the atmosphere

The AtmosphereThe AtmosphereChap. 11Chap. 11Chap. 11Chap. 11

Atmosphere Basics

State of the Atmosphere

Moisture in Atmosphere

Atmosphere Basics – 11.1

http://eob.gsfc.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages

• Describe the composition of the atmosphere• Compare and contrast the various layers of the atmosphere• Identify three methods of transferring energy throughout the atmosphere

I.I. Atmospheric compositionAtmospheric composition

I.I. Atmospheric compositionAtmospheric compositionA.A. 99% nitrogen and oxygen99% nitrogen and oxygen


B.B. Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1%water, and other gases make up 1%



C.C. The amount of water in the The amount of water in the atmosphere varies from 0% to 4%atmosphere varies from 0% to 4%




D.D. There are solids in the atmosphereThere are solids in the atmosphere




D.D. There are solids in the atmosphereThere are solids in the atmosphere1.1. DustDust

2.2. SaltSalt

3.3. IceIce

II. Important gases of atmosphereII. Important gases of atmosphere


A.A. Carbon dioxide and waterCarbon dioxide and water

http://weathersavvy.com/Q-Clouds_AffectTemperature.html


A.A. Carbon dioxide and water – regulate Carbon dioxide and water – regulate the temperature of the earth.the temperature of the earth.

B.B. OzoneOzone

http://radio.weblogs.com/0105910/2004/03/03.html


A.A. Carbon dioxide and water – regulate Carbon dioxide and water – regulate the temperature of the earth.the temperature of the earth.

B.B. Ozone – absorbs harmful ultraviolet Ozone – absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.(UV) radiation.

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereA.A. Troposphere Troposphere

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereA.A. Troposphere Troposphere

1.1. Closest to Earth.Closest to Earth.

2.2. Weather and pollution occur here.Weather and pollution occur here.

3.3. Temp. decreases as altitude Temp. decreases as altitude increases.increases.

4.4. Ends at about 16 km at tropics, 9 km Ends at about 16 km at tropics, 9 km near poles.near poles.

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereB.B. Stratosphere Stratosphere

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereB.B. Stratosphere Stratosphere

1.1. Composed mostly of ozone.Composed mostly of ozone.

2.2. Is warmed by solar radiation. The Is warmed by solar radiation. The higher the altitude the warmer.higher the altitude the warmer.

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereC.C. Mesosphere Mesosphere

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereC.C. Mesosphere Mesosphere

1.1. No ozone.No ozone.

2.2. This layer gets cooler as you ascend.This layer gets cooler as you ascend.

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereD.D. Thermosphere Thermosphere


1.1. Temperature more than 1000Temperature more than 1000º C.º C.

2.2. There are very few air particles here.There are very few air particles here.

3.3. Includes ions in a region called the Includes ions in a region called the _________._________.


1.1. Temperature more than 1000Temperature more than 1000º C.º C.

2.2. There are very few air particles here.There are very few air particles here.

3.3. Includes ions in a region called the Includes ions in a region called the ionosphereionosphere..

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereE.E. Exosphere Exosphere

III. Layers of the AtmosphereIII. Layers of the AtmosphereE.E. Exosphere Exosphere

1.1. Light gases found here (hydrogen Light gases found here (hydrogen and helium).and helium).

2.2. Gradually transitions into space.Gradually transitions into space.

IV. Energy TransferIV. Energy Transfer

A.A. Radiation – transferring energy Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) (visible, UV, etc.)



1.1. Not all this energy stays on Earth.Not all this energy stays on Earth.




2.2. Radiation heats ________ objects faster.Radiation heats ________ objects faster.




2.2. Radiation heats Radiation heats dark dark objects faster.objects faster.

3.3. Radiation heats water ______ than land.Radiation heats water ______ than land.




2.2. Radiation heats Radiation heats dark dark objects faster.objects faster.

3.3. Radiation heats water Radiation heats water slowerslower than land. than land.

4.4. Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves.radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves.




2.2. Radiation heats Radiation heats dark dark objects faster. objects faster.

3.3. Radiation heats water Radiation heats water slowerslower than land. than land.

4.4. Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves.radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves.

5.5. When solar radiation hits surface of the When solar radiation hits surface of the Earth, the wavelength becomes longer.Earth, the wavelength becomes longer.


B.B. Conduction – transferring energy Conduction – transferring energy by contact.by contact.



1.1. Warm particles collide with cooler particles.Warm particles collide with cooler particles.



1.1. Warm particles collide with cooler particles.Warm particles collide with cooler particles.

2.2. This really only heats air near surface.This really only heats air near surface.


C.C. Convection – transferring energy Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance.by flow of heated substance.



1.1. Warm particles have lower density and rise.Warm particles have lower density and rise.




2.2. Warm particles cool, which causes them to Warm particles cool, which causes them to fall.fall.




2.2. Warm particles cool, which causes them to Warm particles cool, which causes them to fall.fall.

3.3. This motion creates This motion creates convection currentsconvection currents..


The End

State of the Atmosphere – 11.2

• Describe the various properties of the atmosphere and how they interact• Explain why atmospheric properties change with changes in altitude

Earth’s atmosphere from the ISS (360 km above Earth)

I. TemperatureI. Temperature

A.A. Temperature is different from heatTemperature is different from heat



1.1. Temperature measures the average speed of Temperature measures the average speed of the particles of a substancethe particles of a substance



1.1. Temperature measures the average speed of Temperature measures the average speed of the particles of a substancethe particles of a substance

2.2. Heat describes a transfer of energyHeat describes a transfer of energy



B.B. Temperature scalesTemperature scales





1.1. FahrenheitFahrenheit





2.2. CelsiusCelsius





2.2. CelsiusCelsius

3.3. KelvinKelvin



C.C. Dew point (condensation temp.)Dew point (condensation temp.)


Temperature to which air must be cooled at Temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure to reach saturationconstant pressure to reach saturation





1.1. This varies depending on water This varies depending on water content of the aircontent of the air





1.1. This varies depending on water This varies depending on water content of the aircontent of the air

2.2. When temperature reaches dew When temperature reaches dew point, condensation can occurpoint, condensation can occur

D.D. Vertical temperature changesVertical temperature changes




1.1. Air cools as elevation increasesAir cools as elevation increases




2.2. Dry air cools at about 10Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 mºC / 1000 m





3.3. If you travel high enough, the air cools If you travel high enough, the air cools to the dew point. This is called the to the dew point. This is called the lifted condensation level (LCL)lifted condensation level (LCL)





3.3. If you travel high enough, the air cools If you travel high enough, the air cools to the dew point. This is called the to the dew point. This is called the lifted condensation level (LCL)lifted condensation level (LCL)

4.4. Moist air cools at about 6Moist air cools at about 6ºC / 1000 mºC / 1000 m

II. PressureII. Pressure

A.A. Air pressure and densityAir pressure and density




1.1. The air near the Earth’s surface is The air near the Earth’s surface is ______ than air further up______ than air further up



1.1. The air near the Earth’s surface is The air near the Earth’s surface is denserdenser than air further up than air further up

2.2. The higher you go, the lower the The higher you go, the lower the pressurepressure because . . . because . . .


B.B. Temperature–Pressure relationshipTemperature–Pressure relationship





1.1. As the temperature goes As the temperature goes ↑↑, the , the pressure goes ___.pressure goes ___.




1.1. As the temperature goes As the temperature goes ↑↑, the , the pressure goes pressure goes ↑↑ . .

2.2. This relationship is called a direct This relationship is called a direct relationship.relationship.



C.C. Temperature-Density relationshipTemperature-Density relationship






1.1. As the temperature As the temperature ↑↑, the density goes , the density goes ___ .___ .





1.1. As the temperature As the temperature ↑↑, the density goes , the density goes _ _↓↓__ . .

2.2. This relationship is called an inverse This relationship is called an inverse relationship.relationship.

III. Temperature InversionsIII. Temperature Inversions

A.A. The temperature of the air The temperature of the air increasesincreases the higher the elevation. the higher the elevation.


A.A. The temperature of the air The temperature of the air increasesincreases the higher the elevation. the higher the elevation.

B.B. These layers act like a lid, holding These layers act like a lid, holding in gases below.in gases below.


IV. WindIV. Wind

IV. WindIV. WindA.A. Results from differences in Results from differences in

temperature.temperature.



B.B. Warm air has a lower density and Warm air has a lower density and rises causing low pressurerises causing low pressure



B.B. Warm air has a lower density and Warm air has a lower density and rises causing low pressurerises causing low pressure

C.C. Cooler air has a higher density Cooler air has a higher density and falls, causing high pressureand falls, causing high pressure

V. Relative HumidityV. Relative Humidity

V. Relative HumidityV. Relative HumidityA.A. Relative humidity depends on:Relative humidity depends on:


1.1. How much moisture is in the airHow much moisture is in the air



2.2. How much moisture could be in the airHow much moisture could be in the air

Amount of moisture present

Amount of moisture possiblex 100




3.3. Note – warm air holds more moisture.Note – warm air holds more moisture.




3.3. Note – warm air holds more moisture.Note – warm air holds more moisture.

B.B. If the relative humidity is 100% If the relative humidity is 100% this means the atmosphere is this means the atmosphere is __________.__________.

The End

Moisture in the Atmosphere - 11.3

• Explain how clouds are formed• Identify the basic characteristics of different cloud groups• Describe the water cycle

I. Cloud FormationI. Cloud FormationA.A. Steps to making cloudsSteps to making clouds

I. Cloud FormationI. Cloud Formation

1.1. Warm, moist air rises.Warm, moist air rises.

A.A. Steps to making cloudsSteps to making clouds



2.2. This air expands and coolsThis air expands and cools





3.3. The air reaches its dew pointThe air reaches its dew point






4.4. Water droplets condense Water droplets condense around condensation nucleiaround condensation nuclei


Surface on which water droplets can form. Smoke Surface on which water droplets can form. Smoke or dust particles can act as condensation nucleior dust particles can act as condensation nuclei





4.4. Water droplets condense Water droplets condense around condensation nucleiaround condensation nuclei

5.5. A cloud formsA cloud forms



B.B. Causes for warm air to riseCauses for warm air to rise


1.1. Orographic liftingOrographic lifting



Cloud formation as a result of wind moving air Cloud formation as a result of wind moving air into a mountain. This moves the air upward.into a mountain. This moves the air upward.


1.1. Orographic liftingOrographic lifting

2.2. Warm air encounters cold airWarm air encounters cold air





C.C. Atmospheric stabilityAtmospheric stability

The ability to resist risingThe ability to resist rising


1.1. A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or thin, layers of clouds.thin, layers of clouds.





1.1. A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or thin, layers of clouds.thin, layers of clouds.

2.2. An unstable atmosphere will have An unstable atmosphere will have vertical development. Thunderstorms vertical development. Thunderstorms indicate an unstable atmosphere.indicate an unstable atmosphere.







D.D. Latent heatLatent heat

The heat exchanged during a phase change.The heat exchanged during a phase change.




D.D. Latent heatLatent heat1.1. Energy required to evaporate water is Energy required to evaporate water is

stored in the water vapor.stored in the water vapor.




D.D. Latent heatLatent heat1.1. Energy required to evaporate water is Energy required to evaporate water is

stored in the water vapor.stored in the water vapor.

2.2. When the water vapor condenses this When the water vapor condenses this heat is released.heat is released.

I. Cloud FormationI. Cloud FormationE.E. Types of cloudsTypes of clouds


1.1. CirrusCirrus

Form high in atmosphere, made of ice Form high in atmosphere, made of ice crystals, appear as thin, white, feathery cloudscrystals, appear as thin, white, feathery clouds

http://www.cloudman.com/atlas/atlas.htm


1.1. CirrusCirrus

2.2. CumulusCumulus

Flat-based, puffy white clouds with cauliflower Flat-based, puffy white clouds with cauliflower appearance on top. Extends vertically several thousand ft.appearance on top. Extends vertically several thousand ft.


1.1. CirrusCirrus

2.2. CumulusCumulus

3.3. StratusStratus

Layered cloud that covers most of the sky. Layered cloud that covers most of the sky. Forms at low altitudes. Often gray.Forms at low altitudes. Often gray.

3 main cloud types

http://www.cloudman.com/atlas/atlas.htm


1.1. CirrusCirrus

2.2. CumulusCumulus

3.3. StratusStratus

4.4. CirrostratusCirrostratus

High, thin clouds that give sky a milky white High, thin clouds that give sky a milky white appearance.appearance.

http://quest.arc.nasa.gov


1.1. CirrusCirrus

2.2. CumulusCumulus

3.3. StratusStratus

4.4. CirrostratusCirrostratus

5.5. CirrocumulusCirrocumulus

Delicate clouds forming in bands a ripples. These Delicate clouds forming in bands a ripples. These rare clouds form when cirrus clouds degenerate.rare clouds form when cirrus clouds degenerate.



6.6. AltostratusAltostratus

Clouds of intermediate height, having blue-gray Clouds of intermediate height, having blue-gray appearance. Composed of ice crystals and water.appearance. Composed of ice crystals and water.




7.7. AltocumulusAltocumulus

Have oval shapes, colored white with gray Have oval shapes, colored white with gray undersides. May produce mild precipitation.undersides. May produce mild precipitation.





8.8. NimbostatusNimbostatus

Often associated with steady precipitation. Can Often associated with steady precipitation. Can occur in thick, continuous layers.occur in thick, continuous layers.






9.9. StratocumulusStratocumulus

Can cover the sky in dark, heavy masses. Form Can cover the sky in dark, heavy masses. Form irregular masses close to the ground.irregular masses close to the ground.






9.9. StratocumulusStratocumulus

10.10. CumulonimbusCumulonimbus

Puffy, white cloud. Towering clouds that extend Puffy, white cloud. Towering clouds that extend upward to heights of 2-5 miles. Cause thunderstormsupward to heights of 2-5 miles. Cause thunderstorms


II. The Water CycleII. The Water Cycle

The End

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