the art and the science of feeding - college of veterinary

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Ruminant NutritionRuminant NutritionThe Art and the Science of FeedingThe Art and the Science of Feeding

Scott WaltnerScott Waltner DVM, MS DVM, MS

Skagit Animal ClinicSkagit Animal ClinicPuget Sound Veterinary Nutrition Group, LLCPuget Sound Veterinary Nutrition Group, LLC

GoalsGoalsHave FunHave FunDiscuss and focus on nutritional Discuss and focus on nutritional bottlenecks bottlenecks Present Real World CasesPresent Real World CasesDiscover how easy much of this is Discover how easy much of this is Utilize the dairy cow as a modelUtilize the dairy cow as a model

GoalsGoals

Hit the big rocksHit the big rocksFocus on the Focus on the common nutritional common nutritional bottlenecksbottlenecksOptimize ruminant Optimize ruminant healthhealthOptimize client Optimize client financial healthfinancial healthSynergySynergy

OutlineOutline

1.1. FoundationFoundation2.2. Forages and concentratesForages and concentrates3.3. CasesCases

Nutrition & FeedingNutrition & Feeding

Optimal Nutrition is an EnablerOptimal Nutrition is an EnablerNutrition does Nutrition does NOTNOT force processes force processes Lack of nutrition drags processesLack of nutrition drags processes

Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Requirements ≠≠ suggestionsuggestion≠≠ feed half of that to the malesfeed half of that to the males

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Focus on the whole pictureFocus on the whole picture

You will miss more by You will miss more by not looking than not not looking than not knowingknowingBe careful on the Be careful on the phonephoneSeek simple solutions Seek simple solutions to complex problemsto complex problems

What is the Most Common and Largest What is the Most Common and Largest Error in Nutrition ?Error in Nutrition ?

Across all species Across all species ––Including peopleIncluding people

Its not the animals’ faultIts not the animals’ faultIt is simpleIt is simpleIt does not take a college degreeIt does not take a college degree

Weighing Feed

RequirementsRequirements are in pounds, kg, oz, mgare in pounds, kg, oz, mg

NOT NOT Scoops, flakes, handfuls, coffeeScoops, flakes, handfuls, coffee--canscansNot in volumeNot in volume –– cups, gallons, teaspoonscups, gallons, teaspoons

The more items to weigh The more items to weigh –– the greater chance the greater chance for errorfor error

Income Risk

Expense

ProfitHealth

Feed as Profit PotentialEarly interventionEarly intervention

Monitor before it’s chewedMonitor before it’s chewedObjective information Objective information

Does not start with Does not start with “ … I think…”“ … I think…”Know the destinationKnow the destination

What animal group will benefit more from “X” feedWhat animal group will benefit more from “X” feedNot equal toNot equal to “… where can I put this cheap hay I just “… where can I put this cheap hay I just

got”got”

Evaluate Post FeedingEvaluate Post Feeding … hindsight 20/20… hindsight 20/20Measured IntakeMeasured Intake

Devise a management Devise a management strategystrategy

Establish goalsEstablish goalsHonest approachHonest approachCreate a team that is capable of Create a team that is capable of facilitating the objectivesfacilitating the objectives

Avoid the “Neighborhood” planAvoid the “Neighborhood” plan

Account for biasAccount for biasIndustry Industry -- FeedFeedBreeders Breeders FamilyFamily

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The Objective CycleThe Objective Cycle

Document

Changeor Not

Evaluate Objectively

Least Cost v. Profit MaxLeast Cost v. Profit Max

Least CostLeast CostA known set of outputsA known set of outputsMinimize input costMinimize input costto knowing what you will getto knowing what you will get

Profit MaximizationProfit MaximizationAdd additional units for input to achieve Add additional units for input to achieve additional units of outputadditional units of output

To a pointTo a point

Visit the FarmVisit the FarmVisit Other FarmsVisit Other Farms

Poor Dry Cow Nutrition??Poor Dry Cow Nutrition??

bSTbST???? New Ration Change??New Ration Change??

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FoundationFoundation What’s Inside?What’s Inside?

4 4 –– 8 Gallons8 GallonsGlandular DigestionGlandular DigestionAbomasumAbomasum

2 2 -- 5 Gallons5 GallonsLimit ROP Limit ROP ––particle sizeparticle sizeWater RegulationWater Regulation

OmasumOmasum

40 40 -- 60 Gallons60 GallonsFermentationFermentationRumenRumen

7 7 -- 10 Gallons10 GallonsFeed mixing within Feed mixing within reticuloreticulo –– rumenrumenReticulumReticulum

SizeSizeFunctionFunctionCompartmentCompartment

Ruminant Factors of Rumen Degradation TimeFactors of Rumen Degradation Time

Plant maturityPlant maturity↑↑ Mature = Mature = ↑↑ LigninLignin

Plant environmental growth conditionsPlant environmental growth conditionsDrought Drought -- ↑↑ NNDirect mineral updateDirect mineral update

ProcessingProcessingGrind, extrusion, flake, rollGrind, extrusion, flake, rollAddition of waterAddition of waterFermentationFermentation

↑↑ CHO availabilityCHO availability

Plant SpeciesPlant SpeciesWheat Wheat CornCorn BarleyBarley OatsOats

Comparison of Digestive Tracts by Comparison of Digestive Tracts by Location of Primary Digestive ProcessLocation of Primary Digestive Process

CarnivoreCarnivoreDog, CatDog, CatUnsacculatedUnsacculated

GrazerGrazerOmnivoresOmnivores

Horse, Zebra Horse, Zebra Pig, ManPig, Man

SacculatedSacculated

Colonic DigestersColonic Digesters

Selective HerbivoreSelective HerbivoreOmnivoreOmnivore

Rabbit, LemmingRabbit, LemmingRatRat

CecalCecal

Hindgut Hindgut FermentersFermenters

Selective HerbivoresSelective HerbivoresGrazing and Selective Grazing and Selective HerbivoreHerbivore

Hamster, VoleHamster, VoleKangaroo, HippopotamusKangaroo, HippopotamusNonruminantsNonruminants

Grazing HerbivoresGrazing HerbivoresSelective HerbivoresSelective Herbivores

Cattle, Sheep, GoatCattle, Sheep, GoatCamelsCamelsRuminantsRuminants

PregastricPregastric FermentersFermentersDietary HabitDietary HabitSpeciesSpeciesClassClass

Digestive Sequence Digestive Sequence NonruminantsNonruminants

I. Diet→ Gastric → Colonic → Feces

II. Diet→ Gastric → Colonic → Feces↓↑

Cecal

_______ Coprophagy ←

↓ ↑

III. Diet → Gastric → Colonic → Feces

↓↑

Cecal

I. Carnivore or Omnivore: Dog, Cat, Man

II. Omnivore or Herbivore: Pig, Horse, Zebra

III. Omnivore or Herbivore: Most rodents

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Ruminants Ruminants –– “Chewers of the Cud”“Chewers of the Cud”

DIET Pregastric

FermentationOmasal

By-passRumination

GASTRIC

COLONIC

FECES

CECAL

2 Digestive Systems2 Digestive Systems

Changes in Rumen AnatomyChanges in Rumen Anatomy

77--8%8%20%20%60%60%AbomasumAbomasum

77--8%8%10%10%10%10%OmasumOmasum

80%80%65%65%25%25%RumenRumen

5%5%5%5%5%5%ReticulumReticulum

Mature Mature AdultAdult3 Months3 MonthsNewbornNewbornCompartmentCompartment

Characteristics of the Mature Characteristics of the Mature Rumen EnvironmentRumen Environment

AcetateAcetatePropionatePropionateButyrateButyrate

VFAVFA’’ss

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)AmmoniaAmmoniaMineralsMineralsSoluble ProteinSoluble Protein

Liquid PhaseLiquid Phase

Fibrous MatFibrous MatSolid PhaseSolid PhaseAnaerobic, COAnaerobic, CO22, CH, CH44Gas PhaseGas Phase101088 -- 10101010/ml fluid/ml fluidBacteriaBacteria100.4 100.4 –– 105.8105.8°° FFTemperatureTemperature6.7 6.7 –– 7.2 optimum7.2 optimumpHpH

Essential Nutrients to Sustain Life for Essential Nutrients to Sustain Life for all Speciesall Species

OxygenOxygenWaterWaterEnergyEnergy

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipids (Fat)Lipids (Fat)ProteinProtein

Minutes → Death

Days → Death

Weeks → Death


Amino Acids (Protein)Amino Acids (Protein)Essential AAEssential AANonessential AANonessential AA

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

Weeks → Death

Months → Dysfunction


MineralsMineralsMacromineralsMacromineralsMicrominerals (Trace)Microminerals (Trace)UltraUltra--trace mineralstrace minerals

VitaminsVitaminsFat solubleFat solubleWater solubleWater soluble

Months → Dysfunction, Death

Months → Dysfunction, Death

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WaterWater Water Water WaterWater WaterWater

The most important nutrientThe most important nutrient

Healthy animals will regulate their own Healthy animals will regulate their own water intakewater intake

Clean, Free choice waterClean, Free choice water

WaterWater Water Water WaterWater WaterWater

Warm water increases intakeWarm water increases intakeCheck for stray voltageCheck for stray voltageTest water for pH, minerals, and bacteriaTest water for pH, minerals, and bacteriaIt is often neglectedIt is often neglected

Dry MatterDry Matter

Determine the moisture content of feedDetermine the moisture content of feedHeat sample in drying oven until constant Heat sample in drying oven until constant weightweightExpressed as percentage:Expressed as percentage:

dry weight/wet weight x 100dry weight/wet weight x 100Most difficult techniqueMost difficult technique

Volatile substancesVolatile substancesIntroduces largest variationIntroduces largest variation

Dry Matter TechniquesDry Matter Techniques

Oven

Microwave

Koster TesterTime

Accuracy

Nutrient AnalysisNutrient Analysis

Wet ChemistryWet ChemistryProximate AnalysisProximate AnalysisVan Van SoestSoest DetergentDetergentAccurate Accurate –– individual testsindividual tests

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR)Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR)Variation of geography, plant sp.Variation of geography, plant sp.Good for N estimationGood for N estimationVery poor for mineralsVery poor for minerals

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Energy DeterminationEnergy Determination

Sources: CHO, Fat, ProteinSources: CHO, Fat, ProteinNot directly measured, derived from regression Not directly measured, derived from regression equations equations –– in the fieldin the field

Species specific equationsSpecies specific equationsModels use: ADF, DP, NDFModels use: ADF, DP, NDF

Terminology:Terminology:Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)Digestible Energy (DE)Digestible Energy (DE)MetabolizableMetabolizable Energy (ME)Energy (ME)Net Energy (NE)Net Energy (NE)

Gross EnergyGross Energy

Digestible EnergyDigestible Energy

MetabolizableMetabolizableEnergyEnergy

Net Energy (Net Energy (g,l,mg,l,m,),)

Fecal

UrinaryGPD

Heat

EnergyEnergy

Gasoline for animalsGasoline for animalsDrives all reactions within the body Drives all reactions within the body

nerve, muscle, metabolismnerve, muscle, metabolismSugars, carbohydrate, fiberSugars, carbohydrate, fiberExpressed as Net Energy (NE), Digestible Expressed as Net Energy (NE), Digestible Energy (DE), Total Digestible Nutrients Energy (DE), Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)(TDN)Energy feed Energy feed -- grains, hay, fat, oilseedsgrains, hay, fat, oilseeds

CHO TermsCHO Terms

NDF NDF –– Neutral Detergent Fiber Neutral Detergent Fiber -- IntakeIntakeCelluloseCelluloseHemicelluloseHemicelluloseLigninLignin120 / %NDF = % intake120 / %NDF = % intake

ADF ADF –– Acid Detergent Fiber Acid Detergent Fiber -- DigestionDigestionCelluloseCelluloseLigninLignin

CHO TermsCHO Terms

NSC NSC –– Nonstructural CHONonstructural CHONon cell wall CHONon cell wall CHO100 100 –– (NDF + CP + EE + Ash)(NDF + CP + EE + Ash)

LigninLigninTotally unavailable cell wallTotally unavailable cell wallImpact CHO availabilityImpact CHO availability

NonstructuralCarbohydrate (NSC)

Total CarbohydrateTotal Carbohydrate

StructuralCarbohydrate

(NDF)

StarchesSugars NeutralDetergent

Soluble Fiber

Hemicellulose Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)

-Pectins

-Fructans

-B-Glucans

-Cellulose

-Lignin

-Maillard

-Protein

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Rumen Bugs Rumen Bugs

Starch digesting bacteria create a low pH Starch digesting bacteria create a low pH environment which reduces fiber digesting environment which reduces fiber digesting bacteriabacteria

Low Rumen pHLow Rumen pH< 6< 6

Decreased fiber digestionDecreased fiber digestion

Decreased milk fat productionDecreased milk fat production

Decreased rumen contractionDecreased rumen contraction

Species with highest rate of Species with highest rate of acidosis??acidosis??

GOATGOAT

Rumen BugsRumen Bugs

AcidAcid5.0 5.0 –– 6.66.6

PropionatePropionateLactateLactateButyrateButyrateAmmoniaAmmonia

Amino AcidsAmino AcidsAmmoniaAmmonia

StarchStarchSugarsSugars

Nonstructural Nonstructural CHO BacteriaCHO Bacteria

AcidAcid5.5 5.5 –– 6.66.6

PropionatePropionateSuccinateSuccinateButyrateButyrateAmmoniaAmmonia

AmmoniaAmmoniaAmino AcidsAmino Acids

CelluloseCelluloseStarchStarch

General General Purpose Purpose BacteriaBacteria

NeutralNeutral6.2 6.2 –– 6.86.8

AcetateAcetateSuccinateSuccinateFormateFormate, , COCO22

AmmoniaAmmoniaIsoIso--acidsacids

CelluloseCelluloseHemicelluloseHemicellulosePectinsPectins

CellulolyticCellulolyticBacteriaBacteria(Fiber (Fiber fermenting)fermenting)

pH TolerancepH TolerancePrimary Primary EndproductEndproduct

Specific Specific RequirementsRequirements

Primary Primary SubstrateSubstrate

Class of Class of OrganismOrganism

Rumen BugsRumen Bugs


MethaneMethaneCoenzyme MCoenzyme MAmmoniaAmmonia

COCO22, H, H22

FormateFormateMethanogensMethanogens


AcetateAcetatePropionatePropionateAmmoniaAmmonia

Amino AcidsAmino AcidsSugarsSugarsStarchStarchBacteriaBacteria

ProtozaProtoza


AmmoniaAmmoniaIsoIso--acidsacidsPropionatePropionate

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

SuccinateSuccinateLactateLactateFermentationFermentationEndproductsEndproducts

Secondary Secondary FeedersFeeders

pH pH ToleranceTolerance

Primary Primary EndproductEndproduct

Specific Specific RequirementsRequirements

Primary Primary SubstrateSubstrate

Class of Class of OrganismOrganism

Adaped from Chase, L.E. and C.J. Sniffen, Cornell University

Major Major VFA’sVFA’s

AcetateAcetate

PropionatePropionate

ButyrateButyrate

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ProteinProtein

Building blocks for the body Building blocks for the body Subunits are amino acidsSubunits are amino acidsMuscle, hormone and enzyme maintenance Muscle, hormone and enzyme maintenance Ruminants utilize microbial protein and amino Ruminants utilize microbial protein and amino acids acids CP (%) or MP (%, kg, or lbs)CP (%) or MP (%, kg, or lbs)

CP = % nitrogen in feed *6.25CP = % nitrogen in feed *6.25Nitrogen is 16% of feed protein Nitrogen is 16% of feed protein

Protein feeds Protein feeds -- soy, canola, alfalfa haysoy, canola, alfalfa hay

ProteinProtein

Crude Protein%N x 6.25

UnavailableProtein

(bound protein)

AvailableProtein

InsolubleDegradable

Protein

UndegradableProtein

(escape or bypass)

Soluble Protein(NPN, true

protein)

Microbial Protein SynthesisMicrobial Protein SynthesisCARBOHYDRATE VFA

ATP

NPN

NH3

MICROBIAL

PROTEIN

AMINO

ACIDSCARBON

SKELETONS

SULFUR

OTHER

COFACTORSPROTEIN

CP CP –– Crude ProteinCrude Protein

Total N% x 6.25

Plant Protein is 16% N

1/6.25 = .16

SIPSIP –– Sol. CP = Soluble ProteinSol. CP = Soluble Protein

Dietary protein that goes into solution in the Dietary protein that goes into solution in the rumenrumen

Rapidly available NHRapidly available NH33

High Soluble Protein can be toxicHigh Soluble Protein can be toxic

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RDPRDP –– (DIP) (DIP) Rumen Degradable ProteinRumen Degradable Protein(Degradable Intake Protein)(Degradable Intake Protein)

Dietary protein which is fermented in rumen to Dietary protein which is fermented in rumen to an end product an end product –– NHNH33 / NH/ NH44

RUPRUP –– (UIP)(UIP)Rumen Rumen UndegradableUndegradable ProteinProtein((UndegradableUndegradable Intake Protein)Intake Protein)

Bypass proteinBypass proteinVery slow to rumen fermentationVery slow to rumen fermentationDigestion in abomasumDigestion in abomasum

MPMP –– MetabolizableMetabolizable ProteinProtein

Dietary protein, including both DIP and UIP, Dietary protein, including both DIP and UIP, that has been digested and is available for that has been digested and is available for absorptionabsorption

NPN NPN –– NonNon--protein Nitrogenprotein Nitrogen

N compounds without linkagesN compounds without linkagesUreaUreaBiuretBiuretAmmoniaAmmonia

Protein not available to any digestionProtein not available to any digestion

Heat damageHeat damage

ADF ADF –– N ADINN ADINUnavailable ProteinUnavailable Protein

Microbial Protein Synthesis Relative to Microbial Protein Synthesis Relative to Dairy Protein NeedsDairy Protein Needs

7979858598984040

5959646473733030

3939424249492020

% of protein from microbes% of protein from microbesGm N/kg MP digestedGm N/kg MP digested

99 lbs99 lbs77 lbs77 lbs55 lbs55 lbsEfficiency of Microbial Efficiency of Microbial Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

Daily Milk YieldDaily Milk Yield

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Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Limiting Amino AcidsLimiting Amino AcidsMethionineMethionineLysineLysine

Limiting When??Limiting When??

Minerals

Minerals are structural and metabolic Minerals are structural and metabolic components components Macro Minerals Macro Minerals -- needed in large amountsneeded in large amounts

Ca, P, Na, K, Ca, P, Na, K, ClCl, S, and Mg, S, and MgExpressed in %Expressed in %

Micro Minerals Micro Minerals -- needed in small amountsneeded in small amountsMnMn, Co, Se, I, Fe, Cu, Mo, Zn , Co, Se, I, Fe, Cu, Mo, Zn

Expressed in Expressed in ppmppm

In premixes, complete feeds and formulasIn premixes, complete feeds and formulas

Mineral AnalysisMineral Analysis

Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyAtomic Absorption SpectroscopyExpensive procedureExpensive procedureVariable resultsVariable results

MacromineralsMacromineralsCa, P, Mg, K, Na, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, ClCl, S, S

MicromineralsMicromineralsCu, Fe, Cu, Fe, MnMn, Mo, Se, Zn, Mo, Se, Zn

Ca deficiency, milk Ca deficiency, milk feverfever

Ricketts, pica Ricketts, pica osteoporosis, poor osteoporosis, poor conception, poor conception, poor estrusestrus

Bone formation, Bone formation, reproductionreproductionPP

Salt toxicity Salt toxicity –– water water deprivationdeprivationPica, Pica, hyponatremiahyponatremia

ExtracelluarExtracelluar fluid fluid balance, acidbalance, acid--base base balancebalance

ClCl

Salt toxicity Salt toxicity –– water water deprivationdeprivationWeakness, picaWeakness, picaExtracellularExtracellular fluid fluid

balance, balance, NaNa

Cardiac arrest, Cardiac arrest, Milk feverMilk fever

Milk fever, Milk fever, osteoporosis, osteoporosis, fracture, muscle fracture, muscle weaknessweakness

Bone formation, Bone formation, muscle contraction, muscle contraction, milk component, milk component,

CaCa

Interrelationships Interrelationships or Toxicityor Toxicity

Deficiency Deficiency Disease or Disease or SymptomsSymptoms

Major FunctionMajor FunctionMacromineralMacromineral

PolioencephalomalaciPolioencephalomalaciaa,,Cu deficiencyCu deficiency

Hair loss, milk Hair loss, milk reductionreduction

Amino acid Amino acid formationformationSS

DiarrheaDiarrhea

Grass Grass tetanytetany, , flaccid paralysis, flaccid paralysis, twitching, twitching, hyperesthesiahyperesthesia

Muscle contraction, Muscle contraction, neuromuscular neuromuscular transmission, transmission, protein, CHO, and protein, CHO, and lipid metabolismlipid metabolism

MgMg

Cardiac arrestCardiac arrestPicaPicaIntracellular fluid Intracellular fluid balancebalanceKK

Interrelationships or Interrelationships or ToxicityToxicity

Deficiency Deficiency Disease or Disease or SymptomsSymptoms

Major FunctionMajor FunctionMicromineralMicromineral

MicromineralsMicrominerals

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MicromineralsMicrominerals

CobaltCobaltCopperCopperIodineIodineIronIron

ManganeseManganeseSeleniumSelenium

ZincZinc

UltraUltra--trace Mineralstrace Minerals

ArsenicArsenicChromiumChromiumFluorineFluorine

MolybdenumMolybdenumNickelNickelSiliconSilicon

TinTinVanadiumVanadium

High intakes reduce High intakes reduce uptake efficiency; uptake efficiency; Toxic intake results Toxic intake results in goiter, fetal in goiter, fetal malformationsmalformations

Goiter, Stillbirths, Goiter, Stillbirths, Infertility; Hairless Infertility; Hairless neonates; Immune neonates; Immune failurefailure

ThyroxineThyroxineformationformationIodine (I)Iodine (I)

High Fe, Zn, Se High Fe, Zn, Se reduce availabilityreduce availability; ; Excess Mo and S Excess Mo and S inhibit utilization inhibit utilization and storage in and storage in ruminants; Toxicity ruminants; Toxicity variable in species, variable in species, results in results in hemolytic hemolytic crisiscrisis

AchromotrichiaAchromotrichia, , Fracture, Neonatal Fracture, Neonatal ataxia, ataxia, HypochromicHypochromic--MicrocyticMicrocytic Anemia; Anemia; Immune failure, Immune failure,

Hemoglobin Hemoglobin synthesis; Bone synthesis; Bone formation; formation; Pigmentation; Pigmentation; Myelin formation; Myelin formation; Immune functionImmune function

Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu)

Cobalt needs to be Cobalt needs to be supplied to rumen supplied to rumen microbes; Toxicity microbes; Toxicity unlikelyunlikely

MegaloblasticMegaloblasticanemia, ketosis, anemia, ketosis, reduced growth, reduced growth, body weightbody weight

Component of Component of vitamin Bvitamin B1212

Cobalt (Co)Cobalt (Co)


Deficiency Disease Deficiency Disease or Symptomsor SymptomsMajor FunctionMajor FunctionMicromineralMicromineral

Excess Ca and P Excess Ca and P decrease decrease availability; availability; Toxicity unlikelyToxicity unlikely

Crooked calf Crooked calf disease, Impaired disease, Impaired fertility, Poor fertility, Poor growth, Impaired growth, Impaired Immune functionImmune function

Bone formation; Bone formation; Activator of Activator of enzymes with enzymes with CHO, Lipid, CHO, Lipid, protein metabolismprotein metabolism

Manganese (Manganese (MnMn))

High Ca may High Ca may decrease decrease absorption; Cu absorption; Cu status influences status influences metabolism; metabolism; Excessive amounts Excessive amounts are proare pro--oxidantsoxidants

HypochromicHypochromic--MicrocyticMicrocyticanemia; easily anemia; easily fatiguedfatigued

Cellular Cellular respiration, respiration, Oxygen transportOxygen transport

Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe)



High Ca, High Ca, phytatesphytatesor oxalates bind or oxalates bind Zn; High Zn Zn; High Zn interferes with Cu interferes with Cu metabolism; Zinc metabolism; Zinc toxicity in toxicity in nonruminantsnonruminants

Anorexia; Anorexia; ParakeratosisParakeratosis; Poor ; Poor skin and hair skin and hair formation; Male formation; Male infertility; infertility; Impaired Immune Impaired Immune functionfunction

Component of Component of enzymes enzymes influencing all influencing all aspects of aspects of metabolism metabolism Immune function, Immune function, protein formationprotein formation

Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)

Sulfate, Acid soil Sulfate, Acid soil conditions conditions interferes with Se interferes with Se availability; ; Acute availability; ; Acute toxicity from toxicity from parenteralparenteral products products –– respiratory respiratory collapsecollapse

White muscle White muscle disease,disease,deathdeath; ; Nutritional Nutritional myodegenerationmyodegeneration; ; Retained placenta; Retained placenta; Impaired immune Impaired immune functionfunction

Antioxidant Antioxidant ––cellularcellularIodine functionIodine function

Immune functionImmune function

Selenium (Se)Selenium (Se)



MicromineralMicromineral DiagnosticsDiagnostics

Understand at what level the mineral is Understand at what level the mineral is functional functional If its functional in the blood then use blood If its functional in the blood then use blood to measure and monitorto measure and monitorIf it is functional in the tissue then use the If it is functional in the tissue then use the tissue to measure and monitortissue to measure and monitor

Decreased in severe deficiencyDecreased in severe deficiencyDecreased, most diagnosticDecreased, most diagnosticDecreasedDecreased

DecreasedDecreased

Of no value for diagnosisOf no value for diagnosis

Serum, plasma CuSerum, plasma CuLiver CuLiver CuCeruloplasminCeruloplasminconcentrationconcentrationRBCRBC--SuperoxideSuperoxidedismutasedismutase activityactivityHair CuHair Cu

Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu)

Concentrations increased in Concentrations increased in deficiencydeficiency

Serum or urinary Serum or urinary MethylmalonicMethylmalonic acid acid (ruminants only)(ruminants only)

Cobalt (Co)Cobalt (Co)

CommentsCommentsDiagnostic Diagnostic CriteriaCriteria

MicromineralMicromineral

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Normal or increasedNormal or increased

Decreased, influenced by Decreased, influenced by inflammationinflammationDecreased Decreased –– better diagnosticbetter diagnosticNormal or decreased Normal or decreased –– not not sensitivesensitive

Total iron binding Total iron binding capacitycapacitySerum, plasma FeSerum, plasma Fe

HgbHgb, MCV, PCV, MCV, PCVIron (Fe)Iron (Fe)

DecreasedDecreased--most common testmost common testSerum, plasma Serum, plasma thyroxinethyroxine –– T4T4

Iodine (I)Iodine (I)



Decreased Decreased –– diagnosticdiagnosticDecreased Decreased –– diagnosticdiagnosticOf no diagnostic valueOf no diagnostic value

Plasma, serum ZnPlasma, serum ZnLiver ZnLiver ZnHair ZnHair Zn

Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)

DecreasedDecreased--sensitive to acute changessensitive to acute changesDecreasedDecreased--sensitive to acute changessensitive to acute changesDecreased Decreased –– chronic indicatorchronic indicatorDecreased Decreased –– chronic indicatorchronic indicator

Of no value except for Of no value except for toxicosistoxicosis

Plasma, serum SePlasma, serum SeLiver SeLiver SeWhole blood SeWhole blood SeRBC Glutathione RBC Glutathione peroxidaseperoxidaseHair SeHair Se

Selenium (Se)Selenium (Se)

Too low to detectToo low to detectDecreased Decreased –– diagnosticdiagnosticDecreasedDecreased

Plasma, serum Plasma, serum MnMnLiver Liver MnMnMnMn--SuperoxideSuperoxidedismutasedismutase

Manganese (Manganese (MnMn))



Progression of Trace Mineral Progression of Trace Mineral DeficienciesDeficiencies

Disease

Dysfunction

Deficiency

Depletion

Liver

Plasma

Bio

chem

ical

Func

tion

Naylor, 1991

Time or Intensity

Functional Pool

Transport Pool

Storage Pool

VitaminsVitamins

Vitamins protect and enable organ Vitamins protect and enable organ functionfunctionFat Soluble VitaminsFat Soluble Vitamins

A, D, E, and KA, D, E, and KExpressed as IU or KIUExpressed as IU or KIU

Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble VitaminsB’s, CB’s, C

Expressed as mcg, mgExpressed as mcg, mg

In vitamin mineral premixes and complete In vitamin mineral premixes and complete feeds and formulasfeeds and formulas

Water SolubleWater SolubleVitamin Deficiency SignsVitamin Deficiency Signs

Anemia, Anemia, ketosis ketosis ((proprionateproprionate to to glucose)glucose)

RBC maturation, methyl RBC maturation, methyl transformationtransformationBB1212

Mastitis, anemiaMastitis, anemiaAntioxidant, Antioxidant, hydroxlyationhydroxlyationVitVit CC

Fatty liverFatty liverPoor ReproductionPoor Reproduction

lipid transfer, methyl donorlipid transfer, methyl donorCholineCholine

LaminitisLaminitisProtein formation, Protein formation, carboxylasecarboxylase reactionreactionBiotinBiotin

Fatty liverFatty liver, dementia, dementiaReduce Reduce lipolysislipolysisNiacinNiacin

PolioencephalomalaciaPolioencephalomalaciaDecarboxylationDecarboxylation of of ketoketoacids, acids, TransketolaseTransketolase, TPP, TPPBB11

SignsSignsFunctionFunctionVitaminVitamin

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Fat SolubleFat SolubleVitamin Deficiency SignsVitamin Deficiency Signs

Anemia, hemorrhageAnemia, hemorrhageBlood Clotting, Blood Clotting, ProthrombinProthrombin formationformationKK

Mastitis, immune dysfunction, Mastitis, immune dysfunction, muscular dystrophy, muscular dystrophy, reproductive failure, RPreproductive failure, RP

AntioxidantAntioxidantEE

Milk fever, ricketsMilk fever, ricketsGI absorption of Ca, GI absorption of Ca, bone formation, CHO bone formation, CHO metabolismmetabolism

DD

Poor reproduction, blindness, Poor reproduction, blindness, Retained placenta, immune Retained placenta, immune dysfunctiondysfunction

Vision, glucose Vision, glucose synthesis, cellular synthesis, cellular protectionprotection

AA

SignsSignsFunctionFunctionVitaminVitamin

Feed ComponentsFeed ComponentsFeed

Cell Wall(NDF)

CellContents

Nitrogen Hemi-cellulose

ADFSolubleCHO

Lipids

Sugars

Starches

NPN

Protein

Minerals NDS Fiber

Macro

Micro

Pectin

Fructans

B-Glucans

Cellulose

Lignin

Lignified N

Silica

SummarySummary

Consider the end result of the feed Consider the end result of the feed Ruminant Ruminant MonogastricMonogastric

RuminantsRuminants--Microbial digestion Microbial digestion Enzyme and acid digestionEnzyme and acid digestion

MonogastricMonogastric-- Enzyme and Acid digestionEnzyme and Acid digestion

SummarySummary

Water Water –– clean and free choiceclean and free choiceProtein Protein –– utilize microbial protein firstutilize microbial protein firstEnergy Energy –– powers all systems and powers all systems and rxnsrxnsVitamins Vitamins -- protect the body and are the protect the body and are the aids to organ functionaids to organ functionMineralsMinerals–– hold the body togetherhold the body together

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Forages and ConcentratesForages and Concentrates

Its what’s for DinnerIts what’s for Dinner

Feedstuff CategoriesFeedstuff Categories

Forages Forages ––RoughagesRoughagesConcentratesConcentrates

EnergyEnergyProteinProtein

By productsBy products

Vitamin Vitamin SupplementsSupplementsMineral SupplementsMineral SupplementsAdditivesAdditives

AntibioticsAntibioticsGrowth Growth promotantspromotants

Forages Forages –– The Base of a RationThe Base of a Ration Forage QualityForage QualityInfluencing FactorsInfluencing Factors

Plant SpeciesPlant SpeciesPlant MaturityPlant MaturityFertilizationFertilizationEnvironmental ConditionsEnvironmental ConditionsWater AvailabilityWater AvailabilityTime of CuttingTime of CuttingStorage PracticesStorage Practices

Alfalfa HayAlfalfa Hay

.56.56>48>48>41>41<13<13Late bloomLate bloom

.62.624141--47473636--41411313--1616Mid bloomMid bloom

.66.663535--39393030--35351717--1919Early bloomEarly bloom

.70.70<35<35<30<30>19>19PrePre--bloombloom

McalMcal/lb/lb%%%%%%

NElNElNDFNDFADFADFCrude Crude ProteinProteinStageStage

Fiber for functionFiber for function 11stst and 4and 4thth cuttingscuttings

Grass HayGrass Hay

.52.52>65>65>45>45<8<8Post Post headingheading

.58.586161--65653636--444488--1212HeadingHeading

.65.655555--60603030--35351212--1717Early Early headingheading

.70.70<55<55<29<29>17>17PrePre--headingheading



Ration limited by intake and mixingRation limited by intake and mixing

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Grass SilageGrass Silage

.63.63616134341212Mid Mid bloombloom

.70.70505026261616Late Late VegVeg



Check for nitrates in stress silageCheck for nitrates in stress silageCut every 26 to 28 daysCut every 26 to 28 daysNeeds to be inoculatedNeeds to be inoculated

Corn SilageCorn Silage

.64.64484826269.09.010% grain10% grain

.73.73424222228.18.150% grain50% grain


NElNElNDFNDFADFADFCrude Crude ProteinProtein

Energy FeedEnergy Feed Optimal DM =35%Optimal DM =35%Focus on fiberFocus on fiber

Sensory AnalysisSensory AnalysisFeed EvaluationFeed EvaluationStage of MaturityStage of Maturity

LeafinessLeafiness

ColorColor

OdorOdor

Foreign MaterialForeign Material

Forage$Forage$

High quality forage is the foundation of High quality forage is the foundation of a dairy rationa dairy ration

Poor forage quality can not be fully Poor forage quality can not be fully compensated for with grain or bycompensated for with grain or by--product feedsproduct feeds

$$ Forage Value $$$$ Forage Value $$

Harvested and purchased forages need to Harvested and purchased forages need to be assessed for value in dollars and fit into be assessed for value in dollars and fit into the feeding situationthe feeding situation

Dry MatterDry MatterCPCPADFADFNDFNDFLignin Lignin

$$ $$ Forage ValueForage Value $$$$

Corn silage 1 Corn silage 1

30% Dry Matter30% Dry Matter$28/ton$28/ton

$28/.3 = $93/ton of $28/.3 = $93/ton of Dry MatterDry Matter

Corn Silage 2Corn Silage 2

25% Dry Matter25% Dry Matter$25/ton$25/ton

$25/.25 = $100/ton of $25/.25 = $100/ton of Dry MatterDry Matter

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$$ Forage Value $$$$ Forage Value $$

Alfalfa Hay 1 Alfalfa Hay 1 –– 44thth

$143/ton$143/ton90% Dry Matter 90% Dry Matter 23% CP23% CP28% ADF28% ADF34% NDF34% NDF5.2% Lignin5.2% Lignin

Alfalfa Hay 2 Alfalfa Hay 2 –– 11stst

$138/ton$138/ton88% Dry Matter88% Dry Matter24% CP24% CP30% ADF30% ADF35% NDF35% NDF5.8 Lignin 5.8 Lignin

Maximize Silage EfficiencyMaximize Silage Efficiency

Inoculate all silage Inoculate all silage –– corn and grasscorn and grassCover all silage Cover all silage Pack tightPack tightRemove molded silage Remove molded silage Keep an active face Keep an active face -- with 6 inches of with 6 inches of penetration daily penetration daily

Choose equipment for defacing appropriate Choose equipment for defacing appropriate for the silage storage and feeding situationfor the silage storage and feeding situation

Silage EvaluationSilage Evaluation

Temperature of the stackTemperature of the stackLess than 10 degrees above ambientLess than 10 degrees above ambient

Check pH Check pH Grass 4.0 Grass 4.0 –– 4.8 >5 = bad4.8 >5 = badCorn 3.8 Corn 3.8 –– 4.2 >4.5 = bad4.2 >4.5 = bad

Feel Feel –– should feel spongyshould feel spongySmell Smell –– Fermentation analysisFermentation analysis

Vinegar Vinegar –– AcetateAcetateAlcohol Alcohol –– YeastYeastRancid Rancid –– Butyric acidButyric acidCaramel Caramel –– Heat damage Heat damage

Silage EvaluationSilage Evaluation

Foreign objectsForeign objectsManure contaminationManure contamination

Field applicationField applicationContaminated feed handling equipmentContaminated feed handling equipment

MOLDMOLDTaste and Taste and MycotoxinsMycotoxins

VFA analysisVFA analysis

WCS WCS –– Whole CottonseedWhole Cottonseed

1.011.01--1.051.0543 43 --474734 34 -- 373722 22 --2424



High FiberHigh Fiber High EnergyHigh Energy40 % UIP40 % UIP 20% lipid20% lipid

Gossypol Gossypol –– 6 to 8 pound maximum6 to 8 pound maximum

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Soybean MealSoybean Meal

.92.9277445555SBM 48SBM 48

.88.8877444949SBM 44SBM 44



UIP = 30% UIP = 30% Sol. CP = 20%Sol. CP = 20%

Lipid = 1% Lipid = 1% NFC = 27%NFC = 27%

CornCorn

1.051.05882299GroundGround

1.031.03882299RolledRolled


NElNElNDFNDFADFADFCrude Crude ProteinProteinProcessProcess

NFC = 75%NFC = 75%

BarleyBarley

.91.9121214499RolledRolled


NElNElNDFNDFADFADFCrude Crude ProteinProteinProcessProcess

Lower energy than cornLower energy than corn Higher NDFHigher NDF

NFC ~ 65%NFC ~ 65% PNW barley lower PNW barley lower

~$5/ton difference~$5/ton difference

CanolaCanola

.83.83262618184040



UIP = 28%UIP = 28% 3.5% lipid3.5% lipid

NFC = 25%NFC = 25%

$40 $40 -- $50 / ton difference from SBM 48$50 / ton difference from SBM 48

Distillers Distillers -- DDGDDG

.92 .92 -- .96.9632 32 --43431111--181824 24 -- 3030



UIP ~ 50% UIP ~ 50% Sol CP ~5%Sol CP ~5%

Lipid 8% Lipid 8% -- 13%13% NFC ~14%NFC ~14%

Summary of FeedstuffsSummary of Feedstuffs

Don’t assume feedstuff analysisDon’t assume feedstuff analysisSample DM at least weeklySample DM at least weeklySample forages once a month and with Sample forages once a month and with new lotsnew lotsSample all new lots of commoditiesSample all new lots of commoditiesRecognize the art and the science of Recognize the art and the science of nutritionnutrition

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Where are the opportunities??Where are the opportunities??

DMI DMI –– formulated Reformulatedformulated ReformulatedCommunicationCommunicationDefinitive Diagnosis Definitive Diagnosis –– Width of KnowledgeWidth of Knowledge

It is always the nutritionist faultIt is always the nutritionist faultFat cowsFat cows

Planning ?Planning ?

the art and the science of feeding - college of veterinary

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