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SPECIAL EDITION:

MEMORIAL OF DWIGHT

EISENHOWER’S PRESIDENCY

MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959 HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL

The end of Dwight Eisenhower's two-term presidency approaches. It has been an epoch of

prosperity and peace in the United States, in a general aspect. There were many technological

advances, as well as scientific, societal and economic. This edition of The American Journal

will be dedicated to commemorating the most important events and changes that have shaped

our country during this proliferous era up until this day in actuality.

PAGE 3RISING EXODUS

TO THE

SUBURBAN

LIFESTYLE

PAGE 4KOREAN WAR

ENDS

PAGES 12 & 13POLITICAL

CARTOONS OF

THE ERA

PAGES 12 & 13ENDING OF THE

MONTGOMERY

BUS BOYCOTT

RELATED TO

ROSA PARKS

SUCCESFUL DETONATION OF

THE FIRST HYDROGEN BOMB

Mike bomb exploded with a yield of 10.4

megatons, creating a three mile long

fireball. It was about 1000 times more

powerful than the atomic bomb.

Some scientists such as J. Robert

Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, and I.I. Rabi

have been opposed to this development,

partly because the weapon design, at its

beginnings, was uncertain and workable.

They also argued that it was immoral

because it would be used against large

civilian populations and cause a genocide.

On the other hand, scientists who favored

this creation argued that it was inevitable

and bound to happen for the protection of

the United States. Now that the Soviets had

their atomic bomb, the united States needed

to fight back with a larger bomb.

Nevertheless, the plans of the creation of

the hydrogen bomb persisted. After the

WWII, they created it.

Now that the detonation of the hydrogen

bomb has been successful, the United States

could advance in the nuclear arms race in

the Cold War.

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1952 PAGE 2

By: Anna Mulero

Now that the Soviets’ atomic bomb had a

successful detonation, American scientist

have started to build new nuclear weapons to

compete with the Soviets. As recently as last

week, on November 1, the President Harry

Truman has ordered the conduction of the

first “hydrogen bomb”, which is bigger and

deadlier than the atomic bomb.

This new bomb uses fusion mechanisms,

unlike the atomic bomb that uses fission

techniques. Atomic bombs, like the ones

dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki around 7

years ago in the WWII, work by splitting an

atom’s nucleus. The hydrogen bomb, while

they start with a fission reaction, the high

temperature that it reaches causes the

hydrogen atoms to fuse. Thus releasing

neutrons, which split more atoms and

creating a larger chain reaction than the

atomic bomb. The creation of this bomb took

place on the island of Elugelab, part of the

Marshall Islands in the Pacific, by Dr.

Edward Teller, with the help of the Polish

mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. The first

structure of this bomb was called Mike,

designed to test the principles of the creators;

it was not intended to use in warfare. This


Dr. Edward Teller,

one of the

collaborators in the

making of the

hydrogen bomb

The hydrogen bomb’s successful detonation

on the island of Elugelab

SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY


RISING EXODUS TO THE SUBURBAN

LIFESTYLE

TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 1953 PAGE 3

By: Anna Mulero

Suburban community on Long Island

Now that World War II has ended, the

economy has started to prosper, and people

feel safe again. This gives way to the so

called baby boom, where families are

starting to procreate. As a means to do this,

people no longer want to live in the city,

where there is loudness and dangerous

things going around. Thus, they have

started to move out of the city and into the

newly built suburban houses. Suburban

houses are built on the land at the outskirts

of the city. Unlike city apartments,

suburban houses offer spacious rooms,

family rooms, and backyards, making it

easy for numerous families to go around.

This movement is called the suburban

boom, which is a direct effect for the baby

boom.

Albeit expensive, living in city

apartments provides commodities those

who now live in the suburbs do not have.

For example, residents living in a suburban

home have to mow their lawns weekly

since the community as a whole needs to

look uniform. Nevertheless, the suburban

life is just beginning to be embraced by

Americans. Fast food restaurants and

shopping centers are beginning to be built

near suburban communities for the

residents’ convenience. William Levitt,

an American real-estate developer, has

developed Levittown, a series of seven

suburban developments, as an attractive

alternative to city apartments. They are

located near Long Island and are available for

buying. For more information, call the

number at the bottom of the page and

schedule a visit.

Even though it’s cheaper than living in the

city, the suburban life has its ups and downs.

Women who have previously fought for their

rights now feel confined to the suburban

lifestyle. The belief that a woman’s role in

society was to cook, clean, and raise kids has

risen, causing a dissatisfaction in American

women. Feminists, such as Betty Friedan,

have started writing books, arguing that the

suburbs were “burying women alive”. Not

only has the new suburban lifestyle started to

limit women’s rights, but also a new form of

segregating people has emerged, called

hypersegregation. This is extreme racial

segregation based on the geographical

grouping of the racial groups.

Everyone has their own lifestyle

preferences, and if you want a change in

yours, move out to the suburbs and live the

unique experience that is the suburban

lifestyle.

To schedule a visit

please call 1-800-

796-2453

LIFE IN THE U.S.

KOREAN WAR ENDS

Despite the fact that the armistice

suspends all forms of hostilities, it is not

meant to serve as a permanent peace

instrument. President Eisenhower

played a critical role in establishing

tranquility in the region, as he was fully

cognizant of the innumerable Americans

who served in the conflict and the

countless others who perished defending

our freedom. Shortly after signing it, the

president announced the agreement to

the American public via television,

stating “And so at long last the carnage

of war is to cease and the negotiation of

the conference table is to begin. . . . It is

this: We have won an armistice on a

single battleground—not peace in the

world.

MONDAY, JULY 27, 1953 PAGE 4

By: Andres Quijano

At long last, the fighting in the Korean

Peninsula has finally ceased! The Korean

War, which commenced on June 25, 1950,

when the North Koreans invaded South

Korea, officially today at 10 a.m., in

Panmunjom. Barely acknowledging each

other, U.S. Army Lt. Gen. William K.

Harrison, Jr., senior delegate, United Nations

Command Delegation; North Korean Gen.

Nam Il, senior delegate, Delegation of the

Korean People's Army and the Chinese

People's Volunteers, signed 18 copies of the

Korean Armistice Agreement in three

languages.

It finalized what had become the longest

negotiated armistice ever: 158 reunions

distributed across two years and 17 days.

Later on at 10 p.m. the truce went into effect.

The Korean Armistice Agreement is curious

in the fact that it is only a military document.

Therefore, no country is a signatory to the

armistice.

Moreover, the armistice agreement included

various ordinances. It suspends all forms of

open conflict. It calls for the withdrawal of

all military forces and equipment from a

4,000-meter-wide zone, which establishes a

Demilitarized Zone as a buffer between the

countries. It prevents both factions from

interfering in the air, ground, or sea areas

under the other's control. It arranges for the

release and repatriation of prisoners of war

and displaced persons. Finally, it establishes

the Military Armistice Commission and other

agencies.


Delegates from both sides signing the

armistice treaty on the morning of July 27th.


WEST GERMANY JOINS NATO

MONDAY, MAY 9, 1955 PAGE 5

By: Andres Quijano

The map of the NATO member states in

Europe, with West Germany included. West Germany signing to become part of the

North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

At long last, 10 years after the decimation of

the Nazi reign in Europe in World War II,

West Germany formally joins the North

Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, a

mutual defense pact aimed at deterring Soviet

influence through Europe. This milestone

marks the crucial step in West Germany's

integration into Western Europe's defense

system.

Germany has remained a divided nation since

the war. Our forces, along with those of

Britain and France, have held occupation

areas in West Germany and West Berlin, while

the Soviet forces control East Germany and

East Berlin. While both sides advocate for an

eventual reunification, it remains clear that

this has yet to happen, as it would have to

serve a side's specific interests.

In 1949 we combined the occupation zones

with our allies to create a new nation, the

Federal Republic of Germany. Meanwhile, the

Soviets responded by establishing the German

Democratic Republic in East Germany. Just

over four days ago, our allied forces ended out

military occupation of West Germany, leaving

it as an independent nation. The country was

expeditiously integrated into NATO, as a

period of four days have elapsed between the

two events.

For us, this serves as an essential move in the

defense of Western Europe. Despite the

opposition of some European nations,

remilitarizing West Germany is crucial in

establishing a defense perimeter for any

possible Soviet expansion. The coming days

shall reveal what the Soviet Union will regard

of this decisive move for freedom and

democracy.

ELVIS PRESLEY’S RAPID RISE

WITH FIRST BIG HIT

Elvis Presley has his share of talents

apart from music. He has appeared on

radio and television; his first appearance

was in a movie called "Louisiana

Hayride," released in 1955. He still

plans to continue pursuing his career of

actor. However, he has been most

proliferous as a singer, despite of the

little time he's been in the spotlight.

Critics say Elvis has arrived to innovate

the genre of rock and bring immense

change to the business.

Presley's most recent and popular single

"Heartbreak Hotel" is on its way to

reach the sales of one million copies, an

event that would award him with his

first gold record. If he keeps doing as

well as he is now, it is only a matter of

time before Elvis Presley rises to the top

of the music industry.

FRIDAY, JANUARY 27, 1956 PAGE 6

By: Darlene Ortega

You've heard the name, haven't you? Elvis

Presley, famous film actor and singer, was

given his first guitar on his 11th birthday. His

passion and affinity for music did not end

there. As of eight weeks ago, Presley

released his single "Heartbreak Hotel." The

song has been #1 in Billboard's pop singles

chart, #1 in the country chart and #5 on the

R&B chart since it was released.

Although he doesn't have much experience

still in the music business, having released

his first single barely a year ago, Presley has

been attracting hoards of fans. This may be

due to his unusual music style, provocative

gyrating hips and good looks. His particular

dance moves have caused an uproar of

people to be drawn to the singer. His music

portrays an innovative style denominated

rockabilly, which is an up-tempo, backbeat-

driven fusion of country music and rhythm

and blues. Even though this is not very

common nowadays, it looks like Presley is

on his way to popularize it.


Elvis Presley (age 11) with his first guitar, a

gift from his mother.

The cover of Elvis Presley’s hit single

“Heartbreak Hotel”, which includes “I was

the one”

ARTS &

ENTERTAINMENT


ENDING OF THE MONTGOMERY BUS

BOYCOTT RELATED TO ROSA PARKS

THURSDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1956 PAGE 7

By: Darlene Ortega

The cover of Elvis Presley’s hit single

“Heartbreak Hotel”, which includes “I was

the one”

Picture of the Montgomery bus boycott in

1956, in which black people were united to

fight against segregation and demand

equality.

Earlier this day, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled

that segregation on city buses is

unconstitutional, thus ending the Montgomery

bus boycott that has been going on for over a

year. All this commotion was caused by a

single black woman called Rosa Parks.

Approximately a year ago, on December 1st

1955, Rosa Parks was riding the bus home

from work when a white man demanded that

she give him his seat, and she denied. Parks

says that the rumors that claimed her refusal

was due to her being tired are false. "I was not

tired physically, or no more tired than I

usually was at the end of the day. I was not

old, although some people have an image of

me being old then. I was forty-two. No, the

only tired I was, was tired of giving in." For

her actions towards the "superior" white man,

Rosa Parks was arrested.

This event drove a number of leaders in

Montgomery to speak up and protest about the

unfair situation. They presented her good

behavior as an argument against her arrest,

stating that even though she was "morally

clean", she wasn't afraid of fighting for what

she thought was right. This protest is what

started the boycotting of the Montgomery

buses, which was conducted by 42,000 black

citizens. Rosa was arrested for a second time

because of her participation in the boycotts.

This time, the situation received more

attention to the point of attracting national

press coverage.

Today, the boycott has been put to an end and

Parks and her allies have been set free. Rosa

Parks still continues to be a very avid civil

rights activist.

LOCAL NEWS

AMERICA’S SURGING

ECONOMY

Another factor to which we owe our

great prosperity is the rise of

consumerism. One of the factors that

fueled the prosperity of the Fifties was

the increase in consumer spending.

Americans enjoyed a standard of living

that was inconceivable to the rest of the

world. It was an auspicious moment for

Americans to change their consumer

tendencies. The adult of the Fifties has

generally grown up in economic

scarcity, due to the Great Depression

and the rationing policies of World War

II. As consumer products became

available once again, people were eager

to buy. Even though we make up six

percent of the world population, we

consume a third of all the world’s goods

and services. America could afford to

produce products that only served to

meet people’s desires. This is how

Americans eventually turned into

"consumers.”

SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1958 PAGE 8

By: Andres Quijano

America’s economy today has been booming

like never before. While Europe has to

rebuild itself after the war, our standard of

living has surpassed what past generations

considered unfathomable.

We owe this great debt of prosperity to our

beloved Eisenhower, who allowed the

economy to steadily grow through the right

combination of low taxes, balanced budgets,

and public spending. The economy overall

has grown by 37%. By the end of the decade,

the median American family has 30% more

purchasing power than at the beginning.

Inflation, which had devastated our economy

immediately after World War II, was feeble

in part due to the fact that Eisenhower

persisted in efforts to balance the federal

budget. Unemployment has remained low,

staying at less than 4.5% in the middle of the

decade. Many factors have come together to

produce the Fifties boom. The G.I. Bill,

which has given military veterans affordable

access to a college education, adds a

productive pool of highly-educated

employees to the work force when American

businesses are willing to pay handsomely for

engineering and management skills. Cheap

oil from domestic wells have helped keep the

engines of industry running. Advances in

science and technology are spurring

productivity. At the same time, potential

competitors in Europe and Asia are still

recovering from their war-torn state.


A middle-class American household enjoying

consumer commodities, such as televisions.

EDITOR’S NOTE: DANGERS OF

THE RED SCARE

SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1958 PAGE 9

By: Andres Quijano

The fear of communism here at home is

one that engulfs all of us. This perceived

threat of communists in the United States

has become known as the “Red Scare”.

This phenomenon led to a series of

actions which shaped U.S. society and

government. For starters, federal

employees were observed to determine

their level of loyalty to the government,

and U.S. senators such as Joseph R.

McCarthy investigated inquiries into

seditious elements in the government as

well as in the film industry.


A middle-class American household enjoying

consumer commodities, such as televisions.

This perceived threat of communism

managed to unite the American

people under a common enemy. It

strengthened nationalism and

sympathy for capitalism. However, a

mass level of hysteria was caused to

spread throughout the country.

Tensions increased, false accusations

grew exponentially, and dissent

towards immigrants reached an all

time high. Many people supporting

the fight against communism

wouldn’t speak out without the

support of Senator McCarthy.

Therefore, this created a

phenomenon of mob mentality

across America, one that is not

beneficial to increased tolerance or a

better understanding of varying

perspectives.


EDITOR’S NOTE: ROSA PARKS AND

THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959 PAGE 10

By: Anna Mulero

Rosa Parks, Civil Rights leader and starter

of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

In the years 1955 to 1956, there was a

movement in Alabama called the

Montgomery Bus Boycott. It started with

several arrests of African-American women

who were arrested for violating the Alabama

bus segregation laws. The last of these women

was Rosa Parks who was arrested on

December 1, 1955. The arrest of these women

became the figurehead for the Boycott and

Civil Rights Movement. This boycott helped

the Civil Rights Movement and opened the

eyes of Americans to the atrocities that

African-Americans lived in.

The racial segregation standard called

“Separate but equal” has been used as excuse

for many atrocities white people caused

African Americans. Before this boycott,

African-Americans had to live by the state’s

segregation laws. These laws violated the

Fourteenth Amendment and forced African-

American to receive certain treatments just by

the color of their skin.

Although sometimes debatable by some

people, African-Americans do not benefit

from the same rights white people have in the

South, and the arrest of Rosa Parks changed

the rules to equal rights on the buses and

public facilities. With the Montgomery bus

boycott, Rosa Parks fought for African-

Americans’ ability to use the same restrooms,

fountains, and buses. This boycott was fruitful

in terms of gaining civil rights. Since April of

1956, several bus companies have begun to

implement desegregation in Several Southern

cities. Also, the US Supreme Court

dismantled the “Separate but Equal” racial

segregation standard.

With the arrest of Rosa Parks, a public

conscience has been created and people have

learned about how segregation is limiting the

civil rights of African-Americans. It is sad

that the only way the atrocities were known to

other people was when the news of the lack of

people riding the busses reached the news.

Before this being on the news, people were

ignorant and did not pay much attention to

how African-Americans were treated in the

South. This Civil Rights Movement keeps

flourishing and gaining more rights to those

African Americans who still can’t enjoy their

liberties.

EDITOR’S NOTE: REMEMBERING SCHOOL

INTEGRATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE

A little over five years ago, the Supreme

Court established that segregation in public

schools of the United States is

unconstitutional. This was unanimously

decided in the Brown v. Board of Education

case.

Immediately after this, opposition was

strong. White people whom did not agree

with sharing their privileges with "inferiors"

started protesting for their beliefs. Virginia

Senator Harry Byrd declared "massive

resistance" which sought to unite white

leaders in order to prevent desegregation in

schools. They went to the extent of shutting

down schools to block the integration. A

particularly famous and recent incident was

that of Little Rock, Arkansas. The governor

of said state used the National Guard in

order to prevent nine black students from

attending Central High School. President

Dwight Eisenhower responded by sending

troops to escort the students- now known as

"Little Rock Nine." White people would do

anything and everything in order to maintain

themselves separated from blacks.

PAGE 11

By: Darlene Ortega

Fortunately, these attempts against school

integration were futile in the end. The

arguments presented by Thurgood Marshall in

favor of Brown were veridical and strong,

proving the unjust difference of treatment

between black and white people. He argued

with evidence from psychological and

scientific research that proved that black

students suffered from mental harm in

schools. Additionally, he presented the fact

that white schools had great facilities and

their teachers were paid significantly, while

black schools were mediocre and teachers

were paid much less. This evidently strong

proof of racism led to the unanimous

decision, and was enough to incite black

people to fight for equal rights. This included

the Montgomery bus boycott, which

unofficially started the Civil Rights

Movement. The Civil Rights Act of 1964

prohibited discrimination based on race in all

public facilities. Even though racism has not

come close to ending, black people are slowly

but surely gaining more rights and privileges,

as they should be. The biggest problem is the

prejudice and racism that white people have

against black people, which is solely based on

their skin color: a ridiculous argument, since

color does not determine the worth of a

person. Education is key on improving these

harmful, wrong views. White people may live

in better conditions than black people, but

they are certainly not capable of loving or

accepting others, and this has to change.

School integration was a very important step

towards a different societal view of black

people.


Integrated classroom in Anacostia High

School, 1957.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959


POLITICAL CARTOONS

PAGE 12MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959

Have a care, sir. Home!

Have a care, sir.


POLITICAL CARTOONS

PAGE 13MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959

The King and Ike

It’s Okay… We’re Hunting Communists You Mean I’m Supposed To Stand On

That?


CLASSIFIED

ADVERSTISEMENTS

PAGE 14

By: Darlene Ortega



CLASSIFIED

ADVERSTISEMENTS

PAGE 15

By: Darlene Ortega



OBITUARIES: REMEMBERING

PASSED AWAY LOVED ONES

MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959 PAGE 16

By: Anna Mulero

In loving memory of

Hattie McDaniel, age 57, who died this past October

26, 1953 of breast cancer. She was born in Wichita,

Kansas, on June 10, 1895 to Henry McDaniel and

Susan McDaniel. Survived by one sibling named

Sam McDaniel. She will forever be remembered as

the First African American actress to win an Oscar

for her role as Mammy in “Gone With The Wind.

Hattie has participated in nearly

100 other films, and her

superior acting ability is

said to transcend the role

she had to play again and

again.

“Putting a little time

aside for clean fun and good humor is very

necessary to relieve the tensions of our time”

In rememberance of

Physicist Albert Einstein,

age 76, who died the past

April 18, 1955 of abdominal

aortic aneurysm at the

Princeton Hospital. He is

survived by his wife,

Elsa Lowenthal.

Although being born

in Germany on March 14, 1879, Albert Einstein was

naturalized as a US citizen. Some of his most

famous works were his development of the theory of

spatial relativity, the quantum theory of light and his

contributions to the creation of an atomic bomb. He

was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.

“Imagination is more important than knowledge.”

“Anyone who has never made a mistake has never

tried anything new.”

Remembering

Charles Holley (Buddy Holly), age 22, who died in

a plane crash on February 3. He was survived by his

wife, Maria Santiago. Buddy was born on

September 7, 1936 in Lubbock, Texas.

He died along with other rock and

roll musicians, including

Ritchie Valens and J.P. “The Big

Bopper” Richardson. At only

22 years of age, Buddy Holly

was the first to write and play

his own songs while being

able to incorporate a rhythm and

blues style to his music.

“If anyone asks you what kind of music you play,

tell him 'pop.' Don't tell him 'rock'n'roll' or they

won't even let you in the hotel”

In loving memory of

John Foster Dulles, age 71,

who died this past May 24.

He is survived by his wife

Janet Pomeroy. John was

born on February 25, 1888

in Washington, D.C.

As the US Secretary of State, John was a significant

figure in the early Cold War by advocating against

Communism around the whole world. He negotiated

numerous anti-communist treaties and alliances

including the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

One of his mayor awards was the person of the year

award granted by Time magazine.

“Of all tasks of government the most basic is to

protect its citizens against violence.”

REFERENCES

http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history

http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue2/english/history.html

https://global.britannica.com/event/Korean-War

http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/1955.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_St

ates

https://www.graceland.com/elvis/biography/1954_1957.aspx

http://www.usn2161.net/rosaparks.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/5/newsid_2

515000/2515243.stm

https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=classified+ads+from+the+

1950s&FORM=HDRSC2

http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history

http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue2/english/history.html

https://global.britannica.com/event/Korean-War

http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/1955.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States

https://www.graceland.com/elvis/biography/1954_1957.aspx

http://www.usn2161.net/rosaparks.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/5/newsid_2515000/2515243.stm

https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=classified+ads+from+the+1950s&FORM=HDRSC2

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