the architecture of p ‡ı in i’ s grammar

The Architecture of P‡ıini’s Grammar

Paul Kiparsky

Stanford University

P‡ıini’s Grammar

• from meaning to sound

• explicit grammar

• describes spoken Sanskrit of P‡ıini’s time (ca. 500 B.C. )

Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar

• interpretation of Vedic texts• correct recitation of Vedic texts

Goals:


• speech production• classification of sounds

˜ik˘‡:

lipsteethcerebrumpalate

tongue rootthroat

o˘Òhadanta

mÂrdhant‡lujihv‡mÂla

kaıÒha

Phonetic categories

labialdental

retroflexpalatalvelar

stopsfricativessonorants

voicingaspirationpitchnasality

pharyngeal

Phonetic categories


• (pseudo-)derivations of Vedic words

Nirukta (Y‡ska):

k„kaÒ‡˛ ki¸kÁt‡˛ the K„kaÒa tribe (is so called because it is said) `what have they done’ (Nirukta 6.32)

˜‡kh‡˛ ãknote˛ ˜‡kh‡ `branch’ is from ãknoti ìs able’ (ibid.)



• Vedic sandhi rules

• convert words to connected text

Pr‡ti˜‡khyas:

ady¢pÇtya

adyá upa-°tya

`After coming today’


• A˘Ò‡dhy‡y„: 4000 rules

• ¯ivasÂtras: phonological inventory

• Dh‡tup‡Òha: organized list of 2000 roots

• Gaıap‡Òha: list of 261 lists of exceptions


• from meaning to sound

• four levels of representation

1. Semantic Representation

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)





3. Morphological Representation

Morphological spellout rules




4. Phonological output form

Allomorphy and phonology






van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci











`When ‚˜vapata came from the forest to the village today, he cooked some rice.’






vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta


ady¢pÇtya

upa-i•-Ktv‡

`After coming today’

Morphosyntactic representation of the subordinate clause: upa-i• `approach, reach’ (absolutive)

á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ) vána `forest’: source (ap‡d‡na) grµma `village’: goal (karman))

adyá `today’: temporal location (adhikaraıa, k‡le)





vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta






vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta


Morphosyntactic representation of the main clause: ÙUpacA˙-lu� `cook’: aorist tense odaná `rice’ : goal (karman) á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ)

Morphosyntactic Representation


Semantic representation á˜va-páti-aˆ is the independent participant odaná `rice’ is the primary target of the cooking event grµma `village’ is the primary target of the going event vána `forest’ is the fixed point with respect to a separation adyá `today’ is the temporal locus of the event the cooking occurred previously on the present day the coming event preceded the cooking event



vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta


Not defined in the grammar:

• phonetic categories

• meaning categories

They are presupposed by the grammar.

Lexical semantics

• defines thematic roles, which

• provide basis of syntactic argument structure

Meaning vs. ontology: `speaker's intention'

dhanur vidhyati / dhanu˘‡ vidhyati

`the arrow pierces' / `he pierces with an arrow'

sth‡l„ pacati / sth‡ly‡m pacati `the pot cooks' / `he cooks in a pot'

• The sentences have different meanings, but• they are compatible with the same situation.

Directionality

• the derivation starts from meaning

• and builds up a complete interpreted sentence

Directionality

• the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels

Directionality

• the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels

• but not on information from later ones.





semantic or morphosyntactic conditions





levels 3 and 4 play no role here





morphosyntactic, morphological, or semantic conditions





level 4 plays no role here





semantic, morphosyntactic, morphological, and phonological conditions

6.2.48 pratyabhiv‡de `˜Âdre`In a response to a respectful greeting, except to a ¯Âdra [member of the fourth caste], [the last vowel is high-pitched and extra-long]

• Phonology can be sensitive to meaning

bho µyu˘m‡n edhi devadattµ3`may you live long, Devadatta'

áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tá˛ `traveled by cart’ (Instrument)

N-Instr + N N+N

6.2.48 tÁt„y‡ karmaıi `If the initial member of a compound has a [deleted] instrumental case, it keeps its original accent whenthe second member is a past participle that denotes a karmaı (i.e. a passive)’

a. áhihata˛ áhi-Ú‡- han-Ktá-sU snake-Instr kill-PP-Nom

`killed by a snake’

b. rathay‡tá˛ rátha-Ú‡-y‡-Ktá-sU cart-Instr- go-PP-Nom

`traveled by cart’

• Phonology can be sensitive to morphosyntax

Directionality

• morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement

Directionality

• morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement

• the others do not

Directionality in processing

• The higher the level, the less the computation needs to know.

• The phonology needs information about all levels.

• Therefore, top-to-bottom processing of rules is most economical.

Use vs. design of the grammar

• The design of the grammar is directional.

• Its use by the speech community was bidirectional.

Directionality

The design of P‡ıini's grammar is determined by the linguistic givens and the principle of simplicity only.

Rules

Format:

AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D

Phonology

8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’

a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves'


lopa = `null'

8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `between obstruents, s is deleted’

a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'

¯ivasÂtras: phonological classes

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s

R14. h L

If xq is followed by the marker Q, then xpQ denotes the set of elements xp, xp+1, xp+2, ... xq

lopa = `null'

Convention:

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

`between obstruents, s is deleted’


jhal = `obstruent'pa = `null'

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú

6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s

R14. h L

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

`between obstruents, s is deleted’


jhal = `obstruent'lopa = `null'


Perfection

The ¯ivasÂtras are perfect

http://www.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/siva-t.pdfhttp://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/ICCS05_Petersen.pdfhttp://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/Petersen_MOL8_2003_slides.pdf

http://www.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/siva-t.pdf

http://www.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/siva-t.pdf

http://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/ICCS05_Petersen.pdf

http://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/ICCS05_Petersen.pdf

http://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/Petersen_MOL8_2003_slides.pdf

http://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/Petersen_MOL8_2003_slides.pdf

Blocking

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen padasyaGen

lopa˛Nom `the final segment of a consonant clusteris deleted at the end of a word’

go-m‡nt-s gom‡n

8.2.24 r‡t sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa˛Nom `word-final s is deleted after r’

a-ts‡r-s ats‡r but a-m‡rj-s am‡rÒ (*am‡r)

8.2.24 r‡t sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa˛Nom `word-final s is deleted after r’

Interpretation:

`word-final s is deleted only after r’

a-ts‡r-s ats‡r but a-m‡rj-s am‡rÒ (*am‡r)

8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen anteLoc ca`palatals (cu) are replaced by velars (ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end of a word’

vac-tum vaktum

cu = palatals, ku = velars

Convention:

1.1.68 sva¸ rÂpa¸ ãbdasy‡ãbdasa¸j§‡àn expression other than a technical termthat denotes a linguistic expression denotes its own form’

1.1.69 aıudit savarıasya c‡pratyaya˛à vowel, liquid, or glide, an item marked with U, which are not suffixes, denote (their own form and) also homorganicitems’

8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen anteLoc ca`palatals (cu) are replaced by velars (ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end of a word’

vac-tum *vagtumvac-tum *vakhtum, etc.?

So why not:

Convention:

1.1.50 sth‡ne `ntaratama˛`in replacing, the closest’

Dittoing

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc ku˛Nom

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom


*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom


lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen




lopa˛Nom


lopa˛Nom


sasyaGen lopa˛Nom



lopa˛Nom



ku˛Nom


ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen




lopa˛Nom


lopa˛Nom


sasyaGen lopa˛Nom



lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu ssa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc


ku˛Nom


ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen




lopa˛Nom


lopa˛Nom


sasyaGen lopa˛Nom



lopa˛Nom



ku˛Nom


ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopaþNom



lopa˛Nom


lopa˛Nom


sasyaGen lopa˛Nom



lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca


ku˛Nom


ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen




lopa˛Nom


lopa˛Nom


sasyaGen lopa˛Nom



lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca


ku˛Nom


ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen


*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa§yogàntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom


lopaþNom


lopaþNom


sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom


lopaþNom

*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc

kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa§yogàntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom


lopaþNom


lopaþNom


sasyaGen lopaþNom



lopaþNom



ku˛Nom


kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen


8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom


lopaþNom


lopaþNom


sasyaGen lopaþNom



lopaþNom



ku˛Nom


kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen



8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen

lopaþNom


lopaþNom


sasyaGen lopaþNom



lopaþNom



ku˛Nom


kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen




lopaþNom

8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom


sasyaGen lopaþNom



lopaþNom



ku˛Nom


kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen




lopaþNom


8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu lopaþNom



ku˛Nom


kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen




lopaþNom



sasyaGen lopaþNom


8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu anteLoc ca lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom


kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen




lopaþNom



sasyaGen lopaþNom


8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu anteLoc ca lopaþNom 8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom

oþGen padasyaGen anteLoc kuþNom

[The division of labor in morphology

• root-based derivation (kÁts) --- morphosyntax

• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) --- semantics

• compounding (sam‡sa) --- case morphology

(Joshi 2001)

Conditioning factors

Semantics

Phonology

stem-based derivation

Morphosyntax

Semantics

Phonology

stem-based root-based case compounds


• root derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax


• primary derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax

Derivation of upÇtya `having gone’:

sam‡nakartÁkayo˛ pÂrvak‡le `of two actions with the same agent, ktv‡ expresses the agent of the earlier action’


• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) based on semantics

á˜vapati-aˆ ‡˜vapata`descendant of A˜vapati’


• compounding (sam‡sa) based on case morphology

áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tá˛ `traveled by cart’ (Instrument)

N-Instr + N N+N

[2]TSyntactic motivation: two kinds of case alternations

[2 Example: Accusative / Instrumental

[2] a. ak˘‡n d„vyatidice-Acc gambles`he plays dice', `he gambles

with dice' [2]

b. ak˘air d„vyatidice-Instr gambles`he plays dice', `he gambles

with dice'

kartÁkaraıayos tÁt„y‡ [anabhihite]Agent-Instr-Loc third-Nom`the third (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Instrument' [if not already expressed].

The basic expression of the Instrument role (karaıa) is instrumental case:

karmaıi dvit„y‡ [anabhihite]karman-Loc second-Nom`the second (triplet of case endings) expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' [if not already expressed].

The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):

la˛ karmaıi ca bh‡ve c‡karmakebhya˛ [kartari] [anabhihite]`the finite verb endings express karman (Goal/Patient),activity (with intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent),[if these are not already expressed].'


Analysis of div+Acc as `quirky Theta-role’

Meaning `most effective means'

Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative

(opt., with div `gamble')

Analysis of hu+Instr as `quirky case’

[3]a. ajyam juhoti ghee-Acc pours

`he makes an offering of (with) ghee',

`he pours ghee as an oblation’ b. ajyena juhoti ghee-Instr pours

`he makes an offering of (with) ghee',

`he pours ghee as an oblation’

Meaning `agent’s main target’

Th-role Goal/Patient


(opt., with hu `pour')

Why not the other way round?


Th-role Instrument


(opt., with div `gamble')

kartur „psitatama¸ karmaagent-Gen most-aimed-at-Nom karman`the primary target of the kartÁ `agent' is called karman'.

Goal/Patient role:

s‡dhakatama¸ karaıammost-effective-Nom karaıa`the participant which is the most effective means is called karaıa’.

Instrument role:

diva˛ karma cadiv-Gen karman and`the participant of div which is the most effective means is also called karman'.

Instrument role:

kartÁkaraıayos tÁt„y‡ [anabhihite]Agent-Instr-Loc third-Nom`the third (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Instrument' [if not already expressed].

The basic expression of the Instrument role (karaıa) is instrumental case:

karmaıi dvit„y‡ [anabhihite]karman-Loc second-Nom`the second (triplet of case endings) expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' [if not already expressed].


la˛ karmaıi ca bh‡ve c‡karmakebhya˛ [kartari] [anabhihite]`the finite verb endings express karman (Goal/Patient),activity (with intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent),[if these are not already expressed].'


Why not the other way round?

The wrong analysis of div+Acc as `quirky case’


Th-role Instrument

Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')

• two arguments

[2] a. ak˘‡˛ d„vyante dice-Nom gamble-3Pl`dice are played'

Argument 1: passives

b. *ak˘‡n d„vyate dice-Acc gamble-3Sg `dice are played'

[2] a. ak˘‡ı‡¸ devanam dice-Gen gambling `playing (of) dice'

Argument 2: genitive Goal/Patient (action nominals)

b. *para˜un‡¸ chedanam axes-Gen cutting `cutting with axes'

kartÁkarmaıo˛ kÁti [˘a˘Òh„] [anabhihite]Agent-Goal-Loc kÁt-Loc`the sixth (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Goal/Patient in conjunction with a kÁt form[if not already expressed].'

Genitive expresses karman (and kartÁ), not karaıa:

Another wrong analysis of div+Acc as `quirky case’

• four arguments

On this analysis, div has two unrelated idiosyncratic properties:

Argument 1: loss of generalization

• quirky case

On this analysis, div has two unrelated idiosyncratic properties:

Argument 1: loss of generalization

• quirky case• and quirky Th-role

[2] a.

Argument 2: -ana nominals (LyuÚ)

a. `act of gambling’

b. `die’ (instrument for gambling)

devana-

LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.

[2] a.

a. àct of pouring an oblation’

b. ìnstrument for pouring’

havana- òblation, ladle’

LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.

lyuÒ ca [napu¸sake bh‡ve]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express process, in the neuter gender'.

karaı‡dhikaraıayo˜ ca [lyuÒ]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express karaıa and adhikaraıa'.

LyuÚ does not express Goal/Patient.

[2] a.

[2] c. *`thing poured’


b. `instrument for pouring’


LyuÚ does not express Goal/Patient.

[2] a. ak˘‡n ˜atasya d„vyati dice-Acc 100-Gen gambles `he plays dice for (a stake of) 100'

˜atasya `for 100’ is a Goal/Patient. So this would violate a general constraint whichprohibits double objects (two karman roles)

Argument 3: prohibition of two Goal/Patient roles

[2] a.

Argument 4: -ana nominals (LyuÚ)

ak˘adevana- `dice-playing’ ak˘adyÂta- `dice-player’

karmaıi ca [na] [˘a˘Òh„] [tatpuru˘a˛]`a word ending in genitive case that expresses a karman is not compounded into a tatpuru˘a’

kartÁkaraıe kÁt‡ bahulam [tÁt„y‡] [tatpuru˘a˛]`a word ending in instrumental case denotingkartÁ or karaıa is compounded variouslywith a (noun ending in) kÁt into a tatpuru˘a’

A wrong analysis of hu+Instr as `quirky role’

• two arguments


b. `instrument for pouring’ (ladle)


c. *`thing poured’ (ghee)

Argument 1: deverbal nouns

lyuÒ ca [napu¸sake bh‡ve]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express process, in the neuter gender'.

karaı‡dhikaraıayo˜ ca [lyuÒ]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express karaıa and adhikaraıa'.

[2] a.*d‡treıa para˜un‡ chinatti sickle-Instr axe-Instrcut-3Sg`he cuts with a sickle with an axe'

Argument 2: prohibition of two Instruments

b. *sruc‡ ajyena juhvati spoon-Acc ghee-Instr pour-3Sg `he pours ghee with a spoon'

Neutralization Optionality

• The structure of the grammar emerges from the language itself,

• plus the principle of simplicity.

Does P‡ıini have a "theory of grammar"?

Simplicity

• not a “theory of grammar”

• motivated by simplicity

The four levels of representation:

Simplicity

• conventions• formation of technical terms• wording of rules• grouping of rules

Dictates all analytic decisions:

the architecture of p ‡ı in i’ s grammar

Documents

coming event

cooking event grma

rules ivastras

goal karman vapti

goal karman ady

absolutive vapti

separation ady

adyptya ady upatya