The Atlantic Revolutions

AP World

Mr. Owen and Sr. Colden

Spring 2014

Introduction

• The French Revolution was the centerpiece of a revolutionary process all around the Atlantic world between 1775 and 1875

• Atlantic revolutions had an impact far beyond the Atlantic world

More Intro

• The revolutions of North America, Europe, Haiti, and Latin America influenced each other.

• Similarities:

The French Revolution

The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

Louis XIV Louis XVI

Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette’’ss““Peasant CottagePeasant Cottage””

Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette’’ss““Peasant CottagePeasant Cottage””

The Estates of France

• The First Estate

• The Second Estate

• The Third Estate

Old Regime Pie ChartOld Regime Pie Chart

First Estate

Second Estate

Third Estate

The forces that made Revolution Possible

• Long Term Causes• Population Growth • Expansion of the Middle Class • Rise of informed public opinion

• Immediate Causes• Financial Issues• Weather / Employment• Nobles refuse

The French Urban PoorThe French Urban Poor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

a Urban Urban CommonerCommoner’’ssBudget:Budget:

• Food 80%Food 80%• Rent 25%Rent 25%• Tithe 10%Tithe 10%• Taxes 35%Taxes 35%• Clothing 20%Clothing 20%• TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

a KingKing’’s Budget:s Budget:• Interest 50%Interest 50%• Army 25%Army 25%• Versailles 25%Versailles 25%• Coronation 10%Coronation 10%• Loans 25%Loans 25%• Admin. 25%Admin. 25%• TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was Last time it was called into session was 1614!1614!

The Estates General

• Background

• Early Issues• How to Vote

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of RepresentativesThe Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head!in the Estates General: Vote by Head!

300

300

648

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Suggested Voting Pattern:The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates

1

1

1

Louis XIV insisted that Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.three orders be conserved in its entirety.

The Estates General

• June 17th, 1789 National Assembly formed

• June 20th National Assembly Locked OUT!!!

• Tennis Court Oath

“Tennis Court Oath”

Paris Speaks: The Fall of the Bastille, July 14, 1789

• Current state of Paris

• Jacques Necker Fired

• July 14, 1789 - Bastille falls

Storming the

Bastille!

From Monarchy to Republic

The Revolution of Rights and Reason • Great Fear• End of Feudalism• Declaration of the Rights of Man and

Citizen• Constitution and Church

• Constitution• Church

• Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 1790)

The Monarchy Humiliated: The October Days

Failure of the Constitutional Monarchy

• The Three Problems of the New Regime• The financial crisis that plagued the

monarchy• The Continuing agitation in Paris• The King’s refusal to play the part the

Revolution assigned him

The Failure of the Constitutional Monarchy

• The financial crisis that plagued the monarchy – The sale of land doesn’t really help out the

Government much – 1790 “Civil Constitution of the Clergy”– New currency was created called Assignats

– Inflation

The Failure of the Constitutional Monarchy

• The Continuing agitation in Paris– revolutionary subculture Sans-Culottes

• Professional agitators are born– Jacques Hebert

– George Danton

– Jean-Paul Marat

– Camille Desmoulins

The Failure of the Constitutional Monarchy

• The King’s refusal to play the part the Revolution assigned him– Louis XVI kept in contact with people not

considered friendly to the Revolution– In June 1791 He tries to escape

• Caught at Varennes

War, Terror, and Dictatorship

• The Legislative Assembly replaces the Constituent Assembly in October 1791

• The new dominant faction within the Legislative Assembly is the “Gironde” – Leaders: Vergniaud, Isnard, and Jacques

Pierre Brissot

War, Terror, and Dictatorship

• War– The Threat– Why was is possible?– Response– April 1792 France declares war on Austria

The Fall of the Monarchy: August – September 1792

• Causes:

• Austria-Prussia seize key border fortress of Verdun

• September Massacres

Guillotine

Dr. Joseph Guillotin

The Convention Executes the King

• November 1792 letters of correspondence found at Tulleries

• Robespierre wants Louis XVI executed

• January 21, 1793 King Louis XVI was sent to Guillotine

The Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution

• Background

• French Revolution sparked it off

The Haitian Revolution

• A unique revolution

• Haiti’s success generated great hope and great fear.

Spanish American Revolution

Spanish American Revolution

• Origins of revolution

• Reasons why Latin American independence movements were limited at first

Spanish American Revolution

• Creole elites had revolution thrust upon them by events in Europe.

• Longer process than in North America

Spanish American Revolution

• Nativism

• Difficulties uniting Spanish colonies

Spanish American Revolution

• Results