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The American JourneyA History of the United States, 7th Edition
By: Goldfield • Abbott • Anderson • Argersinger • Argersinger • Barney • Weir
Chapter
•Transplantation and
Adaptation
•1600-1685
2
Transplantation and Adaptation
1600–1685
The French in North America
The Dutch Overseas Empire
English Settlement in the Chesapeake
The Founding of New England
Competition in the Caribbean
The Restoration Colonies
Conclusion
Learning Objectives
What role did the fur trade and fur traders play in the
success of the French colonies?
How did conflict between the English and the Dutch affect
Dutch colonization in the Americas?
How did tobacco cultivation shape the development of
Virginia society?
Learning Objectives (cont'd)
Why were the English colonies in New England so different
from those in the Chesapeake?
What was the connection between sugar cultivation and
slavery in the Caribbean?
How did the proprietors of the Restoration colonies shape
their development?
The French in North America
The Quest for Furs and Converts
The growing trade in beaver pelts and fish stimulated the
founding of the colony of New France in North America.
Samuel de Champlain established the first permanent
settlement at Quebec in 1608.
The fur trade created a partnership between the Indians
and the French based on trade.
The Quest for Furs and Converts (cont'd)
Missionary activities to convert the Indians to Christianity
was a major colonial motivation.
Coureurs de bois
French for “woods runner,” an independent fur trader in New France.
MAP 2–1 New France, c. 1650
The Development of New France
King Louis XIV and his minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert
strengthened colonial administration, improving defenses
and promoting migration.
Population growth in New France was slow and the
population reached about 15,000 in 1700.
The Development of New France(cont'd)
Most colonial families developed farms along the St.
Lawrence River.
French traders and missionaries reached the Mississippi
River and the Gulf of Mexico, expanding the French
colonial empire.
The French in North America (cont'd)
Indentured servant
An individual—usually male but occasionally female—who contracted to
serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for
payment of the servant’s passage to America. Indentured servitude
was the primary labor system in the Chesapeake colonies for most of
the seventeenth century.
FIGURE 2–1 European Populations of New
France (Quebec) and English Colonies in 1650 and
1700
The Dutch Overseas Empire
The Dutch East India Company
By 1600, the Dutch were the leading European economic
power.
The Dutch East India was the instrument of colonial
dominance, establishing Dutch possessions in present-
day Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and Africa.
The West India Company
and New Netherland
The Dutch established the West India Company to expand
into the Americas.
New Netherland was founded in present-day New York and
extended from Fort Orange (Albany) to Manhattan island.
Population growth was slow but New Netherland attracted a
diverse population of religious refugees and Africans.
The West India Company
and New Netherland (cont'd)
Good relations were maintained with the Iroquois but were less friendly with the Algonquian peoples around New Amsterdam.
Quakers
Members of the Society of Friends, a radical religious group that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. Quakers rejected formal theology and an educated ministry, focusing instead on the importance of the “Inner Light,” or Holy Spirit that dwelt within them. Quakers were important in the founding of Pennsylvania.
English Settlement in
the Chesapeake
The Ordeal of Early Virginia
Sponsored by the Virginia Company, the Jamestown colony
was founded in 1607 but often teetered on the brink of
failure due to disease, an an inability to produce food
supplies, and poor management.
The Ordeal of Early Virginia (cont'd)
Relations between the Jamestown colonists and the
Powhatan Confederacy were generally poor due largely
to the effects of European diseases on the Indians and
the unfriendly actions of colonists that led to violence.
The Ordeal of Early Virginia (cont'd)
In 1622, a war erupted between the Jamestown colonists
and the Powhatan Confederacy that lasted 10 years.
Joint-stock company
Business enterprise in which a group of stockholders pooled their money
to engage in trade or to fund colonizing expeditions. Joint-stock
companies participated in the founding of the Virginia, Plymouth, and
Massachusetts Bay colonies.
The Ordeal of Early Virginia (cont'd)
In 1622, a war erupted between the Jamestown colonists
and the Powhatan Confederacy that lasted 10 years.
Headright system
A system of land distribution during early colonial era that granted
settlers fifty acres for themselves and another fifty for each “head” (or
person) they brought to the colony.
The Ordeal of Early Virginia (cont'd)
In 1622, a war erupted between the Jamestown colonists
and the Powhatan Confederacy that lasted 10 years.
House of Burgesses
The legislature of colonial Virginia. First organized in 1619, it was the first
institution of representative government in the English colonies.
The Importance of Tobacco
Tobacco provided the Virginia colony with a profitable
commodity and shaped almost all aspects of colonial
development from land settlement patterns to recruitment
of colonists.
The Importance of Tobacco (cont'd)
The need for labor led to the development of the indentured
servant system that promised free passage to America in
exchange for a fixed term of labor.
Indenture did not serve as a ladder to a better life as most
servants died and those who survived often found
freedom brought a life of poverty.
Map 2–2 English and Dutch Mainland Colonies in
North America, c. 1655
FIGURE 2–2 The Supply and Price of
Chesapeake Tobacco, 1620–1700
Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics
Maryland was founded in 1632 as a proprietary colony
owned by George Calvert, Lord Baltimore.
Calvert was catholic and wanted to establish a colony for
others of his faith, but most colonists were Protestants.
Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics(cont'd)
Maryland’s development was connected to the struggle in
England between the monarchy and the Puritans, leading
to reforms such as the first law calling for freedom of
worship for all Christians.
Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics(cont'd)
Maryland developed as a tobacco colony.
Proprietary colony
A colony created when the English monarch granted a huge tract of land
to an individual or group of individuals, who became “lords proprietor.”
Many lords proprietor had distinct social visions for their colonies, but
these plans were hardly ever implemented. Examples of proprietary
colonies are Maryland, Carolina, New York (after it was seized from
the Dutch), and Pennsylvania.
Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics(cont'd)
Maryland developed as a tobacco colony.
Puritans
Individuals who believed that Queen Elizabeth’s reforms of the Church of
England had not gone far enough in improving the church, particularly
in ensuring that church members were among the saved. Puritans led
the settlement of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics(cont'd)
Maryland developed as a tobacco colony.
Act for Religious Toleration
The first law in America to call for freedom of worship for all Christians. It
was enacted in Maryland in 1649 to quell disputes between Catholics
and Protestants, but it failed to bring peace.
This seventeenth-century engraving
shows a fashionable European woman
indulging in a pipe of tobacco.
Life in the Chesapeake Colonies
Labor needs determined that the population of the Chesapeake
colonies were largely young and male.
Disease limited population growth and family size reduced life
expectancy for men and women. Immigration was the primary
means of increasing the population during most of the 17th
century.
Life in the Chesapeake Colonies (cont'd)
Death and immigration often created unusual households
containing various combinations of stepparents and
children from different marriages.
Indian populations declined from disease and war, leading
to increasing isolation from colonial contact.
The Founding of New England
The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony
Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 and resulted from
the growing religious disputes in England that gave rise to
the Puritan faith.
Separatists founded Plymouth Colony in an area that had
been recently depopulated by disease.
The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony(cont'd)
An alliance between the Plymouth colonists and the
Wampanoags was based on misunderstanding, the need
for allies against enemies, and trade.
Plymouth remained a small, weak, and poor colony.
Anglican
Of or belonging to the Church of England, a Protestant denomination.
The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony(cont'd)
Plymouth remained a small, weak, and poor colony.
Separatists
Members of an offshoot branch of Puritanism. Separatists believed that
the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were
convinced that they must “separate” from it to save their souls.
Separatists helped found Plymouth Colony.
The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony(cont'd)
Plymouth remained a small, weak, and poor colony.
Pilgrims
Settlers of Plymouth Colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual
wanderers.
Massachusetts Bay Colony and
Its Offshoots
Puritan merchants founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony
to set up a colony in that area.
Massachusetts Bay Colony was established along religious
lines using the covenant agreement to define colonial
duties and relations. Representative government
enhanced colonial stability.
Massachusetts Bay Colony and
Its Offshoots (cont'd)
Colonial expansion led to the Pequot War in which the
colonists allied with the Narragansetts and Mohegans to
defeat the Pequots.
Religious dissent led to the establishment of Rhode Island
by Roger Williams and the expulsion of Anne Hutchinson.
Covenant
A formal agreement or contract.
The Founding of New England (cont'd)
Religious dissent led to the establishment of Rhode Island
by Roger Williams and the expulsion of Anne Hutchinson.
Pequot War
Conflict between English settlers (who had Narragansett and Mohegan
allies) and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern
Connecticut. The Pequots were nearly destroyed in a set of bloody
confrontations, including a deadly English attack on a Mystic River
village in May 1637.
Families, Farms, and Communities in Early New
England
Growth in New England was sustained by migration
between 1630–1642 and by natural increase.
Population growth was stimulated by a balanced sex ratio
and a healthier climate the contributed to improved
survival rates among children and longer life spans.
Families, Farms, and Communities in Early New
England (cont'd)
Women in early New England were legally and
economically dependent but made central contributions to
a family’s success, including through household
production and trade.
Families, Farms, and Communities in Early New
England (cont'd)
New England settlements centered around towns that
included the meeting house that served as a place of
worship and government. The towns also served as
trading centers.
Competition in the Caribbean
MAP 2–3 Principal European Possessions in the
Caribbean in the Seventeenth Century
Sugar and Slaves
Defying Spanish claims, the French, Dutch, and English
established colonies in the Caribbean.
Sugar plantations worked first by Indian and later African
slaves characterized Caribbean colonial development.
A Biracial Society
The English West Indies developed the first biracial society
in the English colonies.
Comprising the majority of the population, African slaves
living under harsh conditions governed by slave codes
maintained aspects of a normal life and cultural traditions.
A Biracial Society (cont'd)
Slave codes
Sometimes known as “black codes.” A series of laws passed mainly in
the southern colonies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries to define the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic
civil rights to them. Also, after American independence and before the
Civil War, state laws in the South defining slaves as property and
specifying the legal powers of masters over slaves.
The Restoration Colonies
MAP 2–4 English North
American Colonies, c. 1685
Early Carolina: Colonial Aristocracy and Slave Labor
Founded in 1663, Carolina was a proprietary colony that
developed a plantation economy after the introduction of
rice in the 1690s.
Because many of its founders had come from the sugar
islands, Carolina society resembled the Caribbean
colonies in that a majority population of African slaves
worked on plantations.
Early Carolina: Colonial Aristocracy and Slave Labor
(cont'd)
Poorer settlers were forced to move to the northern part of
Carolina, eventually establishing their own colony. They
raised tobacco and livestock, and produced pitch, tar, and
timber products.
Early Carolina: Colonial Aristocracy and Slave Labor
(cont'd)
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina
A complex plan for organizing the colony of Carolina, drafted in 1669 by
Anthony Ashley Cooper and John Locke. Its provisions included a
scheme for creating a hierarchy of nobles who would own vast
amounts of land and wield political power; below them would be a
class of freedmen and slaves. The provisions were never implemented
by the Carolina colonists.
Pennsylvania: The Dream of
Toleration and Peace
William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 hoping to
provide a refuge for Quakers and a model of justice and
peace.
Penn established good relations with Indians by purchasing
land and signing treaties.
Pennsylvania: The Dream of
Toleration and Peace (cont’d)
Pennsylvania’s frame of government provided religious
freedom and created a legislature with limited powers.
The population was ethnically and religiously diverse with
most settlers living on farms, though Philadelphia
developed as a major port.
Pennsylvania: The Dream of
Toleration and Peace (cont’d)
Frame of Government
William Penn’s 1682 plan for the government of Pennsylvania, which
created a relatively weak legislature and strong executive. It also
contained a provision for religious freedom.
English Colonies in the Seventeenth Century
New Netherland Becomes New York
England took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland and
divided it into the proprietary colonies of New York and
New Jersey.
New York’s development was influenced by generous terms
made to the Dutch colonists and the promotion of
immigration from England.
New Netherland Becomes New York (cont’d)
Until 1683, New York was the only colony without a
representative assembly.
Conclusion
Conclusion
During the 17th century, France, the Netherlands, and
England competed for colonies in North America.
New France was characterized by the fur trade, friendly
relations with Indian peoples, and small, scattered
settlements.
English colonization was haphazard, characterized by
colonial charters and largely independent colonial
development.
Conclusion (cont'd)
The planting of French, Dutch, and English colonies ended
Spain’s monopoly of settlement in North America and
strongly challenged the Indians’ hold on the continent.