the american journey · 2018. 8. 29. · embargo and a crippled presidency (cont'd) chesapeake...

Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition

Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger

THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

Brief Sixth Edition

Chapter

The Triumph and Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism 1800-1824

9





The Triumph and Collapse of Jeffersonian

Republicanism 1800-1824

• Jefferson’s Presidency

• Madison and the Coming of War

• The War of 1812

• The Era of Good Feelings

• The Breakdown of Unity

• Conclusion





The British bombardment of Fort McHenry,

Baltimore, on September 13–14, 1814, inspired the

writing of “The Star Spangled Banner.”





Learning Objectives

• Why was the expansion of the United

States so important to Jefferson?

• What factors pushed Madison into a war

with Britain?

• What were the consequences of the War

of 1812?

• How did rising nationalism contribute to

the spirit of the Era of Good Feelings?





Learning Objectives (cont'd)

• Why did slavery become such a divisive

issue in the years preceding the Missouri

Compromise?





Jefferson’s Presidency





Reform at Home

• Jefferson set the style and tone of his

administration by his unpretentious

inauguration in Washington, D.C. and

eliminating the aristocratic practices of the

Federalists.





Reform at Home (cont'd)

• The Republican domestic policy was

based on retrenchment. Jefferson reduced

the national debt from $83 million in 1800

to $57 million in 1809 by cutting

government spending and taxes.

• Jefferson replaced many Federalist Party

officeholders with Republicans and the

Republican Congress repealed the

Judiciary Act of 1801.





Reform at Home (cont'd)

• The Marbury v. Madison case established

the power of the Supreme Court to rule on

the constitutionality of legislation.

Marbury v. Madison: Supreme Court

decision of 1803 that created the precedent

of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional

part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.





The classical design and bucolic setting of

Monticello, Jefferson’s home outside Charlottesville,

Virginia





The Louisiana Purchase

• The revolution in Haiti led Napoleon to sell

the huge Louisiana territory to the United

States.

• The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size

of the United States.





MAP 9–1 The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis

and Clark Expedition





Masterful hunters, the Plains Indians encountered by

Lewis and Clark depended on the buffalo for their

economic survival.





Corn fields now stretch across the plains crossed by

Lewis and Clark.





The Amerindian Sacajawea was an indispensable

guide for Lewis and Clark on their famed expedition.





Florida and Western Schemes

• Jefferson’s failure to buy West Florida from

Spain led to a failed attempt to grab land

from Spain in the lower Mississippi Valley

and possibly create a separate nation.





Embargo and a Crippled Presidency

• The war between France and Spain

embroiled the United States in a dispute

over neutral rights, blockades, ship

seizures, and imprisonment of American

sailors.

• A confrontation with the British at sea led

to the Embargo Act of 1807 that hurt

nearly all American economic groups

except manufacturers.






(cont'd)

• James Madison won the presidential

election of 1808 but the Federalist

candidate received twice as many votes

as in 1804.

Impressment

- The British policy of forcibly enlisting American

sailors into the British navy.






(cont'd)

Chesapeake Incident

- Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the

American ship Chesapeake in American territorial

waters that nearly provoked an Anglo-American

war.

Embargo Act of 1807

- Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting

American ships from leaving for any foreign port.





This Federalist cartoon satirizes Jefferson, in the

form of a prairie dog, coughing up the $2 million

bribe to Napoleon for the acquisition of West

Florida





Madison and the Coming of War





The Failure of Economic Sanctions

• The Nonintercourse Act that had replaced

the Embargo Act convinced Madison that

Anglo-American relations would improve.

• A failed agreement between the United

States and Britain led Congress to pass

Macon’s Bill No. 2.





The Frontier and Indian Resistance

• The unceasing demand for land stimulated

a pan-Indian resistance movement led by

Tecumseh and his brother Tenkswatawa.

• The Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 led

Tecumseh to ally with the British.

• The Warhawks aggressively promoted war

with Britain.





The Frontier and Indian

Resistance(cont'd)

Pan-Indian resistance movement

- Movement calling for the political and cultural

unification of Indian tribes in the late eighteenth

and early nineteenth centuries.





The Prophet Tenkswatawa was the spiritual leader of

the pan-Indian movement





Decision for War

• Madison prepared for war by increasing

the army from 10,000 to 35,000 men.

• Madison sent a war message to Congress

on June 1, 1812 and a divided Congress

passed the resolution. Federalists

opposed the war.





Decision for War (cont’d)

• Support for the war was strongest in

regions whose economies had been

damaged most by the British blockade and

control of Atlantic commerce, namely the

South and the West.

War Hawks

- Members of Congress, predominantly from the

South and West, who aggressively pushed for a

war against Britain after their election in 1810.





The War of 1812





Setbacks in Canada

• Three offensives against Canada in 1812

failed and one led to the loss of Detroit to

the British. Most Canadians fought against

the Americans.

• War setbacks and antiwar feelings hurt the

Republicans and Madison won a narrow

victory in 1812.





Setbacks in Canada (cont'd)

War of 1812

- War fought between the United States and Britain

from June 1812 to January 1815 largely over

British restrictions on American shipping.





MAP 9–2 The War of 1812





MAP 9–2 (continued) The War of 1812





Western Victories and British

Offensives

• An American victory on Lake Erie led to

British attacks at a time when the

American government was nearly

bankrupt and political dissent in New

England was reaching a climax.






Offensives (cont’d)

• Though the British torched Washington,

D.C., their advance was stopped at

Baltimore and Americans won the battle of

Plattsburgh, turning the tide of the war.

Battle of Put-in-Bay

- American naval victory on Lake Erie in September

1813 in the War of 1812 that denied the British

strategic control over the Great Lakes.






Offensives (cont’d)

Battle of Plattsburgh

- American naval victory on Lake Champlain in

September 1814 in the War of 1812 that thwarted

a British invasion from Canada.





The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of

New Orleans

• The defeat of Napoleon led the British to

sign the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of

1812.

• During the period when the treaty was to

be ratified, Andrew Jackson defeated the

British at the Battle of New Orleans.






New Orleans (cont’d)

• Jackson’s victory ended any British hopes

of establishing a sphere of influence in

Louisiana and sounded the death knell for

the Federalist Party.

Treaty of Ghent

- Treaty signed in December 1814 between the

United States and Britain that ended the War of

1812.






New Orleans (cont’d)

Battle of New Orleans

- Decisive American War of 1812 victory over

British troops in January 1815 that ended any

British hopes of gaining control of the lower

Mississippi River Valley.





Among the troops that Jackson led to victory at the

Battle of New Orleans were a contingent of African

Americans, the Free Men of Color from New

Orleans.





The Era of Good Feelings





The Era of Good Feelings

• The expression “Era of Good Feelings”

nicely captured the spirit of political

harmony and sectional unity that washed

over the republic in the postwar years.

Era of Good Feelings

- The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the

disappearance of the Federalists enabled the

Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly

nonpartisan harmony.





Economic Nationalism

• The War of 1812 converted Republicans to

the Federalist doctrine of centralized

national power.





Economic Nationalism (cont’d)

• Madison supported an economic program

pushed through Congress by Henry Clay

and John C. Calhoun that established the

Second Bank of the United States and set

up the protective Tariff of 1816. But

Madison vetoed an internal improvements

bill.





Economic Nationalism (cont’d)

Second Bank of the United States

- A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816

with extensive regulatory powers over currency

and credit.





Judicial Nationalism

• In a series of cases, the Supreme Court

led by John Marshall established the

principle that the Supreme Court had final

jurisdiction over matters of constitutional

interpretation and the sanctity of property

rights.

Fletcher v. Peck

- Supreme Court decision of 1810 that overturned a

state law by ruling that it violated a legal contract.





Judicial Nationalism (cont’d)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

- Supreme Court decision of 1819 that prohibited

states from interfering with the privileges granted

to a private corporation.

McCulloch v. Maryland

- Supreme Court decision of 1819 upholding the

constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United

States and the exercise of federal powers within a

state.





Toward a Continental Empire

• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

negotiated several treaties that influenced

the future of the United States.

• A new era of Anglo-American cooperation

was opened with the signing of the Rush-

Bagot Agreement and the Anglo-American

Accords.





Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)

• The Transcontinental Treaty with Spain

ceded Florida to the United States and

established the boundary between the

Louisiana Territory and the Spanish

southwest.

Rush–Bagot Agreement

- Treaty of 1817 between the United States and

Britain that effectively demilitarized the Great

Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships

each power could station on them.






Anglo–American Accords

- Series of agreements reached in the British–

American Convention of 1818 that fixed the

western boundary between the United States and

Canada at the 49th parallel, allowed for the joint

occupation of the Oregon Country, and restored to

Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland.






Trans-Continental Treaty of 1819

- Treaty between the United States and Spain in

which Spain ceded Florida to the United States,

surrendered all claims to the Pacific Northwest,

and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana

Purchase territory and the Spanish Southwest.

Monroe Doctrine

- Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823

that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off

to further European colonization and that the

United States would not interfere in the internal

affairs of European nations.





MAP 9–3 The Missouri Compromise of 1820 and

Territorial Treaties with Britain and Spain, 1818–

1819





Fittingly placing President James Monroe next to a

globe, this painting depicts one of the cabinet

meetings that led to the formulation of the Monroe

Doctrine.





The Breakdown of Unity





The Panic of 1819

• Americans enjoyed a wave of prosperity

between 1815 and 1818 that fueled land

speculation and credit amid rising crop

prices.

• Reduced demand for cotton and food in

Europe led to a credit contraction that

caused a sharp decline in commodity

prices and real estate values.





The Panic of 1819 (cont'd)

• The Bank of the United States stopped all

loans and called in debts stimulating a

depression that hit the West hardest.





As Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams

was unrelenting in his pursuit of a

continental empire for the United States.





The Missouri Compromise

• The dispute over the admission of

Missouri as a slave state increased

northern resentment over the expansion of

slavery and southern dominance in

national affairs.





The Missouri Compromise (cont'd)

• The congressional stalemate was broken

by a compromise engineered by Henry

Clay that admitted Missouri to the Union

as a slave state balanced by Maine’s

admission as a free state. Slavery was

prohibited north of the southern boundary

of Missouri.





The Missouri Compromise (cont'd)

Missouri Compromise

- Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that

admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state

and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery

in the Louisiana Purchase territory above 36º30’

north latitude.





The Election of 1824

• Four candidates vied for the presidency in

1824, William Crawford, John Quincy

Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay.

• Jackson won the most popular votes but

none had an electoral college majority.





The Election of 1824 (cont'd)

• In the House of Representatives, Adams

was elected when Clay supported him.

Jackson called the election a corrupt

bargain after Clay was named Secretary of

State.

American System

- The program of government subsidies favored by

Henry Clay and his followers to promote American

economic growth and protect domestic

manufacturers from foreign competition.





MAP 9–4 The Election of 1824





Conclusion





Conclusion

• In 1800, the Republicans were just testing

their power while the Federalists were in

decline.

• The Republicans became empire builders

and paved the way for the nation to evolve

as a democratic republic.

• In the mid-1820s, the Republicans fell

victim to their own success and changing

conditions.

the american journey · 2018. 8. 29. · embargo and a crippled presidency (cont'd) chesapeake...

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