the american occupational therapy association’s 93 rd annual conference & expo april 25–28, 2013...

The American Occupational Therapy Associations 93 rd Annual Conference & Expo APRIL 2528, 2013 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA from heartfelt leadership to compassionate care

Assembly of Student Delegates: Power & Leadership Florence Clark PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, AOTA President

Components of My Talk Preparing for Power Occupational Therapys Relationship With Power Ways of Understanding Power Defining Professional Power Abraham Lincoln: A Powerful Leader Cultivating Power

The Centennial Vision

PREPARING FOR POWER Americas elite boarding schools

Preparing for Power: Americas Elite Boarding Schools Socialization for power Insular community of American aristocracy Discourage individuality in order to form collective class identity Exclusive: You go there to be separated from ordinary people (p. 53). Academically rigorous & highly competitive Privilege must appear to be earned, because the only real justification for inequality is that it is deserved. (p. 125) Socialization for power Insular community of American aristocracy Discourage individuality in order to form collective class identity Exclusive: You go there to be separated from ordinary people (p. 53). Academically rigorous & highly competitive Privilege must appear to be earned, because the only real justification for inequality is that it is deserved. (p. 125) Cookson, P.W. & Persell, C.H. (1985). Preparing for power: Americas elite boarding schools. New York: Basic Books.

The Boarding School Classroom Cookson, P.W. & Persell, C.H. (1985). Preparing for power: Americas elite boarding schools. New York: Basic Books. At the center of an Exeter education is the Harkness classroomtwelve to fourteen students and a teacher seated around a table for the purpose of forming and expressing ideas rather than dispensing and receiving information, a classroom in the Socratic manner where maximum participation is encouraged, pretense and careless preparation readily perceived. (p. 96) Students who havent read the days assignment have little hope of escaping detection. There is no back row at prep school, as almost everyone sits around a table or in a circle. (p. 98)

Life After Prep School Significantly higher acceptance rate into Ivy League Colleges Graduates make up high proportion of leaders in business, law, politics, and corporate boards Nearly 90% of all U.S. cabinet officers between 1897-1973 were members of either the business or the social elite. (p. 200) Influence on media Inner-circle business leaders go out of their way to be available to the press, to communicate the private enterprise perspective on a variety of critical issues. (p. 202) Involvement in the arts, museums Volunteerism Significantly higher acceptance rate into Ivy League Colleges Graduates make up high proportion of leaders in business, law, politics, and corporate boards Nearly 90% of all U.S. cabinet officers between 1897-1973 were members of either the business or the social elite. (p. 200) Influence on media Inner-circle business leaders go out of their way to be available to the press, to communicate the private enterprise perspective on a variety of critical issues. (p. 202) Involvement in the arts, museums Volunteerism Cookson, P.W. & Persell, C.H. (1985). Preparing for power: Americas elite boarding schools. New York: Basic Books.

The Chosen Ones With none of the other American children I have worked with have I heard such a continuous and strong emphasis put on the self. In fact, other children rarely if ever think about themselves in the way children of well-to-do and rich parents dowith insistence, regularity, and, not least, out of a learned sense of obligation. These privileged ones are children who live in homes with many mirrors. They have mirrors in their rooms, large mirrors in adjoining bathrooms. When they were three or four they were taught to use them; taught to wash their faces, brush their teeth, comb their hair. Personal appearance matters and becomes a central objective for such children. (p. 55) Cookson, P.W. & Persell, C.H. (1985). Preparing for power: Americas elite boarding schools. New York: Basic Books.

The Chosen Ones: Prep Poise Cookson, P.W. & Persell, C.H. (1985). Preparing for power: Americas elite boarding schools. New York: Basic Books. The first step on the road to being somebody is to act like somebody, even if you are not quite sure who that somebody is. (p. 56) Groton Video: http://www.groton.org/academic/ academic_experience?rc=0

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPYS RELATIONSHIP WITH POWER

Power vs. Leadership Power: Ability to achieve ones goals Power: Ability to achieve ones goals Leadership: Process of influence to achieve a goal Leadership: Process of influence to achieve a goal

Types of Power Reward power: based on the ability to reward others Coercive power: based on the ability to punish others Legitimate power: based on position or official power Referent power: based on identification, charisma Expert power: based on knowledge or skill that can help another to meet his or her goals (French & Raven, 1959)

Occupational Therapys Relationship with Power Historically, OTs have not been comfortable with being powerful Why the unease? Opposite of caring Masculine attribute Association with domination Historically, OTs have not been comfortable with being powerful Why the unease? Opposite of caring Masculine attribute Association with domination

Getting Comfortable With the Idea of Being Powerful Power is neither good nor bad The ethics of power lie in its use Power is neither good nor bad The ethics of power lie in its use

Power 1)Ability to do or act; capability of doing or accomplishing something 2)Natural strength 3)Political control in the government of a country, state, etc. 1)Ability to do or act; capability of doing or accomplishing something 2)Natural strength 3)Political control in the government of a country, state, etc.

Powerless 1)Unable to produce an effect 2)Lacking power to act; helpless

Powerful vs. Powerless Professionals Powerful Able to exert great influence Can oversee work to be creative and effective Experience less burn out and more job satisfaction Powerless Rival and bully one anotherThwarted ambitionsLive in fearDisbelieve in the values of their professionsEating their young

History of OT Power In Health Care OT was constrained in establishing market control due to: Our difficulty in defining our commodity Our decision to shy away from licensure until the early 1970s Our lack of political presence in Washington DC until Medicares establishment As a result When Medicare laws were passed in 1965, OT was not made eligible to access Medicare as a primary provider OT was constrained in establishing market control due to: Our difficulty in defining our commodity Our decision to shy away from licensure until the early 1970s Our lack of political presence in Washington DC until Medicares establishment As a result When Medicare laws were passed in 1965, OT was not made eligible to access Medicare as a primary provider (Gritzer & Arluke, 1989)

WAYS OF UNDERSTANDING POWER

Critical Social Theory Emphasis on Power Structure Privileged and disenfranchised Bases of power are prestige, status, social class, etc. Political struggle is path to power for oppressed group. Emancipation: women winning the right to vote The influence of labor unions Emphasis on Power Structure Privileged and disenfranchised Bases of power are prestige, status, social class, etc. Political struggle is path to power for oppressed group. Emancipation: women winning the right to vote The influence of labor unions (Bradbury-Jones, Sambrook, & Irvine, 2008)

Organizational/ Management Theory Emphasis on Context/Environment Focus on hierarchical organization structures (particularly top/down) Power is the ability to get things done Control over: Access to resources Access to support and decision making Information Opportunity for advancement or opportunity beyond ones job description Where you are on the organizational chart Emphasis on Context/Environment Focus on hierarchical organization structures (particularly top/down) Power is the ability to get things done Control over: Access to resources Access to support and decision making Information Opportunity for advancement or opportunity beyond ones job description Where you are on the organizational chart (Bradbury-Jones, et al., 2008; Kanter, 1993; Laschinger & Havens, 1996; Manojlovich, 2007)

Social Psychological Theories Emphasis on Individuals Personalities No matter the environment, a few hardy individuals do whatever it takes to achieve their aims Manipulate the few empowering structures they find Personal efficacy; determination; vigilance; self- confidence; etc. Work between cracks Sniff out potential power opportunities like a bloodhound on the hunt Emphasis on Individuals Personalities No matter the environment, a few hardy individuals do whatever it takes to achieve their aims Manipulate the few empowering structures they find Personal efficacy; determination; vigilance; self- confidence; etc. Work between cracks Sniff out potential power opportunities like a bloodhound on the hunt (Manojlovich, 2007; Spreitzer, 1995; Quinn & Spreitzer, 1997; Kuokkanen & Leino-Kilpi, 2000)

Post-structural Theories Emphasis on Local Situations Power is not distributed top-down. It also works bottom-up and laterally. Capillary form: reaches into the very grain of individuals, touches their bodies, influences their every action, their words, their everyday lives in everyday context. (Foucault,1980, p. 39) Power is negotiated continually in everyday contexts (Kondo, 1990) Consumer alliances Emphasis on Local Situations Power is not distributed top-down. It also works bottom-up and laterally. Capillary form: reaches into the very grain of individuals, touches their bodies, influences their every action, their words, their everyday lives in everyday context. (Foucault,1980, p. 39) Power is negotiated continually in everyday contexts (Kondo, 1990) Consumer alliances (Foucault, 1995; Bradbury-Jones, 2007)

DEFINING PROFESSIONAL POWER

Defining Professions Exclusive occupational groups applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases Control of knowledge and skill Abstract system of knowledge: Problems and task can be redefined and defended Strong professional association Exclusive occupational groups applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases Control of knowledge and skill Abstract system of knowledge: Problems and task can be redefined and defended Strong professional association (Abbot, 1998)

The Medical Power Continuum Stratification by: Area of Medical Practice Degree of Independence Rank in remaining hierarchy Academic Credentials Stratification by: Area of Medical Practice Degree of Independence Rank in remaining hierarchy Academic Credentials (Gloubermann, 2002)

Professional Power Ability to retain jurisdiction when system forces imply that a profession ought to have lost it Interprofessional force Dominating conflicts and preventing conflicts from arising Need abstract knowledge Ability to retain jurisdiction when system forces imply that a profession ought to have lost it Interprofessional force Dominating conflicts and preventing conflicts from arising Need abstract knowledge (Abbott, 1998, p. 136)

A POWERFUL LEADER Abraham Lincoln

Lincolns Legacy Lincolns Leadership Qualities Resilience Forbearance Emotional intelligence Consideration of all sides of an argument Listening, always being present and authenticity are essential leadership qualities whether one is leading a country in wartime or a company during a period of transformation Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks (Kohen, 2013)

Careful Listening Listened to those inside and outside his sphere of influence Gathered advice - even from those who didnt agree with him Traveled to the battlefields and held open office hours in the White House (Kohen, 2013)

Resilience Experienced many obstacles: the growing toll of the war, defeat in battle, pressures from abolitionists, personal loss Lincoln was able to experience a range of emotions without acting on them rashly or compromising his larger goals. He used emotional intelligence and a deep faith in his vision to navigate difficult terrain. (Kohen, 2013)

The Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln went on to draft the Emancipation Proclamation A way of communicating his commitment to a larger purpose He was able to shift tactics to meet changing circumstances without abandoning his larger goal. (Kohen, 2013) Things had gone on from bad to worse, until I felt that we had reached the end of our rope on the plan of operations we had been pursuing; that we had about played our last card and must change our tactics or lose the game Abraham Lincoln

CULTIVATING POWER

Characteristics of Empowered People Empowered people have a sense of Self-determination Meaning Competence Impact Empowerment not something that management does to employees, but rather a mind-set that employees have about their role in the organization (p. 41). Empowered people have a sense of Self-determination Meaning Competence Impact Empowerment not something that management does to employees, but rather a mind-set that employees have about their role in the organization (p. 41). (Quinn & Spreitzer, 1997)

Facilitating Empowerment Four levers Clear vision and challenge Openness and teamwork Discipline and control Support and sense of security Leaders must be empowered in order to empower others! Four levers Clear vision and challenge Openness and teamwork Discipline and control Support and sense of security Leaders must be empowered in order to empower others! (Quinn & Spreitzer, 1997)

Barriers to Empowerment Bureaucratic culture Emphasizes status quo Strong top-down tradition Multi-level conflict Divisions between departments Conflict among peers Personal time constraints Downsizing Stressful conditions Conform, dont rock the boat! (p. 43). Failure to develop voice Bureaucratic culture Emphasizes status quo Strong top-down tradition Multi-level conflict Divisions between departments Conflict among peers Personal time constraints Downsizing Stressful conditions Conform, dont rock the boat! (p. 43). Failure to develop voice (Quinn & Spreitzer, 1997)

Cultivating Your Power Present Present papers at interdisciplinary meetings at which no one discipline dominates (e.g. GSA) Build relationships Build relationships with senior, well-respected administrators with whom you have overlapping interests who are not occupational therapists/occupational scientists Publish! Publish! Publish! Network! Network! Network! Develop your voice Develop your voice and ability to speak incisively and concisely Present Present papers at interdisciplinary meetings at which no one discipline dominates (e.g. GSA) Build relationships Build relationships with senior, well-respected administrators with whom you have overlapping interests who are not occupational therapists/occupational scientists Publish! Publish! Publish! Network! Network! Network! Develop your voice Develop your voice and ability to speak incisively and concisely

Cultivating Your Power strategic use of your successes Ensure the strategic use of your successes to give publicity to the services you provide Invest time in public relations Invest time in public relations as a source of power that will enable you to do more of what you are good at Build alliances Build alliances with the clients that you work with strategic use of your successes Ensure the strategic use of your successes to give publicity to the services you provide Invest time in public relations Invest time in public relations as a source of power that will enable you to do more of what you are good at Build alliances Build alliances with the clients that you work with Pollard, Sakellariou, & Kronenberg, 2008)

References Abbott, A. (1998). The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Bradbury-Jones, C., Sambrook, S., & Irvine, F. (2008). Power and empowerment in nursing: A fourth theoretical approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(2), 258-266. Cookson, P.W. & Persell, C.H. (1985). Preparing for power: Americas elite boarding schools. New York: Basic Books. French, J. R. P., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander, Group Dynamics (pp. 150-167). New York: Harper & Row. Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison. Translated by A. Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books. Gloubermann, S. (2002). Structures, power, and respect: The nurses dilemma. North York, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Nursing Advisory Committee. Retrieved from http://www.healthandeverything.org/files/Nursing_Paper.pdf (pp. 13-14).http://www.healthandeverything.org/files/Nursing_Paper.pdf Gritzer, G. & Arluke, A. (1989). The making of rehabilitation: A political economy of medical specialization, 1890-1980. Berkeley and Los Angeles: The University of California Press. Kanter R.M. (1993) Men and Women of the Corporation, 2nd edn. Basic Books, New York. Kohen, N.S.(2013, January 27). Lincolns school of management: Resilience and careful listening, as learned in 1862. The New York Times, pp YBU1 YBU7. Kuokkanen, L. & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2000). Power and empowerment in nursing: Three theoretical approaches. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(1), 235-241. Laschinger, H.K.S. & Havens, D.S. (2006). Staff nurse work empowerment and perceived control over nursing practice: Conditions for work effectiveness. Journal of Nursing Administration, 26(9), 27-35. Manojlovich, M. (2007). Power and empowerment in nursing: Looking backward to inform the future. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 12(1). Pollard, N., Sakellariou, D. & Kronenberg, F., eds. (2008). The political practice of occupational therapy. Edinburgh: Elsevier. Quinn, R. & Spreitzer, G.M. (1997). The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader should consider. Organizational Dynamics, 26(2), 37-49. Spreitzer, G. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimension, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.

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the american occupational therapy association’s 93 rd annual conference & expo april 25–28, 2013...

Documents

social elite

compassionate care slide

centennial vision slide

talk preparing

high proportion of leaders

prep school

higher acceptance rate

ivy league colleges