The Age of JeffersonC.N. 3.1

•How did the United States transform itself from a republic led by an elite group into a more democratic nation?

•To what extent did Thomas Jefferson’s presidency shape conceptions of national identity as expressed in the development of political institutions and cultural values?

•How were competing conceptions of national and regional identity expressed in the development of political institutions and cultural values after the War of 1812?

The Campaign of 1800• Federalists divided

– Adams supporters (moderates)– “High Federalists” (Hamilton’s

wing)

Main issues State’s rights vs.

central government Adams’s character

Monarchist Jefferson’s character

“An atheist, a Jacobin, and the father of mulatto children”

Sally Hemmings “God – and a religious

president” or “Jefferson – and no God”

The Election of 1800• Federalists

– John Adams– Charles Pinckney – VP

• Democratic-Republicans– Thomas Jefferson– Aaron Burr – VP

Results Jefferson – 73 Burr – 73 Adams – 65 Pinckney – 64 J. Jay – 1

House of Representatives Decided after 36 ballots Hamilton arranges deal

12th Amendment President and VP

elected separately “Revolution of 1800”

Jefferson as President

• Making the presidency safe for democracy

• Initial acts– Alien and Sedition Acts

expire– Naturalization Act of 1802– Debt reduction– Eliminates internal taxes

(whiskey tax)

• The Judiciary– "The midnight judges"– Repealed Judiciary Act of

1801– Attempted (but failed) to

remove justices by impeachment

“We are all Republicans, we are all

Federalists.”~ Thomas Jefferson’s

First Inaugural Address ~

Doc. Journal 3.1 Read and Annotate

1. What was the main focus of Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address? Why do you think Jefferson chose this focus?

2. Some historians have suggested that it was addressed not to his supporters, but to his political enemies. What evidence is there to support this claim?

3. Jefferson refers to the Constitution several times in his address. What does this suggest about the way he will interpret it when making decisions?

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• The case– 1801 – William Marbury

appointed Justice of the Peace (DC)

– John Marshall (Adams’s Secretary of State) does not sign commission

– Madison (Jefferson’s Secretary of State) does not sign his commission

– Marbury wants a writ of mandamus (court to force Madison to sign it)

• The court– Chief Justice: Marshall

• The decision– The court does not have

the power to force the executive branch to sign commissions

– BUT it does have power to interpret the Constitution and laws

– Judicial review

Louisiana Purchase• 1800 – France acquires

Louisiana from Spain• New Orleans

– Important city for trade/navy• 1803 - Napoleon offers to sell

all of Louisiana– $11.25 million– Assume French debt (3.75 million)– Total: $15 million

"By enlarging the empire of liberty we … provide new sources of renovation, should its principles, at any time, degenerate, in those portions of our country which gave

them birth.” ~ Thomas Jefferson

~

The Louisiana Purchase Final cost

828,000 miles2 529,920,000 acres 2.8¢/acre

Doubles size of country

Jefferson didn’t want to buy because he thought it overstepped his constitutional powers

Lewis and Clark• Meriwether Lewis• William Clark• 1805-6• Purposes

– Map the Missouri River

– Northwest Passage

– Scientific study

• “Corps of Discovery”

• Sacagawea

The Election of 1804

• Jefferson runs for second term

• Jefferson - 162• Charles Pinckney - 14• Federalists

– Moderates become Republicans

– Main party localized to New England

Neutrality Endangered

• America enjoyed trade from European War

• France– Continental System (1806)

• Britain– Orders in Council (1806)

• Stopped foreign trade to France

• France– Milan Decree (1807)

• Other problems– Impressment

• 1803-1812: 6,000 sailors impressed

– Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)• 3 Americans killed, 18 wounded

“Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances

with none”~ Thomas Jefferson’s First

Inaugural Address ~

America Responds

• Non-Importation Act (1806)– Forbids specific British

goods– Does not work

• Embargo Act (1807)– All trade with Europe

ended– Extended in 1808– Repealed in 1809

• Non-Intercourse Act (1809)– Banned trade with Britain

and France– Would reopen trade with

whomsoever abandoned trade restrictions

• Jefferson declines a third term– Madison becomes

President– “Virginia Dynasty”

The War of 1812

Economic Warfare1806 – Continental System

1806 – Orders in Council

1807 – Milan Decree

1806 – Non-Importation Act

1807 – Embargo Act

1809 – Embargo Act repealed

1809 – Non-Intercourse Act

• Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)– Reopened trade with both

Britain and France– If either nation stopped its

attacks on neutral shipping, the US would end trade with its enemy

• Napoleon indicated that France would stop harassment

• US ends trade with Britain• June 1812 – Britain ends all

restrictions on American trade

The War Hawks

• South and West were most affected by trade restrictions

• New leaders in the House of Representatives– Henry Clay (KY) –

Speaker of the House– John C. Calhoun (SC)– Felix Grundy (TN)

Native Americans

• Shawnee– Tecumseh

• William Henry Harrison– Military governor of Indiana– Battle of Tippecanoe

The War Begins• Ultimate causes:– Trade restrictions– Native American conflicts– Canada!

• President Madison opposes war, but gives in to pressure

• “Mr. Madison’s War”• America the unready:

– ‹ 7,000 troops– Only 16 ships

• USS Constitution• “Old Ironsides”

– No Bank of the U.S.

“Thousands of American citizens, under the safeguard of public law

and of their national flag, have been torn from … everything dear to

them; have been dragged on board ships of a foreign nation … to be

exiled to the most distant and deadly climes to risk their lives in battles of

their oppressors.”~ James Madison’s War Message ~

The War

• Invasion of Canada fails• British strategy

– Attack coastal cities– Cut off New England from

the rest of the states– Seize New Orleans and

close Mississippi

The War (continued)

• Washington, DC– August 1814– British march on

Washington– Madison flees– White House and Capitol

burned

• Baltimore– September 13, 1814– Fort McHenry– “Star-Spangled Banner”– Francis Scott Key

The Hartford Convention• December 1814 – Hartford, CT• New England Federalists • Timothy Pickering• Secession• Moderates propose constitutional amendments

– Repeal 3/5 compromise– 2/3 majority necessary to admit new states– No embargo may last longer than 60 days– 2/3 majority necessary to ban trade with another nation– 2/3 majority necessary to declare war– Only natural-born citizens can hold office– One-term limit on President; no two consecutive presidents

can be from the same state

• End of the Federalist Party

The End of the War

• Battle of New Orleans– January 1815– Andrew Jackson

• Treaty of Ghent– December 1814– Status quo ante bellum

• No territory changed hands• Land restored to Indians• Commissions established

to resolve border disputes• Impressment continued

• Effects of the war– Nationalism– Growth of industry– Overseas prestige

JEFFERSON MADISON

•Revolution of 1800•Marbury v. Madison•Barbary Pirates•Louisiana Purchase•Chesapeake Affair•Embargo Act•Non-Intercourse Act

•Macon’s Bill•Conflict with Native Americans•War of 1812•Hartford Convention

WASH. ADAMS

Key Events

•Bill of Rights•Hamilton’s Financial Plan (objectives and policies)•Whiskey Rebellion•Neutrality Proclamation•Jay’s Treaty•Farewell Address

•Development of political parties•XYZ Affair•Alien and Sedition Acts•KY and VA Resolutions

Big Idea:Domestic Policy

Big Idea:Foreign Policy

Lesson Learned from Presidency