the american pageant - hustead's...
TRANSCRIPT
The American Pageant
Chapter 2:
The Planting of English
America 1500-1733
Cover Slide
Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth I used her charm and intelligence to turn England into a major
world power. This portrait, painted around 1588 when Elizabeth was 55 years old,
shows the queen at the peak of her power, a fact depicted by the artist in the scenes
visible through the windows in the background. Through the left window, we can see
Elizabeth's naval fleet; through the right one, we witness the Spanish Armada sinking
in the stormy Atlantic. (By kind permission of the Marquess of Tavistock and
Trustees of the Bedford Estate)
Armada Portrait of
Elizabeth I
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard by Theodor
de Bry, 1634
This picture shows one interpretation of a trading session between the English and
Native Americans. Theodor de Bry was one of the first to include such drawings in
his accounts of the New World. Previous works on the subject contained either no
illustrations or very crude ones. (Library of Congress)
Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard by Theodor de
Bry, 1634
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Depiction of Racial Mixtures by
Miguel Cabrera
One of the few extant depictions of a
mixed-race family in eighteenth-century
North America, by the Mexican artist
Miguel Cabrera, 1763. The Spanish
father and Indian mother have produced
a mestiza daughter. Families such as this
would have been frequently seen in New
Mexico as well. (Private Collection )
Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Jamestown skeleton
In 1996, archeologists working at
Jamestown uncovered this skeleton of a
young man they nicknamed "JR." JR
was a European male, 5' 6" tall, between
the ages of 19 and 22. We know that he
bled to death from a bullet wound in his
leg, but we don't know the circumstances
of his death. Was he a gentleman, shot
for treason? Was he a soldier? Was he
perhaps a co-conspirator with Captain
John Smith in Smith's mutiny attempt at
sea? The answer remains a mystery, but
JR's discovery illustrates how much
early American historians have come to
rely upon archeologists for help in
reconstructing the colonial past.
(Kenneth K. Lyons/Newport News Daily
Press)
Jamestown skeleton
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
John White's drawings of Indians
fishing
John White, an artist with Raleigh's 1585
expedition (and later the governor of the
ill-fated 1587 colony), illustrated three
different fishing techniques used by
Carolina Indians: to the left, the
construction of weirs and traps; in the
background, spearfishing in shallow
water; and in the foreground, fishing
from dugout canoes. The fish are
accurately drawn and can be identified
today. (Trustees of the British Museum)
John White's
drawings of
Indians fishing
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Nathaniel Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia as a
gentleman in the 1670s, but his
resentment of the economic and political
domination of the colony by a small
group of planters transformed him into a
backwoods rebel. In 1676, Bacon led an
army of discontented farmers, servants,
and slaves against the powerful coastal
planters--and almost won. In this stained
glass window, discovered and restored in
the twentieth century, Bacon's social
class and his commanding presence are
both evident. (The Association for the
Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at
Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia)
Nathaniel Bacon
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes
Maize (corn), which was genetically engineered by Native Americans in what is now Mexico
some 7,000 years ago, became one of the staple food sources for many Indian groups in North
America. This sixteenth-century illustration depicts traditional Native American agricultural
practices and typical foods including corn, squashes, and gourds. (The Pierpont Morogan
Library/Art Resource, New York)
Native American Planting Maize,
from Folio 121 from Histoire
Naturelles Des Indes
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Native American Women Planting Crops in Florida by Jacques Le Moyne
Jacques Le Moyne, an artist accompanying the French settlement in Florida in the 1560s,
produced some of the first European images of North American peoples. His depiction of
native agricultural practices shows the sexual division of labor: men breaking up the ground
with fish-bone hoes before women drop seeds into the holes. But Le Moyne's version of the
scene cannot be accepted uncritically: unable to abandon a European view of proper farming
methods, he erroneously drew plowed furrows in the soil.(John Carter Brown Library at Brown
University)
Native American Women Planting
Crops in Florida by Jacques Le
Moyne
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
New Amsterdam
Unlike Amsterdam, its parent city, this small colonial port had only a few homes
crowding the tip of the island during the early 1600s. However, New Amsterdam
became an important strategic location for Dutch trading. A few of the mother country's
largest ships brought colonists much-needed goods each year, while colonial merchants
waited anxiously to exchange furs and timber. (Library of Congress)
New Amsterdam
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
English Protestant Reformation
• Started with Henry VIII-1530s
• Henry wants to remarry
• Pope refuses divorce
• Henry starts new church
• English Protestant Reformation
• Catholics battled Protestants for decades
• Ireland
• sea power
• Desire for new land
• Elizabeth I
• Power shifted to Protestantism
Ireland
Had been under English rule since 1200’s
Remained Catholic
British troops under Elizabeth crushed the Irish
Regarded native population as “savages”
Became attitude of British as they settled the New World
British Sea Dogs / Newfoundland
Sea Dogs
British Privateers
A.k.a. pirates
Permission from
Elizabeth I
Captured Spanish
ships’ cargo
Francis Drake—most
famous
Newfoundland, 1583
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
tries to colonize
Ship sinks offshore
Sir Walter Raleigh/Sir Francis Drake
Roanoke / Spanish Armada Sir Walter Raleigh
Favorite of the Queen
Roanoke Island, 1585 Attempts to settle
Off of South Carolina
John White, governor Sent back UK to get
aid
Returns in 1587 Entire group of 119
settlers are “lost
Spanish Armada Led by Philip II
130 ships sailed against England Conflict over religion
British had smaller, swifter ships
Devastating storm “Protestant wind”
sunk 1/3 of the fleet
English Nationalism—Reasons for Colonization
Victory over Spanish Armada
Nationalistic, restless, adventurous, and optimistic
Rapid population growth spurt
Enclosure movement
Wool was making a huge profit
Establish areas for the grazing of sheep
Rid the land of small tenant (renting) farmers
“Surplus population”
England Primogeniture
British law that only the oldest son would inherit the land
Younger sons were forced to seek fortunes elsewhere
Joint-Stock Companies
Allowed several investors to pool their capital ($)
Surplus people (Enclosure Movement) + Joint-Stock Co. ($) = money and manpower for colonization
Richard Hakluyt
English writer &
Oxford clergyman
Promoted the
colonization of the
New World
New markets
Get rid of surplus
population
Virginia Company
A Joint-Stock
Company
Charter
granted by
James I
Settled
Jamestown
Jamestown Rights of Englishmen
Charter guaranteed
rights of settlers would
be same as back in
England
Landed May 24, 1607
100 men
Chose a swampy
location
Settlers died of
disease, malnutrition &
starvation
1608 Captain John
Smith “saved” the
colony
Orders: “He who shall
not work shall not eat”
Diplomacy with
natives
Powhatan chief orders
John Smith’s death
Pocahontas saves him
Jamestown
“The starving time” 1609-1610
Only 60 of 500 settlers made it through the winter
Leaving to return to England…
Lord De La Warr, 1610 New governor
Ordered settlers back Also started a war with the Indians
John Rolfe Saved colony economically Developed a method of curing
tobacco so it was not so harsh
Peace with Indians when Pocahontas married him in 1614
Native Americans
Powhatan Indian uprisings 1622
Killed 347Jamestown settlers
1644 Led to the defeat of
the Indians
Indians by 1669 Only 2,000 left, or
About 10%
Indians by 1685 Powhatans extinct
Disease, Disorganization & Disposability
Smallpox and measles were killers
Lacked unity to attack
Indians offered nothing to the British except land
Indians
Foreshadowing…
Powhatan fate=fate of the rest of the American Indians
Demographic and cultural transformation
Horses
Disease – small pox -
Trade
Barter and exchange gave way to European commerce
Firearms etc.
Atlantic Seaboard Indians felt the greatest impact
Interior Indians had time and space to prepare
Virginia Tobacco
Single cash crop (like a gold rush)
Depleted the soil
Labor-intensive crop
Prices fluctuated
20 Black slaves, 1619
Indentures servants
House of Burgesses, 1619
An elected assembly to pass laws for the region
Becomes Royal Colony in 1624
Maryland 1634, Lord Baltimore Purpose:
To make a profit To establish a Catholic Haven
Huge Estates given to Catholic Relatives
Headright System 100 acres of land granted to
immigrants, or Those who paid for passage of
others Major portion of immigrants:
indentured servants Maryland Act of
Toleration,1649 Religious freedom to Christians
Indentured Servants
A form of debt bondage worker
Usually three to seven years
Received:
Transportation, food, drink, clothing, lodging &other necessities
Tobacco
The labor-intensive cash crop
Grown in south
indentured laborers
British West Indies West Indian Islands
Jamaica
Mid-1600s—claimed by England
Sugar Rich man’s crop
Large plantations
Labor-intensive and elaborate processing
Led to the importation of large #’s of African Slaves
Barbados Slave Code of 1661 Perpetual slavery
No rights
Owner has all power
South Carolina became a trading partner Slave codes
transferred to SC
Stuart Restoration
English Civil War
1649, King Charles I beheaded
Opposition led by Puritans
Oliver Cromwell put in as "protector" of England
Ruled for 9 years
1660 Charles II assumes the throne (Stuart Restoration)
South Carolina
1670, named for Charles II He granted vast land tracts to
his court favorites
Planned to attract settlers from other colonies
The main exports was rice, indigo and Indian slaves Eventually many African slaves
Economic ties with West Indies
1707, conflict with the natives Leads to near annihilation of
Indians
North Carolina
• Settled by poor squatters
from Virginia, 1719
• Most democratic region
• Showed tension
between small farmers
& aristocratic planters
• Broke away from South
Carolina in 1729
• King divided the region
Native Americans in the South
Tuscarora Indians
Attacked N. Carolina
settlement in 1711
Whites retaliated
Forced the tribe to move north
Eventually became
the 6th Nation of the
Iroquois Confederacy
Yamasee Indians
Attacked by S.C. in
1715
Dispersed the
Yamasee Nation
Cleared southern
coast region of Native
Americans
Georgia
Settled in 1733 James Oglethorpe-- Military
leader
Designed to be a buffer colony From the Spanish on the south and
French on the West
It was also to be a haven for the poor
Not many took advantage of this option as the land was populated by artisans
Landholdings were limited in size Savannah became a melting pot
community
All Christian religions--except Catholics--are allowed to worship
Plantation Colonies
Southern colonies all shared the same features: Exporting of
agricultural products
Single-crop economy Tobacco and rice
Slavery All colonies relied on it
by 1750
Plantations or large estates Led to an aristocracy
Plantations on rivers slowed growth of large cities
No public schools
Church of England
Tax-supported
Expansionary
Tobacco depleted the soil