the awareness of various culture-social

8/13/2019 The Awareness of Various Culture-Social

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Various races will formdifferent social-culture.(divider)

Students should be exposed tovarious social-culture (races,social class, beliefs, customs andgender)


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SIX ASPECTS

1. RACE2. SOCIAL CLASS

3. BELIEFS4. LANGUAGE

5. ADAT RESAM/ CUSTOMARYPRACTICE

6. GENDER


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According to Zulhilmi &Rohani, 2005

The existence of a group ofpeople with the samecharacteristics.


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According to Sodaro, 2001 Race is seen as a large group whereby

its citizens believe that everyone isbeing bound as a basic community.

Usually the community is being boundby the similarities of their historyrelationship, culture and ancestors.

Possess the same identity, language,religion, ideology, culture and history.


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According to Syed Husin (1979) In terms of appearance :

they have mature reddish-chocolate skin(berkulit sawo matang ), average body size and strong

Polite in language The definition of Malay always

undergo changes based on thesituation and its importance.


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According to Ismail (1988)

In terms of culture : It comprisescitizens who live in a large areasuch as a group of Malay islands

(Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines &etc.)

In terms of law : It comprisesMalaysian citizens which is definedby the constitutional.


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According to the MalaysianConstitutional (160 Clause)

Islam Speak Malay language Follow the Malay customs

Born before or during the NationalDay in the Federal or Singapore


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According to Aris (1983), thedefinition of Malay regarding theclause in terms of politic contexts:

Is based on which state that they arestaying Eg: Johor, Kedah, Pahang


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Malaysian Chinese is the citizens in Malaysia. They came from China to Malaysia around the

15th century to mid-20 th century.

Preserve their community identity, cultureand politics. Seldom intermarry with Malay people

because of differences in religion and culture. Under the Malaysian law, this marriage

requires the person to embrace Islam. However, culture assimilation occurs and

changes have begun to gain acceptance.


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Descended from those who migratedfrom India during the British rule inTanah Melayu.

Comprises of man who leave theirfamilies in India and Sri Langka.

Therefore, the population of Indiansalways rise and fall .

In 2005, the Indian population is about7% of the total population of Malaysia(1.8 million)


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The black history of 13 Mei 1969 Many lives are being sacrifice


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Teacher has to ensure that students areable to maintain the harmony of thiscountry when they are about to leave theschool environment.

Every race should be aware of thesensitivity, taboos and beliefs of otherraces. (will not hurt other peoples feelings)

Therefore, 1 Malaysia concept is used tostrengthen the spirit of unity andrelationship among the citizens through 3mainstream (acceptance , appreciation of theprinciples of citizenship and protection to

all those in need)


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2. STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY/ SOCIALCLASS

A status hierarchy in which individuals andgroups are classified on the basis of esteemand prestige acquired through economic

success and accumulation of wealth. The social class in todays society is divided

into lower class, working class, lower middleclass, middle class, upper class and capitalistclass. The classes are categorised based onincome and wealth.


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Capitalist Class Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceedRM350,000 yearly; includes celebrities and powerfulexecutives/politicians.

Upper Middle Class Most people in the upper-middle class strata are highlyeducated white collar professionals such as physicians,

lawyers, economists, accountants, universityprofessors, architects, scientists, engineers, dentists,pharmacists, software developers, upper managementcivil servants and etc. Generally, people in these

professions have earned an advanced post-secondaryeducation and a comfortable standard of living. In mostcases household incomes can range from RM150,000to RM220,000 a year.


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Middle Class College educated workers with incomes

considerably above-average incomes andcompensation, household incomes commonlyrange from RM50,000 to RM120,000

Lower Middle Class Semi-professionals and craftsman with somework autonomy; household incomescommonly range from RM35,000 toRM75,000. Typically, some college education.


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Working Class Blue collar workers and those whose jobs are

highly routinized with low economic security; ahousehold income of RM24,000 to RM 49,000may be typical

Under ClassThose living below the poverty line with limitedto no participation in the labor force; a householdincome of RM15,000 may be typical

social structure and social class lies in the power,wealth and their influential in the society.


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3. BELIEFS

Belief = Kepercayaan Kepercayaan sesuatu yang

dipercayai dan diterima secaraturun menurun.


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Beliefs are often related toreligions .

Beliefs towards religions make areligious man.


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In Malaysia, religions can be embraced freely. However, Islam

is the official religion.

Other religions:- Chinese religions (Buddhism, Taoism,Confucianism, etc)

- Hinduism

- Christianity- Sikhism- Animism , etc.


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Taboos

A taboo is a prohibition of an actionbased on the beliefs that such

behaviour is either too sacred ortoo accursed for ordinaryindividuals to undertake, under

threat of supernaturalpunishment .


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Taboos are passed down from generations to

generations orally .

Taboos are meant to teach people values

indirectly . The ancestors hope that thedescendants will apply the values in their lives.

Taboos in each religions are usually based on thebeliefs of the ancestors, which is related to theircustom and culture .


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Taboos in Malay society

1. Do not sit on the pillow to avoidinfected boils (bisul) on yourbackside. Why? - so that the pillow wont break!

2. Do not open an umbrella in thehouse, if not the snake will enterthe house. Why? - there may be a sharp corner onthe umbrella. In case of negligence,it may puncture the eye.


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3. Do not urinate on termite bunk (busut),or your private part (male) might be

swollen. Why? - It is impolite to wee-wee out of

nowhere.- A bunk might be a resting place for

supernatural spirits and it might curseanyone who mess up their place.

4. Do not sing in the kitchen, or youwill marry someone who is wayolder than you expect. Why?

- To avoid accidents in kitchen as youmight be careless while cooking!


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1. Do not open an umbrellainside the house as it showsyour roof is leaking . Why?

- To prevent the floor fromgetting wet.

2. Do not whistle or play the

flute at night because you willattract spirits to you. Why? - Be considerate of your

neighbours.

Taboos in Chinese society


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3. Do not clipfingernails or

toenails at night orit will cause you tosee spirits.

- This was a safetyissue because of

poor lighting andthe use of penknives to trim nailsin olden days.

Taboos during Chinese New Year:

No telling of ghost stories, or discussinganything related to death.

No crying, as one would end up crying oftenthe whole year.

No cleaning should be done on New YearsDay, if not any sweeping or light brushingwould chase the great fortunes away.

It is best to wear red coming into the new year, as it is considered to be the colour thatbrings the most luck.

Opening your windows is said to let goodluck into your home.


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1. Do not eat in dark places, ifnot your food will be sharedwith spirits.

- So that they will not eat thewrong food or dirty the place.

2. Do not sharpen your pencilat both sides or your parentswill often quarrel.

- To avoid poke in the eyes.

Taboos in Indian society


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3. Do not let guests to do workslike washing plates on theirfirst visit or it will bringmisfortune.

- Guests should be treated wellby the hosts- politeness


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Longhouse taboo in Sabah and Sarawak

Many sub-ethnic groups among indigenoustribes in Sabah and Sarawak live in rumahpanjang (longhouses) and maintain theirtraditional spiritual/animistic beliefs.


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One should also never enter a longhousewithout an invitation.

Once inside the longhouse, he shouldimmediately make his way to the elders room

to announce his presence.

When leaving, visitors are required to partake

in a local wine (usually made out of fermentedrice), or stop for a chat; as it is believed thatvisitors who do not pause will take away thewealth of the house with them.


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4. LANGUAGES


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Languages are the meaningful sound produced byhumans speech organ such as lips, teeth, tongue,

alveolar ridge, hard palate, uvula, etc.

Every language has its own system.- Arrangement of words, syntax, vocabulary, word

sound, etc.- Forms like words, phrases, clauses, sentences, etc.

Language has displacement.- the capability to communicate about things that

are not immediately present and things that arealready past.


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What are the functions of

languages?

By using language, we are ableto exchange knowledge,beliefs, opinions, wishes,

threats, commands, thanks,

promises, declarations, feelings only our imagination

sets limits.


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Generally, the functions of language are:1. Interaction with others: clear, wide, without

borders2. Expression of feelings3. Expression of thinking4. Establish rules and maintain our culture

A groups identity can beidentified through the usageof language. *not all-eg.Chinese in Kelantan


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In Malaysia,

Malay Language (Bahasa Melayu) = NationalLanguage

Other languages:- English- Mandarin

- Tamil- Iban- Kadazan-Dusun, etc


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5 NORMS/ADAT RESAM

DEFINITION an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doingthings that most people are agree with. ( Cambridge )

In Malay, adat comes from the Arabic word adahwhich means the routines or the doings that are donerepeatedly; that eventually will be a regular thing ineveryday lives. ( Ismail ,1991)

resam is the behaviour that are reinforce and beingpracticed among society and it is also expected to bethe right way to do something in a society.


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Customary practices in Malaysia

i. Adat Perpatih and Adat Temenggong

ii. General practices among three main races in

Malaysia: Malay

Chinese

Indian

iii. Customary practices of the Kenyah people

iv. Customary practices of the Melanau people


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dat Perpatih Adat Perpatih is practiced only in Negeri Sembilan and

Masjid Tanah, Malacca.

The name of this adat is believed to be taken fromthe name of the inventor, Datuk Perpatih NanSebatang, one of the village rulers in West Sumateraand later in Negeri Sembilan.

Adat Perpatih differs from Adat Temenggung in severalaspects, this includes the set-up of marriage, practiceof social and economic activities, and the worketiquette (Nordin Selat, 1982)


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There are 5 main principles in Adat Perpatih:

1. A matrilineal system2. The settlement is at the wifes village

3. Women inherit properties, men inheritsaka

4. Marriage among the same suku is not allowed5. The outsiders can be the members of a suku


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1. A matrilineal system

The clan descent is through women

A man is a member of his mothers clan, untilby marriage he is received to his wifes.


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2. The settlement is at the wifesvillage

Women may not travel; the husband settles inhis wifes village not the wife in the husbands

After marriage, the husband will move to hiswifes village as orang semenda .

During the old days, the husband worked on hiswifes land.


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3. Women inherit properties, maninherit saka

The inheritance of property is given to thedaughters.

Men inherit saka post (jawatan)

The men still become the leader of thecommunity and the women still have torespect and follow their leads.


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4. Marriage among the same suku isnot allowed

In a suku , the relationship among men andwomen is very close as relatives.

If the marriage is among the same suku , thewoman will not inherit her family inheritance

and the man will not be given post in thecommunity.


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5. The outsiders can be the membersof a suku

The outsiders can become the members of asuku by undergoing the berkedim ritual.

In this ritual, he will pledge to obey all therules of that community.


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dat Temenggung

Adat Temenggung is practiced in Perlis, Kedah,Perak, Johor, Pahang, Terengganu andKelantan.

Adat Temenggung is also known as the MalayCustom.

Adat Temenggung basically has the oppositequalities and characteristics of Adat Perpatih.


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Most of its rules and regulations have beenmodified and it takes many Islamic practicesdue to the similarities of both principles inIslamic Laws and Adat Temenggung.

Adat Temenggung gives more attention tomale population because they are the leadersand have a lot of responsibilities in protecting

their belonging including the women andchildren (patrilineal form of organization).


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In the inheritance of properties, men is givenpriority than women.

In the political system, the king is regarded asthe highest administrator.

In terms or marriage, we cannot marry theperson with the same blood relationship.


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General practices in three mainraces in Malaysia

MALAY


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MALAY

The importance of norms/adat resam in Malayculture is clearly shown through the proverb ofbiar mati anak, jangan mati adat .

Malays culture are very much influenced byHindus and it was also being adapted to suit theIslamic religion.


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BIRTH

DEATH

MARRIAGE

Melenggang perut : it is done to the pregnant womenwho will be having the first child. The ceremony is usually

being carried out when the women is pregnant 7-8 months. Cukur jambul : it is done when the baby is 7 days old

after being delivered.

Engagement: to know more about the spouse beforemarriage, manage by both family.

Malam berinai : specially for relatives, neighbours andthe man side.

Persandingan : for the brides to sit on the bridal chairswhile the family members celebrating them by sprinkling

the rose water.

Any kind of feast are not allowed as long as the dead is stillin the house.

kenduri arwah/doa selamat: it is held during the first,third, seventh, fortieth and hundredth day after the death.

It is to pray for the tranquility life after the death.


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CHINESE

Their daily life were pretty much influenced by theirsurroundings and the nature which made themrelied mostly on fate.

In most of the things, the fortune teller plays thehuge role as the experts in the matters of birth,marriage and death.

In Chinese society itself, they have a lot of differentraces which practiced the norms according to theirdifferent races.

The pregnant women arent allowed to do heavy workb h b b h b b d bl d


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BIRTH

DEATH

MARRIAGE

because the baby might be born disabled. They need to behave and arent allowed to hurt any

animal because it can bring bad luck. Shaving hair ceremony: to remove the original hair

because it was expected to be the temporary hair as well asto celebrate the newcomer.

The main subject is to announce the wedding to therelatives by putting up a feast.

One of the main event is drinking tea event to giveopportunity for the members of the family to know more

about the brides to be.

The visitors must wear in black or grey. When entering the house of the dead, the visitors must

bow the body a bit as a sign of respect.


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INDIAN Indian was the third biggest ethnic that brings to

the pluralistic society in Malaysia .

They also have their own norms that still beingpracticed until now.

Indian culture have lots in common with theMalay culture and mostly can be seen in birthand marriage aspects.


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BIRTH

DEATH

MARRIAGE

Adat Valaikaappu : The mother pregnant the first child,from 7-9 month aims to ease the process of childbirth.

After the baby has been born, Gayatri Mantiram willwhisper to the baby in order to bring grace to the baby.

Thairumanam Poruttam Paartal : it is the customaryadjustments for brides and grooms.

Thirumanan means the unity or the sacred bond formedthrough the marriage so that it will remain until the end of

life.

The event of untying the Thaali (the holy necklaces fromthe marriage that can only be removed by the wife after the

husbands death.) Circle the body three times in a clockwise direction.


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Kenyah People

Who are the Kenyah? Kenyah people live in the high interior areas of Sarawak

State and West Kalimantan.

There are approximately 40,000 Kenyah which compriseover 40 divisions and live in more that 110 communities.

They can be found living near the river headwaters alongthe lower and upper reaches of the Baram and BaluiRivers, as well as in big coastel towns such as Miri,Bintulu and Kuching.


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The social classes of Kenyah:

The Kenyah have three different social classes.1. Paren - aristocrates2. Panyen commoners

3. Penyen amin or lipen slaves

The paren exercise leadership in Kenyah communities,

the panyen form the majority of the population andlipen work for their employers and live with them.


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Tatoo also symbolises the Kenyah socialclasses:


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For Kenyah people, women isbeautiful if they have long

ears.

Their ears become long

because they wear copperearrings.

The bigger the earrings, thehigher the social status of thewoman.


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In terms of marriage, parallel cousins are notallowed to marry each other.

If their fathers are siblings, they are not allowed tobe married.

If their father and mother are siblings, they canmarry each other.


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Melanau People

Who are the Melanau? The Melanau are considered among the earliest

settlers in Sarawak.

They call themselves a-likou, meaning people of theriver.

They live in a low-lying swampy plain covered bydense tropical forest in the coastal region ofSarawak.


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The Melanau are mostly farmers, fishermen, sagoproducers, and traders.

Cultivation of sago palm, wet rice, coconut, andrubber supplements their economy.

They are also regarded as fine boat-builders andfishermen.

They consider education a priority, and someMelanau have thrived in politics, business, and publiclife.


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Whenever someone dies, the personspersonal belongings are buried together withthe body.

The pelegin mourning period usually lastsalmost a month.

Intermarriage among those of differentreligious beliefs is common and accepted.


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Gender/ Jantina


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Definition: According to Faizatul Farhana (2010), gender and jantina have a different

definition.

Gender ialah persepsi, pandangan, gambaran, perlakuan atau tindaktanduk seseorang terhasil daripada proses sosialisasi iaitu pergaulandalam masyarakat yang membezakan peranan, tanggungjawab sertapengagihan hak antara lelaki dan perempuan.

Jantina dirujuk kepada biologi dan anatomi struktur tubuh yakniperbezaan antara lelaki dan perempuan dari segi luaran serta dalamantubuh seperti rupa paras, bentuk badan, kromosom dan hormon.


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Diff i h i l d l


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Differences in physical developmentand behaviour

Obvious differences in primary and secondarysexual characteristics.

Boys are bigger, stronger, faster, and moreactive.

Girls are healthier and better on tasksrequiring fine-motor coordination.

Diff i i ll l bili i


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Differences in intellectual abilitiesand achievement

Verbal ability girls excel at reading, spelling andwriting and are less likely to have language-related

difficulties.

Spatial abilities boys surpass girls at mentalrotation and determining relations between objectsin space.


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Depression adolescent girls more likely to bedepressed.

Social influence girls are more compliant andgirls and women are more likely to beinfluenced by persuasive messages and group

pressure


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THANK YOU

the awareness of various culture-social

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