The Atlantic The Atlantic WorldWorld

Ch 20Ch 20

1492-18001492-1800

(Ch 16) Before Europeans… (Ch 16) Before Europeans… There were 3 major American Indian Empires There were 3 major American Indian Empires

+ many other smaller tribes+ many other smaller tribes

► The IncasThe Incas (in Peru + (in Peru +

ChileChile South South

America)America)

► Lived in the Andes MtnsLived in the Andes Mtns► Had a central gov.’t Had a central gov.’t ► Masterful engineers, built amazing Masterful engineers, built amazing

buildings, but they didn’t use the wheelbuildings, but they didn’t use the wheel► Worked in extended family groups Worked in extended family groups

““aylluayllu” to provide for all” to provide for all► Little private trade or commerceLittle private trade or commerce► Conquered peoples required to perform Conquered peoples required to perform

a labor tribute (might make crafts, a labor tribute (might make crafts, work on state land, etc)work on state land, etc)

► Provided for the elderly + all citizens in Provided for the elderly + all citizens in times of food shortagestimes of food shortages

► Record keeping was done with a series Record keeping was done with a series of knotted strings known as “of knotted strings known as “quipuquipu””

► The Maya The Maya

(in southern (in southern Mexico + Mexico + northern Central northern Central America)America)

► Created city-states, each ruled by Created city-states, each ruled by a god-kinga god-king

► Had giant pyramids, palacesHad giant pyramids, palaces► Cacao beans (chocolate!) Cacao beans (chocolate!)

sometimes served as currencysometimes served as currency► Noble class included priests + Noble class included priests +

leading warriorsleading warriors► Believed in many gods (corn, Believed in many gods (corn,

death, rain, war)death, rain, war)► Pierced bodies + offered bloodPierced bodies + offered blood

►Sometimes even human Sometimes even human sacrificesacrifice

► Developed 2 calendars, Developed 2 calendars, mathematics + astronomymathematics + astronomy

► Most advanced writing system in Most advanced writing system in the Americasthe Americas

►Used symbolsUsed symbols► Unknown why empire declinedUnknown why empire declined

► The Aztecs The Aztecs

(in Central (in Central Mexico)Mexico)

► Originally called the MexicaOriginally called the Mexica► Capital of Teotihuacan located in Capital of Teotihuacan located in

modern day Mexico Citymodern day Mexico City►One of the largest cities in the One of the largest cities in the

worldworld► Numerous pyramidsNumerous pyramids► Based power on military conquests Based power on military conquests

+ collected tributes+ collected tributes► Military leaders held great power, Military leaders held great power,

but emperor had absolute powerbut emperor had absolute power► Had slavesHad slaves► Elaborate religious ceremoniesElaborate religious ceremonies

►Sacrifices to the Sun God Sacrifices to the Sun God included human bloodincluded human blood

► Montezuma II last emperor before Montezuma II last emperor before the Spanish arrivalthe Spanish arrival

(Ch 20) Spanish were the 1(Ch 20) Spanish were the 1stst European settlers in the European settlers in the

AmericasAmericasWhy were the Why were the Europeans interested Europeans interested

in colonization?in colonization?

► God – missionary God – missionary workwork

► Glory – fame, royal Glory – fame, royal favorfavor

► Gold – wealth of any Gold – wealth of any kind (spices, silks, kind (spices, silks, gold, silver)gold, silver)

In 1492, Columbus sailed the In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue…ocean blue…

► Columbus Columbus discovers the discovers the “New” World“New” World

► Traveling for Spain w/ 3 Traveling for Spain w/ 3 ships looking for western ships looking for western route to India (exploring)route to India (exploring)

► Lands in the Caribbean + Lands in the Caribbean + encounters natives, encounters natives, mistakenly calls them mistakenly calls them IndiansIndians

► Looking for goldLooking for gold► Island hops, puts a cross Island hops, puts a cross

on all islands he lands on on all islands he lands on + claims for Spain + claims for Spain

►God, GloryGod, Glory► Returns to SpainReturns to Spain

► 1493, 21493, 2ndnd trip w/ 17 ships trip w/ 17 ships + 1,000 soldiers, + 1,000 soldiers, crewmen, and colonists crewmen, and colonists (empire building)(empire building)

►Spain intended to Spain intended to transform the transform the Caribbean into Caribbean into coloniescolonies

►Lands controlled Lands controlled by another by another nationnation

► Columbus would make a Columbus would make a 33rdrd + 4 + 4thth trip to the trip to the CaribbeanCaribbean

► Amerigo Amerigo VespucciVespucci

► Traveled along South American Traveled along South American coast Goes back to Europe + insists coast Goes back to Europe + insists it was a “New” World, NOT Asiait was a “New” World, NOT Asia

► Idea gets printed by Gutenberg's Idea gets printed by Gutenberg's printing press printing press

► A German mapmaker names the A German mapmaker names the new continent “America” in new continent “America” in Vespucci’s honorVespucci’s honor

► Ferdinand Ferdinand MagellanMagellan

► Convinces Spanish king to fund Convinces Spanish king to fund a voyage to the Pacific Ocean a voyage to the Pacific Ocean 1519, leaves w/ 250 men + 5 1519, leaves w/ 250 men + 5 shipsships

► Magellan dies on Pacific island Magellan dies on Pacific island of Guamof Guam

► 3 yrs after leaving Spain, crew 3 yrs after leaving Spain, crew of 18 men + 1 ship returns to of 18 men + 1 ship returns to SpainSpain

►11stst to circumnavigate the to circumnavigate the worldworld

► Portuguese Portuguese explorer explorer claims Brazilclaims Brazil

► 1500, Brazil becomes a 1500, Brazil becomes a Portuguese colonyPortuguese colony

► Little gold, grew wealthy Little gold, grew wealthy from sugar plantationsfrom sugar plantations

                        

Latin AmericaLatin America

► Hernando Hernando CortesCortes

► ConquistadorConquistador 1519, lands in Mexico 1519, lands in Mexico►Spanish explorers + fortune Spanish explorers + fortune

hunters who took part in the hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the conquest of the Americas in the 1500s1500s

► Looking for lands filled w/ gold + silverLooking for lands filled w/ gold + silver► Learns of wealthy Aztecs (in Central Learns of wealthy Aztecs (in Central

Mexico) whose king, Montezuma, Mexico) whose king, Montezuma, believes Cortes was a godbelieves Cortes was a god

►Gives Europeans a share of their Gives Europeans a share of their wealth, but Cortes wants it allwealth, but Cortes wants it all

► 1521, defeat Aztecs1521, defeat Aztecs►Weaponry, native allies, diseasesWeaponry, native allies, diseases

►Montezuma’s RevengeMontezuma’s Revenge

► Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

► Another conquistadorAnother conquistador► 1532, ambushes the Incas of Peru 1532, ambushes the Incas of Peru ► Kills thousands, kidnaps their king Kills thousands, kidnaps their king

► Ransoms king, after receiving the Ransoms king, after receiving the

ransom, he kills the king anywayransom, he kills the king anyway► Conquers IncasConquers Incas

► Must Must protect their protect their new great new great wealthwealth

► military, esp. navymilitary, esp. navy► Wealth brought golden age of art + culture to Wealth brought golden age of art + culture to

SpainSpain► Enlarged empire towards North AmericaEnlarged empire towards North America► Developed a hierarchy in the AmericasDeveloped a hierarchy in the Americas

1. 1. PeninsularesPeninsulares – colonists born in Spain – colonists born in Spain2. 2. MestizosMestizos – mixed Spanish + American – mixed Spanish + American

Indians Indians 3. American Indians 3. American Indians

► 1513, Ponce de Leon landed in Florida + claimed 1513, Ponce de Leon landed in Florida + claimed for Spainfor Spain

► Priests come to convert + many speak out Priests come to convert + many speak out against against encomienda systemencomienda system

►Natives farmed, ranched, mined for Spanish Natives farmed, ranched, mined for Spanish landlordslandlords

►Landlords promised the Spanish authorities Landlords promised the Spanish authorities to treat Natives fairlyto treat Natives fairly

►Many were abused + worked to Many were abused + worked to deathdeath

► Spanish gov.’t abolishes the encomienda system Spanish gov.’t abolishes the encomienda system in 1542in 1542

► To meet need for labor, they start bringing in To meet need for labor, they start bringing in African slavesAfrican slaves

End End Section 1Section 1

20.220.2

North AmericaNorth America► Looking for the Looking for the

Northwest Northwest PassagePassage

► Magellan proved they Magellan proved they could sail around the could sail around the tip of South America tip of South America + reach the Pacific+ reach the Pacific

► Other countries want Other countries want a more direct a more direct passagepassage

► Potential for trade to Potential for trade to become VERY become VERY profitableprofitable

► NW passage didn’t NW passage didn’t exist but leads to exist but leads to colonizationcolonization

► The French The French establish establish New FranceNew France

► France’s colonial empire in North France’s colonial empire in North AmericaAmerica

►Most of Midwestern USA + Most of Midwestern USA + Eastern CanadaEastern Canada

►Explore NY harbor, St. Explore NY harbor, St. Lawrence River, Montreal, Lawrence River, Montreal, Quebec Quebec

►Explore Great Lakes region, Explore Great Lakes region, sailed down Mississippi + sailed down Mississippi + named the entire river valley named the entire river valley Louisiana (after French king)Louisiana (after French king)

►Sparsely populatedSparsely populated►Fur tradeFur trade►Wanted to make $, not settleWanted to make $, not settle

► The The EnglishEnglish

► 1607 founded Jamestown, VA - 1607 founded Jamestown, VA - 11stst permanent English permanent English settlement (named for English settlement (named for English king)king)

► Looking for goldLooking for gold► 70% died (hunger, disease, 70% died (hunger, disease,

fights w/ American Indians)fights w/ American Indians)► Discovered tobaccoDiscovered tobacco

►Cash cropCash crop►Crop grown for sale Crop grown for sale

rather than farmer’s rather than farmer’s personal use (often personal use (often rely on only 1 or 2)rely on only 1 or 2)

► PilgrimsPilgrims

► PuritansPuritans

► 1620, found 21620, found 2ndnd permanent permanent English colony at Plymouth, English colony at Plymouth, MassachusettsMassachusetts

► Looking for religious Looking for religious freedoms for freedoms for themselvesthemselves

► 1630, est. Massachusetts 1630, est. Massachusetts Bay ColonyBay Colony

► Also looking for religious Also looking for religious freedom for freedom for themselvesthemselves

► VERY successfulVERY successful►““City on a Hill”City on a Hill”

► The Dutch The Dutch found New found New NetherlandsNetherlands

► English oust English oust the Dutchthe Dutch

► Henry Hudson (Englishman Henry Hudson (Englishman sailing for the Netherlands) sailing for the Netherlands) explores waterwaysexplores waterways

►Hudson River, Bay, StraitHudson River, Bay, Strait► Few Dutch colonists, open to Few Dutch colonists, open to

settlers from Germany, France, settlers from Germany, France, Scandinavia, etcScandinavia, etc

► W/ the king’s permission, Duke W/ the king’s permission, Duke of York sails w/ a fleet to the of York sails w/ a fleet to the Dutch colony of New Dutch colony of New NetherlandsNetherlands

► Dutch surrendered w/o a shot Dutch surrendered w/o a shot being firedbeing fired

►Duke renames the colony Duke renames the colony after himself (NY)after himself (NY)

French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War► BeginningsBeginnings ► Both the French + English

claim 200,000 acres of the Ohio Valley

► England sends best troops for the 1st battle, who suffer a huge defeat by the French

► George Washington, who led a successful retreat after the death of the commander, is blamed for the loss of the 1st major battle

► Results of Results of the Warthe War

► Although the English will win the war, “British invincibility” is now gone in the minds of the French, colonists, + natives

► Militia is treated poorly by British commanders/troops – caused a change of heart w/ the colonists towards the British

► George Washington + the militia learn important lessons regarding frontier warfare

► Washington will resign from the British Army + go back to Mt. Vernon

► Britain takes Florida from Spain► Britain receives Canada + all lands

east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans

► Proclamation Line of 1763 – the British Crown promises the Natives that English settlers will not cross west of the line (roughly the Appalachian Mtns.)

► American American IndiansIndians

► MostlyMostly friendly interactions w/ friendly interactions w/ the Dutch + Frenchthe Dutch + French

►Due to trade Due to trade

(fur - supplies/weapons)(fur - supplies/weapons)

► The English pushed them off their The English pushed them off their own land so the English could own land so the English could colonize itcolonize it

► Considered them “heathens” Considered them “heathens” ► Much fightingMuch fighting

►Kill off most NativesKill off most Natives►Fighting, labor, Fighting, labor,

diseasesdiseases

End Section 2End Section 2

20.320.3

Causes of SlaveryCauses of Slavery► Colonists’ Colonists’

options other options other than African than African slaveryslavery

► No slaveryNo slavery►Required more work + Required more work +

cooperationcooperation►Less profitableLess profitable

► American IndiansAmerican Indians►Limited supplyLimited supply►Could escape – blend in, knew Could escape – blend in, knew

the landthe land►Got sickGot sick

► Poor WhitesPoor Whites►Limited supplyLimited supply►Could escape – blend inCould escape – blend in►Power of English gov.’t Power of English gov.’t

(protested using Christians + (protested using Christians + Englishmen – had rights)Englishmen – had rights)

► Why the Why the Africans?Africans?

► Beginnings of Beginnings of SlaverySlavery

► Endless supplyEndless supply► No where to go if escapedNo where to go if escaped► Stuck outStuck out► No one w/ power caredNo one w/ power cared► Used to working in the heatUsed to working in the heat

► 11stst Africans in the colonies were Africans in the colonies were INDENTURED SERVANTS!INDENTURED SERVANTS!

They were treated like poor whitesThey were treated like poor whites► Spain + Portugal led the waySpain + Portugal led the way► Africans assisted in the slave tradeAfricans assisted in the slave trade

►Often captured the slaves + Often captured the slaves + brought them to the coast brought them to the coast where they traded the slaves where they traded the slaves for guns, gold, etcfor guns, gold, etc

► TransportatioTransportation of Slavesn of Slaves

► Triangular TradeTriangular Trade:: Manufactured GoodsManufactured Goods

►Europeans Europeans Africa Africa SlavesSlaves

►AfricaAfrica Americas Americas Raw MaterialsRaw Materials

►Americas Americas Europe Europe

► Middle PassageMiddle Passage:: SlavesSlaves

►AfricaAfrica Americas Americas►Estimated 20% die during Estimated 20% die during

transporttransport►Abuse, starvation, Abuse, starvation,

diseasesdiseases

► Effects:Effects: ► Introduced guns into AfricaIntroduced guns into Africa► By 1870, Europeans had By 1870, Europeans had

imported 9.5 mil Africans to the imported 9.5 mil Africans to the AmericasAmericas

► About 400,000 Africans were About 400,000 Africans were sold to Britain’s North sold to Britain’s North American coloniesAmerican colonies

► Sold to highest bidderSold to highest bidder► Hereditary – children were Hereditary – children were

slaves slaves ►Number of slaves quicklyNumber of slaves quickly

► Americas:Americas:►Labor – economically Labor – economically

prosperprosper►Culture – music, religion, Culture – music, religion,

foodfood►Population – mixedPopulation – mixed

End End Section 3Section 3

20.420.4

During the colonization of the New During the colonization of the New World, people aren’t the only things World, people aren’t the only things

movingmoving► ColumbiaColumbian n ExchangeExchange

► The global transfer of food, plants, The global transfer of food, plants, animals, + diseases during the animals, + diseases during the colonization of the Americascolonization of the Americas

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

► New WorldNew World Old World Old World foods, plants, animalsfoods, plants, animals

► New WorldNew World Old World Old Worldturkeys, tobacco, cacao beansturkeys, tobacco, cacao beanstomatoes, corn, potatoes, syphilistomatoes, corn, potatoes, syphilis

►Corn + potatoes would prove VERY Corn + potatoes would prove VERY important b/c inexpensive + important b/c inexpensive + nutritious nutritious

►Grown all over the world, Grown all over the world, people lived longer + people lived longer + populationpopulation

Diseases*Diseases*

► New WorldNew World Old Old WorldWorld

horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, ricehorses, cattle, sheep, pigs, rice

wheat, oats, sugar, bananas wheat, oats, sugar, bananas

► Diseases included: smallpox, Diseases included: smallpox, typhus, malaria, etctyphus, malaria, etc

► Global trade Global trade leads to:leads to:

► New wealth from the Americas New wealth from the Americas to Europeto Europe

► Huge in overseas tradeHuge in overseas trade►Growth of Growth of capitalismcapitalism

►Economic system Economic system based on private based on private ownership + ownership + investments for profitinvestments for profit

►Gov’ts are no longer Gov’ts are no longer the sole owners of the sole owners of great wealthgreat wealth

► merchants + merchants + businessesbusinesses

► wealth + inflationwealth + inflation

► MercantilisMercantilismm

► Economic policy of Europe Economic policy of Europe based on the belief that a based on the belief that a nation’s power comes from its nation’s power comes from its wealthwealth

►2 ways to wealth2 ways to wealth Obtain as much gold/silver Obtain as much gold/silver

as possibleas possible Have a Have a favorable balance of favorable balance of

tradetrade►Sell more, buy lessSell more, buy less

► Goal is to become self-Goal is to become self-sufficientsufficient

Sells raw materialsSells raw materialsAmericasAmericas EuropeEurope

$$Sells finish goodsSells finish goods

AmericasAmericas EuropeEurope $$$$$$$$$$

End Section 4End Section 4