Spain’s Empire in the Americas2SECTION

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Map

Spanish Pattern of Conquest• Spanish settlers mostly men, called

peninsulares; marry native women• Mestizo—person of mixed Spanish and

Native American ancestry• Landlords use encomienda—force

natives to farm, ranch, mine • Priests object, encomienda abolished;

Africans brought as slaves

continued The Spanish Claim a New Empire

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The Conquistadors Push North

Other Countries Explore North America• England, France, Netherlands sponsor voyages in

1500s and 1600s

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Exploring Florida• Juan Ponce de León discovers and names La

Florida (1513)• Pedro Menéndez de Avilés expels French, founds

St. Augustine (1565)

Settling the Southwest• In 1540, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado leads

expedition to Southwest• Pedro de Peralta, governor of New Mexico,

Spain’s northern holdings • He helps found Santa Fe (1609–1610); several

missions built in area

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Resistance to the Spanish

Conflict in New Mexico• Priests convert many Native Americans, try to

suppress their culture• In 1670s Spanish force natives to pay tribute, do

labor for missions

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Popé’s Rebellion• Pueblo religious leader Popé heads uprising in

New Mexico (1680)• Pueblo destroy Spanish churches, execute priests,

force Spanish out• Spanish armies regain area 14 years later

• Describe the religious and economic conflicts in Europe during the Reformation.

• Explain why European powers continued to search for a new route to Asia.

• Describe the outcome of the search by explorers John Cabot and Henry Hudson for a northwest passage around the Americas.

Objectives

Terms and People

• mercantilism – a system that held that colonies existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful

• John Cabot – an Italian explorer who disappeared while on his second voyage to find a northern route to Asia

• northwest passage – a hypothetical sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific that passed through or around North America

• Henry Hudson – an English explorer who attempted to find a northwest passage

How did conflicts in Europe spur exploration in North America?

As the appeal of the Reformation increased, the split between the Catholics and the Protestants increased religious and economic tensions in Europe.

Catholics Protestants

The Reformation caused religious tensions that inflamed existing rivalries among the nations of

Europe.

Nations did not feel that they could depend on their allies to protect them.

Swiss thinker John Calvin influenced the development of Protestant churches in France, Switzerland, Scotland, and the Netherlands.

In England, King Henry VIII joined the side of the Protestants when he sought to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon.

The pope refused to annul the king’s marriage, so Henry broke with the Catholic church.

He set up a Protestant church and named it the Church of England.

King Henry VIII died in 1547, and his son ruled only briefly before he died, too.

The throne passed to Mary I, who wanted to restore the Catholic Church in England.

But Mary died in 1558, and Elizabeth I, a Protestant, took the throne. Queen Elizabeth I

At this time, Spain and England were rivals because:

King Philip II of Spain wanted to make England a Catholic nation again.

The English were raiding Spanish ships for gold from the Americas.

England was helping Holland, a Spanish province, try to win its independence.

In 1588, King Philip sent 130 ships to England, hoping to force Queen Elizabeth from the throne.

English ships met the Spanish ships off the coast of France and sank half of them.

Spain’s defeat changed the balance of power in Europe.

Spain’s control of the seas was weakened, so England and France were able to found colonies in the Americas.

England funded an exploration led by John Cabot.

Cabot thought a more northern route to Asia would be easier than the route Christopher Columbus had tried.

• During his first trip, in 1497, he explored the region around Newfoundland.

• During Cabot’s second trip, in 1498, his ships disappeared without a trace.

Europeans soon realized the lands Cabot reached were not Asia, and they financed voyages to the new regions.

Explorers from England, France, and Holland set out to find a northwest passage.

The Search for a Northwest Passage

Giovanni da Verrazzano

• In 1524, this Italian explorer sailed for France, exploring the Atlantic coastal region from North Carolina to Newfoundland.

• He found the mouth of the Hudson River and New York Bay.

Jacques Cartier

• This French explorer made three trips to North America for France.

• He discovered the St. Lawrence River and explored it as far as present-day Montreal.

English explorer Henry Hudson made four voyages in search of a northwest passage.

After two unsuccessful voyages, Hudson’s English backers gave up on him.

However, in 1609, the Dutch financed his third voyage, during which he reached New York and explored the river that today bears his name.

In 1610, the English sponsored Hudson’s fourth voyage, during which his ship got stuck in the icy waters of Hudson Bay.

In the spring of 1611, his irate crew mutinied and set him, his son, and several crew members adrift in a small boat.

Hudson was never heard from again.

After Hudson, European countries shifted their focus from finding a northwest passage to exploring the land itself.

Europeans began to consider exploiting the resources of the land for profit.

At the time, European leaders supported an economic theory called mercantilism.

By establishing colonies, European nations could increase their own power and wealth.