The American

Revolution

Road To Independence

The Story Matters……• In your textbook turn to page 147. Next to the picture of

George Washington is a small caption.• Read the text to your self.• When you are done answer the following questions in your

notes (Write the question as well as your answer)

•Why did General Washington choose to cross the Delaware River under such harsh conditions?•Are there things that you would brace

similar conditions to protect?

Place and Time• Turn to page 149 of your textbook• As a class answer the following questions:• Which two major battles took place in New Jersey?• Which was the most southern of the major battles?• Did any battle take place west of the Appalachian

Mountains? If so, which ones?• Where did most of the battles in the Revolutionary

War take place?

• Which two major battles took place in New Jersey?• Princeton and Trenton

• Which was the most southern of the major battles?• Savannah

• Did any battle take place west of the Appalachian Mountains? If so, which ones?• Yes; Vincennes, Cahokia & Kaskaskia

• Where did most of the battles in the Revolutionary War take place?• Most battles took place in the Middle or Southern

Colonies

Chapter 6 Vocabulary• Mercenary• Recruit• Inflation• Blockade • Privateer• Siege• Ratify• Ambush• In your notebooks define the following words using the

textbook definition you will find within Chapter 6• There will be a quiz on 12/160

The War for Independence• “We shall have a long… and bloody war to go through.”-

Colonial John Adams 9April 1776• This was just a prediction by Adams as the war had not officially

started yet• Both sides had confidence that they were going to win quickly • British would crush the colonist with force• Colonist felt the British would surrender after one or two battles

• As seen by the quote above, Adams thought it would be a long battle with many deaths. Was he alone in his thinking?

Advantages for the British

• World’s strongest Navy• Well-trained army• Money was not an issue• Some Americans remained loyal to the British;

these colonists were known as Loyalists

• Fighting on own ground• Knowledge of the land helped in battle• Motivation or a sense of purpose• Patriots were fighting for a reason while the British hired

mercenaries were fighting for money• Greatest advantage was that of the leadership the Patriots had• George Washington can be considered the main reason why the

Patriots were successful in their war for independence

Advantages for the Patriots

British Advantages Patriots AdvantagesWorld’s strongest NavyWell-trained armyMoney was no issueSome Americans remained loyal to the British

Fighting on home turfKnowledge of landFighting for a purposeBeing led by George Washington

By just looking at those advantages who do you think has a better chance of winning this war? Why do you think this?

The Continental Army• Continental Congress served as the National government, led by James Madison• Call for stronger national government was not agreed upon by

all• Why do you think is true? What do you think many colonists

feared?• Each state was fighting for its own interests• Local militias were a huge part of the Patriot forces• Limited and untrained

• Need for well-trained soldiers led to the creation of the Continental Army• Depended on states to recruits soldiers

The Continental Army• Led by George Washington• Originally soldiers only signed up for one yearBut Washington asked for longer terms• Struggled to find quality military commanders• Only men were allowed to fight but there were some

exceptions• Margaret Corbin- Took her husband’s place after he died in battle• Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley- nicknamed “Molly Pitcher” because

she brought the soldiers water but did end up fighting• Deborah Sampson of Massachusetts disguised herself as a man in

order to fight

The Revolutionary War Map (1776-1777)• Early in the Revolutionary War, the British and the

Patriots each won some battles. Using the map on page 153 answer the following questions• What were the American victories?• What were the British victories?• What was the northernmost battle?• In what area were most battles on this map fought?• According to this map, which victory occurred just

before the Battle of Saratoga?

Early Campaigns• Very few soldiers were used early in the war• Summer of 1776 the British realized this needed to change and

sent over 32,000 soldiers• British General William Howe was hoping this would give the

British an unbeatable advantage• He would be disappointed

Battle of Long Island

Battle of Long Island• August 27, 1776• Patriot, Nathan Hale, spied on the British troops but was

caught and hung for his act• The British won this battle and waited for a surrender from

George Washington that never came• Washington and his troops fled from Long Island during the

dark of night as the British took control on New York

Low Point for the Patriots• The size of the Continental Army was shrinking as winter

approached• Soldiers had either completed their term or were running away

• Washington wrote his brother that if new soldiers weren’t found soon the war would be lost

• Washington brought the idea of allowing free African Americans to enlist in the army• Many opposed but it was soon seen as something that must be

done

African Americans in Battle• Rhode Island started an all African American regiment in 1778

• By the end of the war every colony had African Americans fighting for them except for South Carolina

• Approximately 5,000 joined the Patriots on the battlefield

• Peter Salem, enslaved African American from Massachusetts• Fought at Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill; won his freedom

Battle of Trenton and Princeton

• Patriots struggled through the harsh winter at Valley Forge• Lack of clothing and food hurt the soldiers morale• Martha Washington, George Washington’s wife, started a campaign

to help get clothing for the soldiers with the help of Sarah Franklin, daughter of Ben Franklin

• Christmas night, 1776, Washington led 2,400 troops across the Delaware to surprise the British at Trenton

• Followed this up with a victory at Princeton

British Strategy• 1777, three-pronged battle plan

• Goal was to seize Albany, New York and gain control of the Hudson River

• Cut off New England from the other colonies

• General John Burgoyne led troops south from Canada• Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger led troops from Lake

Ontario• General Howe moved north up the Hudson

British Capture Philadelphia

• Before Albany, Howe sought to capture Philadelphia• September 1777, Howe won battles at Brandywine and Paoli

• Troops captured Philadelphia and forced the Continental Congress to flee

• With this victory came a negative to the British plan• Howe decided to stay in Philadelphia instead of continuing on to Albany

Battle of Saratoga• American soldiers led by Benedict Arnold stop St. Leger at Fort

Stanwix, NY• General Burgoyne captured Fort Ticonderoga in July

• Needed supplies before moving on• Sent troops to American supply base in Bennington, Vermont• Green Mountain Boys defeated them

• Burgoyne retreated to Saratoga• October 17, 1777 Burgoyne surrendered • Enormous victory for the Continental Army that changed the war

Battle of Saratoga

Lesson 1 Review• Page 157

• Complete the Lesson 1 Review #1-4

• Will be collected and graded

Lesson 1 Review Advanced• Page 157

• Complete the Lesson 1 Review #1-5

• Must be at least one paragraph for #5

• Will be collected and graded

What Side Would You Chose?• Imagine you are colonist during the time leading up to the

Revolutionary War• What side would you align yourself with?• Would you fight for freedom with the Patriots?• Would you stay loyal to the king and join the Loyalist side?• What would impact your opinion?• How would your family impact your decision?• How would you feel if others in your immediate family did not

feel the same as you?• How would you persuade others to join your side?

Essay Requirements• MINIMUM 5 PARAGRAPHS• GRADED ON SPELLING AND NEATNESS• ROUGH DRAFT IS DUE BY 1/5 (TUESDAY)• 1/5 WILL BE PEER REVIEW• FINAL COPY (TYPED) IS DUE 1/6 (WEDNESDAY)• MINIMUMUM 5 PARAGRAPHS

What Side Would You Chose?• Imagine you are colonist during the time leading up to the

Revolutionary War• What side would you align yourself with?• Would you fight for freedom with the Patriots?• Would you stay loyal to the king and join the Loyalist side?• What would impact your opinion?• How would your family impact your decision?• How would you feel if others in your immediate family did not

feel the same as you?• How would you persuade others to join your side?

The War Continues

Gaining Allies• Benjamin Franklin spent almost a year in France trying to get

the French to support America• France secretly gave the Americans money

• Jonathan Austin of Boston was sent to France to announce the victory at Saratoga• Turning point of war that led to France entering the war

• February 1778, France declared war on Britain • Spain also decided to help the Americans• Didn’t form alliance but declared war on Britain in 1779

• Spain’s war with Britain mainly took place in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida

Foreigners Help on the Battlefield• Foreigners wanted to show their support of the Americans by

helping in the military• Marquis de Lafayette (France)• Came to the US as a 19 year old volunteer soldier• Became a trusted aid to Washington• “American cause represented the future of humankind”

• Thaddeus Kosciuszko and Casimir Pulaski (Poland)• Kosciuszko developed defense strategies• Pulaski became a general and died in battle

• Friederich von Steuben (Prussia)• Helped train the Patriots at Valley Forge• Made the soldiers more effective fighters

• Juan de Miralless (Spain)• Persuaded Spain, Mexico and Cuba to send the Patriots money

von Steuben

Juan de Miralless

Lafayette

Life on the Home Front• War changed the lives of all Americans• Wives of soldiers were left at home to run farms or businesses

and take care of children• Continental Congress had no power to raise money• Supply of money fell short of the need

• Congress printed hundreds of millions of paper money• Quickly lost value• No precious metal to back it

• People began to question the paper• Congress stopped printing it because

New Ways of Thinking• Ideas of liberty and freedom inspired Americans• Women began to question their role in society• Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams, was at the forefront of the

women’s movement• Some began to question slavery• 1778, NJ Governor William Livingston asked that all slaves be

freed• Went against the principles of Christianity and humanity• Pennsylvania adopted a plan in 1780 to gradually release slaves

Treatment of Loyalists• After the war many Loyalists sold their possession and fled

back to England• Some took off for Spanish-owned Florida

• Loyalists who remained in the United States faced harsh times• Victims of violence• Arrested• Rare cases, some were executed

Section 6.2 Review• Complete the Review on page 163• #1-4• #4 needs to be at least 2 paragraphs• #4 needs to be at least 2 paragraphs• #4 needs to be at least two paragraphs

Battlegrounds Shift

Fighting in the West• Native Americans were very interested in the result of the

Revolutionary War• Most sided with the British

• West of Appalachian Mountains the British and their Native American allies raided American settlements• Led by Mohawk chief Joseph Brandt

• George Rogers Clark, Virginia militia leader, led 175 men westward in an attempt to end the attacks• Captured British post Kaskaskia and Vicennes

War at Sea

• Great Britain’s Navy had a major advantage• Formed effective blockades

• Limited the delivery of supplies and troops to the Patriots• Congress order 13 warships

• Only two made it to sea• Congress authorized 2,000 ships to sail as privateers

• Capture enemy merchant ships• Captured more British ships then the American navy

• John Paul Jones• Navy hero• Led successful raids of British ports• September 1779, near the coast of Britain Paul Jones’ ship Bonhomme

Richard met the British warship Serapis• Paul Jones forced the Serapis to surrender

Fighting in the South• 1776, Patriots defeated the Loyalists at Moore’s Creek and

Charles Town• 1778, the British realized after defeats at Saratoga and

throughout the South that winning this war would be difficult• Britain developed a new plan• Focus on the South where there were more Loyalists• Worked at first

• 1778, British general Henry Clinton sent 3,500 troops to take Savanah, Georgia• Britain controlled the coastal city and most of the state

• Clinton returned to New York and left General George Cornwallis in command of the British’s southern forces• Continental Congress sent an army led by Horacio Gates to battle

Cornwallis in August of 1780 in Camden, South Carolina• Britain won but found out warfare was about to change

• Hit-and-Run tactics• Small, Patriot force would attack British forces quickly and

suddenly, then they would disappear• Caught the British off guard• Francis Marion, known as “Swamp Fox”, was a very successful

Patriot leader when it came to this tactic

Spain’s Help• Spain declared war on Britain in 1779• Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez sent

tons of supplies and ammunition up the Mississippi to the Americans• Galvez also raised an army to fight the British and force

them out of the Gulf of Mexico region

American Successes• A militia army defeated the British at Kings Mountain as the

British started to move there way north through the southern colonies• Killed or captured 1,000 British troops

• October 1780, Nathaneal Greene replaced Gates• Split his army in two to take on Cornwallis• January 1781, one section defeated the British at Cowpens, South

Carolina; Other side joined Frances Marion’s raids• Greene met Cornwallis’s army at Guilford Courthouse in North

Carolina• Greene was forced to retreat but Britain sustained great losses

6.3 Lesson Review• Complete the lesson review on page 169, #1-4• Do NOT do #5

6.3 Lesson Review Advanced• Complete the lesson review on page 169, #1-5• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)• #5 must be a minimum of two paragraphs (10 sentences)

The Final Years• July 1780, French warships arrived in Rhode Island carrying

thousands of soldiers• Led by Comte de Rochambeau

• Washington and Rochambeau took their troops down to Yorktown, Virginia to launch an attack on the British

• Lafayette and Anthony Wayne were sent to Virginia in 1781 to stop Cornwallis• Successful

• Another French ship was heading to the Chesapeake Bay to join the fight against Cornwallis

• Clinton thought Washington was going to attack in New York but instead the troops were heading to Yorktown

A Trap at Yorktown• September- 14,000 French and American troops stood against

Cornwallis’s 8,000 British troops• French fleet kept guard at Chesapeake Bay not allowing any

British troops to come help• British were trapped

Siege at Yorktown Map• Complete the two questions that go along with the Siege at

Yorktown map on page 172• Hand in when finished

Victory over Cornwallis• October 14, Alexander Hamilton led an attack that captured

key British defenses• October 19, Cornwallis surrendered • Patriots took 8,000 British prisoners and more than 200 guns

• Even with battles still going on this lost convinced the British the war was lost

Treaty of Paris• Colonies and Britain sent delegates to Paris to work on a treaty• Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay represented the

United States• Final treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783• Great Britain recognized the United States as an independent

nation• Britain removed all troops from American territories• Americans had to pay the money they owed to Britain merchants

Why the Americans Won• Fought on their own land• Easier to move supplies and troops• Knew the land

• Help from other countries• War was a “people’s movement”• Inspired the fight for independence in the French colony of Saint

Domingue

Assessment• Complete Chapter 6 Assessment #1-10• Chapter 6 Test will be on Thursday 1/21

GROUP ASSIGNMENT (worth 35 points)• You will be placed in groups, and together, you will ponder the

following prompt: Imagine that the United States did not win the American Revolution. How differently would life be?

• Together, the members of your group must brainstorm and create a prediction in written form. You need to have at least 5 paragraphs. I will be grading as follows: 5 points per each paragraph, 5 points for grammar and punctuation, and 5 points for effort and creativity.

• Some things to think about:• What would have been the repercussions for losing the war?• Would we still be a part of Great Britain, or would we have gained our

independence later on down the road?• If we did gain our independence later on down the road, how was it won?• How did the outcome affect future settlement in America?• How did it affect the institution of slavery?• What would the world look like in the year 2016?

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (worth 35 points)• You will work independently and ponder the following prompt:

Imagine that the United States did not win the American Revolution. How differently would life be?

• You must brainstorm and create a prediction in written form. You need to have at least 5 paragraphs. I will be grading as follows: 5 points per each paragraph, 5 points for grammar and punctuation, and 5 points for effort and creativity.

• Some things to think about:• What would have been the repercussions for losing the war?• Would we still be a part of Great Britain, or would we have gained our

independence later on down the road?• If we did gain our independence later on down the road, how was it won?• How did the outcome affect future settlement in America?• How did it affect the institution of slavery?• What would the world look like in the year 2016?