ENE 5714: Análise Política da Questão Energética

Programa Interunidades de Pós-Graduação em Energia Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia - IEE

Universidade de São Paulo - USPProf. Célio Bermann

19/set/2005 - 2a. aula

Graduate Program on Energy - PPGEInstitute of Energy and Environment - IEE

University of Sao Paulo - USP

The Amazon under construction: Towards Sustainability?

Prof. Dr. Celio BermannInstitute of Energy and Environment-IEE

University of Sao Paulo-USP/Brazil

UT Austin Fulbright Visiting Professor

All Infrastructure Projects in Amazon region have a common point:

Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastr ucture in South America - IIRSA

The IIRSA is a bold effort by the governments of South America to construct a new infrastructure network for the continent, including roads, waterways, ports, and energy and communications interconnections. Many of the projects seek to provide road and river outlets to ocean ports, with the goal of providing incentives to increase exports of commodities such as soybeans and other grains, timber, and minerals.

The South American governments are currently proceeding with the implementation of 31 "priority" projects, with a total cost of $4.3 billion. In all, 335 projects have been identified as part of IIRSA, with an overall budget of $37.4 billion. The initiative has received technical and financial support from the Andean Development Corporation, the Inter-American Development Bank, Fonplata, the United Nations Development Program, and others.

* Amazon

Corridors roadsRiver axes

Deposits

Oil fields

Gas fields

Mining areas

Esmeraldas

Guayaquil

Callao

Pisco

Buenaventura

Cartagena

Santa MartaBarranquilla

Pto. Bolívar

Caracas

BelenSao Luis

Fortaleza

Recife

Salvador

Vitoria

Rio de Janeiro

Santos

Porto Alegre

Rio Grande

Bahía Blanca

Buenos Aires

Sepetiba

TalcaguanoConcepción

S. Antonio

Valparaiso

Antofagasta

Iquique

San JuanMatarani

Ilo

□ Ports

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IIRSA’s INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN AMAZON

AirportsAirportsAirportsAirports

RailwaysRailwaysRailwaysRailways

PortsPortsPortsPorts

Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges

Border crossingBorder crossingBorder crossingBorder crossing

Others3Others3Others3Others3

Gas pipelineGas pipelineGas pipelineGas pipeline

GasGasGasGas

Others2Others2Others2Others2

OilOilOilOil

OthersOthersOthersOthers

RoadsRoadsRoadsRoads

South AmericaSouth AmericaSouth AmericaSouth America

RiversRiversRiversRivers

Plata basinPlata basinPlata basinPlata basin

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Amazon Hub

Source: Planificación Territorial Indicativa – Cartera de Proyectos IIRSA 2004 en www.iirsa.org.

Bolivia - Peru – Brazil Hub

Source: Planificación Territorial Indicativa – Cartera de Proyectos IIRSA 2004 en www.iirsa.org.

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Raw materials used for Biodiesel production in Brazi l

Source: ANP (Brazilian Oil National Agency), October 2009.

Soybean oil

Other fatty materials

Livestock fat

Cotton oil

Source: CONAB, 2008.

Soybean Production in Brazil

Amazon Tropical Rain Forest

Biodiesel from soybean in AmazonSource: http://www.socioambiental.org/esp/soja.brSoybean in Amazon forest

Source: http://www.socioambiental.org/esp/soja.br

Source: http://www.socioambiental.org/esp/soja.br

Source: Field Research, 09/26/2009.

Biodiesel from soybean in Amazon

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Map of South Gas

pipeline

Amazon Rain Forest

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

► 63% of the potential to be explored is placed in Am azon Region (Basin of Madeira, Tocantins, Araguaia, Xing u and

Tapajós rivers)

Current Installed Capacity: 85,950 MW (Feb, 2014), wich represents “only” 35% of the Brazilian total hidraulic

potential (243,361 MW)

Hidropower in Brazil

► 26 hydropower plants are planed or are underconstruction in Amazon Region

- Santo Antonio and Jirau Dams (Madeira river)

- Belo Monte Dam (Xingu river)

- 5 hydroplants in Tapajos river

Source: MME/EPE - PDE 2021.

Still lifes in the artificial lake produced by Balbina hydroelectric plant, which flooded 2.6 thousand kilometers of native forests. Photo: Ed Ferreira/AE

Source: Glenn Switkes – IRN, 2008.Available in: http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/2486/images/Climate/BalbinaJunglenewsFlickr.jpg

First Xingu River’s Indigenous People Meeting (February 1989), in Altamira (PA).

Source: http://apatrulhadalama.blogspot.com.br/2012/06/parem-belo-monte-usina-enfrenta.html

Source: http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/belo-monte-e-uma-ferida-aberta-na-amazonia/

“STOP BELO MONTE DAM”

Source: http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/belo-monte-referencia-internacional-do-movimento-contra-barragens/

Xingu Riverside Settlement’s Demonstration, June 2012

Tapajós basin

Hydropower plants location in Tapajos basin

Reservoirs in Tapajos basin (in blue) and Conservation Units (in green) and Mundururuku’s Territory (in yellow)

Alter do Chão beach, in Tapajós river

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.

Large infrastructure projects:

- Forced ressetlement

- Accumulation by dispossession

► Loss of culture and lifestyles of traditional indigenous people

The main issue:

Energy for what?

Energy for whom?

Source: EPE/MME – Brazilan Energy Plan (PDE 2021).

Brazilian Energy Plan 2021 (PDE 2021)

Electricity Consumption by Sector: Brazil – 2012

Industry: 48,5%

480,12 TWh/year

Source: MME/EPE (Energy Research Company). Brazilian Energy Balance 2012/year 2011, 2012.

SECTORS Electricity Consumption(on %)

Energy sector 4,9

Mining/Pelletization 2,5

Agriculture and Livestock 4,5

Heavy Industry* 23,9

Light Industry 17,2

Transportation 0,4

Residential 23,3

Commercial/Services 15,4

Public 7,9

Total 100,0

* Heavy Industry sector includes cement industries, pig-iron and steel, iron-alloys, non-ferrous/other metallurgical (aluminium), chemical, paper and pulp.

Brazil’s GDP Growth Rate (estimated): 4,4% per yearElectricity Consumption Rate: 5,7% per year

Grow Prediction of the production of minerals and p rimary goods in Brazil

Iron ore: 319 Mt (2008)585 Mt (2015)795 Mt (2022)

1,098 Mt (2030) Source: MME – Mining National Plan 2030.

Steel: 33,7 Mt (2008)52,6 Mt (2014)72,3 Mt (2019)

Primary Aluminium: 1,66 Mt (2008)1,67 Mt (2014)2,54 Mt (2020)

Ferro-alloys: 0,98 Mt (2008) Pulp: 12,7 Mt (2008)1,49 Mt (2014) 19,4 Mt (2014)2,06 Mt (2020) 28,0 Mt (2019)

Source: EPE/MME – Brazilian Energy Plan 2019 and 2020 (PDE2019 and PDE 2020).

X 3

X 2.2

X 1.6

X 2.1 X 2.2

These data confirm the way in which the Brazilianindustrial production is entering in the internationaleconomy globalization process, limiting the role ofmere exporter of low value-added commodities andhigh energy content.

The Amazonian territory intensified the appropriation process ofnatural resources and minerals goods for export. Ores such a s bauxitehave been identified in Brazil, Suriname and Venezuela; iro n in Braziland Venezuela; manganese, nickel ans silicon in Brazil; coo per, zinc,tungsten and molybdenum in Peru; lead in Peru and Bolivia; gypsumin Colombia. In addition, precious metals like gold in Peru, Colombia,Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela and Brazil; and silver in Peru.

In this way, the Amazon region is part of the capitalist globalproduction system as a supplier of primary goods (iron ore, bauxite,manganese, zinc, copper, lead), exported in raw form or transformedinto primary metals (aluminium ingots, ferroalloys, steel), all of themproducts with high energy content.

The infrastructure projects in Amazon region play the role to ensurethes economic activities that degrade the environment and d isregardthe cultures and lifestyles of tradicional peoples in the re gion.

THANK YOU !

Contact in Brazil:

Prof. Celio Bermann

Tel.: + 55 (11) 3091.2636

e-mail: cbermann@iee.usp.br

Graduate Program on Energy - PPGEInstitute of Energy and Environment - IEE

University of São Paulo - USP

Contact in Austin (Texas, USA):

Tel.: (512) 323-2411

e-mail: cbermann@autin.utexas.edu