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THE BABYLONIAN EXPEIHTION

SERIES A : CUNEIFORM TEXTS

l : l ) l ' l ' b : l~ I i Y

H . V. H I L P R E C H T

V O L U M E XXIX . PART 1

1,)

HUGO R A D A U

ECKLEY BRINTON COXE. JUNIOR, FUND"

P H I L A D E L P H I A

Published by the Department o f Archceology, University of Pennsylvanta

1911

T HE EDITOR determines the material to constitute a volume and

reports to the Committee o f Publication on the general merits ol

the manuscript and autograph plates submitted for : but the

i t is not responsible Iclr the views expresspJ by the writel-.

SUMERIAN HYMNS AND PRAYERS

G O D N I N - I B

I<\'

HUGO RADAU

Published by the Deportment of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania

1911

DlV IN lN LIBRARY

Gcklep Brinton Coxe, Junior

t?g l i ie IilrcritI iiity+-~*rf o f i tr~l i i~r~\Ict! l i~:tI i i i~t~eti! l i t t inrte ;t itA Iiie +rrofniirtcI iiitcreet iii ~nirtcriolo!tiuitI

;trid ;\segrinI~tgic:tl iitttrlire iitit~lc tlic +*ltltlir;tti~,it a f t h i * unlnrrtc +tn*ei l~ lc

Oratef ullp inscribed

~ ~

DUKING the winter of 1908-9 Professor Hilprecht assigrietl to me for publication some 200 and more tal~lcts and fragments from the Temple 1,il)rnry of Nippnr. After a preliminary examirlation of thcse tnl)lets I informed the ICdit,or that these tahlets furnished sufficient mat,eri:ll to w:rrrant the issu:~nce of :rt le:xst four volumes, one with E'ttlil, orie with NIN-IB, one with D ~ I W L I L - ~ ~ anti one wit,Il "rrligious historical" i~~scriptions. Part of t,he remai~iir~g t~~l)lel,s which I c.oultl not classify under thcsr four 11t:i~tIs I 1i:~vr pul)lislietl in t.hc Ilil~~rccht ..lrril,i'i?crsnr?l Voliarn,~ undrr t,he title ".lflscellntleoli,s Sliliaerian l'er1.s j 1 . 0 7 ~ 1h.c. Te~ ,~ l~ le I,iOrnr?l o/ Nipl~~rr," :~tlding to an introduc:tion and :I t,ranslat,io~i of some of t,he tal~lets (pp. 374-4.57) thirty plates of autograph text<s and fifteen pl:ltes of halftone reprotluctioris.

I t was my original intention t,o pul)lish in this volume about 28 plates in nuto- graph. But as will happen occasiorlally in connection with difficult ctuneiform inscriptions, after a detailed examination arid analysis, :L scholar will change his mind with regard to this or that particular inscription in question. Several of the tabletas which first seemed t,o me to contain NIN-IB texts proved themselves to hc iVerqal compositions, historical texts, etc., while others remainetl doubtful :ts to the god addressed in theni. Anxious t,o offer only indisputable N1.V-IB t,exts, I excluded all inscriptions in which t,hr nnmr of this deit,y c.oultl not l)r :~sc.rrt,;~ined with :rl)solut,c cert,ainty.

The excavatiorls of Nippur, of co~use, hnve yicltlrd :I gooti ninny more KIT-IH texts t,hi~n herr pr~l~lishrtl. But it was the i~lt,crition of t,llr Ia:tlitor :1nd t,he writ,er to issue a t once t,hosr texts which hati l)een ( ~ : ~ t ~ : ~ I o g ~ ~ e d :~1id, moreover, were excavated tiurirlg the earlier expedit,ions, in order to put I~efore st.holars some of the material which furnished the key to the content,ion of the existence of the now rightly famous Temple 1,ihrary. The fztct, therefore, that only 1.5 plates of autograph texts are published in this volume does not by any nieans indicate that t,he Temple Library of iyippur is exhausted as regards KIN-In texts.

Variety of texts is what seems to be desired above everything else a t present. Shorter volumes following each other in quick succession are dem;~ndeti. As soon as the variety of the contents of thc lil~rary hits been dcmoristr:ited, t)he Etlitor :tnd the Publication Committee expect t'o return to t'he oltl mctliod hilherto c~nploycd by them.

The inscriptions nos. 1-5 have been translated in the following pages, while [ x i i ]

the epic:il fr:igrr~e~its (nos. (i&$)) \\.crc: rentlerctl in Series I), xrol. \', i:isc:. 2, where it wits shown that the cont.r~its of the Yippur 'Temple ljil)rary xrr, to a great extent, the same :IS, or similar to, thosct of the .Aslishurl)tin:~pal l i k ) ~ u y , furnishing in many cases the same texts, the oi.icjri~c/s, from whic~l~ the 1:~ter copies of t l ~ c Assyri:m king's library were m:\tlr, either directly or intiirectly

All t,he texts here pul)lished :we writterl ill cltrssi'ccil Sumel;i:~rl interspersed with so-called tlialecticnl forms. The script is th:rt of the Old B:J)ylorlian period with a gooti many forms gener:~lly rcg:rrtletl as c.h:tract,eristic: of the Keo-B:~l)ylo~iian period, cf. sliin, s f ( ! / ) , 110. 1, I1 : 30; IV : 21, with I : 37; I1 : 7, 3%; (liryir, 110. 2 : 3, with ibitl., 11. 14, 32, 33, 3,5, clc. Only olrce :L gloss o c ~ ~ ~ r s : no. I , 111 : 18, where the dialectic.:il I H I I (.(.) is glossctl by qiR. Tlic: inscriptions ljclong 1.0 t l ~ r carlier Temple I ibrary of Sippur, which nnt,eti:~t,es tll:rt of .L\shshnrlj2n:~pd l)y :tl,oui, 2000 years. No. 1 nientions'I<irigs cfGir~~i l - f fSi '~~, " ~ ~ ! I I ' - ' ' A ~ ~ I L :LIICI DUIL-TI; of t,he 11. dy~i:~st ,y of ~ r .

r 7 lhrough some r~nforesee~i unfort,unute circurnstallc~es, I)eyo11(i my power of control, t,he issuance of this .i.olum? was tlelnycd for more than half a ye:^. I have devoted t,he ir~volunt,ary leisure tt111s ol)t,ainod to a thorough irlvest,igat,ion of the calentlar and :rstror~orny of the txr~cient Sumerians; for il, is :il)sol~~tely necessary to have a clear ant1 adecluate co~~c:cpt,iorr of them, if we desire 1.0 underst,arid their religion c:orrecntly. It is m y intent.ion to publish the results of my reseal.ches in a special voll~me of Series D, entitled "The St~merian Cnlci~clar," which I hope will appear about contempori~neonsly wit11 the Durn,~,~-z~: and h'r~121 volumes already in the course of pl~l)licnl,ion.

To nly friend and g~~i t l e , t'rofcssor 11. V. Hilprcc:liC, \vl~osc freely given enctour- agement, :~ssist:lncc :mtl profo1111d 1rnowletlg~;c of i l ~ c cmntrt~lt,s of the '1'emple 1,il)rary ha re furnishetl the illspir:~l.ion for illis volume; to Mrs. S:rllic ('rozer IIilprecht, my most grarious i)elletnrtrrss, who lloi only t l ru i~ l r : the i:~st fivr yezrrs 11:~s made my s o j o ~ u r ~ in Philadelphia possil)l(,, l)ut who :rlso in many other w:lys has shown her generosity, kindness and irlterest in my work, I :hm :IS ever deeply grateful. Also to that ul~known arid unnanled frier~ti of mine, who through YIr. Samuel I". Houston, the late chairman of the Babylonian arid General Semitic Section, so effectively helped me duririg the course of the last surnmer, I (.annot hut express my deepest :tnd most heartfelt gfittitude. I an1 especially p1e:tsed to be permitted to dedicate this volume to Mr. Eckley Brinfon ('oxe, Junior, who hy his rem~trkal~le interest in all thin.;s archa:ological has greatly prorrlotcd scientific research ill

Americ;t ant1 by his lil~cral support of the Ral)ylor~i:~n Pul)lic-ations has erected unto himself a lasting monument :it ihe sarne time making all scholars his grateful debtors.

C O N T E N T S . ~ . .

PAGES

I . THE DI,:T~ICI.OP~IENT OP' THE ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 0 ~ THE SU~~ERIASS FROM T1IE OLDEST TIMES TILT. TIIE IN'I'RODUCTI~N OF GOD NIN-IR INTO THE

SUXZKIAN ~ A Y I ' H E O X . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-38 1 . 'rlie Sumerian gods and t. heir l~urrlnri aspect. . . . 1 2 . The Sumerian gods nild t. hcir diviixc aspect . . . . . . . 4 3 . The Sumerian theology nritl t. heogonv a micro- rid n~ac:roc:osmology

arid cosniogolly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . 4 . The epochs in the history of the Ra1)ylonian religion 11

a . The prehistoric or A n epoch . . . . . . . . . . 13 b . Tlie Sumeriari or Enlil epoch . . . . . . . . . . 13 c . The Amurritish (Canaanitish)-Babylorliar1 or ilJc~rduti epoch . 13 tl . The .4 ssyrian or Ashshu r. epoch . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 . The prehistoric or .4 7~ epoch in the history of the Babylonian religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

A . The sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H . A ~ L the first "$lother-Father" . . . . . . . . . I ,i C . An differentintetl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1) . Ei~lil, the "Son" . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

. . . . . . . . . . . n . His genealogies I8 . . . . h . His ~iature: got1 of the powers of nnt.urc1 19

(u j A tlest.rt~c!l.ive agent . . . . . . . . 21 ( A gracious life-giving arid life-sustaining god

. . . . . . . . of verdure 25 c . His seven nlailifest. ntions . . . . . . . . . 27

( a ) As storm . . . . . . . . . . . 28 (3) Asmessenger . . . . . . . 29 (y) As planet . . . . . . . . . . 32

I I . A.IN.IB, ~ 1 1 1 . . "SON" 01' THIS; NII'PI~II TI~IXITY UUIZISG THI. . ESI.II. PEILIOU . . . . . xr THE TIME 01. THE 11 ~ Y K A S Y Y o r 3 ~ J I C 39-84

1 . NIN- IU, orie of the most ancient gods nE the Surncriiln palithcori 3 J 2 . NIN-IB, the life-giver and physician . . . . 43

[ ix 1

3 . NIN.IB, the savior of Babylonia from foes both historical and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mythical 63

4 . NIN.IB, the furious :lnd tlestructive wi~l.rior :~nti gorl of the . . . . . . . . . . . . powers of nature 74

5 . NIN.IB. the intercessor and metii:\tor . . . . . . . . . 79

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . I11 . ~)ESCRIFTION OF TABLETS 85-88 . . . . . . . A . Autograph Reproductions . . . 85

. . . . . . . . R . Photographic(Ha1ftone)lleprotluctions 88 C . Numbers of t. he ('at. alogur of the B:lbylonian AIuseum . . . . 88

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . C.E .;N EIFORM TEXTS Plates 1-15

. . . V . PHOTOGI~~PHIC KEPROUUCTIOSS . . Plates I-VI

THE DEVE1,OPMEN'l' OF THE IIELIGION OF 'I'HE SUME- RlANS FROM THE OI,UEST TIMES TII,T, THE

IN'I'RODUCTION OF GO11 N l N - l B INTO TIIE SIT M Eli1 AN l'AN'l'HI3ON.

1. THE SCJMERIAK (>ODs AKD THEIR IILJhIAN .4SPECT.

NIN-18 , the "son (c/,~~rcnwc) " or "princ:ipal son (d.urn7c-sac/) " ant1 "migl~ty w:trrior ( I L T - S ~ ~ kala(q)-qa)" of the (thief god of Kippur, "l<,i~/fl , t,hough onc of t,he very best known gods, is yet the most myst,erio~~s one in thc Sumerian t,heolo:;y and religion. This "mysteriousness" extends to liis oricli'l~ arrd uppearance in the system of tho Sumeriari theoloxy ns well as to his very latrtlr~e and rrtirabufcs. As in every cnsc :so in this one, "rr~ysteriousncss" s~rrrounds :L god wit21 a certail~ ' i ~ ~ ~ ~ d c f i ~ ~ a k ) l e some- thins ( m e - l h , su-linz, i13'3~)" which fills t,he worshiper not only wit,h "fear ( t ~ i ) , " I)ut also with "lorc (&I)" and "reverence (i)," yen, u.it,h an "irresistiblr longing (he, ga)" to pierce t,he vail and to "1)ehold the goti from f:ve t,o face (iyi- bar)." And after he has pierced t)he vwil and i~eheld the fnce of the ~ o t l , t,he Sumerian worshiper is simply (:harmed l)y the n:tturalness of the object of Iris :~dor:~tion-n llaturnlness so unsophistic~:~teti, so chiltllike we may almost say, :ls to c-ommand, on this : ~ c c o ~ u ~ t , rvcn : ~ t t,he present t,itnr our highest :~dmir:~tion : L I I ~ , ni:Ly he, fill us with this god's ":~w(:-inspirinl?; fear ( I t i I I I - I - I , ' " rc~rrrence (i-,;) " : I I I ~ ( '~dor :~t ion (hu-,?ii-q(11, -i~x(c-a/, -1r1(1r)."

The more l i u n ~ a ~ ~ the god: the more divine his riat.ure, :md, iti.ulnt~:s ~rrutu'r~dis, t,he more human the system of t,heology: the more divine its origin. T l ~ e ancient, Sumerians felt thal, in order to underst:tnd their woes and afflictions, their sufferings a r ~ d needs, their ambitions and aspirations, their god had to 1)e rl~dowetl with all the qualities and frailties of humnr~ r~nt)ure. Orily hurnan 11:lturc is capable of

, % underst~anding hllman nti1ur.e. l o ur~tlerstnntl ;mtl ha\,(! syrr1p:~thy with mill1 Go:/ rnccst hc rrLccrL. 13or thc Sumori;~ns, therefore, (jot1 is "ni:tn (!lctl~c')."

Man tloes not speak or think of Got1 cxc8epl, i n torrns of' hurrl:rn l:~t~gunqtr at111 r 7 triodes of h u u ~ a l ~ (.t~ollght,. Ilrc tr~ol.c prirr~itivc ni:ul is, ilrcs s irnl~lr~. a~rtl c.r~ltler will

1,:: his c~or~ceptiot~ of (jutl, antl, o;cc co.scc, ihc nlorc rc~fi~rotl III:LII'S l l ~ o ~ ~ ; h ( s , t , l~e [nore ad\~itncetl his i~itelli:;enc:c, the 11ol)lcr alitl 111orc ~ l ) i r i f ~ ~ ~ i ~ l i ~ ~ ~ l will l ~ e liis it lo:^^

1 ~ ' r ~ ~ ~ l ~ o ~ ~ - , S / ~ ~ r ~ ~ , 11 , I l l , ~~o tc , - l ; 1 1 , L O ; / I . . I . I - , , 11, 11s :I.!,

about (:od. Hut whatever the ultimate picture of God which marl m:Ly or may not portray in his mind, the procaess of re:tsonirig is always the same: it, is :a process from "the lcnown" t,o "the u~ilcnown." The known cluan1,ity is "man." Hence all nttril~utes inherent i r ~ man-~l~e t,hcy good or i)acl-man mill, rnore or less, ascril~e t>o his god. The Snmerian god appears, therefore, not orily as "gracious, loving, pardoning (.?ci(q) )," Ilut also as "al~gry, furious (hui, k211.)," yea, ever1 as "inimical and hostile (I,iil)." He can "walk (gin)," "ride (.a)," "lie clown ( ? ~ u ( d ) ) " and " sleep I - u - L (or dib) )," can "speak (yii-tle)," "eat (Icic)," "drink (nag)," can " rejoice (hul)," "weep (er-mal) " and "make merry (ezmz-gar)."

Not only, however, did the Sumeriilns ascribe to their gods all possible human attributes and functions, but they went further: they transferrrd to the gods even their own social institcrtions and fu7zctio.n~. Thus i t happened t,hnt the Sumeri:tn "rlivine societ;~" cnmc to l ~ e , in course of t,inie, :LII cxclct reflex of tlir "lnrmn?r sociely," I)eing thought of as c*onsist.ing of ' ' rna~t (qtrk~r) " :urtl " wom:ln (sctl, ~i.iri)," of "m:tle ((qi.q, u.5)" anti "[emalr (snl) ," of "parrnts" or "F:itlier ant1 mother (trrrrn-a-n)" and "c<hildren (tlurnu)," of "liuxl)and (il(ot/-1(.5, ? , I ) " and " wifc (tlnr7i-.~([L, riiir)," O C "sons (cho711i-116) "

:LIICI i i d : ~ ~ ~ g h t e r ~ ((l'uti~~r-strb)," oC l)rothers (6e.:) " and "sist,ers (*"'e!ji, tli?a)," of " k i ~ ~ s s (lliqnl)," "lords (en)," "princes (egi)," " c:ouriselors (cltl-!jI-<ji)," "scrvar~ts ( r ~ i t a ) " and of all kinds of professions: "lra-te-sis," "priests (ianqcl), " " diviners (mti,?) ," " smiths ( s i n ~ t ~ g ) , " "gardeners (nri-qiR-sar)," "fishermen (fiu-ha.)," "farmers (et~gar)," "bakers (mu) ," " mcssen~ers (kin-qi-a)," "musicians (I,UI,)," "rein or i~ridle holders (TsGPA-tlih)," "1):lrljcrs (hto-.?zr-{ltil)" :mtl "fem:~lr hairtlrcssers (kinclu, " " ' k 7 ~ - i ) , "

et,c., etc.' In liurnan societ,y man or. wornm m:nvictl or was given in r r~nr r i :~~e , hencc the

Sunieri:ll~ ,god or goddess coultl antl tlitl marry (1~11-us?-tlii(y)-.?(I /~ug-kiuy), could arid did "Ileget or ijear (tu-utl-(In) " children. I t seems that d u r i ~ ~ q thc earliest period of their soci:tl life :~rrd institutions t,he Sumeriians reclconed the tlesve~lt t,hrough the mother,' hrnce this practice was t ransf~rr rd to the gods lik(~wise.' When descent

I I'or cr.rt;tiu ~,~.,,i '~ssionr, ric.; i i r vi,iici,wtii,~r ,vitl~ 118,: gods s i r llicl~;ila, ~:ii!!er./ixfi:,i , 1'1'. ! I & H .

? Sotice tlw pos i l i i ,~~ ,,1 ntt,ri, ' ' ~ t t ~ t l> ,~ r . , ' ' in (r~!in-(s-(t, lit. ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ l / i ~ ~ ~ - i ' i ~ t / ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ' = .'p;it.i.tit," \~ /> ic11 littc,r 011 IX,C:IIIIC

o,t,<t (I\'. R,2, 27, t ~ o . 4 :Xi, .57, sc? I?<,l<n~, p. 0, not<% 4 ; I V . R3, 57,t : :3~L, d. lwloxv 11, 7, ~ ~ o t c 3) = n-I>i(lm) u u -

( 0 , t t l . " Scr also Ril, / A n C i i ~ i r t , p. 17, note 10, and el. bclou, p. 5. noti, I .

"('i. tlrr "se\-ell cliildrpn ol dRi!-,i," Crer~iior~-Stor!,, p. 23, note 6 ; d . \ - i r ~ - ~ ~ i i ~ . k i , ~ I I C ilangl>tc,r ol " . \ l r~ i i , I.,:., p. 27,

rrote I); d . ~ l . V - ~ ~ , the SOIL (lliili) oi' ' i l ~ q i ( = l ~ l ~ ) - ! ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ i ~ ~ ~ - ~ i = ~ . \ - i r ~ - l i / , C, T. , XXIV, 5 : X ) , I. R., 29 : IS. f in titis voln~cclion nlsu tllr 1,~-hi.! niL-,ntn.-n(i bii-I<iii. ~ < r l i ( - I i l : ) - l i i n i ( ! ) - i d r , I<. !lXSO

(Bea<,ld, Q~lalogt(a, p. 10-17). This t n t is ncit l~rl . ;L l > y ~ l l t ~ to tlw Mmn-god (UDZOI<I), IIOI. 011<, to Scrgal (Iihllcr~rrlcliet~,

.\-~rqnl, p. 50 : :l)-llioi~glt tllr lat ter is per sc possiblc ([I. .I. I . , p. 128)-1,~1 xtt l lcl . on<, to d.Vl\-l/j. .Y<,ti~.c: als,, tlcc

x ~ t t u ~ c UF-T,<,!<-,,L ( = 1!r-'I'~,-t~,vl.) I J , j,',, 111, 1xgvt I, 88 :.is I l l : ti (c<xr<;ct 31yl>r~n:~,>, 1,. s!l,t. ('r-II,-ul, :LIKI d. 1). s!lb), 1'1,1. I<L' - egihi:? 131.. 10501. Yrum this it ~ V U L ! ~ ~ l u l l ~ ~ ~ v 1,It:~t t l ~ : ~ 1 ~ s ~ <:-!gi 1" 8S.lI, ~ ' - I<(. rd'cr- only t u Kl ' . I [ , 11, I.,, 11. :<!I1 : Ili cl posai1,i. ongllt llc I ~ ~ L ~ I c I ~ s I ~ I I I ~ ~ :f(.(.~rdil~gl!.. Cr, al3u 11, 17> ~ 1 ~ 1 1 , ~ :i,

came to be reckoned through the father, we find that also this method or custom was in vogue in the "divine society."' In like manner it can be shown that the early Sumerisns must have practiced polyg:tmy2 and polyundry,"&t lilavc permitted the l~rothrr to marry his own sist,er,' t,he son to wctl his Own mother' and thc father his own dnughter."This :lpparently explztins why a ccrlain gotldess may appear sometimes as the "mother," sometinies as the "wife" 2~nd a t other times as the "sister" of this or that god or why, vice versa, a god may be either the "father" or "husband" or "brother" of one itnd the same goddess."

There is, then, absolutely no doubt that t,he ancient Sumerians did ascribe to their gods int,ensely human attributes, functions and institutions and by so doing portrayed faithfully-either consciously or unconsciously-in t,heir theology and religion the earliest c:i\.ilizstion and cul t~~vc of their race. By stutlyin!l their theology and relirio?~ tcc ipso facto cc.cquire a k~aocrletl!le of tllc history nrd culkire o/ tllc S~cmerinns . T h e Stcmcriaiz gods t~cconlc ~ I L this ci>isc thc " rcccnlo~s" of all lzisto~~!j n ~ l r l Lr~slitcctiot~s~-- tlivir~e n , ~ l hzirr~rc?~.

Surnmirlg up, we m;ty safely :~ssert. th:lL ltlc process in tho tlcvoluprr~cnt of (.he Sun~erian religion was the following:

I. Man-human society.

2. God-divine society. The latter is s reflex of t,he former.. Man, human society are the prototypes; god, divine society their picture: the Sumerians created god in their own image.

3. The gods are the "revealers." T h e y reveal zr:hat m n n has previotcsly ascribed or transferred to them. The history of god is the history of man; without man god is non-existent'.

4. The difference \)etween t,he Surncrian :mti t'hc Old Tt:starric:nt reli:io~~ is t,his:

l ( '1 , r l .Y i> , , -~ lnrk i , l l r d : t , ~ ~ I , l t , r t,-Iil, :,ncI s w 1,. .2,

,rotv 3.

(Y. (or t l ~ c prcsvnt T l t c .lI,,~ti.si, XI1 I (.Jtcly, l!JlJ:ij, 0 . (i!J!J: / j ; l , ilrc ( : l , r ihl , 1,. I, oo I< , Z, ,I (~><, l i c< , bi2.01 t ~ n c l t lw

/ ~ , ~ / I u t ! ] ; 11. .I. I , , , 17, 105, vote 1 3 ; (?, T., XXIY. 5 : 13 = T? : 112, " ,~~, -z i -c t ,~- ,~ , , , 1 </<tu~ 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ d ' r ( = k ~ ~ l l ~ ~ / ! ) ~ 1 1 ~ ~ ~ - l ~ l - / ~

(V. I jE- ldJ-gt : ~ ~ , ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ e - ~ l ~ , ( ~ , t ! - / ~ ~ l = b i r n l ! ) "Et,-zt,-t,<<(,~:t?clj-~,,~. ( '1. :~Iso ' l l<,', l i i- i-l i 1 ~ I ~ t 0 8 ( - ~ i ~ u l ! ~ . I r,-u<,-gc; " .Y~)L.

~ l t - L ~ . l ~ - / ~ ~ 1 d<,r)i 6,!i,,,1cd1"( .= l ~ ~ ~ / l c ~ / ! J .l!,-!tt(-g<,, (:, 'I,., X X l \ - > I :?:Ij !I = 20 : 15, !ti,

('r. Croot io~b-S/ ,~~!y , r*. 27; noLc I ; ,I, :i!J, , ~ ~ ~ l c 2 ; 1 1 . ! ; I , c~ot,, 2 ; l j ; l , l lte Cl8r i ,4, 1,. 20 r i ) ~ o ~ . v i ! u .

TIw wirr d " . \ ~ I . Y - I / ~ is ~ l . Y i r ~ - ~ ; r ~ - l ; l k i , i . ~ . , 'l.\~itb-/;l, t lw n~ihtrvhh 01 Sippur :IXI,I \yicc ,,1 P;nlil, (', T., XXIV.

7 : 12 = 2 3 : I l:3ct; X X \ - , 15,~ : . I ; 11. E , , Scrivs I J , \., 1 : ~ . 2, p. tiii : I , ( ' f , :XIS,, I , ~ , l~nv , no. 2 : 3.5, ?vl,cr? ~ i . \ ~ ~ . \ L f ~ <

is said to ncarry d.Vi,~-,,inb ( = " j r - l i l - i - l i , C. T., XXl\ ' , 12 : 2 = 25 : 7 5 n J , t l w wire the " ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l - ~ l ; ~ r ~ ~ i r - r i - ~ - ~ ~ e =

dEn-lil, Creol ion-Sir i r ! l , 17. 10, uoti; L O ; I<. F., XVII, p;iil 1 , p. LO, i ~ o t ~ . 'l.\.irt-(;i~x,,, tlw son 01 It~tlil, ~tmrries ' l l < r~ -

zi = <\'in-lil, L l v e ~ t i i o , ~ - S i ~ ~ r ~ y , p. 12.

6 CI. tire irien,nres given above, nutc 2 ; Ui l , l l te Ch r i s / , p. 2, i l r l te 3.

TCi. R i l , ilic Cb~. is t , pp. I - I d l,ns.si?,,r

according to the Old Testarrient, ''ma11 is ihe irriage of (iotl," Gcn. 1 : 7 ; according t,o t,he Sumerian conception, "god is the image of mtln."

5 . The Pan-Babylonianists, though otherwise quite right iri t,lieir contention that the gods or the heavens are the reuealers of everyt,liili.;, forget,, however, that the "revelatioll" whirh t,he gods ~ollchsafe to m:ui is 1){1t a rctnrr~irirr of compliments.

2 . THE SUME11IAN GODS ANL) THEIII DIVINE: ASPECT.

In order to preserve his influence over t,he human heart itrld riwe, a god must 11e sotrietliing more than a mere creature of the human niirid: he must possess certain peculiarities, attributes, furictions which are not to be found in man or h11m:tn society-peculiarities and functions which remove him outside of the sphere of human knowledge and experience and put him into a class all 11y himself.

The Sumeriari god, t,hough thought of as llein.; intensely human, is r~otwit~h- standing most divine-and this mi~irily or1 nctconrlt of the, o l ~ l ~ c c ~ ~ e t i , l c o t ~ t r a t l i c l i o l ~

which t,he Sumerian mind discoverrd or ascril~cd, or i , l~or~ght t,o tiiscover or :rscribe, r . to the essence of his god's n:tt,urc. 1 here ni11s0 I)(: "sor~lct~ll in~" in (he nnlurc of a

goti which the humitn niirld ci1,n iiol., or thinks lhnt i l cur not., fathol~i, c:omprchclitl, solve. This "something" is "divinen-because "unlhirik;~l)lc," "ilicorr~prehen- sible," "unf:tthomable," "contradictory."

Among these contradictory corlceptioris which the early Sumeriitns had of their gods, two stand out as the most momentous ones: the anr l rogynous nctture of the god

and h i s self-existence.

Though the earliest Sumerians endowed their gods with the power of gener a t' lon and perpetuation, i .e. , considered them to he either "father" arid "mother," or "husband" and "wife," or " ni:~le" and "female," they yet, n~:~inl,ilincd that they were ncit,her: that t,hey were yc:nrlerless. The god An, for iristarice, the first, foremost and olclesb god of t,hc Sumeriar~s, is neither mille nor fernwle, l ) r ~ t , i)ot,h: he is androgynous, i.e., he kns the 11orc.c~ ic i th i r t , ht'mself to be!/et out of l l i s orric irtr l~crc. cr so,^ and offspring 1 1 1 He is, so to speak, 11oth 1.hc fountail1 of light :uid i t s rays, t,he thinker and the thought,, 1,lie su11jec.t ant1 the ol~jcc~t~, (.he carcutol. :ind the created, the orizinal ( ~ r m t ~ i r ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ) a~it l its picture ( b i o ~ k A l a ) , lhc! source of life iui(l the life itself. This itndrogyrlous n:tture, this o b i l i l y to baqct o u t of l ~ i t t ~ s c < l / l ~ i s o r r i ~ ego, t,his self-

' I:,,]. ,,,,,,,,,,,, r 1,s :, ,,: ,,,,, . ,,( 7'i-,,,,,,,/ s,.(. l i i l , //,<' ('Iii.i'!, 1). !I, ,,<,tili, ili,,-iiili-l,,,, 71i-<,ii,,,/ ,,, ,,-,, /-/i-,/,,-<,I !/i.i,,,.

I.i.,Tii-r,,i. Ti-nrjio! i s also = .Y.IM: t l w ".V.lN is 111,. Y;~I,,C ;cs "I:,,-/il ; i t l i l i s c;tll:.il l l i v , / i i i i i , i - r i t ~ . l i t - , i r i . c l~ ; r l . l i / i*

:,Isc, <,,," "t tl,<. 21 ,,a,,,es tl,? <, , , ,< , - (8 - , , .li,-,t<! [ I ~ C : / . ! / Z C r I , r ih / , 1). I 7 : V I I I ; 1,. I!] : S), II<,,,c,, .I,,-!,<,, tI,c <>riKi,,;,I, l,<,g,,ts

I ~ ~ ~ I ~ S ~ I ~ , h i s mr-n l~icttar+,: ' l l < ~ ~ - l i / , $<,<, 1.r.. 1,. :I, ~ ~ , , t r l j ; 1,. 27, ~ ~ o t t , 2, r . \YI\VII lln rAIv ,,I . I , ( \v:gh t ~ ~ ! t s l > ~ ~ < l 11, Kc,, t l , p ~ ~ b;,~ l ~ : ~ t ~ t r : ~ l l y l ~ r c : i t nc t l w jr , t ,?dr~!>t( , I .c., 1,. !I, 11<1t,, 7 ; l ~ t w l ~ r n ' '~ I~ I~os ' ' \ n t q ~ ~ ~ n s i ~ l ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ l ( 0 I ) , , (It,, cp t : t~>t i t? u u t l v l t i d ~

cvFrstl~irlg tnolc i t s "r ig i t?, t l ~ t Ti-,,,!w! = w g ~ r \v;w i<l<ul,i[ i,ml w i l l t ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ t ~ ~ ~ ! t ~ , I ,<, , 1). 27, nolc, 2, c.

existw~ce is inhererlt in each and every god of the Sunierians. All Sumeriari gods are androgynous: father and mother or husband and wife in one person, they appear, therefore, soori as male, soon as female, soon as parent and soon as son; or as both: male and female' or parent a?xI son2 (daughter").

This "contr:~diction" in the ii:lt~ire or t.hc S11rricri:rri gotls is cspcc,i:illy well ex- pressc~l in (~orincction wi th the so-c:rllotl " Sevcli (i1nlr~-IL~),!' of whom i t is said that they are "neither female nor male,"' that they "neither take s wife nor beget a child,""nd yet some of these "Seven" are "maleJ' and others "femalr,""hile all are the children of, i .e . , of the same nature as, An, Enlil and Eregliigal.'

On account of this androgynous nature, the qod An is termed nma-a-a or "mother-

father,"s i .e . , "parent": he was the first parent by whom all t,he other gods were begotten; he was the "fitther," "kirig," and "god of the gods." This "mother- fatheru-ship was transferred to all gods, more especially 1'0 those who played, in the later periods of the Bal~yloniiin rctligion, t,he rOle of A I L .

12ccording to t,he scver:rl lisls ext,aut, ihcrr wcrc "I!' ;otls w l ~ o sh;lrc:tl wii'h A I L the desi.yn;~lion ccjlzci-n-cc. A~rlong these \vc li~itl, e.!~., Ltlc "fi-/ill/., i.?., (,tie god of

l l , r , IVY,, . l , , ~ . ( , , a ( < > r il,, :,,, l , >,I,, 1 ,,:,,,,,,s Iik ,~.VI.\-ll:. , I J / . ~ > S , ,ll,t,,<~,&,~<~, 'i.scgL!,

"~i~-sir, 'lL~,,-/om, 'ilh-,>o,, "f,~/t~, "f~l-!~ '""~~f~l~-f ;~~, "(,'~~l,~-ri,(l;,/), "l.,~-l~t-r,,l~, '1.\rit,,-'I'i!8-/crk', :tt~l sv,, (?~C,O~,I~L-LS~<I~!,,

p. 39 : 3; liil, ilie Chrial, pp. 2lI-3D; 7'he :I1o,~iaf, SYI (Oct., l$ l~J l i ) , 1,. I V X ; L.c., X1.11 (,J:UI., 191Ji), p. 141; 11. I?.,

I , t 1 . I t 3 ; I , t I ; I . I . I . I , I . 1 ; I , t I ; Iilli. uotf 15; 115, nutc 2 ; 421;

130, q . Sotiuc nlsi, tlxtt the kltli,:ri:u~ I : L T I ~ U : I ~ C is g~~~tt lvrlcsn: .\-it( = hi/,<, liillri; ,li i , i i i i = ,iiiiiill ,,iiirlii; ad obi^,

t t n z ~ m (cf. C. T., SS\r, I 0 : l ib, d,?~~-lil .\I) t, 'l.\'ir,-liL .Ill), c k , , t ~ t ? .

"I,, tl/<t~-k~~r-h~). = linlil (intlterj m ~ d \:I.\'-IB (au~t ) ; " ~ i - a i v , t l~c fatlicr., is iili.ntilicri willt ''sir (or Sahan),

the sin,, R. E., X\'II, part 1, p. 20; Sei.ynl = dCi,-ii?iii-!l~il (fatller) :<nd d2\lcs-lns~-la-i-n (sort), / I . .I: I-., p. 427, notes

1, 2 ; %ugol-hunt1<u = Enlil, mid tlie da,ri?r-sag (lk;~~,-Iil-l<i-g~, 11. A . I.., pp. 416, ili. d ~ ~ 9 = lntlwr nnci sun, 11. 11. IT., p. 411;; r f , also tire vnrious g-rnvalogies r,l Islitnrnt~d .\-i<alht in Dil, tlic Cltrisf, pp. 1-3.

d ~ ~ L - / c , ~ r - ~ ~ ~ is cit l~cr = d.Yil~-lil (C', T., XXIT-, 5 : $1 = 2 : 1WJ) o r = <I:tttgl~tcr of E:L (d,<!!t?c !,~L?L ,t/,zu = n!ct-

mt rub? k t ($l,.si, 13. . I . , Y , lil9 : lx), i.c., tlw god TVIK> pl:~?s tl~,! riilc Ia:nlil, t l ~ v "I':~tI~,~r,'' t lw I I , I S I I R ~ ~ ol' Sinlil,

or = " ~ ~ - ~ ~ i $ " " ( i i , Sio-(:ilait = XIS-113, tile riin ui J';lllil, rl'. t l w propvr ~ ~ : t t n c ~ l a ~ , t - k t t r - r ~ , - l ~ ~ ~ - ! l i g ~ ' z , TIE 1\1onisl,

S V I I (,J:m., l~lllij I>. IF). SCW Iwrc :tlso l l ~ c clis<:trssiut~ of t lw t r i u i t ~ - ol 1 1 6 ~ :IIKI Si1qntr, I!. 13.. X\'II, p:\rt I , pp.

19-T2; ;<!I, t>utc I , :L!KI ,, f . t l ~ , l>ist,,,ry O K ' 'S~JU i l l 11. .I, I - . , 1,. 115, n , ~ t < ~ 2. I t t i ~ t ~ , ! :>mi Y ~ ; L C C \~<,! t I<l ( x , r o ~ i t , it r<,til,i

11,: slloa.ci t l ~ a t till: " I';ltl,,~~.," ''~lr,tl~,,~.," "SI>IL( = I ) : i ~ i l r l ! t ~ ~ l . ) " ill c,;icI> : ~ l l , I ,,ict.y "t t . i t l i tY" 01 tlr i \ ~ ~ c i v n t Sl$>~trl.i:+~is

arc one :u~l t l ~ v s,out ~ ~ ~ ~ v s ~ ~ o . Vor tl tc p r v s , ~ ~ L ils,, : ~ l ~ ~ , v , ~ - g i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,~h:!~t~pIcs ~ v i l l l>:tv<, I , , s ~ ~ l l i r ~ ~ .

' (:. 'l', SVl, 1.5 : :ii, :IS, ii-rnl-,iii-orlb it-!,i((=iit)-,tii-u,i:i - iil ai(ri/,)/k,r-rri Si i - , l i i $0 z i r~ - i i i . ~ - r i - I i ( l i i ~~ , ) O ( - ~ L L I .

Sotive t l ~ c oi si.1 i t , tlir S~trllvl.i:(~i litw :itld ri. 1). 2, ~ I O ~ D 2.

YC. T., XY1, 15 : i f , r l r r , , r - i t ~ i - l ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - r , r i S ,lii),i,i-,iii-lii-iiiI-ilo-,iri:i.

Cf., e,g., I ~ : I I I W S lil\c lilt; ; ~ n c l lilt/, ctrd<ti lilt; l<d,,trl$!, t l ~ ! ~l,~t~!qlti~~r , , I ' .l,t (7'13~ !ll,~~~i,*l, ,I:NI,, l$I07, 1,. l.I5), wl to is

t l ~ smnc as ".\i~t~,i or Iilur, t l ~ !ri/c A!t, I? r~ l i l , &Siu, ,<,t,~ur:, . I , L $ , ~ T , <ct<,., : t ~ u I t~,ilxr < > C l?ttlil, Siu, vtc.

' I'or rcl 'cl .c~~crs a.o ~ . ' < I S S < : ~ , J l r~gi r , 1'1'. 27fl'.

* Tlla Senlitic ~ .cn~lr tx it 1,)- rr-hi ior i -mi, " l ' ; i t l ~ ~ ~ r - ~ ~ ~ c ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , " -I.? i~Il(,vi., 11. 2 , 111111, 2.

I . ( , . , Ijvaidcs .In. l c , ~ otlwr "~.oul,lrs." r 2 % i s C I i s s I , I i l 1 . I . I.ist I is now

pul~lisl>cil also in C. 'I'., XXlY, '20 : I 1 t ; list I1 i l r I.<:., 1 : 1-Z2; list 111, in I.c., 20 : 1-11; t o tl>rs<! may irow lic nddcd as list I\' (iihritlg<xl!), C. T., Sl\r, 7 : .l-~9, s-ltcn: ;dso holtlc intcrrstiug ~ ~ r i : i n l ~ ltl;~y lbe 10~trid.

e-kur, dEn-lil, and his wife "Wd-m as the 14th and 15th (or VIII. rouple) of the 21 en ama-a-a An-nu-ge,' hence Enlil and his wife are both, singly and separately, a n am-a-a,' It is, therefore, quite possible that with Zinimern, Z. A. , 1009, p. 364, we have to emend the passiqe in C. T., XXIV, 4 : 28, to 32-tins [ell nnzn-n-n "E,~-l1'1- lu-ye(-ne) ] anti see in thesr 32 gods (or 16 c:onplcs) ~ ~ o t :l " lro~./cthroareiI~e:' El1lils," however, a s Zimmern wishes, but ~ I L e~ru,rneratior~ of all tl~osr gotls ,ccl~o i n the course of time came. to be identified with, or who playeil the rcile of, E?zlil* c~izc l Nln.li1, the ccma-a-a of the gods durzng the Sumerzan perzod of the Babyloi~zaiz rel?qzon.

From later inscriptions we know that the chief god of the Assyrian period in the history of the Babylonian rrligion was the god AXXur = An-kar.' It is, therefore, quite natural, yea, demanded that An-dar should have tjeeii ronsidered to he an ama-a-aqike his predecessors, Enlil and AIL, whose place he hat1 usurped.

Complete :LS thr aljove-mentioned lists miqht srcm, they arc l)y no rrie:tris exhaustive. There are othcr gotls, iiot mcntionetl i l l tho lisl,s given, who werc designated by the pror~tl 1,it)le cimcl-cc-tr. 'I'o givc a fcw rsa~nl)lcs hcrr, I may be permitted to merilion the following:

Gudea. addresses to "Gic-tifin-tltr~j a prayer in whic.21 \IT find (he followinq reniark- able passage: ".4 mother I have not, thou ar t my mother; a futlzer I have not, thou ar t my father; my father, in thy heart thou hast conceived rrir, givin: (hast given) birth to me in the temple."' .4 most remarkable passaye, showinq us that even goddesses nlay be an am-a(-a), '(mother-fl~ther."

The d E n or "Lord" and " N l n or " Rfistress" are both, singly and separately, said to be the '(mother-father" of "n-111 ancl "Nln-111."

I See, lj?f, fh,: CIwi.vf, 1). 17, TI11 ;tnd ~ n u t v h (i, 7.

%This, : u ~ ~ o n g otlwr tl~ings, is L I t v r<,:ksot> b v l ~ y i ~ ) l,l>,, S~!~t~cr i :w rvligitn~ tlw "\viI 'c" ,>I' :% god sI,;~rrs w i t l~ I ~ c r ' '11~s-

1,:~nd'' tlic S I L W ~ ? L , ~ I ? ~ C , t lw s,o,ie ~tlli.if,~ifes iit>d fioiclii,jca. ('i. znlso list 11, /{?Ib t l ! c fThri.vf. 1,. IS, \vItv~'c, I m t l ~ " l t~~s l~a~ tc l "

:md ' ' x i i t ? " :w i d ~ ~ ~ i t i l i ~ ~ d , xLr~!/L!l Z L ! ~ .s<!p<,r<8fef!y2 with ''.I tbt!t!r !6 ' ' . ~ 1 8 , 1 ~ , t ~ ~ !

:'If ,LJ,M-<L-<L w~,rc = ' ' ~~ t~c , , s t< , r , ' ' tl!<,~c . I u :is tltc first C I ~ LIK 21 r ~ , , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ t - ~ ~ .I,,-I!<~-!/,J ~ v ~ ~ ~ t l ~ l l ! ; i ~ , , t u lbr Itis ,~!vrs

" ~ ~ n c c ~ t ~ , r " - - ~ ~ - I ~ i c I ~ is l>:~r~lly ~ ~ u ~ s i l , l c .

Cl'. :XIS,, l \ 7 . 27, t ~ u . .L :Xi, .57, r , t # ~ ~ l , , , ti1 <c-<! (t,,!,! ru?c,b-tbu = "l,ifLfu~~8, ( ICttfiI, I:it<,r , , ) I .\-I.\--I/<) ct-bt, t u ~ o -

VL,,, a-lil-la-i;,; tl~t! I'ctu. :i c, , t~~[x~~il~~ n t , t ! ~ , $15 \vl#irl> ,d t t , - t ,?~t~8>t , iq r ~ z ~ ~ i < l c r ~ , d

Iten,, the appositiulr talers t i tv ~rn r l v r oi t l ~ : n<,;tn,~. l i o r l ~ ~ . Ipor t l ~ , l ~ o s i t i o s t <,I <08!< ! rl'. :tlx,v<,, p. 2, ~ t u t c 2 .

SPV I<il, tho Chrihl, PI). 6lT.

IS,"^ rcicrv,,cvs SV,! I.c., 1,. I(!, LV; 1,. IS, 1'; 1 2 . I!), I .

I . \ 3 t i , J , - 1 - t , , t - 1 - t . - - ( 1 ?~?iii-(~

ni-lu(d)-o. LSii(g)-d,i(g) may I jc talccu citltrr in Llte awsc ai "to call soirio one (~:ii,tz iilecfic el ej)'crl,i) it, oue's ll,,art" =

"to elert ililll, ' ' or 1<1 = dii(g) = ~~(idi j , "to pli~n, clcsign, tunll, COIICC~YC son~etliiug in ot1c's l i c ~ ~ r t ( = ~ l l i t ~ d ) , " RCP also

B. E., Series I), V, i:tsr. 2, p. 52, nut<: -1.

See 861, llle Chrlsl, p. 17, note 10. This sllo\\.s tlut "li'n and d.Vir~ arc tltc s:~nlo :is IOL, t i t? intiter u i F:nlil (mid

Sinlil), Creation-Story, pp. 21, 83. 111 otller words, Eillil, the om-a -n during tlrc Sti~nrrinxr pcririd, has i~stlrpv<l tllr

place of = .4n, the "~r~otl~er-fatller" of tllc prcl~istoric i~criud u l the Rahylonian rr4igion.

Tlie moon-god of Ur, "Nanna, is termed both an a-a' or "father" and an ama" or "mother," "womb."

Of Alarttnk, the chief xocl durinq t,he Amurritish (('annanitish) period of the Babylonian rcligiori, it is saiti: " 1,ord t,hou art,! like :L 'f:tt~her and a nlot,herl among the [people?] t,hou existest.""

To be iLn nmr~-a-a iriclrides not only an androgynor~s nature arid the first parent- ship, but it indic:tt,cs that each and every god thus desig11:rted is the "self-existent" one, who is all he is "by himself (ai-ba, ni-te-na)," "by his own power ((1-bi)." The god An as ama-a-a heads, therefore, all the lists of gods ar~d appears never4 as the son of another goel. Enlil, though generally the "son of An" or of ""En and "Nin,"" is yet called "the one who does not know a father,"' L.e., " the unheqotten, untreated, self-existent onr." "N(tntrn, thr qotl of IJr, is 110th thr "prinrip:~l son of Enlil"' and "t,he fruit wl1ic.11 c:rc:tt,ctl it,sclC i)y its own power."" I,ast,ly, A,tl.?a~ or A.?.?ur, the Sorcmost, xotl t l u~ i~ lg t.hr Assyr i :~~~ p~riod, h i ~ l t,o l,rc.otllr, 1)ec~ause he usurped t,hc rblr or, ant1 thris 1)ee~amr idrntifirtl with, l<trlil and Ailv-the eal~irf gods during the S~inleriall : r~ i e l prrhistoric period-" thr ollr who c.rmtetl liirnsrlf.""'

Human, nnthroporriorphous nild :~nthropop:~t,hic:rl were the xotls of the ancient, Sumerians anti yet most divine. 'l'hough the divir~e society was patterried after the human, thonxh both were traced to an original first parent, yet the first god was self-existent, while the first man remzrinrd a creature of god. Man receives his life and power from God; Cod alone is ner-g(il(.i+-ir-ma-&) n%-te-na, "powerful by himself," who "causes to dwell the spirit of life (zi-;a(y)-gril)" in his creature, "man," and in the "country (Icalarn)" ilih:~l~ited hy his creat,ures: in t,he land of Shumer or Babylonia.

' I . I . I : . . Y'., \ 17 : E l l . el 1,o~siiri.

IV. I??, $1 : 21, 2 i , < , , ) L O be i~ iq in -no = vi-i-,?~,, ,t-/i,l ,,,<,/>-b,<t-ri, ' ' \ v < j ~ t ~ h t l u ~ t g i~ t , s l~irt,lc tu <,verytI~ir~g.''

:; 1v. I t .?, 570 : Z3.I = l<i,,g, I j . )If. ,?,, ,,o, 12 : i = Iiel,,,, l j . . I . , v, 1,. :350 : :34, 1C.V <!!-!<,-,I?<, /<i,,,fl <(-hi !, ,,,,L.,,Z,3

inn jnsi i l , i ! i l or ilh7~i'!]"":9h I ~~ -b r~ -d3 - i i . F I i t i = 8 r o nl,,,vr, p. ?, lot(, 2.

I . , d i g I l i s t I d I i t I I I I : s t . I,stc,r of), durin::

tile .\tlmrrit;sl~ and .4ssyriao prrioii, :In do::s uppwr soit~:~llmrs ns tlir sat, (,,in-ri, i l i l t i ) or :( ,&Sni., ei. Ri l , Ihe Chvist,

p. 13, not? C,; p. 0, noti. .5; I<. . I . T.", p. 351, ,rote 2 -pasri;rgcs :xpp:ll.mtly rtnl,od\.ing nn P~KIV:LYOI. i ? ~ ) ? i ( ! j ~ r e ~ x .I?c+IIT~

glorin,ri.

%ee 1,. ti, note S.

(!f. . t . .7. Ii, T., I>. 81 : 7, 8 ( , \ r ir~~ag, 1,. $21, \vIwr? .Vl.V-I/<, tl!~! . S O ~ L of En l i l , is ral lc~l t l tc <lZttz,-!~?<r < L - , L - ~ L ~ L - Z , < =

I r i r d i l CL-hi 1'1 i-di, "symnt 01 'llilrl ,,rI10 ~ O C S not I,,LOW :i liitI~,,r,'' ' i.~., 3011 0/ ' ' tllc i i i t l iv l l~~bs ," I > C I I U ( ! tllc (6-bi dl i -d i

is Enlil.

' l>~(,,,t,~-x<,!/ l'l<,i,-lil-ld, Crc<,iior~-.Sl,,~!y, 11. P2, nutc 5 : Cy. T . , XI', 17 : 3.

"2-vl, i rii-hn ,,,ii-iit~-di,,c-,,iir s e,~-l,,i ,:it i,~,i ,rr-,on-r~i-,?ii ih-bn-,,ti-ri, I\-. It.', !I : "2. ?:1.

1;. .l., Y, Ii55 : 23 = t;, Y'., XXIV, A!lO : 7, . I j bC i . I +c-i(,r 1 ' r l $ l ~ - l i / ,

"' l la- ,~ ib- i~ ra,,~-r~i-gir, Uil, l l ~ a Chrial, 1,. 7.

3. T H E SUMERIAN THI<OI,O(:Y . l S D THII:O(:ONY 4 I R O - AND 314('11O('OSMOI,OCrY I N D ('OSllIO(:ONY

As so011 as the earliest S11mc1ri:tns 11:ttl :tt~,t.ainrd t,o t,h:~t st,:~tc, ol' civilizntion when their mind wns prcpnretl t,o irrcluire int,o t>llc more or less ;~l)str:~c:t; clr~rstion as to the origin of the " worltl," c~onsidered in its t,wofoltl ;rspec.t,: t,hc rnicbro- :~nd m:icrocosm, we find t,hat ihey :~nswered t,his 1.0 t.lictir s:~t,isfnct.ion i)y :~:.irin rr:tsoning and arguing from th r known t,o the unknown.

Above we lei~rned t,hnt, the Sumerinns transferrcti t,o their "god" :~ntl "tlivine society" everything which or i~in:~l ly i~clonged t,o " m : i ~ ~ " :~ntl " h ~ ~ m a n society." We 1e:lrrletl :~lso that,, nrcortling t.o thclir c.onc:eption, the first cr~~arc-(~,-c~, oC t,hc "tlivine society" (the reflex oC thc human) was rlia. Hence the mic.rocosrr1 of tlie "hum:tn society" of the Sumeri:~ns, l e i :IS it is l)ut t,hcir t,crrest,ri:tl hal)itat,iolr, nl)otle, country over which they held sway--their ".sl~ltei.e of iri,/f~te?lcc" so 1.0 speak-must have h:ld it.s oriyin wit,h atitl i t1 :~11(1 l)y this \:cry si~nrc first air,-a-a A'rt. .4nd so it was. The first "mot,licr-f:~thrr" fountleti his o w n 11o11sc: : ~ n d cnlled i t after his name: 4 ( - I ) , "hotlse of AII." The - ( - I ) , thr 11:ll)itation (hi-ditr) of An :tnd his wife, then, is the "first unit" out of w11ic:h the mic.roc:osm developed. When the first parents were blessed with I-hiltlren, i)ecominx :n "family" or possi1)ly a "tribe," the &-;lr~(-na) increased in size and became :L

"city ": UILZ[(~)", i.e., simply "Ahode."' 'I'he "family" or " t,ribeU finally grew into a "nation" mi l t,he ('c-it,yn int,o :I " coltntry " : li.nlnm, th r inic.rorosm of the Sumerialls.

Very soon, iiowcver, i t was l'clt ~ieress:try t11:lt the /i(l/(o)i l)e (Iesig~r:lted l)y :I,

,latior~al term i r ~ order to clistinguish it from the rnicrocosrrls whirh mi:;ht or might not have developed round about it. The term employed was Ki-en(L7~)-qi, being t: dated in Semitic either by rncitu, irsitu, "country, land" (hence a synonym of kr in. miitu, ('land"), or i)y Surne~ (t,he bi1)lical lyjp). T : F r o n ~ the latter we derive our designation " Sumerian."

The n~icroc:osm of the Sumeri:rns, the t~ , was c:xlleti either Ictrltsi~z or ICi-ei~(ir~)-yi. The differcncte l~etween them is (,he sarne :is that which exists l)ctwcel~ " Israelit,en and "Hel~rew," i.e., Icalam design~ttes fi~olse~. frorn the poi111 of view of (,he Surricria~rs. I t is.l,he scccretl term which tllc Sumcrinn usetl whcn spc~tltin:. of "h ; s colciltrq" 01.

of " h i s fatherlat~tl," cf. our " hly corci~11.y 'tis of l,hce, swecl. /cc~ltl of lil)crly," or th r expression " t,hc oltl coiiiiliy," i.e., " llrc f:rlhcrlut~tl." lii-c:~i(i~l)-!li, on (he othcr I~:und,

was used wheri the larid of S'lirncr was to 1)e differentiated from, or was referred to in opposition to, the other corrntries round :tl)out.'

Seeing that the niicrocosnl of the Sumerians, their Iialam or Ki-en(in)-gi formed, as i t did, the pattern after wliich the macrocosm was thought to have developed, i t is only nat,urnl that the original source, the first ama-a-a of the latter, shollld likewise have been sought in, and a t t r ibukd to, the god An. This, no doubt, is the reason why A'tl is translated in Setriitic by Sam6 and why Hesychius5informs us that the $am6 or Zawq is C xho,uoj f ~ u ~ u % ~ ~ v ~ o ; .

Furthermore, just i ~ s the first ama-a-a of the gods, An, was differentiated into "father and mother": At , t nti (Sernit,ic:ized: Anzr and Ant~trt~) , so An, the $am& or n a y , whrn corisidered :IS " husl)and and wife" or "father and mother," became either ( I I I + a71 or ~ I L + k i , i'.r., dam& ?L ,fr;iiirn, 06pau6; xui yuiu, "heaven atid earth."" Here, t,hen, as in tllr case of the microcosm, we have likewise two expressions for the Sumerinn macrocosm, the former (ccii. - kanze*, auu .~)

correspondirig to the lcaln~n~ and the latter (m-ki = Sami u irsitim) t,o Ki-eiz(in)-gi, or, in other words: a n is the "sacred" or "reliyious" while an-ki4 i s t,he "profane" or '(worldly" term for macrocosm. lcrom this it follows that, according to the earliest Sumerian conception, the "heaven and earth" (and not the chaos) were the source out of which everything was evolutionized or begotten ( t u - u d - d a ) . V h e "heaven" is the first and great "l'ather," while the "earth" becomes the first "Mother": "Mother-earth." "Heaven and earth" are the first ama-a-a, "mother- father," hoth being distinct and yet one."

Lastly, if an or an-ki he the macrocosm and lcalam or Ki-en(i7z)-gi the microcosm, hoth having for their ultimate root or source the god An, then the different stages in the process 01 development must be and are interchnngeable terms, ?.e.,

ca am I I microcosm Ki-en(in)-gi

An = - - a = U n t ~ ( g ) ~ ' = 1 (mtion) (parent) (temple) (city)

i' j macrocosm an-lci

all standing for and siqnifying one and the same thing: the "mother-father" of everything, the god AIL.

b ' ~ l ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ' lY>~irr ;~ t t l ) : t t ~ g i ~ ~ , LY. . I . I<, I , , 1) . IZli., is, 11,) ,l,nO~t, rorrvct, i), s; \y i t~g t l ~ t ~ t l;<,lr,,~# is = l i i - c r , - g i , y L

Lltc :iIx,v<,-gi\-t,~t dilT,,rcvtcc vill I>:Lv<; L o It,, ~t>:iiok:~iut~d.

' N i l , the C l i r i r l , 1'11, 21, 27.

I,.<., lqi. l(il 'f.; 21fi.; 25, c ; 26, 1, i f . Fur O ~ L = = . lu I t t r , r = i r $ i l t o ! ~ svv espcri:tIly I.c., 11. ?S, c atxl tlw i~ukcs

t l l ~ r c givcn. I ('f. ltcrc 01s" ~ t > y rcwt:~rl<s :iImut ~ ' l )~ t r - , , r~ - l : i , " I l t t r -<,, , , D i12 lit,; ( ~ l , ~ i , s t , lq,. '21I.f.

s(.i. tilt i l l l i ln 01 Gi,n I and C~cri t ion-Stor! , , 1,. $1; l J< l , 1 1 ~ Cl , r is l , 1,. 10.

I J i l . t l ie C / ! r i s t , p.:21 d ~ ~ i s i . i n , .

2

This observation is of the highest importance for a correct understanding of the Sumerian religion, showing us:

( a ) That the "sphere of ir~fluence" of a god, the place where he is supreme, of which he is the "father (n-a, ub-ha)" "king (lugal)," "lord ( en , n i 7 1 ) " arid "god (clzngir) " is cithcr 2 1 "temple ( r ' ) , " n "city ( - ~ r ? ~ ~ r ( g ) ~ ~ , ' i~ micro- or a macrocosmic quantity.

( b ) ' h i t the tet.nls for mirro- arid mac:rocosm iriust be interchangeable, i.e., t>he god of the lcalurrr or I < i - e t ~ ( i t l ) - ! / i is alld rriust hnvh 1)een, at, t,he same time, the goti of t,llr nil or. ttn-kf. To exprcss t,his somewh:\t tiifferently wr may say, if the microc~osrr~ I)P iritleetl the protot,ype :lft,er whic.11 the m:Lcroc.osm w:~s p:ltterneti, then Ii(11ni~ nntl r i t l :IS well :IS I < ; - o r ( i t i ) - q i :111(1 cot-ki nus st I I P I ' t ~ t ~ / ~ ( ~ l r n ~ ~ ! j ~ a l ~ l c terms. Th:ct tllis is :~ctu:~lly tlic c.:lsr c:~n still l)c g:~t,hcrctl fro111 (he i~isc.ript,io~is. Iprorri I l i l , l l i c Clrrist, 11. 16, I , 2, wc kl~o\v tth:lt ( i t ! is illso = lei, lrsitic, "r:~rt,h," I)ut 2'1.:).itu

renters I s I S u n i : ~ 1 - I ( I I . ) - i , \vl~icl~ latt,er, however, is most qe~ierally trallsl:ltecl l)y mdl~c , ' "l:lritl" : ktrlarrc, lielice ntL, ,?am$, nut,r, is both = Ki-en(Ln)-gi and = k a l n r ? ~ . For I < i - e t ~ ( i r r ) - g L = a l l - l c i see IV. X.', 27, no. 4 : 63, 64: arn-ii k a - t ~ a g y d mas-su(su(d) ) Ki-ii~-;y-rrr = be-lum ( e E , t l l i l , later on NIN-IB) i~n-~~i,?-t i ma-a-ti mas-su-u Ram?? u irsitim""."

( c ) That the "name" of each and every god niay be expressed either ( a ) by the nomen proprium or (3) by either one of his "spheres of influence"" in other words, t h , e qo(1.s of the S m c r i n i l . ~ lini~e both a nsicro- u r l t l a ~nncrocosnzic significance.?

I I , ( . 1~r,,-,08,,(!11h.z -- 1 . ~ ; ~ ~ I , , - , , , , , , ( ! J I ~ ~ - I . ; , ~ ~ : , . S i l ' = T i h = S i r .\-l..\- = iiih,i ; "l<ii, '.\I..\"' - Kriiiii, ctc.

(,. T., S Y I , I 2 : ?2, 23, ti;-;,,-!/;,,( - n1 . j 7 ir?i!;l,>''','.

I 141.111111<1\v, I c 1 . !l!ii8.

.' Sotir? I ~ ~ w t l ~ t t k ~ t - ~ ! r u / - ~ ; , ( = 1;01,t!,#-~u0) i% l~ : t r :~ l l~ , l wit11 lii-i!!-!li : ~ n < l PI'. tit,, t i l l , , d ~ ~ ' ~ ~ - J , ! ( ~ ~ j - l ~ c ~ ~ - ~ ! ~ i - ? t n ; e?z lii-rri-yi liiijirl k , , [ I ,o?>-m~]. I:. 1:. I f . . 1,. 1.5 = ,<. . I . l i . I . . 1,. 151i, 4 . rr. S:T ;tlw G>t<lc:t, ('?li~~,lcv I < , 22 :I$], 20, /;,r1,!7,?

ti-.~,l-/,t b6,-!1,i1-~~~t(,I) l<;-~~t-:1;-,:<(') /~t,r-l;ttr i!li.!,i ~ ~ , - ~ t ~ ~ t - , : i - ! l ~ ~ l , ',~!t:ty t lw ?018nlr!j rvst i n )I<,:LC<, ( sah t>- j , ~t):ty t o ~ a r d s

I I ( ~ I i g , - : I l i : ) I : i t ( I ) I i . ,Sd ( i~ls t , , ;u l or rii) llas to be ~.en<l ltrrc br-

L i t x l i l i i g l : : l l t l t I 5 i ('i. iilso y(~lt(-gi!izi-.~it = " O ~ P against (Jfi = ( t i )

tl,<. <>tI,*,r,'' I<. I:., TI'>, 11 : 21, ,s,i, 3;,, Z i , Z , t <,v ci:, i(+, 2,: :,re tl,,,3 [ x , ~ , I I ? I ,,it!, r , , ( f , ,,j ,,r <!(i, t',jr.

ti Hwe i,rlong "nnnrrs ol go<lsW dc~.ivc~l

(0) Icron> tlwir / c ~ ~ ~ ~ , l e s : '.Yin-~-.in-no: ''.\~~~-k-g~~/; " I ,~ - l i t ,~ ; ' 'D,<r-<,~~(-k i j , ctc.. ( h ) I:rotn tiwit. cities: 'i.Ti,~-f;ir-.~r,; ~'.\~lti,-l<n-lil( = .\-i/,rujAi, tetv.

(cl 17ror,~ t11cir ~ ~ ~ i ~ : r o ~ ~ , s t i , i c spl~ercs: d ~ t ~ g ~ ~ / - k ~ t l ~ t ~ ~ ? - ~ ~ ~ o .

((1) I''t.oni Llteir ,,ine,-oco.s,,~ie sj11io.r~: I - k ; " I l l ; ' - - I ; ' l l r - l ; *.l,i~-,ir~-ki, v t v .

' Frnn~ illis it is e~iclcnt ((tj tlt:%t. e , ~ . , t lw II:~I~I<, <,I' t lv t tw~plc o? . I T ) , E - . I n ( - ? ~ n j , n>:iy I w t r : ~ n s l a t < ~ l ~ i t l ~ v r I,?

"l><ntsr ol . I ? L " ( , I . ' ' I I U , , ~ ~ . oi tll? .?,i)iii, oiz,'~,, i . ~ . c ~ ~ s ~ t ~ o s ' ' or "IIOIISC 01' ' l ~ m ~ v c r ~ > i ~ l ~ : % r t l ~ , ' ' ' i.~:., t l ~ ? I I C X I S C it,

\ \ ~ l ~ i v l ~ t l w "g<,d I I < . : ~ V , ~ XIKI cv:irtl> (.Iw, : t t ~ I .I t t l t ~ , t , , t l r l:ttvr l,GI<rr, l<. I:., TI1, 11. 12s : :37)" 11:icI his dwc~ll i t~x (r,,tt-J,rl,j;

(1 , ) t l l : i i I l l v wI~r , r i , t1,ia , , I . t l ~ t gilcl 11:icI his ''itllc~dv (,iti,i(!/l j " 11111st liI~c\vis(. l ~ : i v ( ~ i i ~ l l i i ( . l . ~ ( . < ) * ~ ~ i i ( . s i ~ ~ ~ i l i c a ~ t ~ ~ v . Ilrmcr, 8 1 ~ 1 whly t l w z i ! j ~ q ~ t r r ~ ~ l l ? - . l t , ( - t~~ , ) ,,:~HLv 10 I>,, c:tllr,l :OI ~ ~ - ~ ~ i ( i . c . , gi(!,) j-inir-i (11. I{. , 511 : 211, c,, b j , I , I L L c v r r ~ l f r ~ ~ , ( ~ j ~ ~ ,

I<I.(YII, n r q ~ l i n d i l i i l l i~s lil\(. di-j ,rii-iki; (;i-bniiii. l;i-lirr-vii-iki, f;i-biiv-ifi jscc 11, . A . I... 1,. d82. ~l< , t r i ) or l i h - i k i .

Rut if so, t,hrr~ the tlteology 01 the S'117rzointts ,is or hccoiiics ,;/)so ftrcto 11 i i t i oo - rr,i(l n7nr1.o-

cosri?,oloqy and, mutntia , i ~~u tnn t l i s , the i l theoyowy a mlcro- crritl rr~tro.ocosri~o~jotiy.'

4. THE EPOCHS IN THE HISTORY OF THE BABYI,ONI.4X I ~ I ~ ~ I ~ I G I O f i

When tracing, in the history of the Bahyloniari religion, the sevrral epochs and their manifold and various characteristics, consisting, it would seem, of the most bewildering transfers of genealogies, names, courts, titles and attributes fr.on~ one god to another, the histori:tn is constantly I~rought Eacr to face with some of the most difficult questiorls. 1nvarial)ly h r h:ts to ask and :tnswer cluestions like these: "Which of the names, attributes zrrld functions brlong to this or that god originally and which were, in the course of time, trcinsferrtrl to him eit,ller from an earlier or a later period of the B;rl)ylonii~n religion:'" " 13;hat wcrc! the unclcrlyin.$ principles that madr such a, tra~lsferring possil)le?" "Ditl the t~,:rl~sferrirlg of attril~utcs to :I. particu1:tr got1 chalrge t l ~ z ~ t god's rl:rt,ure or (lit1 he sirr~ply gztin :L 'new sphere of influerice' in additioll to the olle pre\:iously held l)y him:'" "lIo \v tloes it h:~ppen that one and the same goti or gotltlrss is rcfrr~,ctl to very oftcu i l l one :tud the same illscription as the 'son' or 'clar~ghtcr' of two 1 o r e (listil~ct and srparate y o d ~ ? " ~ IJpor~ ltrl i ~ d r c ~ u i ~ t e soll~tion of c ~ ~ ~ ~ s t i o n s like these ; t r ~ t l hnntlreds of others similar in scopc and character deprnds, of course, our rorrrrt ~ultlrrstandinq of the religion of Babylonia-a rcligiorl which had sufficient strength ;rnd powcr within itself to rrlake itself felt even a t our present age.

For a better understanding of tjhe de\lelopmcnt of this rrligion it would seem necessary to point out briefly the various epochs in its history. By so doing we may be pu t into a position both t,o distinguish between phenomena which belonged to one or the other of these periods anti to ok)srrvc which of thcsc phrnomerla werc transferred ixxkward or forwilrtl.

/ ) ( ~ - 7 ~ ~ , :all of ~ v l ~ i c l t t>:tn~,s CO~IVVJ 111~ id,,:, t l , : ~ l /;rw/t, t lw I,II,IIV ,)i .I(,, w:$s. i t ! 1:~Ivr t i ~ w ~ , , ~ < ~ ~ ~ s i , I c r w l LC) 1~ t l ~ ~ g r w t

'':~I,<,dc'' cu~l>r;tcit tg "scvcr~ i ~ t r l ~ ~ s t ~ r v s ' ' or " ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ s ,>I i ~ f l u ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ' ' lwcsi,l,~<l o \ v r I ) ? t l ~ , ' p , , I ol ( I 1 111~ l ~ ~ ~ a v c ~ ~ l y WVAI?,

c2) 111~ tcrrcslri:il <IW:UI, (3) I ~ C & L Y C I I I V I K I vartl!, (1) u!<,oT>, (3 ) S ~ I I ~ , [ l i ) ),,n\~crh o f t,:tt!~rv, ( 7 ) st:trs. ( ' f . i n t l ~ i s v o ~ n ~ , r t i , n t

tI,P E-gi(<)<t<,v[ = I,.\; E.I/l<-,Y.l/, ,,,,,[;)-//,,-r#!, ,,,,,[,G).,/;,r ( ! Si,,.l,~,,lt,, IV. /i.?, !I : ;31 : ,,8,,-h;,-,?r,,(!) $i.?,,, ! I , , , ( < ) -

clCr(!) ), n?i-ic/-ru) :\ (< ~up lc <,( 'l.S;,,-f;ir.sr, :xt ( i i t w , v l> ic l t ih w l l ~ ~ l t l ~ c /?-ui,-i; svv /<. 19. //., lp],. ( i l , li:j, : t ~ ~ l , ~ s p ~ ~ c i a l l y

p, 203, n<~t , , I l i , ;a~nl c1, t lw ~ ~ ; t ~ t t c , , t i t l w zi!l!qttrr~t/<~i tl!,. I<W~I~IIC k-zi-,!(, or Ihwsipl~; l : 1 ? - n r ( , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l O - i - ~ ~ ~ 8 - l , i . i.?., ' ' t l , ~ t<v>>-

PIC, d t l ~ c 7 'g , ,vvr~~ors ' ( ' n d ~ r ~ , ' l ~ , i ! t , i , , # , ~ ) ,,r ' l ~ r : t \ , ' r : t t ~ l t,:trlll( - n,,rl<I),' ' ' :LINI l l > v 2;!g!/c!rr<~I all I , :r id\~ [.S(.'.\-A"),

E-6-7, 11. Is., 50 : 2L'rr.

I I,, tI,c s,,,,,,,ri:,t, l l l ,~ l~g , , l ,~ , tll,.r,.l<,r,~, i t ,,,:,llvrs \ V y , I i t l l , ~ ,,l,<.lI,,~r, ,,.!I., ,~.Y/.V-//; I,,, <~:,ll!~,l , '> lc , /?-3ni.-ri~'' (1;. K., X S I I ; p;tr l 1 , 11. :i!l, i> ,>tv I, 11, Io \v) . 01. nll<,lli<,~. \I:~t.d\11. I),, :1 ''s,1li

c,E ko" ur tlir d i ~ i , i r i i i i i i , "hilt> t l w uc,.a11," 01.<li(,i$it .Sf 'ih'', "WIL Erhlu," ilrr t l i l - /?-~ni.-rii i* t l w " i l~ l~~~n <,1 in fh i -

ence" oi Elllil, wl>ilr, t,lw UCCIIII or E r k l u $ t l ia t ( I I ISu.

For c x a ~ ~ ~ p l c s d. /<tl, //be C'itrisl, I-:?: f,sl~l~tr, t l r c I : i t~g l~ tc r ,)( .Iu, h.'!,li/, .Sit,, .\ '/.\L//~, .I,%?<,?; .\.$ta!<,,, is t11~:

sun oi 'In, Er~li l , 01 t i le uccn!~, ui' tit,: "lo,rl o/ hcni .ct~ u i ~ d (.(trlh," t l i ~ "liii~~lixlii rlii!~ ii/ llii i,ii~t,lir" i t l i ( l 01' t l ~ c t(.iuj,ll,

"Dsr-an-ki," cte., <:tr.

King Hammurabi, in the opening lines of his famous (.ode,' ir~tlic.atrs thr rpochs <t es: which preceded that of his time wheri he st' t

"When the suhlimr A n ( i .e . , God), the kin: of the < ~ - ~ L W I ~ - I I ~ - ~ J ' : "E'Iz-lil, the

lord of heaven and earth . . . . to "dfnrd,~k . . . . the Enlrl-sh~p over the totality of men had committed . . . . then, ctc."

Two points stand out clearly in this passage, viz.: (a) Enlil commzttecl the Enlil-ship to Marduk, z.e., he, as 1,ord par excelleizce,

decreed (Stmu), when the time was ripe or the circumstances warranted it,2 that Marcluk should henceforth exercise the Ernlzl- or 1,orrl- and Ruler-siz~p over Bab-

ylonia, should play the r6le of E1~1il; (b) Enlzl, as the emphatic apposition ( ' the sublime i11~" clearly indicates, had

himself usurped his predecessor's name, z.e., a t the time when En111 was the Gotl and Lortl x a t ' d;'o~<11, A n had become i~ mrre nttrzbute of E ~ ~ l z l . From this i t would

follow that two epochs prrcedetl that of Martluk, v h . , the 911 ant1 the b'rtlil per~otl. The oldest insr:riptions so f~ t r rcco\~crctl l)y the several cxpctiit,ions to Babylonia

niay safely be assigned to ahout 4000 H. ('.:I :\t this t,imc b'ltlil 1r:ttl already dis-

placed An. To l)e quite conser~;tl,ive, we ni:ly ;issign t,he A I L ant1 thc beginning of the Enhl epoch to the time before 4000 B. ('., the latter 1:tsting till the reign of the I. dynasty of Babylon or about 2232 R. C:., whcn (,he so-callrd ~llarrlt~lc period was ushered in, which in turn was succeeded by that of A4Sur. The A I L epoch, there-

fore, from our present s tate of knowledge is completely prehistoric; that of Enlil partly prehistoric and partly historic.

According to the evidence a t hand, it would seem that :rll of these epochs, though primarily successive, were yet partly contemporaneous (so th:tt of ilfarcluk arid AGur) arid partly overlappin? (so that of AIL and b'ltlil and that of b'nlil, ilnrik~~lc

r . and AkBur). lh i s conditioned or gave cause to a forwilrd, 1,:rc:ltw:rr.d and mutu:rl

transfer the various attributes, functions anti nan1c.s of onc got1 to :inothrr. 'Jo

illustrate this hy onr or two cxarnplrs, I rrlay menti011 that lhr SIIIIIPI.~:III term for macrocosm was originally, as wc saw nl)orc,' ( I I L or ~ I L - X i . I)r~ririg thr Surnc~.i:l~l

Thc tt.lldt,nr>- (11 c , ) ~ ~ti<,,lvn~ Ili;t,,rians t o ( ,<)~tq~lc t< , l? i p i ~ r t , 111,. L<,stilttolty 01 ll:il>yl<nti:i'i 11111st i.~l<:lj~.iat~d

;~nlraologist, Icirrg S a l , o ~ ~ i d , is not "11 pirtcrl l,y tllr t;il,li,ts tllr Olclct. Tcnil,lc I.il,l.:try <,I Sippitr . I c;nnl<,i, tla,n.i'ore,

accept tllr: rat1r.r rul,ji,rtive vimv 01' nlost, il not all, o w pn.sc~rt-d:~). "l~istr~rinns," n - l~o tliitilr t11;~t ll>i. i~. on-n rnlrr~lntior~s

lrarr a inurli Iwttcr Ponrldntioi~ i r i lart t l l rn~ titosr of Nnl,,,riid and ~ v l l i , consc,rltivutIy cliiiltt: ~j i t i tc sli/>je~ti\-<.l>-, l l ln t tlic

olrlpst n,ro\rn.,l <iocurnents 01 Hal,\-lonia du not iult~dnti . thr yrar : X I 0 0 1%. (:. (.'I. lwrc T<,r tlw l~r,,svnL l j . P:,, Scrics I) , vol. \', iasr. 2, 1'1'. :-I?.

' S r r 7,. 9.

or Enlil period several other terms came to l)e used, among them :~lso /cur and k~rr-/cur. This t,erm for macrocosm was transferred baclclc~n~~l to the first god of the worlti, Arr, who thus came to be designated the "god of the kur." f ln l~! , his son, coultl consecluently be termed the "offspring of the kur."'

Again, when during the Sumerian or Er~lzl epoch the Habyloni~in theogony came to be systematized, the "world " or '' milcrocosmos" wits considered tjo consist of "seven spheres of influence," cach of which being assigned to one of "the seven great gods," viz., .4nu, R&l, Ea, SirL, Samai, Rarrzmi!n, IStar. This doctrine was likewise transferred backward and made applicable to t,he A n epoch. In this way i t happened that ~-ATL-,IKL arld Erech, the temple and city of the first god of the "world," Aiz, came to he known or was spoken of (during the Er~lil and later periods) as the Gi- par-7 ("1 .Z

We may, then, divide the Babylonian religion into t,he following four epochs: ( a ) Triz PREIIISTORIC on -4.v I?POCH wit,h the god A I L of t,kre t,ernple fi-'in(-na)

in U n u ( ~ ) ~ ; or Erech as its chief god.

(b) THE SUMQRIAN on I<.~I,II, EI,O(:H, from :il)out 4000 (:LIIC~ I1eforc)-2232 B. ('. During this period the Semites invaded Babylonii~. \\:hether these Semites influenced the religion of the Sumcrians to any perceptible degree, cannot be made out a s yet. The chief god durin: this period was Enlil of the tctriple fl-kur :it Nippur.

(C) THE ~I\IUHRITISH(~ANAANITISH)-RARYI.OXIA~. OR -tI l l i 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ E r o c ~ ~ , with Allarduk of the temple &-say-il-la a t Bnbyloiz as its foremost god.

(d) THE ASSYRIAN EPOCH, with god A?z-,!ar or *ii-iur of the temple fi-gar-ra a t AiBur as its chief representative

From this division it will be gathereti that such well-known gods as fia (dEn-ki), Sin (Wn-zu, "Nniailn), Snmai ("L'tu), Rammdr~ ("1,11), dNIN-IB, etc., never played a natior~al or epochal rAle in t,hc dcvrlopmcnt of thc religiol~ of Hal)ylonia, and this notwithstanding t,hc fact t;h:it, c . ~ . , Sin :tnd sama: were tirlrirlg the Sumerian periotl lhc chirf gods of (,he national ci\pit:rl TJr ant1 I,:irs:~, ~.espc(.t,iv~ly. True it is that all of thcse gotls wcrr c.ol~siderctl, i l l their owr~ citirs, to I)(. :L "father" 2nd ( ( goti of gods," I ~ u t their inflr~cnc:~ 011 the ni~tion :ls :i \vholC w:is pr;tr:tically imper-

ceptible, in corr1p;rrison to lli:lt of EnIiI, nay, i t secrrls (.hat,, c.q., 1C:l tierived his glory and honor mainly from the fact that he was t,he "grc:tt, f:~t.hcr" of t , t~c "st,ill greater

son," R4:~rtlnk. Afi~rdl~k playill!?; the r6lc of 13t/lil, his f:~thrr 1'::~ w:is, : ~ s is t,o l ~ c ex- pec.t,etl, identifieti with All; t,tiis, no d o ~ ~ l ) t , , is the reason why I h , t h o ~ ~ g l i origili:~lly T I , , is yet, a t least sometimes, designated by ",X-the num1)rr of fin!' The other gods, though occasionally called "god (king) of heaven and carth," were merely playing, in their respective cities, the rAle of Erzlil: Enlil was the national god. while they remained, notwithstanding t,heir title, essentially c i ty-~ods and "sons" of Enlil.

5 . T H E AN OH PREHISTOItIC' EPO('H IK T H E EIISTORY OF T H E BABYLONIAN I tEl~IGION.

A. THE SOUKCI:~.

The very terrn "prehistoric" ilidic;~tes that we h:tvr, so far, no inscriptions whatever which were written during, or have rome down to us from, this period. The oldest recovered ta1)lcts date from about 4000 H . ('.' .kt this lime the theology of the Bal)ylonians appears alre:tdy i l l that s t :~ tc oC systclrlatic tlet-eloprrlent as is exhibited in the inscriptions of the kings of the 11. dynasty of 1Jr ant1 ill t , l~c titblrts from the Older Temple Lit~rsry of n'ippur..

When trying to trace tllc scver:rl peculiarities of the 1 1 i ~ poriotl we itre obliged, of necessity, to rely upon it~cirlelatc~l 1,ejerei~ces. Thcse references are to be found partly in the "oldest historical texts," partly in the "re1iyiou.s ,ii~scriptions" and partly in the so-called " l i s t s .of yods." Though the last two classes of texts, as far as published, were written, mostly, during the time of Ashshurl)Anitpal (about 650 B. C.), to whose library they belonged, they nevertheless may lje admitted as reliable and authentic sources for a recon~truct~ion of the Bal)yloni:rn religion during the An period, and this the more so as most, if not all, of (.hem :Ire rriercly copies of tablets written t,wo to three thousn~ld years carlier. 'I'his f;rc:1. I)ccomes now morc and more evident ;ls the pul~lication of t,he corrtcnts of t.hc l'cmplc 1,il)r:lr.y of Nippur progresses?

It is of course self-evitlel~t 1.11:~t the copics from 1,Ilc lil)~.:~~.y of ~ i shsh~r l )At l :~~)d bear the earmarks of various lit,er:try redaclio~is ant1 emerlti:it.io~ls, showing us that they have heell adapted to t,he srveral pcriotis in the R:tl)ylonial~ rcligioll. IIence,

when making the tablets of the Ashshurl)B~l:~pal lik)~.ary thr l~nsis for 3 reconstr~~ct~ion of the oldest religious concep1,ion of the R2tl)ylonians, t,he iiist,ori:un will have to apply to them the same literary method ; ~ s is omployed l)y thc Oltl l'estnrnc~it sc!holar: the historical critical method.

1 CI. also d.4w-n,~-lsi = fin. * Seo ahovc, 1,. 12.

3 Set for thc pn,se~it U . I<., Scrics I), vol. 6, insc. 2, pp. 1-14.

The a'pplication of this method is, of course, made much easier for t,he Bab- ylonian scholar than for the Old Testarnelit critic, and this for the simple reason that the Bi~l,yloniologist, in marly cases : ~ t le:rst, has nt his disposal the wiginals of the later copies of Ashshurl)&n:~pal's lil~rwry, thus being put into a position to compare them with each other, to ol~servc :rnd notc tlie changes, 1iter:~ry :~nd historic:tl, and to make his deductions accordingly. JVith these means a t haritl I shall try, in the following pages, to reconstn~ct, as briefly as possible, t,he A I L period, leaving here all later redi~ctions and emendations (" tr:\nsfers from the later periotls to this prehis- torio onr alid r:icr 'ccrsa") nnnotirrtl. 111 doing so, marly stnt,rments might seem, a t first gl:inc-r, t,o I ) ? rat,hcr sul)jor.t,ivr. .411tl so they :Ire. H11t this is neil,her t,he place rloi. the t,imc l o clisrtlss tlie rc:lsons whir11 pr~rnpt~rtl nlr in :ic~c~rpt,ing the one arid in rc.jt:cl.in: thr ot,hrr st~tltcnierit of thc inscriptions. I :~m, howo\-cr, prepi~rctl t,o mairitt~iri :~nd dcfcntl, if rirc:~ssat.~~, :~rly r.or~r~lusions rr:lc.hrtl hrrc, l)c they sul),iective or otjhcru,isr.

-411 the "lists of gods" linowrl to 11s :Ire irlvari:~bly headed l)y the god AIL, a fact betraying that he niust have \)re11 the first :tnd foren~ost :IS well :is the oldest god known to the early R~~l)ylonians. This is :~ttcstrd to by the "r:~rliest historical inscriptions" : whrnever A ri is mrnlionrd in cornp:my uritll other gods, such as "En171 or dDr~ki, etc!., he precetlcs his comp:~nions, so in t,he inst,,riptioris of l,'t(gal-zag-gi-si, Hilprecht, 0. H. I., no. 87, col. 1 : I4Sf., in those of (;lolea, St,. B, 8 : 44; ('yl. B, 19 : 18; A~t~- i~~i-ba~t i - i i , 1 : 13 ( = E. B. If., p. 177) ; ~ > L L I L - ~ ~ , El . A. V . , p. 375, not,e I ; Rtnl-Sit&, Tontinycl I\; 1. 23 ( = S. A . Ii. I., p. 217). If ,,In l)e the first and oldest god it wot~ltl follow, ipso /(~cto, th:~t his t,emple Zk~n-.tzu together wit11 his cit,y U7~u(<g)" - Ur~rk or Il:~.crh' (-pX, sect p. 8, note 1) must :~nteelat,e, in point, of time, all otlltlr temples :lritl cities of :~ricicrlt B:~I)jrlo~li:l. Hene:e, hen we find in the so-calletl "liiling~~al c.rcat,iori-story" (written in Keo-Hnl,yloniun chamcters) that N ~ j ~ p u r :~nd &-kw<:lrr ~nenlionetl Ixfore Erech ant1 &-~112-?an, we may rest assured that this :trrangement is clue to a decided Nippur in/lue~~ce, i .e., t,he "bilingual creation-story" must have bcen composed during a time when Niplxir and &-[cur had overshadowed, in point of importance, that of Erech and 2-An-nu. In other words, the "bilingual creation-story" dntes from the Enlzl period, having, however, been adapted to fill the requirements of the ;lfardul; epoch.

.4n, the oldest god, was naturally col~sidercd to bc the first ccrtza-a-abor

I K , 1 j . , \ - I#, [ I . (;i : 2, r:r,o( ,S,A-LUL ,i.~-ibi,jr ZL c i ~ : - l ~ , r .

? . J h , b ~ l > , I<. B., \ 'I1, 1,. 38 : ti, 7.

l l i l , tlte C l~r is l , p. I7 : 14;-19.: %2.

" parent," "mother-fst,her (abzc tcmn~u)." This t,erm, as we saw above,' indicates the androgynous nature of An, i.e., it is nothirig but a. crudr and primitive mode of expression calculated to convey a, twofold idea, viz.:

( a ) That An 12s "the self-existent one (dyc'vv~ro;)," who is w~rl exists " b y himself (ni-ba, ni-te-?m, ci-bi, zna ramdni-.?i~)," and

(b) That he is "the self-perpetuating one," loho is able to, ai~tl tlitl, beget o/)'sprircg out of his own, rcature.

Being such an ama-a-a, Ail was, of course, looked upon, quite rightly, as "the source o/ everything that belonged to ihc heavens above or the earth beneath (.kc k:,;.?-Eat AN-I<I") ":

(u) of 1 1 1 ~ !/oils, ( d ) of the rr,o~~ltl, thr rri:tc~roeosm ( ( 0 1 , crtr-l;i, O U ~ J ? ) :111tl inicaroc.osnl ( 1 ; ~ / ( 1 t i 1 ,

ICf-e)i-(/i). When wr say t.lia1. A I L was the sourre of evrrythillg, we 111ust not restrict the

"of" t,o merely :111 ol)jec.tivc meaning. 1171 is t,he got1 of everything in a sul)jec:tive and objective sense, i.e., he is 1,)otli the author of everythi~ig (".<a" ki.!dat AN-I<]) and "everything himself (-4n == .!am& and nuuy i xho;io; ~ ~ U i ~ l ~ % l ; ~ l f ~ j s ) . " In other words, A n is the source or "father"' of 78 niLv and zd nuv himself, and hence thr religion of the earliest Babylonians is nothing but a pure and simple pantheism and their theology and theogony but a (micro- and macro-) cosmology and (micro- and macro-) cosmogony.

Very soon, however, as may i ~ c gat,hcrcd from the various "lists of gods" themselves, thc early Babylonians differenti~t~ed A n int,o a "husband" or "father (a-a) " and a "wife" or L'mother (c~:rnn)," hut still clinging t,o t,he itir:~ tli:tt huslmnd anci wife were arid are one, hence

and when considered as a (micro-, macro-) cosmic quitntity,

Thttt ,111 w:rs the " fatl-ler (a-u, tctl) " par c.ccelle~zcc of all gods may still lje gathered from various passages of the cuneifornl liternt,urc such as IV. I<." -56 : 7b, ' l A - n i m

ith( - ccd) il&izP"1.nbiLti( - y01)~""~. Thr:sc "gre:lt gods" are rnostly designated by the tern1 " A - I ~ L - ~ z n , i . e . , ('the iiegotten ones (a = ri@t, lit. t)he outpouring, brood, progeny) of the 'princr ( ~ L L I L ' ) , ' " or more fully, " tlie ' 1 A n 7 m ~ c c whom A~LU has I~egotten and the % 4 n z t n n a whorn .1nl~~nr has l)egot,tcn,"hr, w11:~t is the same, "the %~,~~mncx. of ( - begotten by, ant1 thus belonging to) heaven (ar~-na = ia .;an~e';) and the 'L4n1ur1zu of e:rrth (ki-n - .kc il-$ti?n'i'"),"Vor. simply "gods of heaven ant1 gods of earth."' Of these thc god :In is said to be both tlie "forcmost

1 For l i i ~ ~ ~ = d l L - i ~ ~ ~ svc M. li31.

x ~ i ' , l - 7 ~ # t ! ~ - ~ ~ < ! .I,t.it<6( = d.l-8,i!~i,) <c-ri-u-?~c, '1.1-!~t,li,-,,,5 lii-<~( = .I,L.!U,,Z) <,-ri-,<-,te, for r?l,:rc,,?<!s sec BCl, /he

Cl~rid , 11. 2S, note 1.

Scc Bil, fiic Chris[, p. 28, ilotc 2, :nd tllc n:l'c:~.ll,,cs thi:l.,i gi\-cu. 1:;iLar c111 t l ~ c "".liii~r~,in o] cilrlh" wen: tt:rtncd i I ' I ,f I ' v r I ' 1 - i . ' ' i s ! ' I-!gi-oi I COIIS~,I(.I. 10 l ~ e a (:ontractiun

uf igciqi, : i ~ ~ < l igi t~ l ~ l ~ ~ , ~ ~ c l i c writing oc e!yL = I. 2, n<,tc :3 ) , syn. ol U ~ L J L , I~cncc LIN: 'fl-gi-gi I>>LYC also the

uatnc "Ni~~z-~~~il(-e-tte, -inid). ''tllc grv:iL ~~rit~ccs:'

I - = ' t i I ( = i i i l i ' ) , I . I I ! : I ; 3 I ; 135, 111, Y3.

ilcec,rditrg to tlicsc pt~sstrgcs i tnd R. 11.) 87 :%A (cl. I< 4ti2!I, n:\-., Ui.aolil, Cii!., p. 5lIi) LIK: "goils ul' I#,::LVCII :ind CRTLII''

are divided iuto

(a) "tllc grcnt gods, 50 ill ntunI,cr (rlinCs~c-ir gal-qid L-newbe). "1;iity" liciug tlie nrltnl,rr uf E,~li/ (and of iris son

"YIN-IA, C. T., S S V , iUo : 7; 50b : I t ) , wc linvc 10 8i.e i ~ i this statentnlt n Nipplir inflovnce, slto\vi~rg us Llut duriog

tllc Eidil pcriocl tile gall of d-/cur wns col~sidrrcd (li l ,~ .'I ,L) to n:prcscnt or to iucludc ht his pc rs , ,~~ "all tlrc /i,/Ly great

gods of licavctt ;inil c;~r.tll": tllsrcb,rc is I, also = i~i(-6n-li~,,~, V. R., 37, till. 11, 1 G . (b) " tila gods oi (ic. , n.110 dctcnlliili:) t l ~ c h tcs (ili,,t-,ue-i~ n~ti,~-/iu-ra),'' ~r,llo arc snkl to t l n t ~ ~ h c r srrclr (7-ne-"he).

Tllcsc arc "tlic s;:vcll grcilt gods pic7 e.rcelLcnce" or ''tilt: 7 gorcluora (bri,nii,rii) o l Ileal-cn nlid c:irlIl ( i , r ( z l r ) ' n e s b - 7 - ~ ~ ~ ~ k i ) ";

An, Q7zlil, ' l ~ ~ , ~ i ~ i , "l$nzi~, "lili~, "131, " I ~ L I L ~ I ~ L ~ Z O . TIIVY n ~ t ~ s t bc scpnn~h:cl fronl tltc 7-bi( = d~ihill i) , the I I I C S S V ~ ~ ( ~ ~ S

(~~'~'i~i, , ,-gi-n) ol .in (IV. 5 : 27 = C. 1'., S V I , I!) : 27), wl~oar 1'atl:s 110 (An) 115s dctcrmi~~ed xt~cl \v l~o~n I ~ P llas given

to god i n n ( = %id)-(bjil-gn-incs = "111, eti:.) to be Itis "Rlrioos ~renpons" (scc Jcnsen, R. B., \'IL, p. 58 ; Gf.), biG wllo lil~owisi: are calleil "gr,:~tL gods," I<. 157 (Ursolil, Cat., p. 11), "7% illi?~i,zb6,5i& r.nbiili( = g ~ ~ l j ~ ~ c d ~ b . These 7-bi are

notllillg !rut tlrv scvcn manilcstntions of "tllc po\vol.; c,i n:~tttrc," i i . , tls:y a x tlie ''sovon sotis (\v<::~pons) of the god

who plays tile rOlc uf $lit: 'Son'" in n givuti lrinity (rf. C r e u l i ~ i ~ - S / o ~ p. 45, 3; B. E., Yirll', p. 21, 5 : p. 10, note,

mld tlrc "scvcn zib af d ~ l ~ l , " C. T., SV. 15 : 18. ( e ) d ~ + ~ t ~ n - n a '1%-,LC& v?,i~-i~)9-bi = d r l - ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ a - l i . i Sti i , ~ t t i i @ 5 dii-Si, i .~ . , "t,lw \n~illll:l of I ~ ~ ~ ~ Y c I I (to tilt: L~LUIIIICT 01)

5 soss or (5.60 - )300." Cf. :~lsn R. /I., p. 1 I%, 111, 12, ,F-!LS (i.e., = 300) biir d17. 11.

(d) d i l - i~i~n- t~a ki-a ,ILU-ILA-~O-~~ = d;l-ni~n-,~n-lri Bd i l . i l i l l~'~"~ ni-B-6-di~, i.e., "tll,: .\LLUZ~I% of <!:~rtli ( t ~ the nulllll~r

~ i ) 10 soss or (10.ii0 = 1 ni r = ) (iOO,rr Ci. also 11. [I., p. 142, 111, 12, 60.10( = 600) bdr d[d!]-nt~n-nn-lri, itnd d60.20 =

%4.~~~~n.~~a-itii, IV. 11.2, 33 : 46, vari;tnt I I = Ur. 10140. \VImt t l ~ : nnmhers 300 :~rrd GO0 stand Sor is nut yct elmr. Tltnt

the number 300 of tlie ".A~nmn;~ of lrra\-cn," i c . , the 'lI-gi-gi, cnmlot lie tlie rcarllt of the addition uf the "sacred ooilibers

of tllr godsu (.In = GO; Enlil = 50; 1VIlV-IU - 50; l h ~ = 40; Sin = 30; So,nitb = 20; I3lw = 16; Wergnl = 14

(,sic/ Ilo~nmcl); ~ l ln rd t~k = 11; Gihil - 10) as Hc,~ntuel (G~undrisu', p. 370, nutc 1) \\,\.ants, is evident lor thc fullmving

reasons: (1) dill = 6 is wnitted by IIurnmel; (2) :liorili~~.s nolnber is [ ? + ] 10; (3) Ne~qal's nuiriber is 16 (Inat 14), llence tlio nel result would be -+ 307 (ulste;~d ul 300); cf. now C. T., SS\', 5012, h. Seoirlg t1r::t GO is also ICU, mllich,

wlicn rend egi, lins tllr signification "prince," it may not bc impossible that 10( = dilnu,i,~ni<i) nioant origijlnlly

"the toti~lity (10 = U = 8h = kiBSatz~) oi the Lprhinccs.'" Furtllrnl~orr, rcmcmbi:ring that tllc '*I-qi-qi, "pririees,"

or dNun-ga1(-c-nc, -,,iCb), "great princes," ;ire in [not nothing hut thc "rlnzinna o j hemera," xi: may see in thc writing

d ~ . I I the nunrber of 5x120 or 5XGOX3=600=d6~~10(=dd-nu~~--naa-k i , thc"An~inna of mirth") rather tlian titat of 3

(gic-gal') " :rnd the "king ((l.lagc~') ." Thc wife of A n , being OIL^ with ]lor h u s l ~ a n t l , i n u s t , i-~avc,, of course, the sarne

ut t r ib . lc tcs and f l i t z c t i o i ~ s . 'I'his is the rcwson why she, t,hongI~ l l o t l l i r r g l)ut a persor~i- fication of the "enrth(ki)," is yet s : ~ i t l to l)e the 'VRClit-1-li," "t,hc mistress of the gocis." Thcsc gods are, : ~ s we s:tw a l ~ o ~ c , " the "A-~xt:rr ,~-r~a A,ra- i ic~ and lii-a a-ri-a-nc,

"the Amlnnn hegot,ten 11y 11111c :\ritl A I L - l u n ~ , " i.e., t,lic " l g i { j i and "A?~u .n l ln l z i j or the totalily of lrhe gocis of h c a o o ~ : m t l etrr,tIi.

a. TTis Genea log ie s . - - i \mor1% the g o t i s , the progeny of ~ i , :rlltl I</', orlc g o t i stands out with specizll prominmcc: the g o t 1 1,il~'' or, wherr t 1 i f c r e n t i : ~ t c t l into husl~and and wifc, ' ' E ~ ~ - l i l , ~ "Mr. I,il," i x n d 'iATi~l-lil,H ",\ITS. l,il,'' the famous god of the temple

'cs<;,,,:,,.', It, ~t lh : r ,v<,~c~s> tlw If c ~ r c' l~li~li :tt~ > r < ~ , i( t l ~ r c

Ix:;~uy, bi!ti\-s,w (ljOX).j(= 3011) ; i ~ ~ i l ((i0X)111(2 lillll) i i . I > < , ,li>llllt, tll,, ' : t l l l<- :IS in iltc, (-xlm,-*ion ('i~i. Iiiilk.llrii(.livl.~

Yerpl, 1,. ;]-I : 25, 2 i ) i-$-In ;i-ii,,i(-,iii') hi$-iii-id,(-bir)-r, i-10-!ri l(I-ri,i,(->iic) bit-i.i8-iilr(-hrt)-i ' ' o~ct 01 11!c, l#<nlsr (d: i i;in>ily)

oi {ivc (tell) Iw (ill(, ~ t ~ r ~ i t ) v:nzs<,s ti, gu ,n> t iisi, (~PII)," i.,'., ~rlwt1a.r tin, /:~i>lily is s))i,ill (T)) (11. /(I)BC (IIJ), till ii1.c dl.i\.c!~

,,ut, I u r t ! 5 ,~xprcss~~s , lil,<, 111, t l ~ tot,rIi/!, (v(. finc~rs , , I ' l!:t!#cls!). ITc~trt,, ;j;JtI(= titlX ;) : > I I ~ l;tlIl(= l~llX1ll) is tlw t,~f,tliPg,

IYA it s~n :~ l l (;) o r l:trgt, (IO), of tin: ''priz>c,,s,'' t l ~ c lir<>g,v~y t ~ d . I ! , . Iic,i~>g tlw "I!:~tl~t,r" : W I I ' ' l , i~>g' ' ,,i Lltc tot;tlit,y (7 cur

i t = I i ! ) o t I , I is, t i , i s : i l I I I s Y. I . 2 I ; I , I 1 " l r . 11; I\(!

I I 1 r ' d ' T c 1 is I I I i , i . . , I 1 5 , I 7 1 . liar iltl1i.r ~ iv ivs SCB

J c t ~ x ; ~ , , I<. I]., VI1, 11. 587 (Llw 8 I!qi~i( = ' ' z ,L -z (~! ) ; ? ~ > , l !I . I , L U ~ L J L < L / ~ ~ , wI8icl1 .IC,IISCH ~ > ~ : , n I i o l ~ s Iwrc, , I , , t>oL m i s t ) ; EIroxn~,

Ninmg, 1'. SIX.; Zitruucm, I<. 11. 7'?, p. 43LI.; Tlt~llllll(ll, f;i~it,(/l.ibs2, I)[). ll:iI, :3lii, I ; :ili!l, 1; 3711, 1.

1 (!I!, 11. It,, l!J : 211 ( = l%roxtd, ~ V l ~ ~ x s g , 11. 111, wv. 20), lt~gul <l',!t! (! so, ~ > o t ?.<,I,! , l i / h is a v;~rit~uL </Zu! = r<tl>i,

IJr. 1 l(i5) .I iz-nc! g,!-g,tl diugir-ri-e-rte-gc = &lr-?u wtb-l,t& ".l-~~iut u-i<Z-ri~c!-!le; S ~ , L L ~ I L L : L ~ \ : ~ ~ S : L ~ , l ; l : ~ d < O l ~ ~ l i s l ~ ~ oI,v,, I . 2 [cl. ljcl, l l~c C!i~i,st,

p. 28, lot,: 2), '<.lnx B(~r7.i d~-gi-gi ii ".~-~LILIL-~L<,-!~.~; (:11,10 01 kJ:il!l!ctllriil)i, I : I , . I I L $i-ri(-io)i b<li.ri ".I-~L,OL-II<I-!;~ (II,'TU,

I>o~rcvc,~., this ;atll.ibute llns been tnirlsfcmd Lo 'Llfi,-lii, scc I). 1'2). I!(. J V ~ ~ S V C I , l<.l{., \I1, 1). 48 : 27, %X> ~ \ - I I B T O

"tlm gorIs (ilrirci)" arc L o IJC his ( i e , ' r . l - ~ b ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ) ~ ' ~ ) " ( . l ~ i l ~ l r ~ ~ ~ ( i l ~< i r i -S , i ) . ' ' S(,C also S. :I. I<. I., 1). 1Sljf.

VC. T., XXlV, 1 : 2 3 = 20 : 15, "liilil( = .Yl.Y)-i-Ii iliitii .In-,ti~-gi., l,riltg iil,,ulilicd iu I.<., 1. 20 = 20, willl

.L,L-IILI)L "1s-lor. For t l ~ c l ~ r o ~ ~ ~ u ~ c i : ~ L i < n ~ "lltlil->-li (,CLNI I I C , ~ "AVi~~-z~,l-li) sec C. Y., I X \ ' , 7~1: 111, "tj61ll( = lV1lV)-

' v ~ ~ - l i .

' Scc p. 17, rlot,: 2. aC!f, "lje-lit " V . 11 u "A-uttrt-n<~-l~i, ('ri~ig, I?. 'I,., I l l , 1). \', <;urr~:cLiu~~s to v,,l. I, :]I, I C , ~ . ti.

"'l'lie n a n r ill is still prvscrvcd in 1111: I'olloivi~tg i ~ i t ~ n , , - :

(a) lilt?., oriinl lilt, lilil( = n.5'5, Is. 34 : l l ) , w c :tI,<,!t,, I,. 5, ilc,t~, li; (b ) !iizi-lii Iil ( l,llotlctic \rritlilg [or lil) =

d/,il-li~~)~, n-110 is, iic(.ordittp to IV. I<.', 27, no. 4 : 56, t l~, , S:IIIK :LS il.l~it-ii/-li! or ''I<i~-lil (SCI. :XISO itl>~\.c., 11. (i, note 4).

but z ~ c o r d i r ~ g t~ C. 2'., XI\ ' , 12 : 21, ' i~ii l- l i~ I ,litLc), i.e., ''.\~l.Y-IlI; (c ) "I.~I, t l v YOI ) d '/.llu~(-<,) or diYit~-,n<t& = 'llit!-

lil-'~-Cb (the vil!c of d~~.V-P:l-i), C. T., XXI\', 13 : 5!J = 21i : 1117; (<I) " l . i - ~ l - l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , C. T., XV, I , w,I. 11, 2, 7 ; [!I,i-l~!~t,,

Z.C., 2, col. \TI, 10; "~i-il-li, L.c., col. T'111, (i; (el Lif - ''[;!, (i.t!., " t l w s t ~ r n t ' ' ) , Y. I(., 44, col, I l l , 37a, b, 'lLAIIe-li-Lll

1 " " ~ < r l i ~ - " ~ ~ . (X. also below, l,p. 28, noti, 3; .'!I, ilutc 1.

For t l e pru~~,~nciz t ion En-lil or 11-/(I, ( = ' l ~ , ; ~ ~ , , , ! l ) i ! ~ ~ ~ : ~ s ~ i ~ ~ ~ , wl>c,rc 1 ia :L u~iLl:tl<c I!or .\: ' I~ i id; . -~~~l scc C. 2'., XXIV, ,5 : SS.+I, e,b.rcl.p;l, ' ~ I C ~ ~ < ! . I ~ I L L ~ I , , ! t ~ ~ t t , > I,, 8~x~t~s[.

C. T., S S J V , 5 : G = 22 : 107, "h'ir~-/if-li 1 ":~i,~-lil dii,,i-bi-snl.

4-lcur at Nippur :111(i his wife. IIr is "thc i ) r i~ l~ ip :~ l son of heir\-ell"' or oC "the god of f i - k w , t l ~ : son of the 'princr, '":' " t,he one I)egotl,en (a - ribit , 'pro-

geny') by" or " the son (rlunlu) of I<1;-17~-(li-rrc, "' "tile 1)e~ottr11 o11(! (a, i!-t7i-'~ic/-~Ia)

of the bright heavcn (or holy dln),""'t!~c~ I)c.gottcn one ((1)" or "son ( t l ~ c r i i ~ l ) of thr (world-) n1ount:~in (kur,O bcir-sag) "j ; A n is Enlil's " l ~ e l o v ~ t l C;\thc~r.""

b. Enlil's Nntwe.-The Surnrl.i:\ri 111 is translated into Sernitie l ~ y tqilr~i, li \~ ind,"

a synonym of Illl'~nai (see below), or by xiqiqcc,!' "winti, st,orm." l'r:rnsl:it,ioris such as these ought to h:~vr suffic:ed, it seems t,o mr, to prevent sc>hol:~~.s from scring i i ~

dEn-lil n god of t,hr " irir.""' ' lll:rt, ' lil c.:~nnot, l ~ e l:~kpri in tlic sellsc of ":rirm is :rl~uri-

dantly den1onstr:~ted l)y the sr~vc~.:rl n:rirics : ~ n d :rt t r i l )~~tes :~scr.il~c<l to ,iJC~tc-lfl a1111

still prrsc~.veti in the insc:ript,ions. Among t,hese n:rrnes may i)e rnc~lt,iont>tl as espe- ci:llly noteworthy thc folloxving:

"lm-bar-say," "storm of tlir (xvorltl-)n~ount.:\in (f.c., of 1111) ' "? ; tho sl!/~pnal of

Kippur was called, t,herefore, &-ii7~-hnl.-sc!!j.':' 1P11d21 is the storrrr th:\t l~lows frorn t,he ~ ~ o ~ t h : "Im-si-sti.," :rnd from the enst: " I n z - l c ~ a ~ ~ - ~ a ; ' ~ ~ o s s i l ) l y :ilso t1i:rt which c:ornes rushing frorn the sout,h (l'?ii-<licl-h!,)"' :rnd the wrst (l'rr~-.llA1<-7'U).~ In fz~ct , "Eiili1

1 Crr'riliiiti-Stow, 17. 21, i v r i ~ riJlti e n ! t ~ ; ~ (tlw ">~~:i?~*,vosn~i(. spluw it,floiwc,," 1 ~ 1 . t l ~ v goil u i i l > ; r i "splir~n~"!).

~rllV.lll ddoi t t i - , s<~~ .l??-n<,, 12.11., lq?. SS : 7 ; 1:35, I\-, 1 . 12ur 'l;\-.lll = l!'rtlil .-<',> C'. Y'., \ X I \ . , :<!I : I l l , ".V.lll 1 i t I . i l , I. 3 ) It6 .I.\-~:LII,I II. . I . Y, P. iii3 : ii, 'i.\-.ll{ 1 "l<~~-lil .it1 .I8Y-[v].

:I I,.c., 11. 33, d.k/<,~~ i i i~ in ic ~Vi~zc-nn. l;or ~ L Z O ? , - ".l-ia<, s w 11. 17, n<d,, I .

4 If. N . , D. 1:10 : 2 1 (2Sj, tir,,,,,~ %lr,~-,,l-lil-l~i n(i l i i , i r i , j I<i-bi-~i-rir - I,?-ltiiii d , l i t t< , ii-~ii-iil(,i,ii-m) id t i t - r i - l i o , , ( I r r i i i ) .

For I<i-e?~(i,t)-gi (~t>icrocost~hir sp l~erc of iuH,w~~c, , j = / I n s w :~ lx )vc~ , 1111. I G , 9.

6 (X. tl,,: pr"],,,r I,:,,,,? '11<n-lil-!,l-~t-:17L-<,z~!g-g<!, Ij. I<., Ill, 1,:irt 1, 71,). 111 :s. On. Zj., p. 130 : 21j (:Ul), ~un?,,, 1~~8-?tnq-~!?d c l ~ ~ ~ t ~ - ~ ~ l - ! i l ,<(dt ,n ,~c) I<?<v-vo = bc-ltccn 3?8<$-<$-1<$3$$ "<litto ~i-h~?-,t!l(,,,!<f-yi)

6ndii(Sn-ili-i). ICur A u 5 I<?tr S C C :d,ov<,, 11. 13, not,, 1.

C. T , , XV, I I : :3, ("IOt-lilj i~ - I t , -u~ l -~ l ,~ b,&r-wtg-!g;t. Hor-s<tg (lil<,: i;ur or prc?c,li~tg not,,) is Iwrc :x lrt!er 11: tn~:

lor .4n, In~ing I X V I ~ tr:~~msr~rr,vl t<, I t i m \vl!ct, l h l i l 11:tcI t~~t!rl??,l I & r:ttI~?r's l>l:~ce.

~ H ~ I ~ J , . ~ ~ . I , I , o. n. r , , s i , 111, 14; '~I<,,-I~I, . . . ..I,L ,,-i;i-~~~-,,i ~ ~ ~ o ~ t - ~ ? . I<. (!. : :~( i - , , , , , ~ c - ~ I c , - I ~ ~ , I O ~ I ~ Z

~ ~ t t e r (I,,,g<tl-z<>g-(!i-82~) pnxy~r 10 -171, his l ~ ~ ~ I o v , ~ ~ l Catl~cr,"

Q C[, nls<) 11. 38i11, 12 + lil-1,; = I);! z<,-qi-qu. .\cro~cIilrg t<l ('raig, I?. T., I , 11. ii : 23, e-l,!)i-/,t z<c-qi-q88 i 4 1 ~ p4n

dGitdor btli-3u ICL 1<~-poL-/<!!r 7'~.l:Y-,<.ll!-i)~-.l, ( ~ t c , , it is vvi<Ient t l>;~t Llu: ''Son'' a gi\-<:n 1riniL)- (l>c,rc .S<d,,i d t l w

]3t~llylotl trinity) m:%y g i w 11is :tt~s>vcr t o :L pr;t)-,,r t l t v u t ~ ~ l ~ : t lml I)? 1 1 8 ~ z<t-qi-q!c (c .4 . t l r "still -TII:LII voice'' 01' 1 l,gs,l!) : I ? ) ,

lo so, e.q., Z i ~ i t n r ~ n , i n I<. . I . T:', 1,. :35>; l ~ ; < ~ l i l , ''11~'rr dc.9 l l~ i t td ,~ .* (8?,,1 it,? .Si!a>,c vut,: ,l,,.s I ,~~ j l~? i~ l ,~~~) . "

11 13. . I ., \', 17. 655 ; IS.

12 SO,, :~I)oY<,, notr 7 . I I . I?., .50 : .5<,.

4 I A . V , 1 . I : 1 ('i.., i#o\n.u 1.. li. S3Oi (li,,riil,i, Cii!iil., 1 1 , !I"3), ii,i-ai+ii 'i\.i,i-lil ?:.Y(.-ii.!) m-rii-qi.

. I . , 1 . 5 5 I . I I , I ( I l l I . . ) ' l l i l \ . i t 11, v icwt i l tllr far1 tlhnt

k L , ~ i s t~lso= .In (syn. or &rr-.s<!g, s w :<lmvc, noit ,s (i. i j , " l~~~- l~t , r -~ ,~ n t i ~ l l t possil,ly l)av<, l > : ~ l i l w urigir>:tl ~ i g ~ ~ i ~ c n t i ~ ~ ~ ~

"s to rn~ oi the (I\-ol.lil-)rnu!urtiiit~."

lo Cr. I < , 8397 ( I ~ ~ ~ z ~ ~ I ~ I , I.?.), i>~i-gXl-ltt 'l?-<z , , - O ~ L il6>!i,,cJ~~~. Noti?,, ill this c , m ~ t < , v t i , x ~ t11:tl ' l l O ~ - l i l - l ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ' l " , 'i,Yt,-

&m-7,~uh, BE, <'XI,, d c . , : IW 110tl1 'll?-,r n ~ ~ l clh'~t-lil, C ' i . : t l ~ o r ' l ~ ~ - ~ g ~ l - l ~ ~ - ~i~\~l.V-IIl, ' i , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J , r'.Y~r!l,cl, If. ,I. I..,

py. 422, 428. 17 Ci. I<. K39i ( I ~ c z o I ~ I , I.?.), i~~i-.lI.IR-T~~"'.l-~z~~ <ti,,( ( = , I I)) h i , C ' . S<,t,ict, tltat ' l~~.ll?-Tll isnls,, - "lfi~r-q~zl

+ '~/C,~.li! - , l u (> l :A-'l.lf.l I?-TlJ).

20 Sl i~l ICl l l . \N EI\-AlXS . \XI) l ' l l . \>~El~S 'YO :\rlA-Ill

is the "storm" par excellence, being callcd ' i " ~ " " ' [ U g ] . l That, this ,~iy c:tnnot l)e taken here in the sense of "day" is evident from C . T., S\ 'I : 206 : 40 nil from :Ln inscription recently published by Thurcau-Dangin, wlirre3 iig-;fi-m-~n is ~.cndcrcd by ri-hi- i:-ti d IL l l , "the min-storrri of h'arur?~i&ti.." In thc l:tt,tcr passage: it is par:~llel (1. 5 ) with ANS~-rcc-ra = ri-hi-is-l[um? or ri-bi-is A N S U ] , l.e., "raili-storln [of ANSU]"" and with (1. 6) iu-ra-ra - ra-ha-as ri-ilq-si, "the st)orming of (ant1 tlcstnlction by)

( - 1 ' ( ' 1 . the rain-storm," while in C. I'., XVI, l .c., it is Sollometi irnmet1i:~tely by ;(,:;r. kir-bur-AG-DA-mii = le-fiu-i~ gar-tl;!c-lc % X L L - ~ I L , "mighty tlcstroycrs (drst,nlc:t,ions) they (the 'Seven') are." From this it would follow that iiq, ilNL$iJ, icy, ~ry-arid I may add cjg+--are names all signifyin the "st,oumn such as I t c ! n ~ r r a i c ~ ~ is, i . e . , 1llr "storm" including the ('lightning, thunder, r:iill :~nd clo~~tis." fialil, howerer, is not only "the storm," but he has "storms" of which ho is tl12 o i or "lord," hclice his name "En-iiy-il{j-ga,"'lord of tlir storms." From thc insitriplions of (>utLe:~ we learn that the storms which Erilil has" were, among others, the n - v ~ c t - ~ u ~ or "stormflood" and the iig-~LL-silim* or "roari~lg-storrris."

This result, reached mainly from a consitler:~tion of thc rirrious names of E l ~ l i l ,

can now be corroborated by the inscriptions from the Temple 1,il)r:ary of Xippur.

' I?. d., T', p. 6.55 : 20. For this mading ;111,1 ( . tnc~t<l:~li~rl ci. OIL l , l~c o t ~ < ~ l>:tn,l (,', Y'., IXF\', 4711 : 14 - 3.3, : 2 ,

dfi"", i.e., iinzu"'", and on tllc o t l k r C. T., IS\. 1% : :ii = 2:irr : 7 '"liy 1 "$i,iii""', s . ~ I,;l<,n., ~ i i , l r 1, t o r t c , 2 = 3,

11. 70. Ci. :<lso C. T. , S V , 11 : 1, dig ii-ri,i~~-y,il ii-ii "ii,i-lii-lii, "gn,:rtly p,,ii-!~ri '~~l sti,l.oi, i:itltiil. IClllil," :L>L,I sil,: : ~ I ) O Y C ,

p. 18, note G , c.

A. 0. 4480, rev. 111, (R . 'r., S S S I I ( I ~ I I ) ) , r,.pl.int, p. 2).

For thc rending nlld signiiir:ition oi .llVSL' ( ~ o ! iloill,i.y!) so,: ~ n y inrtlrco~riius ti..t~isl;itii,n ,,i C. T., S V , 15, 11:.

This v i t h llw proriso t l u t I<ing <lid not n~isr,,:~cl tlw sign zig( = !,ir) ior t i$ / ( = be) i ~ t P. T., IXIY, i : !I, "I2vg<tl-

cZ-k<~la(g)-<a(g)-&g = l.c., 23 : I,lOb, [ d ~ ~ ~ g ~ t l - d - l ; ~ t l ~ ~ ( g ) - ~ ] , , ( g ) - ~ ~ ~ l , "I<ing of n ~ i g l ~ t , ~ p o ~ c r vitlt tl,,! Itc:trt oi : t t ~ t ~ q ( = storm,

pantllcr, lion)," i c . , "as irnrlcss as nu icg" --a ~L:III~<I iivll : t , l :~pt,~l to d<:s~ril)c: t l h ~ iiligllty :t11,1 1 , ~ : i l . l ~ ~ ~ cl~:t~.:wt(~~. oi

d N ~ i V - I ~ (ai. l.c., 7 : 10= 23 : l.Llh), tllr "Son" :ind grjil ili tlw p<j\\-i.rs ol' tl:tt~tt.c in tllv Siplntl. tr.inity during tihe

Enlil cpooli. For the intcrrllnngc o l 60 tnal ii!] scr : i l i i l b:lon-, 11. 70, ili ,Ls 1 lo 110. 2 = :i.

I<. A, , IT, p. (i5.5 : 2, ~ ~ , l ~ i c l ~ II:<ILN: i* v ~ p I : ~ i n ~ c l 11vr~ by "/<~t-lil I~e-lt,nn ij>(b)-X?-[c:'!-li'!J, ' ' l o ~ d ui s,,l>j,tg:tti<~t~('?) =

destruction(?)," ai. II. 11'. I?., pp. 126 and ll(ii,. Ye,: also l,i:lo>r, p. 23, note, 7. a .it the time of Gurics Enlil played tllc rClc 01 -171, \vlhilc iV i~ - ( ; i~~wi plnyctl tllnt <,l' I;,ilil. .\-in-Oi~rii, l l t i ! "soti"

:~nd "elriei-srt.vant C U T - S < L ~ ) " ol Erdil is, ihrreiore, irl tlrc stune sense llte "lrisrg ill Llir: ro:rr i l l~-st i l~. t~~s" or "of t,l>c rtortri-

flood," clurirlg tllc Enlil epoch, ns was Enlil dnring tlre pn:llisk,ric poriud.

Ci'. tlre riame oi one of the wrnpims of d , V i t ~ - ~ i v ~ u , Cyl. A, 10 : 2, ~ , L Y , L I n-),~it-ri, "l3ti-lil-1,i iqi-buB-a-wi l r i ~ ~ - d i ~

nu-(1, "hing of the storn~-flood oi (1) Enlil, \vl~osc angry <?ye IYAS no c ~ ~ ~ n p ; ~ s s i ~ , t ~ ttp<,n L l > c ! ( t tc>~~-l<:~byl,>~ti :~r~) It~t~cI(s),''

and tla: na~la: oi tile sre,,nil oi tile a:vcn (Itllougli only 8i.c nnl>ii:s arc gi\-<:,I, y,,t nccolrlini: 1<, (:yl. , 29 : 1, t,ltrrc wi,rp

seuen statncs crccted--nrlt s t a t t ~ c rcprcscntitlg one ul tlic srveu p<,\ri,l.s (s,,II*) i,l ".Vi,~-f;im,i) st:rtoi.s di,dii.atcd to d N i ? ~ - ~ i r s u and erected in tlrc temple b-ninnii 81 Girsa, Cy1. 11, 23 : 14, itiynl i i - r , i i i - r - i i dlSn-lil-lri gnh-iii-(ior nu-tz~g GiL-de-n

en d ~ i n - ~ i ~ - s u - g e igi-ai(d) mu-di-bar, "thc Icing oi tltc sto~.il~-lloixi o l (!) ICt~iil, Llte 011~1 w i t l ~ o t ~ i ,:(31u11, Il:is ttlrnccl :L gni-

cious eyi: tu7rards Guiien, tlir l>igll-priest ol ,\'i,~-Gi~su."

Cf. tile nnrrls oi t l ~ e fourth of tile seven (! see privrding note) stnttlcs, (.?I. -1, 13: PO, lii!l,d ii!l-yii-wiii?ii "Bit-lil-lri

en gab-ri nu-lug Cii-de-a en dl\'in-~i+swye So(g)-ari~y-:gi ~te -pa id) , "tlr<, Iring <,I t l ~ r ~.,>:tl.ing S ~ O ~ I I I S oi (!) E,L~Q, tllc one

without erlu:~I, in his pun: I~c,:~rt I I : ~ I:IIOP?II GII,IP:L 10 I,,, llti, lhigl>-l)ri..at 01 ~ \ ~ ~ ~ L - ( ; ~ T S I L . ' '

Seeing, however, that the "hymns aritl p ~ i y c r s to 1l;nlil" will l ~ c issued shortly in a separate volume, where I shall h i~vc occ-:~sion l o r.c?turil to this point again, and not wishing to :~uticip:lte myself here, I must c?ollfinr rriysclf to t,he t,wo Suriieri:ln iriscrip- tioris publishetl in C. T., S V , 10 alltl 11,' :lritl to tlic l:~t.er copies frtirri the lil~r:~ry of AshshurbBnnpal.

The very fact that E 1 ~ 1 i l is tlic: got1 of thr "st,orms," morr p:rrtic:ularly of "thr lightrlilig, tllundcr, storni, rain :u~d clor~tls," u.!~nltl, (1 l ) r i o r i , intlitr:ltc: th:~t he niust hnvc piayeti :L dou1)le rOlc:

(u) onc, in which lir :lppcars m:rilily :IS :I r l c s / ~ , i r c t i t ~ c r ( l o ! i , :LS ilrc goti who hu1.l~ his thurideri)olts and light,tii1i:4s :r!;:~irist, Iris :~11(1 Ilia f:~t,li(>r's r~~enlics, i .e., :~gni~ist a11 who :we not ii1habit:rlrts of ill(. i ( , c t i t r i r~ : r ~ r t l 111~1s not sul~servielrt to liirn and An;

(2) the olher, in whic:h, as god of r:lin, he is (1011sider(:(I to IIC: ( I yruc1011~s I l f e -

giving a n d l? / le -sus ta in ing (jorl o/ i re r t l~ r re , t,:~ltii~g :-c.rro of his people, of t11c l~rasts of the field, the fbwls of hearcn alld t.11~ fishcs of the se:r.

u. JCILZ~Z as cc ilestructice ; l qe~ i . t . - -EnL i l i:s Ilotll n got1 of mm :r~id god of pe:LCe; :L destroyer r~nd prot,ector, tlefc:icler, ~.cstorcr, ~ ~ p l ~ i l t l c r ; ininlir:i,l, llostile and most gracious. To enjoy his hlrssillgs m:rn rriust rntctr inlo the right rel:it,ion to him and to his father, i .e . , he must acknowlcrlg,.ct t,li:~t ;I 1, is the "Father" :~nd Etllil his "Son" whom hc h:~s i)egott,erl and sent to (lo his l)idtling, o v w h s t is the s:rrne-man rriust belong to the right society, asseml)ly, c.ollgrc:gntion, "land ( l i c t l n ~ ~ z ) , " in which the will and decisions of A n , as proc~l:~imc~tl by his " word (e-lac-em)," tho lord of tllunder and lightnirigs, Enlil, arc th? supronc~ l(,.r t : ~ which hr must, I)ow nnil ~vhich he must ol~ey.

Furious indeed anti orir most to 1):. Cr:rrrtl is '"11-111 :LS "stolm": "storm of terrible strength,"' "mighty olirl, st,!)~lir of .I ~t , , " " ' the rushing storrn,"' "the rusher,"" ' , storrn o'f his 'father-mother' who l)ciy:.ot lrirrr,""'st~orm of the glo~.ious ~ l ' r ~ , powerful one aniong the people."' \\'he11 hc o p w s tiis mor~th he sc~lds fo~.t,h :L wiltlly rushing, roaring arid destructive storrn:

"l'h:~t w1iic.h goc,tll out of thy rrloutll ti:; like sonrething \~liic.li) r:ruscs incoln- pnral~le tlcstruction."

' \ i ns I I : i t i I I . I . I - . , 1,. :is.i, n<,Ii. :l, I , : ~ l , i i ~ ~ ~ ~ l i,iigi~l:tlly I , , tit., T<,nq~li, l , i l~~.i~~.)- Xiplnl r .

C. T., XV, I1 : 4, ?7q ,i-,~u!t-g,i/. T . , XI7, I l l : I S ; < ' - l ~ t ~ in, . l?r-izo.

I\'. 27, m>. 4 : IS, fi!g <,/-'MT - zio?~~''''' d<,-,,i-t~,,.

Iv. li.x, 27, I I ~ I , ,l : .52, ' rD~; . \ ' -~ . l - i - f t , l i t . ' ' l , ! ~ , ,~lh,, I igl~te~>s 1117:' V<,r 'lJ)l!.\T-lJ.l-<: = ~in~r- l , i -~?!~, see, IJr. 9S75.

' I\. J(.?, 27, no. ,I : 56, , i , i i - l i , lil ,i-o-<zlii,< ,,iiili-ii<i - " ~ , ~ l - l t i , i ~ IL-I,,, ,t,i,i-,i,,i il-lil-liz-hii. ' C. T., SV, 11 :23 , ltg .lr,-uz,r!g-g,t . . , i i r - i j i i l i iy-i ig-[rg]n.

C. T., XI', 11 : 21,

ha-In-t-a-rz~ , ~ ~ i ( ! g ) - ! g ~ i ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ , - < l i - ~ l r , ~ ~ ~ ,

I-Ie is ternied "st,eer which causes tlestructioli without its e(~ual."' TThen he lightens in the heavens he sprcads awe :md fet~r evrryurherc, for he is "fr~ll of fearful splendor and we-inspiring fear"? :~rlti "c:lothed in frightful fc:lrfulness."Vh god such as he can, of course, spreati terror :LIICI (irstruct,iorl ~ v ~ r y w l ~ e l ~ l , cs~~eci:~Ily :~mor~g his, his father's :tnd the kalnm's erlcmies:

"Suppressor of the rel~ellions of the 'motintain,' il~imical t,ow:~rds thee" ;' " S ~ b d u e r of t,he land, hostile towilrd t,hy S:~t,hcr" ;" "The hnuxht,y ones c:omplclcl y thou layrst low" ;';

"The hostile lands thou smi test tlowrl " ;' "The not subservient; land i l l tliscornfit,urc tho11 scnttci.rst,."" "The (non-Hahylonian) land like grass like grain, t,h:~t is rnoT\\jn tiown, thou t>ram-

thou crushest, plcst upon" : "Distressoverthc(non-Ral~yloni:~r~)ln~~tl like a c.lolltl-l~urst hc has rainrd (V.

I,rought), "Distress over thr(non-Bal~yloniun) I:tnd like :L cloutl-l~urst hr has 1)rought."'"

E r ~ l ~ l is neither afraid tlor stands in drexl of an cuemy. A i~ :~ t t l e ulldcrttlken

I C. T., XI:, 11 : 9 q,,,(cl)-cl: ~,i(!~)-g,i!~->,~,-(ii. (X. 1 1 ~ r<mnnrI~s UII . ~ ~ i ( ~ ~ ) - g ~ i ~ ~ - ~ , , t - ~ / i , l>cdov*, 1tolv 73 to 110. 1, ?dl.

1 1 1 , 17.

IT:. lL2, 27> no. 4 : $8, .s t~-z i ru,e-l<i~!> !/;'T-TLA = ,&L )~t<,-!u&-tu ln~i-!u,,,-,ni, ~N<c- .~< '< - ,c .

:' I\r. 12,z , 27, n o , I : 49 ( 5 3 , i,,i-bu? r i - d j i = .<ti r ~ ~ - < ~ , l ~ - l ~ ~ ! , - l ~ ~ ~ ~ ? , r ~ , - t ~ ~ , t ~ - u ( , i ~ .

4C. T., XY, 11 :S,

",,,!,-e-le("zj

C. T., XI', 11 : 7,

sit(/-ni-~,~ur

' C. T., XI1, 11 : 10,

!;ur-k~~r ur-a ~t~!-ii~-~~i(!/j-~~i(!,)-gi.

UR-a t n i~y XISO Lo = ~rii/b,rrid: " t l l c (r lu~~-li :~Lyloninl~) l n ~ ~ l s as on?," or "trll 01' t l ~ ~ t > . ' '

C . T , , S T r , l l : l I ~ . ~ ~ . , Y , p . G 3 R : 2 2 , 2 3 ,

hlir nu-So-ga zn,;rL-e( ( ,n i i - i i~~- )S . l I,-iS.l I,-(:-c,~L

miili~ la ?n<~-gd~.i sar-ri-ii li~-v,n-ns-?i;

CE. It. II., p. S1 :43, 4 4

sw-gi(g)-gn-rut ba-ign-it<$-S.t L-le - S o , snl-nrnl rii~ri-qt-iiii , i - m i ~ - ~ ~ ~ - i t ~ - t ~ , tit\? of dl i i i l i l , i.r.., I. ?!I.

C. T., ST', 11 : n, kur gd-dim pe$-lrci-e .?c-dim .sX!/-<c s , ~ - ~ ~ l ~ - i ~ ~ ~ .

lo V. It.$, T2, no. 2, rev. 3<)-'ll,

a-dcir kLr-ra

la-nCEi inrr nro-n-Ii,,i

a-Se-6 kur-m

by hirn is pursu~ci with unrrlcntir~g vigor till it is c:trricd to its viclorious end-- with him therr is no pardori rior relrrat:

"The hostile not subservient land- frorri tli:~t larid thy l~rras l thou dost not turn.'

If his ariger is once aroused, there is no one who coulcl iritluce liirri to lertve or "~001" off:

"The wrath of thy heart, who can apprasc it?"'

\Vor unto the mitn who should vcnlive to stand up agi~inst him: his m d woultl surrly be a t hand! In a h ~ t t l r with En111 rio one can comr out victoriously but he himself:

" Against thee who van fight, victoriously !"' "Mighty one, storm of An, who ran kccp his stand :rgainst thee?"'

"fearful lord and rnighly warrior of liis father."'

In llis battlrs against (he eriernies, the several "powers of riature" are, of course, his ~vespons,"while he 'riimself is "the lord of weaporis."' By means of these weapons

' C. 7'., xv, 11 : 22,

za-dn a-!,a-n i r~ , -~ t~~-11u l -e .

c. T., xv, 10 : 18,

c- lmt , iv?. :I?c-?8m ,t-6,,(!) Z,L-<!<~ < , t - , , ~ , ~ - c - ~ l ~ t - ~ j ~ f ! ,

5 C. Y1., X\r., 11 : ?ti = Ii. A, , \I, 1,. fi3:i : 30, 31,

i i - , , ~ u - ~ ~ ~ ~ ( i ~ ~ , i i < r c ) di)l~-nzn $tr-,s,tg !<<c[lu(!g)-!,<~ <~- ( t -uc t vz in ]

be-l i~, i~ SUT-bu-LL !r<n;,nil rt-hi-bi) [ot- in!]

' Cmig, I< . T., 1, 81 : 17, d ~ , ~ - l i i EN ui6"biiy,'fi~.~~i; Cl. nbu\.c, p. 20, note 5

he exccvtes lllc "jrtdg~ncnt" of L1t~,l I~eing callctl, tkierefo~,~, "t,llc \vc3;q~on of ;ITI"' and "lortl, judge of hosts."\;\rnolig tlieso weirporis :we to I I C foluitl thc "lict" with which J$rilzl er~circlrs thr cllcmy, :rnd, :rllcr he 11:~s capt~~tc.d :111tl cns~iarctl hirn, lie hurls his "cudgels" or " thuntlerl)oltsn :lg:ri~ist hirn:

( t E,rlsnaring 7 n r t

" Illt,o the cneiny's I ~ r r ~ c l

which cric~irclrs (ovel.po\vc~s) the hostile l:lil<l.'~'

:IS wit,li a (:111ig:.(>l t.l~ou s1rikc:st.""

r 3 1 he enemy, onre ensri:n.rtl, h ; ~ s no cXsc:r1~c :

"From thy right hand "Frorn thy left h:rntl

EnLi'l may cmploy sorricttirr~es otllcl. ~ n o : ~ n s t,o ;:~irl his l)tu.l)osc,. IIc, t;he " god of rain" arid hencc uf the fertility of tlic ~ I . O U I I ( I , h:ls it. in his power to ~ i t l l h o l d ( ( the life-givi~ig w:~tcrs"' :rnd thus c:nlsc :L fright.E~~l (Ic:~rt,ll with its :rcc:ompanying famine. 'I'his we;cpori he rnsy use with eclual rSfcc:(. ill his ch:rst,isernents of 110th frieritl i~ricl foe:

. . . I 2 : I>, " I O ~ ~ , , ! ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ! ) 1 , i i t i<] ( i . ~ . . , ~ ~ . \ ~ i , t i - : i i ~ i i , r ~ j i ~ , i i ~ . I , ~ - ,~ , , -~ ,~ : ) A,,I;,JI ( I ~ - ~ ~ - , ~ - I J ~ - ~ I < L - ! J C =

ai i l ; - i~~ i l - l i i (r-hi-iv d i - r - r i i : I. I( ; , ' i ~ , i - ~ i i ! l - i l i ) - d i ( ~ ( ! ) , ! i t t o . I:,IV "\i,i-4iiiiiii. i.1. ' i / . i i l i r l - i r ( ' ? ) -~ ,~ i , i i i ; "1S~i-1iL S i r rig-hrlr

) [ = " , L L I ' I i i I t , 1 . I . . 1 . ; : 3 I I 1 , 1 , I : 1 , Or n l l < , t ~ l , l VI: n,;i,l . I h [ o ]

( h r <i*-I,<tr, c r , :,I,ovc, 11. lcJ, I , , , 1,' 2 ) :1,,<1 c< ,,I> icier t1,ih :, sy,,.,,I /,,ll,:,ri,,g /2. I / , , 11. l : j l , 11, 20, 21, "IF- r[d qw-,~~!,] ' ! ~ , ~ ; , , i ~ ( . ~ i c ! ) ~ c I , t ~ r - ~ 0 = " f l - r i - [ , l a (<~ r , I.c., 1,. Si; : S ) q , , ~ ; -r]r,-d!, /,?-cl(,vic!) [ i8, ]-?i- l i ' ! 11, t l~ i s rzt~,, KdtIiL =

' i 2 \ ~ i ~ ~ - ; , ~ l ~ u r , V O I ~ ~ l x tic god or tlu ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ r l ~ I ( = ,sul,fi if l~,,j2' ,xl~vrc tlw ' ~ j , ~ , I g n t , ~ ~ ~ L s " :tr,, givvn. lbr si8ttilar

n~ist:d<c (.l.V o r d i t t g i r , irisLcttcI <;G-I,ur) c r . ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L - ~ ; : - / ~ ~ ~ r ( l i i l ~ ~ 11:w , l i ! tq i r j - r t , , (!. TI., X X \ ' , 2tJu : 21l,t (notic,, L l ~ t !

l~rt!c,:cli~~g 1 i 1 ~ ~11.7~~r,~L-ci-b,~r-r,~!); 200 : 8 ; 211) : J, ( ' r . : t lw (;, T , , XXIV-, ;Or : I l l , wl!c,r,, . I Y is citlwr a tuist:lI<c l'or

(fir, or I,~,T ( = [3a W L , L p< , ] - f~~ ( l , c r j -+ i .?t,,-l8~-I;t~, (!. T,, X X I V , 1 3 : (1) c~ r iL st,tz~clh r ,>r .~ l~S- l< . l lY ' = lurr.?i. 111 :xny <!v,!nL,

~ v ~ ~ t t l , l m p x t r,,r " ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l - ~ l i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - r ~ ~ r::tl>vr ;t ' i l , ~ ~ ~ ~ t l - ~ l i ~ ~ g i r - r i - ~ : - i ~ c .

r C. . , I 2 , I I , : \ , 1 - 1, 11~11,- t l . i ~ ~ ~ - / . , . ~ . n . ( / t o c l . \ r ~ \ r - ~ ~ ! A rc i~d i t~g

,ili-i,c for r l - , ~ ~ is c,ntt "I < j ~ ~ : , s t i o j ~ ; L I ! ~ , w t n w o , t ~ L uc (I)., l',,ll,,wi~~g .%t, gr:t~~wtt:xtict~lly i t ~ ~ p ~ ~ s ~ i l ~ l c

V. T., X\', 10 : 7, at^^ eritt-tba di -d i .

* IV. 12." 27, ,lo. 1 : is , sa,3tt-,<;-!/,,l /;i-I,,,/-,, .<c[!,)-.G>(!/)

,C i~ - t~ i , t , s, ! -b i - i )~ >mil u t l - i~ t i r - l i , ~ ! .

(,'. T., .I\', 11 :!I,

kur critu-g8i ,,i ,ts-,lG-,c-~lio, .. ,~<,g-~zi-,si(!,)-~i(!/)-!iz.

(!. T.> X\'> 11 : '27, [V2 : I] = l i . .I ,, Y, 1). ti:<:< : :<?-:i>,

<t-z i (< l ) -< l<~-z t~ """'"ri,,, ,,,,-;[-<,I in,,! i>~,,-~?i- lc,~, n - i t - l ~ i ~ iii iip-+i

( ( i - g i i b - h i ~ - z i ~ ~ t ; l - ~ ~ 8 ~ t - ~ ~ l - / ~ ~ ~,n,-[i,-c] )

( i m 8 ? c - ~ n ~ ! - l i - / ~ ~ t Iir!z-ntt t u L i-[.:i] )

' (!i. no. ?= 3 : 1, o - s i l i ? ~ ~ .

"Lord thou art, thou who hast spread how long still, till the destruction ceases?"' famine every where,

3. &lil as Prolector and /,z/e-giver-As furious anti destructive E12lil may be in his dealings with the er~err~ies as gracious, kind and lovins he can be when his own people arid country are concerned. He protects his people from hostile invasions by surrounding them arid their home with a "high wall" or i)y ljectoming for them a "fastness" or "house," the bolts of which he fast,ens securely so that the host,ilc hol.ties car1 neither climb over or overcome it nor can enter through its gates:

" H o ~ ~ s r full of fearfulness, th:lt overpowerclh tlie erierny ;"' " Wit,h regilrd t,o the (non-Ral)ploni:111) ye:r, like a. very holt thou :~rt,.":'

lands liken hi:li wall (fastness) tho11 art for me,

If his people are in need of rain, he operls the gates of heaven, pulls hack its bars, loosens its fastenings, removes its bolts that abundant, rains may water their fields^--or he may do this t,o drown and utterly destroy'theenemy :

"The gate(s) of l~eaven thou operiedst"

"The h ~ r s of heaven thou pulledst hack"

"'rhe fastenings of heaven thou looser~edst "

"The bolts of heaven thou removedst."'

' (:. T . , XV, 11 : L9 = 1 3 , :I ,, V , p. KT,< : '26, '27,

e,i ,,rc-e!l gi,(g,ig) lilf-n sf(!/)-qn-zir Ii-.3!1 ~ ~ , ~ - . ~ ~ 1 ! , ( - . ? , ; ! ~ ) - n e ( r t i ) - e ! ~ ,

i),,-l!,?~r $3 , s , , -?! I z - ,,r, ? i , i l - ~< ! - r i 3 /<,:-1;,8-12,~. n- i l i ,,in-li lrr in-[no-qn-r i i ] .

1 , ; I - t = t i ' . 5 , t I . I i t . : " l i o a lonp still, till one: bc, no inori2 ill ad\-criil?."

? LV. A'.?, 27, TI<,. I : !Il,

,' 1, i-gC?-?U ~ " ' " ~ ~ i , i , - ~ n " *i,(!j]-;;,(.q).

LT, T., XV, 1 I : I I >

i ; u ~ - l i ~ ~ hdd-<g(tl-hi viir e si-gi i~.-bi i t ie-e?~.

Sotic: in this aonlrcctio~l tilat i i i l l -yo! = lidii-,,iniL = / i r / ~ i i l / u , "support" and ri. tiie pl.opil. Ilnnlr "" '~n-o~-l.u-dh-du-(l~ = " d f i ~ - l i l bd-d,n i;-~i(v, \-. X 2 , 4 ~ l : 54~. SCI, :ali(i I I O ~ . . 1 0 to 110. 1 , POI. I , 4.

C. T., XT', 11 : l:l&l(i =

"C1'iidl a,i-7,rr-ye(i,i)

<I~,-l<r-/i-,:c .:,z-y<!-ii

!);.qJ,; ,,-, 1i.~3 ,,,,-,,,,.!,,~(i,i)

,iil.-rIi-li-i,r

'""',ari!i-l<~il, r r i i - i i i z -p(h i )

.sii<-iiic-vi-?iL

~'"s.ai-gn7.(,~~rir) nr i- , i i r -r je( l~i)

ti-<,i~-,.i-dii

4

In this wise iki'idzl becomes 1)oth the

"Lord, life(-giving principle) of the (life-)sustainer of Shumer, "' 'country, '

who know^,"^ 1e:tds and pastures his people:

"Husl)andmarl, who husl)ands thc people, Enlil thou art,""

Ijcing called "shepherd of mankind."' Gracious husl)andman who he is, he takes care of the fields that they prorluce grass :~nti grain abundantly:

" F:tther 1<,1ilil, he who m:~keth to who mi~krt11 to s p r o ~ ~ t t,hc gr:iin :irt thou."" sprout the gl.:iss art tllou,

He sustains the lifc of 110th mall :uid I~eitst by "elllightenillg" them with his "glory." In doing so, he does not neglect even the smallest :tnd most insignificant :~nimals-the fish of the sea and the fowls of the air:

"The fish of the sea thou mitkest 1.0 the i~irds of heaven thou makest to fly;"" thrive,

i iE~~ . l l l , thy (fearful) glory enlightens thr fish of thr sc:~, "The l~irtls of heaven, the fish of the sr:L it fillrtl~."~

S o montlrr, then, that the :tncirnt Bnljylo~iinlis wrrc :ilnazrtl : ~ t Ei~ l~ l ' s loving

I l l . . R.?, 27, , I < > . .I : (i:%, 64, c t j ~ 2 ,5; I k - ~ g - g ; ~ ~ t ~ ~ t ~ - ~ , t ( . s z , ( d ) j I<;-irt-(/i-ra

i,<,-Lt~!tz ?i,c-/~;.?-/i j,,,r-,t- 1; ??,<~.?-,sz~-z~ . k r n ? * , 8 , ir?i!i!!~'~'~~.

Cl. I#. / I , , g), 12'' : IS, ' l .llt~-~~/-/i/ i i /:,,-7r,tg-g>. l:,,r /ii-i~$-qi = 3 u m F ? L i~$iIi>r, XY, a l x ~ v ~ , 11, I 0

' CE. 11r1.e t1,r iottr.tl~ of tile s,.v<in great 11:11nes (,tiionisit qi~(</)-iid,n'~ahj <,I' 15nlil: a ib suq-yi(gj-gn, C. T., XV, 10 : 5 ;

13 : I$ el p<~swirj?, o r s i b n<t-i<[,rt-s<tg-gi(q)-c/,r] = r;-'-6-[tun7 c,rl-,vut q,sq-,/(~-di], 11. :I ., V, 1i. e(i(i(1: 7, 8.

C. T., XI', lo : 20,

n-a <llt~-t~1-lil > i t i t - / t i yii ,,id-,riii , , i r - e ,~ ? ~ ~ L - I U i c ~ & 1 ! 8 f i ~!,e- , ! ! ! .

Tltis rradiug, it a v r n i s to ir t i , , ic prci<~rnl,lo t o tlir otl>cl. : i i i i i - / t i g i ~ ~iiti-snr . . uil~-/ti de iiiii-nil.. l'i,l. ri~ii-sar = mu-s~r-ri-s

sec Ur. 4:Ki".

O C . ,/-,,x\-, 11 121,

/;a nb i,ili-Sii-it-i,iii(<) ~ W , ( $ C ? L ccliu -,t,, i r l !I-,.;,

"('. 'r,, XI., I l l : 2 l , 2 2 ,

d.llii-t~/-/i/ ,tic-/iiir,-iii <tqz,r-rr, 1;li ~,>~~-u;-ib.!~i-i,;

,riwScn-e na-riri /;ii-r. eib!jiir-ro .k (!/)-;?,b-!!t,t-~~i-il,-si,

. . kindness, protection alld support,, praising him l)y cxc:laia~iug "who protects (givcs support) like Enlil!"' " 13idi1, who is like thee!"'

y . Er~lllil C Z ~ L ~ HI:* SFVC~I : l ~ n ~ ~ i f ~ ~ t o t i o ) ! ~ . - - I l . is onr of 1,hr ~riost rc~r~:ri.lc:il~le facts ill c:onnection with the naiurc of cxvo~y got1 \vho, : I ( ollci li111c or :t~lothcr. pl>ryrtl the rblr of the "Son" i l l :L given tr i~~if .y, lh:11. SII(:~I :L god \\-:IS v o ~ ~ s i ( l ~ r o ~ I (,o 11;lvr " s c c o ~ manifestations" of his powers. 'I'hc "Son " I~eing :alw:iys :\rltl i11v:~ri:ll)ly the "goti of the powers of n:tturc," it would follow that his "srver~ manifestations" were nothing hut the personifications of the "srven storms." "Srven" t,hey were, because t,his number expresses the '(fullness, ctompleteness, t o t a l i t y . " V h r s e " s e ~ e n manifestations" appear or may appear, either :is

(a ) sever^ names (mum'"")" of the " S o n " c3:tc.h one :tnd :dl of them, singly, severally and collectively express tthe fl~llness of t,he goilhc;itl of thr "Son"; or as

(3) "sevo~ s o i ~ s " of t,hc "Sole"~- in out c.:rsc>: J;ielil. :I " ~ r ~ : r l ~ i f ( ~ s t : \ t ~ i i ~ ~ ~ " is :rt

forth, l~egot,t.en Illy thc sourcc flwn \vlric.l~ i t c~t11:tn:rtcs; or as , . ( 7 ) " S C C ~ L S O I L S " of tlio ''l~'(d/l(,i. " i I I : I lhis fuIlo\\-s fr0111 a ;

or as thc

( F ) SCL'CIL ?nesseizgo.s (1cli~-{j1-(l, sulccil) or sc!i~~!ciiiLs (1ii,-.sts1~, bcciirlec) of the "Soi~," through whom the "Fattier" :tcts, spcaks or rrveals himself, through whorri he gives his cornnia~itis iilld e x ~ c ~ ~ t e s his ordin:irlces, t,hrough whorn he punishes the enemies, but guides and leads, protects and guards his people. This is the reason why Er~l i l is called on the one h:tnd "lfra-icg-lig-gn,4 "lord of the (srven) st,orms" ol. f i J T ~ ~ i ~ ~ h ~ , ~ ~ , c ~ ~ , : "lord of the (seven) we:tpons," and on thr other "~ I~ l , " "storm

(of AIL) " or oir6/1U<l-A~~~ "weapon of (l il."'

The cluest.iou no\v arises, \vho arc t.ho " ~ c \ ~ c l i " of 1.lle ~iioro tti:i1i 5000 gods

' i , I r : I " I - I - / , - - - "':llit,i+r,ii /N: l".II~~~-l,-,sil - "' 'Jj:t~-lil ~ ~ i c i > i - t i i i iii,r-/ii-(l/;, \'. I(.>, I I : I:il , (1. CF. 14r. lY20.5b 7 = /~iSS,rft<,

's:Y x I , O V < ~ , 1,. 20, I , , , t c 5 ,

5 S e ~ % :11,0v<,, 1,. 23, 110t< , 7. JVC i ~ l > ~ u , , 1). 20, I I U ~ , , 1.

(T. I,,!,.? tl,? ,:-ri !li"f'&<ag ~ 8 < < & ~f.l-,Li,t,, (!. YS., Xi.1, 3 : x7, 6 : 211; 21 : 2u2, : ,,,, i t,l><, ~ ~ ~ ~ f ' l < . \ . \ ( < 7 ~ , ~ e u ) , ' ' l , , , , ~ ~ ~

: l i ~ t ~ , I<. I<., \.I1, 11, :l" : 5, li, S. Suticc~ also tltzit t ~ c c < , ~ I i t ~ g to 1.. R.>, 52, no. 2 : 43, U t t , l<tt / i l is ctll:~l the !n?t-/u

gan-ZIT = , ~ L ~ L - ~ L ~ - / ; ~ ~ - , ~ / ~ - / ~ ~ , L - / , ~ ~ ~ ~ :tnoti~.itllhtnll,li11g L l ~ c , p r c ~ ~ d i t ~ g

da, .41~-(~-$e), mltilc ili C. T. , X I \ ; , 13 : 1, the ""'L'yn7~-zi~ is id~tltihccl ivillt "'"fI,C..I~.l 7. gzi((!)-l(d or ".\~l.\.-IB, see also

notc 8 tono. d, my. 0, 10, I~vh,n- . 1)urilrg the 13nlil pc,~.iod the "'S"~uy-.L,z ui. ~ t t i # ~ (I)clitZh(.Ii, II. 11.. B., p.406) t~ecarne, as is to hc crpcrtcd, thr: god SIX-IA (in Kippur) or ;lI,trili,h. (in Eri~iti), ctv . Ci. l ~ t . s i l ~ ~ s H. IF. B., l c . , and

Ninrag, p. 12 : 20, 30h, also C. T., S X Y , 1-1 : 25, ""iJ'h,~Q-.! ~L-'~I, 1 ' E ~ L ri-l?ii~ Sa Iliir-[ 1; I\-. R.', :I4 : !I, lo", d . ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~

oisn!g,y " A k ~ e , and :~l,~,vr, p. 17, note 4, !,.

known to us that clesig~late Et~lil in his "fullness"'! 1temcml)ering that, wc are discussing the so-called "prehistoric period" of the I)a\,ylonian religion, we cannot, and must not see in gods like dNIN-IR, dCJ-yur, etc., sucli manifestations or "sons" of Enlil, itrid this for thc simple reason t,hat these gods were in to importations into the Surrlerii<r~ pantheorl, 11:t~'ing 11oe11 introd~~c.cd tir~~iiig t,hc so-cullt:tl 13rrlil epoch.

Above (p. 21) we s:tw that; ICnlil :ts "storn~" was c~allctl.dIIUiV-l'A-i.-cz arid q a r Both of these names appear ill C. T., S S I V , 13 : 42-43 = 25 : '37, as proper names, more particularly as names of the husl?and of the gotldess "lfah or

"Nin-mnh ( i .e . , dNin-lil, the wife of Ei~lil).' On the 1)itsis of this st,atement,, I am prepared to see in the following "seven" gods and sons of dDUAl-PA-i.-n (and d;lilah) the "seven manifestations" of Et~lil (and NLnlil) as "storm" or "Son" (C. T., XXIT', 13 : 55-61 = 26 : 104--118) :

1. <'Bhr-'~11-12-qnr-rci;

2. "PAl'-S1j-~~:-qe-~/cir-,(12 (his wife ~ L ~ ~ ~ L t ~ - I ' ~ ~ I ' - ~ ~ ~ ~ - l ~ r ~ ~ - ~ l ~ ~ - ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ c ~ ~ ) ; 3. "/,it ' (his wifc "ATIX-ri-tltrt?~-nztr!j-!/tc);

4. '' /,~~-f/tlq-q(l-!)ll~; 5. ~l,vit~-sl i~)-b~-q;l-. ;( ; ((1) '; (i. ''L,16-5k (his wife "~1:k-nzt~r-at~-ki); 7. dNe-qir~~ (his wife "Niil-el-16).

"Mani/estations" of Enlil, the "Son," are these seven gods. If this be true, then each one and all of them must starld for Enlil himself. That this is actually the case is evident-in order to rnentiorl only one example here-from the name of the third son, "Lil, which is, as \ve have seen al~oue (p. 18, note 6), nothing hut an attribute of Enlil, the mu-in lil or "Lil-ium. 1,att.r on, when Enlil had ad- vanced to the rank of "Fi~ther" and when t,he rAlc of the "Son" was played by ' lNIN-IH, these very seven gotis i)cctonie, in conseclllerlc~c, t,he manifestations of dNI~\T-IB, hence we find that (with the possil~le exception of (he first of tliesc seven

x'Sl,is g,,d : t l q ) t ~ : ~ ~ - :LIS,> i>>>cl,,r tl,? !tAltuwi>nx f c ) r ~ t ~ s : "l'.lJ'-~~i~-i'f~-~~1~ii-~1~~r-~~t,"1'.lI'-~~~!-~'f~-~~[~li-ge-q~~~-~~~.

. I ' . ~ , \ s J - ' ; - l - = " - 1 I I . , . I . Sotic,, Ilrn. t l~: i t I I , , . 1111111 2, i n tl,r list :L />OVC K,( .~?I.I .C.~

t< , , arc considuwd to l,r tnc, jtnlrwi oi' ii,,<: i!,rrl !iic sr,,,ic g ~ 1 ; ;all s c i w t sinply, sr\rt.nlly : b ~ i i l i ~ ~ ~ l I ~ ~ c t i \ - ~ ~ l y rhpn,sa t l ic nntum

o l thl! "So,,"!

' 1lcl.c wit11 tllc oflirt. of Z L I U ~ k-t,rrib-qe. 111 C'. ?'., );XI\:, -iiu : IXh, he is tel.nled "~i ib-bi-bi(!I-g8l-~d(~] and

is tlie fourtlr oi tlic 5,tili~g k -gn l -~~ i , a~ -ge ; in C. T . , S X I Y , 30 : 47, ilc appears as the ioltrtll of tlie 5 aliig * ~ . t r - / [ r r - ~ c ] ;tud

lias thc name "S!iI~-bi-in-gii-ba-~h(8), ~ l ~ i l : in C. T., SSIT', 30 : 35, lie is called "~i~b-bi-in-q,i-silis~ and is tile 1<1?~g of

the k-lilL[ln-gel ( = tenrple of d S ~ . l ' - l I l ! ) .

manifestations) all of them were identifietl with, or became narnes or manifestatioris of, "NIN-IR.'

I t would lead me too far were I t>o show here how these "seven manifestat,ionsH may be found agl~iri, under t,he sanir or different" Ilarnes, in t,his or that t,rinity of Sumeriali gods; or how lhey in c:ourse of l,iine clarne t,o i ~ e krio\v~i ruitlcr the name 1'7.h'' or "5f'b.tti,"

I. I, 1 Suffice it to have draw11 the :ittention of the st,udent, t,o the fact that the "Son" of every Babyloriiari trinity reveals himself and acts through "seven4 powers, sons, weapons, messengers, servants," of whom he himself is either the "king (lugul)," "lord (en)" or "chief (pap, qk-gal, nun, nu, etc:.)."

As the chief (pap-sukal), sublime (sukal-mah) or true messenger (n~knl-zi(d) )

I C , ( C. T., , 12 : I I - L - g - i i t ( i . , ' f . l S ~ l , I. 1 ) J'or l i is ~v i i ' r c i . 1,sss:igrs .. ,, lit,+! 11. I<., 59, rc,v, :XI> dc;~ts~~,~-,sr~-r~~-~le-ttd~~r-r~, ~ c f ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ s ~ ~ - r ~ c ~ - ~ l ~ - ~ l ~ ~ r - r ~ , !~l(:,~-!~,; ~ . ~ r . , x x v , : < : ~ L L L ~ , ~ ~ , I ~ ~ ~ , ~ ( = ~ I

N I S - , S ~ J - U G - ~ ~ ~ . - ~ ~ ~ V - I ~ ~ ~ ciilti, ( = d.\~i,,-l;<rr-r<!-<t!l), lwrc f,~tl,nv,,~I I)? 'I , 1 8 t l c > l -<,I ,\~l.\'-~l-cl~r~~~-~~~~~~~-g~t 1 d i t t o ;

"(>IL-I<, 1 d i t t ~ .

( h ) C. T., I.\;\-, I ? : 21, 'f~il-lii j i l i t t< l ( i . , . , "V1.V-11;. I. I). l:,,r hi> ~ i 1 , . s m .st,l, c,. l ' i . ;cl.,, 1,. IS, m,tc, i;.

(c) r . Y,., XXI-, 12 : ~ 2 , ~'.l,:-~~i~-[~!-]~li, ~ i i t t , , ( i , ~ , , ' f . V ~ . \ ' - ~ ~ j , I. I). (~i,:,ls0 (,, T . , xxv, 11; : ?:j, rf..ii-;;r-wg = ' f ~ . t ~ .

(,I) (,,. T., X X V , I 2 :2:3, ,'.V?.!/,i,b 1 ,litt,l ti,<,,, ' f . V ~ . V - l l ~ , I, I ) , sw :,l5,1 I.c., 1 : i : I ;<, ,l.V,'-!/8ih 1 'O:.V ri-,t,,t :,, ;Vih~ii". 'Tlhis ~ , : t t > w I,VC:LICIV l:ttcr UIL :ils,> t l ~ : ~ ! d I l w "S,,II" <>( t l ~ c l i : ~ l > y l , ~ ~ > t r i n i t > ~ : V. l i . 2 13 : :iic. (1 = 11. I<., IiU,

no. 2 : 38 (1.1. l,r., .5!), <,l>v. i j l ) , 'f.\-c-!l,i!t 1 ".If; ( = ".Vc!l~ti :81t<I 'l.VI.\~-ll~!) ,!-r,,uq lt-i-l;.-~V~,v his wii'r ci'. 11. R,, 54, no. 2 : 7 = l . c , 5!1, u l r r .Ill (Mo~~LI~L,,~, S. I,., 1). $8, I. ! I ) , '1(;,,8,t,~-c1-/<~ 1 ' f .Y i r~-~l - l~, 1 [,l,,!~] ".Yi.\.-!l,itt; I t v~ l rc , ' . Y ~ - ~ t i t ~ ,

= d~Vl.Y-(liit~, ;.ti., dlYkgiin., 1lcr.c l )~~ lo r ig i r tg to lli,, c0111t 01 .I!<, (1101111111.1. 1.c. I. 27). 1 1 1 1 . t l ~ j)l.c~~llltii.i:tlioII gt in or

pussi1,ly si, sb'(irolri s i l ~ , ,sr~n), liut riof ~ , L T (tlturlgl> dnl- is = li-ftr-tr, S'(i5). ci'. ""lizcr~-".ye-yii,l(si, *ii)-,tii-I<n, I t . T. C.,

53, rev. 111, 2. T i le d.Ve-giit~ has t o hr d i fEcmr~t in t ,~~ I i'lr~in tlli: din 'S~-, lr i7- ( ! = 6 i i - y u ~ ' i ) 1 yciiort l~-bn~-bn(Ir)-b~r.

I<. H., p. 131, col. I, 39, 10; p. 137, no. I\' : 51, 52. l*~or s ~ t r l ~ :L cliffcrcr~cc Ix:t,~vccn ,107 ancl y t ix (,vi, .sG), ci. I f . A , , TI1 (1910), p. 108, nin-ori(!)-!ntil-~li,~-~~ a n d C. T., X X I V , 31 : 70; S X I ' , 9 : 20, ".Vi,~-,n?il-rjii,~(si, sB)-ci; ":Yin-~ln~-n arid

~21\~i,z-xi(gc"~)-<>, <,tc.

(c) F01. ' l ~ i n - s i r b - l ~ i - ~ ~ i j - d r i ( ~ ~ ) sra 1,. 28, noti. 4.

'I'IIc 2 1~ 7 g r w t gods t i ~ l S ~ I S ( i I , ; r~ i~~dd, ~<!b,ilL,t~,;sft ~ ~ ~ , ; r ? ~ ~ ~ ~ a l ~ ) oi' ''.I-~L~ tnv t~ t ioncd ill I I I. I?., ti!), no. :3 : (i5~-74,

lhit dDU:V-I~.t-~-,< :LII<I 'f:li<!b. (ur ' f 1 ~ 8 t l ; l : ~ t ~ l " ~ Y i ! ~ l i l ) : x ~ t c l t l w i r ' ' ~ C V V L L s < ~ I s , " ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ l i ~ n ~ ~ ~ l :tImv,, (11. 2S), u t ~ l v r <li/~crcuL

~ : U I N ? S , I,cc~L~s,> t l w y p lay l r r c :& ~ l i #~ r , ;~ t f r<ilc: lJ?:tt of d-sd(!,) = ,!S<~IC/<,,, WIN, stuitc l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v l > o :tv? n u t i t , ll>,, rig181 rrl;~.

tiuo t u . I n nitl, s i c l ~ n r s ~ .

:'('1, ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ , 1,. 17, notv 4, :i~i,l my r c ~ ~ : t r I ~ s ,118 1 1 1 ~ 'Y zil, ,,1 "1.11 i~, :I ~ ~ ~ ~ ! I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I L ~ I ~ ~ : ~ r l i v l ~ , ,

' Ilcr,! i t < , ~ i g l ~ t 10 lx n,>l icc~l t l ~ t l l ~ r b r ' 'sL, \ , ,LL'' 11t;ty :~lqjv:%r : t Iw $13 2.7. .TIhw ":l~<,b, t l w wire, ' i ~ ~ l ; \ ~ - / ~ . l - i ~ - ~ ~

( = I ) is t i t I ' ' I i l l C ' I . X I 1 : 1 = I , I, 1 I, l I J - g . ('1.. also t l lo

" I I i i 1 : I I s , I . . I I. 7 : 4 ) ; 1 ' I I i ' ' f . i - l ( 7 . I , 2 : I , t . Eitclt

1 I s 7 r 2 . 7 t i I : I v 7 . S,,, ?.(I., ' '.V~-(~~ir,, tlir .v~c.c~,flt 01 t l ic *e~e) t s ~ r i s of ' iDTIS-l).l-i-a

a n d d.7fah, i s said t o Iuivt; " 8 c l t i l ~ l r ~ ~ r ~ (C, T,, X X I \ ' , 21; : 114. 118) '' : t ~ t ~ , ~ t g ~ v l ~ ~ ~ n t is t o 1,~: ~ , , L U I ~ 21s t l tc /irsl: ',Tgi-<~n-ua

(also= d :V~. \~ - l l j (.Ychi), C. T., X X I V , 14 : I $ ) ; tis t l > c .seco~,d: 'fi;rjl-ki-fa [ = d.\~lS-113, l,c,,I, 15); >is t l ~ : fifflt: ' s < ~ - ~ c L -

un-gt~1 (“tilt: destrur t ive serpent," ci. ' 8a-~" - " "~ I11 , t i le scrond n i thc six z!l~iy k-iiitr-~r-~qe, C. 7'., .\;XI!-, 8 : 11 = 23: 56;

<"?IR, tltr "Son" of the JXr t r in i t y = d~e-,n-,cb, t l lc TU-bi-is . ! i av - ,a = dl<.l-Ill, U . I<., S Y I I , p;~rt 1, 11. 20, and ids,-

bn-en = Pumflu); and ns tlx: cigbfi~: d D v - n t ~ ~ - ~ a - ? (cI, tilt, fl~ird of tlr S E I . E , L eliiltlr,,n o i Unri: ~/l--i-,~iit~-ta-ia, Creulion-

Stor!), p. 23, note li).

of his father An, hhlrl was l c n o w n i ~ y l,hc il;lrric "1,rcytr l-k(s)rcD~c~.' or "NI.u-,?(s)~ubLcr.'

As such a messenger hc was primarily the god who carried out t,he will or "commands (me),""'derisions (ek-bar, h,i-bar)," ' "judgments ((ti) ""of his father, l~ecorning in this wise "the judge pro. ercr.lle~tce of t l ~ e peoplt, ( e r i ~ l - ~ c c r 11;-(11'). "'I Hc was, (hrrc-

' I<. :I,, V, 1,. (i5.i : 5, "1,tw1,,/-,,('!, l l > i q u , u s >I:Ic~LI~II;~~I ;~lr<~:a,ly io,liv;~lv,l, is, ,Imcl~t, : L ~ ~ ~ i s l ~ ~ l ~ ~ ) - $ [ s ) t ~ l ~ ~ ~ r 1 dl::.,-lil S,r t i ( ! ) - b a ~ ( ! ) - [ x 01. ".I-,,i~ti]. Is~c,r tlte r<,:i<Iing <iZ-Ivtr (it~st,,:~d o f <Iiu!lir-[r<!] ) s w : ~ l , o \ v , 1,. 24, ole I, :find lor

b(s)ubur ( inst rad of S.I_H) cl. HI.UZILG, Z. .I .. X I S , p. l i i X ; \Vrissbacl,, i<<rh. dliacrllen, Te f . 11, col. V . 27, :tiid Tl,nr.e:ir~-

Dsngin, I,ellves el Conl~nfs, p. 65.

' K 3179 + ko. 1801, 11, 22-24 (0. I,. Z., Apr i l , 19O8, Sp. 1R4), %'i,~-Jz,l,t,~ , s i i l ~ o / - ~ r i ~ ~ b 'In-"to-qc = d?-l',-nb-r,il

i ik -kal -L,n s [ i - i - ~ i ~ n i ] Bn d.l-nim; rl. :ld,zp,z n ~ y t l l , Jrnscn, I<. B., T71', p. 94 (and p. 411): 7, 8 ( lo), d . l -n i~ [a-nu s],~-itl;-

An-li-3u d~-k -nh- ra -u l i-iu-rcs-si; 11. R., 59, rr\-. 23, '~U~),~LIL-~,L~$LT d.\Tin-3uhi~~ 1 ' l ~ ~ ~ l ~ - s z ~ k ~ i l ~ (f011<1ms dL~gal-lr(rnda =

"KIN-111, " ~ l z , ' '~r~li l , II. i t . I.., p p . 4ICff.); C. T., Z X l V : -10 : 51, 52, "Vln-3:i~bur 1 "Pnp-s l~kal 1 i n d.l-r~im; ' ~ ~ ~ l r i ~ l

i d i t t o ! So An-ti; C. 1 ' . XSII:, 1 : 31 = 20 : 21 ( r f . I7 = 21 : 'R), "~a".~"-ggl~ di\rin-Jf~hi~r suhil(,n&) 9n-na-ge. T l l c

" r r m t i o n cpic" o-ns roniposcd d r ~ r i ~ r g t l i r E n l i l c p ~ c l > ( latcr nti i t \\.as ndnpted t o t l l r .lJnl-diik pcriod). dt th is titric!

tI1c rGlc ,,i .I,& ,,.;is p l t i y ~ < l l1y l< , t l i l ( = .l,t-:,,r, ,,l. :,1><,v,,, p. 7, ,,<,k <I), l,,,,,~,, ,YC, li,,,l 11,t,t <'(:<,-q,& ( = d:vin,-3,61,,,7.)

~ [ l p t ~ a r s :ts t l w r ~ ~ v s s c , ~ ~ g , ~ r (.s,~Iwl) of .l!b-?wr ( = 10tIil!), . I c I ~ ~ ~ ~ z I , I<. 11.. V l l , p. I 2 : I , 2 ; l , : , i ~ ~ g tl~<~r<,l,>vc, l l w s a n t ~ : t q

I - I Tlt is loll,lus ;ilro f1.o111 v:tl.iot>\ 0111,,1. cot~skl,~r:~i i t i l l - . v iz , : ( I ) ((~i.-i.~; ill I\-. I:., :iI. 5111 ( Z i ~ ~ ~ n ~ v t ~ ~ ~ . I<. li,,

11. 511, 18) is ~ t c c ~ ~ r , l i ~ ~ g l ~ ~ l l ~ r c<,r>ivhl ".\'I.\'-lli; @) 111 11'. /I., 1,. 131, 11, 20, 21, l i 11~1 " l r ~ r l < > ~ r i - , G , I.?., XI! : S) , ,r-.wg]

y o S r r , ~ ( ! ) B,ihrii.-i.a t l . i i t~ i l~t t<,d I,? (ib;-ri-[dti i/iri.l-i.tr-tfii C,~-c/(!) ir-vi-fii,r, I )~.~II~/~I..~,I~<II~,I IIX " . \ ' i i , - l / i < - ; i ( ~ f i - r l ~ r ;an,l i o l l u w ~ d

I J ~ ( ~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ - l i ~ ~ - ~ l i l ~ - l ~ ~ ~ . 11, 10is [fiissagv TVV 1 8 : ~ ~ IIIc, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t l i : t r ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ o ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ll>;~l ' ' l ~ r , tc~c,ri:in l i ~ ~ , , a h ;t

/oi,i,!iric (y,rZrr,l, qq ' . to ,o,r~ut)~ n l ' i l r t l ~ c S:~wi l ic t ~ . i i ~ ~ - . l i t t i t l ~ i c o ~ ~ h i , l < ~ ~ . * l l i l ! ~ 11) 11,. :i >#tiif, (lit-(11. 'rI8is : ~ g r w s v x t c t l y

i t y t i i I I . I . . 121. X,, xv<,s~l,~r, I , l > w ~ ~ , l l> : t l '!1;<t-!~0 ( " .Si , , - ,~~t l~,~r) :apl~<,:ur> I i l ~ v v i s < ~ ;c- :i /~outl<,:

C'. Y., X X V , 3 : 55 = 291, : :3, 'l(;~tf""~'"'-!l~, 1 ,lilt,>, i.~,., = ".\'i,t-l;<,~-r,c-~,!~ o r 'I.\ itt-;-.xi-i~t-~t,, (I. :37 = 210 : 13)

= i - - I - (I. I?:! -- ?Oh : 111) = "*IIII.II-~~) x ~ ~ j . ~ \ i i ~ - ~ ; l ( : - ~ ~ , ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ (I. I I -~ ~ I I J : 17; vr. ;LI,<~v,, 1,. ?<I,

nu te 1) = ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ( = c ) ] . \ ~ i t z - ~ - ~ l i ! / - q ~ t (I. i X i = 2<ll,, 11, 11)--all o f l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < , ~ l ~ l c ~ ~ s c ~ ~ :xw idv!tlil ic,l i~! 11. I)., 5!1, rev. 2s-32,

w i t h df;u-l,!, a n d " ~ t & - l a is cn~l? :tn<,tIt<~r ~ t : ) t > t c fur ".Vi,,-l~~~r-r,~-,t~~," " t l w n ~ i s t r c w x l ~ j g i w s Iwlp," " svltc rcsl,~r<!s t l ~ e <lead

t o life," C. T., X S V , 3 : 46 - SSL\', 2 l b : IS,,. l~J,,nc,,, d.\-it~-Zct.12ur ( = d(:,~-g<r) iu t l w ri)l<: O U ".Vl.V-119 is " l ~ ~ ~ s b a n c l

and wi fe" ill one persou: tltc, god O C t,Iw ~ ~ t ~ d ~ ~ r ~ v ~ ~ r l ~ l (i~.>ili!,!), IYIIO 112s ov,~r<;onic the ' ' ~ v i n t ~ ! ~ , ' ' pr<,cIuws IWTV ]if?, and

by do ing so "prurlairns the darisions ( i r i i ) " oi l l is ln t l l c r " f i : ' n l i l ( = . l i~j , t l t i ~ t t l l v a i l l t r r or r<,kl is :\t itn rrrd, t h a t t l ie

spr ing a n d wit11 it !LC\\- lilr arc a t l ~ i l ~ t d , t h a t t l w ~ i i r t l i i 5 t o yield up 11~1. d<,:~d, tll:it p l < w t y is to LC: r ( ,s tur~d.

C. T., X X I T - , 1 : 31 = 20 : a2 ",lilt,>= ' ' ~ n - 7 0 , d~i,i-a!&iei,i,i.l IIe-I,-:! ,,-,,,L 1 ",Sii[/~ni-i,iir~ -1,~-jtr i ] . 111 111i8 p:tss:tgc

t l lc ~llc-I,, ' ' X I ( . U L I I I I I : ~ ~ L ~ S of IIIL," i ~ r r c v i d v c ~ l l ~ 1l10ir (11 /iri/i/ = .I IL,.IICI~C<! illin ZI:CI~I(~ I I ~ U C ~ l>iti.,, (~l.igi~t:tt,:d dul.iilg t l tc

I S 1 I . 1 I I , I 1 - i I L I I t ' . \ 1 / .\~,i.,lrtli~ii: 10 Z i ~ l l t l ~ r t . ~ ~ , Ilifii,,l!,i/; 110. 27

(pl. X I . \ ) , nv, 5 , "Ale-sog-I, / lrrhiiru, ir ibt i i i kr ''fi~~-/il, \\-c t i ~ i g l l t l t . i i l~sl:(t ,~ 111,. II:NILI<, gi\.vtl : ~ l > u v r 1). ' ' t l i ~ g,xl 01 t l i ~

battle u i Eufil-.! tt." ~ l g a i ~ ~ s t L l ~ i s ~ ~ x p l : i ~ ~ : ~ l i , , ~ ~ is, l ~ , w v t , r , 1,' T., S X I V , Ill : 3, 'll~,,l~-,~ukrtf ( - ".Vit!-~,~f~t,r, I. ,511 \ di1Lo

( = P o ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ G n l ) 1 &!, l~!~-mt-xi-e. i'l,~~ls~~Tl~~irct~~-ll:~~~gi~~, 12, .I ,, V I I ( l ! l lO), 1). IOS, 11, 2, ('!.Vid<d,<~) ~~,c,-gal-L Z!~-dti-<~

: L L K ~ see C!. 'P., .XXJ\', . I w : s = .YX\'-, I : 20, ''P,,~~ ~ , ' ~ ~ " ~ ' ~ a " ~ l c " l s~,.kt,f 1 w,/:rtl " Z ~ ~ - [ ~ ( ~ o ) ~ t - ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ~ ) i ~ - ~ ~ c l .

<(:f. :~IJCWV, t ~ t v I, :UKI C, T., XXIV, :XI : I 5, ,,IWN r!~)trr-,t,!-~;i ("LIW ~ W I t~t,, ~ ~ ~ L > I : ~ I L I V I I ~ or IW:,VVL,

and c ;~r t l> " ) , d ~ l i - b ~ t r , ~ l , l I ~ ~ ~ - ~ l i - g , , ~ :,w ~,kl,~:,icl,,,~ I,? '!l{fi: (-. 11;lj z~, ,,:-I,~~~, i,i. IIIC, h , ~ ~ , , l l d <,i IIIC tlvu g~~(d) -d , ib

of ".\~~?L-~!~IuT: "E~-/>C!T-.I~?-~L,,, C, Y., X X I V , 2 : S, :LTKI s w (!. Y'., X X V , I I : I 7 - 15, Ill, 7, " ~ S ~ L - I ~ ~ ~ J L ~ I ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ l j \ ~ ~ . \ r - l ~

pa-bit cd-bar .LN,,lhIa i~ud I.c., 1S = S, li~,~l-h(~/(-l,,) 1 ~'.\;l.S-l11 w i + i ~ ( = S,&) ~;-IMW ,c-l~i "I<,,-lil.

C. T., XXIIr, 2 :,I:< = 20 : 27, "(ur .It!-) k<r-!gi-<t 1 , l i t t < ~ ( - '.V~IL-Z~<IIU~) .vrO<<tl <li-ri-c,-l,i-<la-!,<: = ~ v ~ t l ; - l ~ ~ ~ l - f ~ ~

c~-bL-ip <li-e-,l~i, G',vl><, l,:,s, l , O l < l ~ tl,,! j,,<lg,,,,,t,t.~~ u. c:. 7., XX\T, 11 : I! = I;, Ill, I = x x 1 \ r , 40 ;60, ~ . V l . \ ~ - I l <

3 - - I I t s ! I. 1 . I . . 5 I I , I . I I , 1 . 1 , r I s i g i t i l i SCC i l lso t l l ~

&-sag-68 = "l iouse o f tllr durisiuns (p i r i i i i ) , " mli: oi 111,. Ilnua,s of tlic: r igy i i r ro l ui Sippoi., 11. f?., 50 : (ia.

CI. thc s i r t l l of t l ie srven great niunrs oi E,~lil, n,n c r i t ~ - , ~ a di-di, " l o t ~ ~ l , of t l le l lor ts tl~c! j i~ i lgr , " C. T., X V ,

10 :7; 13 :8; IV. It.', 28, no. 4, my. 13; It. II., p. 20 :ti (no. 13); 11. 32 : S (,lo. I? ) ; p. 42 : 9 (a<, %I), et pnssbn. For %\'Ii\'-IR as judge ssec II. A . IT., p. 402, note 17.

fore, a kind of hrrold, aml~ussndor plenipotentixry, having Ilcerl erldowed with extraordinary powers (6-qril)' xritl :luthority. The emblem of his authority is a ' ( pure or bright, scepter ("i"'qiktlnr trzn(1) " which he "cxrries (It;) " or "holds in his hands (bu-tlt'~,)'" or "wieltls (Pi-sir)."" IIr tins :L strept,er i t n ( l he c:~11 givc 5 scepter. All might ( r ~ u m , - i ~ e r - q c i l ) , power (ti) i t ~ i t l :~~ltliorit,y (tome froni lli111.~ What he proclaims upon the (:ommarid of his f t t t h e r i . i ~ l ~ r l o t 1)e (~h:~nged~tr i t I 110 011~: tl:lre o p p o ~ e . ~ 'I'hese comm:~nds arc not by any m i l a n s : ~ t l i i t r a r y , 1n1t they arc the iesult of careful deli\)eratioris duri~lg thr co~lrsr of w11ic.h l<nril :~cts as "counsrlor (rttl-gI-{ll)."'

The ordi11anc.e~ thus c : o l i i : r i r ~ t l h":rrlil "cxrcr~tos (mc+.(.ic-tlic) ""~y his (%X)7 mmifesta- tions, his sons," tli(> " p o w p i s of I I : I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ . " " ' /<~rlil i r ~ this wisr l i c c o m c s again t,he

' 7 ' . 1 2 : 1 I : I , [ ! , l i l l i > ( - ".Vit,-.Gul,,~r) O-, l~i / l ? - . l> , -~~~, - !~e = >8~,(-iv

~?- '~ . t -u i , ' ' t l ~ c g o ~ e r ~ ~ ~ w ,)I. I I U lxntsc, ,)I. .I!,.',

D I , 0 . I ! T i / I / - ( I ) I I - ~ I . ('1. 1 1 ~ ~ nc.vt.~>tl> 01 1111. ~ i " / t (!I 111~~4en-

g ? r ~ Pc"lukin-gt-~t) <>I. ' l ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ - ! l ~ ~ / ( = 13,~lil) !lisit (;. T , , XXV, .i : 21 = XXI\ , , ,lie : 111,.

111 Inter pfriods tllia gii<lo? \vzis tr.~ti.;I'cr.~.c~d L<> c:ivl> :and ov<.ry gocl n.l~<, p l n y < ~ l tlw t.i,Ir oI. tlrr "Son": . l \ r - l is I I ' ' 1 I ! I , I . I ! : 2 . TIIP ('Son" of t l t ~ E r i ~ l t ~ tririity ('UU))Z,L-

zi-<tbzt~ = 3I<,,rd(,l<) l ~ : ~ , l tlw ~ I ~ L L I K , "t;i<<l~rr [! c011y 1t;~s ~~iJ)-l,i-,ti,ztc, f;. T , , XXl!., lti : ;Ii = 2:) : ~ i . - ~ l i t u , the "Son"

i I r t i i I : 1 ' I i i ' - - i t ( i . ' i l , I, I ) I ; i l 1. I I , t o . 1 : 0 . This

1:~st Z I : L ~ L , ! \!-:IS alq>Ii<,d :XISO to t,lw ' ' S C ~ I ' ' ,> f I I I V l~~tI,!/l~nt, trirtiLy-, ".IC; or 'i.\rnbti, l3r. .5.57!).

!'C. t l ~ ~ v a n w ,d ll\v Iiwl d !lw <\vo !/~t(cl)-c/~il~ ,>r ".~i8t-Z~l>,tr: !JisJ,(;i:,l,tr-~i-.3,i, f!. 'i'., S X I T , 2 : 7.

S c 6 I I t : , I 2 I - ; . l l i 1 , - 1 l l h / - - I l i - 1 . ITt,re (,iS&l).

is :l]l]~:%rtmtly :I s y ~ ~ o n y t n ui ( i , <,I.. 111~. cxprt,ssiot~ ,i-,%#,>t)-uz,t, nu . I , I , : t i , p ~ , ~ s i t ~ ! .

( Y . tlw ),r,,[><,r ,,;,,,,? nt ~i.Ti,,-S,,/,,,~-~/~,-!,~,-l,,,/-l~,,l = !,' ~~l~,,l,-h,,l<,,l $0 iy-I,,, ?,/ ;-,,;, v. I<.>, I I : Si,,, (1.

' C. T., 1 ; : : I = 2 I , ' i t - / ( ) I ) - 1 ".\'i,i[-biib,ii].

C. T. , XXIV, 2 ::I!] = 211 : 25, ~1r;8t~g(-.!~t)-!j,r~-~~,, '' L I W ~ W I 01' ~ I W g ~ : , t ~ ~ r i , ~ : t ~ - c ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ r " ( S C C B. E., serics

D, V., ins?. 2, p. 3-i, i ~ o t c 13) 1 i t ( = i - ) I - l . l i - l = - / I , ('i. ; i l~ l i C. T., S X V , %Fa : 35.

For d N ~ X - l l ! :ts ,~~I-~li-~qi-qal s w no. 1, ~ 1 . 111. 15, :an,I c f , Iwl<n~-, 11. 3.5, note I .

' ('f. ill this ro1111ci.ti,m i 1 ~ t l i t ~ n < , of .\-ii,vb~ii, ill<. still 01 P,'!i/i/, vtc. (I!;/, l i ic f!Iii.ibl, 1) . 2, not,. l l l i : "I~I)LIL?L-?),!((~)-

I - ! 'i[En-l~,~~-i,i-,/ii - [dI'.Ij-l<lJ (ci. 11. R, :!I, < ~ I I \ - , l i i [hc-?/Zit piil.; 2iiiJii/i(]. R. If., 1). 1;31, ro1. 1 : 27, 2S = SS : 33,

wit11 Sl~:%l~~t:~~t:~ss:ir , 1il:~vI~ ii!~t~lisl<, I. 11, 'iP.l-l<l' i!<t-:i ' J '" 'h,~~~i [ -: I,,! vlli-I<,. ICor ?it,t[$)-d,t-rt< = !/iW,rsw :L!>,BV*.,

1). 10, notc, 7. 'rl,,, I I : ~ I I W "l'.l-lil' is, ! I I , , ~ , , ~ < I ~ v , not " d e r ;o d,',, ,,l,il , l~~x l l i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l . ~ ,S;iz,~~~Ie," IntI, "der mit ,let!< Sceplcr

(P.1 = gi.td<tr, !o,,(J)dtc) l ~ ~ t ~ c s l i ~ ~ r i ~ ! [l<l')," I I ~ ~ s l ~ t i ~ ~ ~ l :xn,I wir,, lt:tvt, l l ~ ? S:LII>C I.ut~cii<,t~s, I I P I I W >ve find t l u t tlw \viI.,,

of L is I i t I . I . I , I . I ' i c - l i i - ! d~,i-<l<i~.-ni~n-7i~ <l<!~?~-bij-.vol; witli this PI.. the at tr ibute (al>r,\-e p . 30, not<, 3), ~,~e-gol-l, iii-dti-o, asrril,ril t,o "Sidnbii \YIW in 11. I t . , 36 : 17, is corlp1t:d mitlr d~iddo7.,

lrence dNidnha = d~a-dbr-n ,~n-nn = d'lir(-nre-/i~i,z, I>PC:LIISC t l l ~ y (lil-e their I I I I S ~ ~ I ~ ~ S ) i~1.i: tile ~ O ~ ~ P S S C S of writing.

Sie also d!~e-nig%7~-~~~-~!ii, thr. husl,nntl(!) [[dolm-hi-us) ai [d.Vin-iig]-yi~(!) ( = d.ll-lii-n~i~ = ddles-lntn-la-i-a), C. T., XXT\', 10 : 4 = 23 : 27, atid tllc ~-~ne-r~ig in- ,~ , i -<l>i = "k-d~r in-sw, Pincl~es, P. S. N. .I ., 1000, p. :i(i? : 7. \ \ ~ l ~ e t l ~ c r

tllc tcntple of 'i.TIS-lB, l?-iu-n~e-ili~ is :t v i~ r i t~n t 01 k-))ie-iri-dii is not yet rrrtain, cI. Irclo~v, note 16 tu IL,,. I .

C. 7',, X S I V , 2 : ({!I, 14 ,lt6t!r,!,~'ai*i~ '.Y[i!~-it~bti~-!li].

lo Yuticc lwrc t,Imt "1.11: ~vlwri cxcc,oting tllc c u t n n ~ a t ~ I > <,( Itis i:~tltc!r, I<IL/;I, l l ~ t ~ r ~ ~ l e r x :LIXI I ~ ~ ~ I ~ I c ~ ~ s (XY C'. 'I,., X \', lli : 7-9); tlt:<t 11~ : "f;ib,l<tr gives Itis :UIS\T-<T to . \ ~ l ~ s l ~ ~ ~ r l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ : ~ l ~ s 1,mycr I,? ~ ~ ~ V : L I I S 01 zrL,~d ( ~ , , ~ i r / t < ) ( s w :~I,uvv, 1,. I!),

i,<ltv 9); tl>;tt " .T i r~ -~ i r~ i i 21111101111r(v tltc, ctld 01 b l ~ : <Ir.~~igIht I,?. ii vind, I>~I,,,zP (iw). .\I1 tI& ~v~, tz l~ l SIIWY, it S<, , , IC ,~ LC, ~ I W ,

Llln L :ilscl li,~lii, i l k ~ ~ r c l > i h t ~ l . i c tilul-i, l)t.,ivl:iill~rd 01. ~ ~ x ~ c I I L ~ ~ I 1111. will or _ I ! I I t? ~ u r i ~ t > s 01 " l l ~ t ~ ~ t i l ~ ~ r ~ . l i d~ t i~ i l l g , \vit~,l." 118

r;isr siirll ; (I , cxccr~ti<,l~ al tl,,, c~ t l l l ) t i~ r ldh 01 . I >1 Ocl~l:tr~dv,l 1111, d,~slr\wtioti or:i~l~tilliliiti~ti 01 111,. , , l l w ~ i t , ~ of tllc " l ~ i ~ t l ~ ~ r , "

/$,~lil lrlade use <,I his "liqlttni~lg or r1aggr.r carrb,r," dNi~i-irir. C E . "Nir~-irir gir-[ldl fi-kur-l-a-gc (splicrc of influellce oi

32 SIJMEILI,\N H Y M N S AUI) I'If.\YEIfS TO X I S - I / <

i ( lightning" or "thuntier" or very "voice ( K A , y i ~ ) "' of An, through whom the "Father" speaks and gives his commands, through whom h r reveals his pleasure and displeasure, t,hrough whom he enforces obedience to his will a~it l command.

r 3 lh i s "l)rigl~t sceptcr" is, however, not, merely an e m l ~ l c n ~ of :~utlrorit,y, power and might, ljut also a "styl l~s (c/ii(la~ nzn!j = battu . . ellit~r)" in thc hand of Enlnlil, the 'i scribe" of AIL, by means of which he "writ,es" the "will" and ent,ers thc "decisions" of his fat,hrr into the great anti open book spread out i~efore :ill mankinti: " the I~ook of naturc," so that every onr, who has rycs to scc, may srr , or a rnind to per- ceive, may pcrccirc the will of ,Ill, tlrc Gotl anti l,ol.tl of :dl. 'I'hr writing of this "l)ook of n i~ tu r r " procl:\iming lhc "tlrc~isions ol' Ail," :urtl thc "i':~trs of man" is, of course, " lhe writing of hcavr l~ :LII(I carlh." "Henvcn : ~ r r t l p a ~ , t l ~ " reve:~l the will ant1 glory of Gotl-they procl:~in~ th r "name of AIL (i~tc~(X)-A,c-i~i~)." To 1r:~rn to know and to untlerstir~lti the signifirancr of this "i~ame of Ail," man must look upon rsr th and towards the sky. In doirrg so, he will soon tlisrern a twofoltl writing: "the writing of heaven (ittz~. .?nm?)" ilnti the "writing of ~.irrth"-"~er- dure"; h r will finti that the formrr is merely a reflrx of th r sigr1ific:tnce of the latter. En111, being the god of rain, contiitions the appearance ant1 disappearance of the verdure, or, what is tjhe same, of the t~co smsor~s : "summer arrtl wintcr." But summer and winter form t,hr Sun~erinn "year." T-Iencc, the "n:tmo of All" which E.i~lil proc:laims is nothing but the " heaven :rrltl rnrth (rril-lii) " as they zippear

' l during the course of n year": mu(.?)-An-nn. "The Ilamc of Arr" is the "ycar =

Sattu. "' Thr rrurient Sumeri:ui yc:~r w:ls clividctl not only into t.wo seasons: sunrmer

and mintrr,' I ) r ~ t :~lso into icr~cl~~c iiiotrlhn. 'I'hcsr l w c l ~ c ~uon ths h:~d thrir c-oluntrr-

) p, , X I , I : i . ; I \ , i l : i L ( l ? l~x i , l , l , i ' i t l r r l , . p. ii!lli; ( ; i i ; i i r , -Zr i i ,,ir+,i-/ii kl;,ir-rii-</r, - ".Ylti-(iii. , , r r - i i i

p<,/-(; $0 g-~, . , ,~, l?. /I,, I,],. s> : :35: 1:31, I , :it, :YL.

'iS;t,-f;;r-s,, l,l:tyc,<l t l ~ c , rill:. ,,i 1 l i . i "S,,II," "\i,r-tfir l i r r nn~ r tile gir-lri ".\.i!t-(;ii-~ii. ('i~i.i~Iii~ii-Slor!i, pp. '3,

,,<,t~, 1 ; It. In I<utIl:~ fl.Yi~?,-;,ir \Y:LS ~ l < , s c l ~ ~ ~ s s o c i : ~ t ~ ~ ~ l witlc ''u-(;I,.I?, Zinn>~crn , /~il,,uil., ! I< , . 27, 1,. 1:iL : S ; V. R.',

31, ?, n.r. 1 r i t i - - l i , I . I 5 ( I l l I , 1 . 3 111 Y. R.Z, I(!. n o . 1 : IS. tila """'.\'in-iiir is ?,-en

idcntifi,.d n i t ~ l d r j - ( ; l r l ( , 7 ~ ~ ~ i . ~ i n - ~ l i r "jr-,.rr-rio~ 1 'lr;-(;rr13 f, ''~~v-l,i-/z,t,~ (c(. :,IS<> z. . I ,, I , I>. XI, ~ I O ~ C . ) .

r,:tslly ic, C. T., XXIV, 20 : 19 = 1 : 28 (Iwr,, ,witten d.Yir~~"~'-~~rl<.l/i.l), t lw ".Y~?I,-*,?T is icI<!ntifit!d witl! .l!!,-/un~

is t l~~ l . i . i .~ t . , , Ixit :I \-;iri;snt ill ".\'in-:nr, wi1.c. oi ' l l in-bo~ ( = Er~lii. (1. 'r., S S I Y , 1 : 7 = 21 : 73 and = A ~ L , l r . , 1 : 11 = 20 : 7 = 1!1, I, 5).

1 It is t o he rrot<!il that gii is not imly "to sp,,;~l, (dilsti, ilrihiib,ii" or " to ( . , n t ~ i l l i ~ l l d (qiliii, /,(ii i i~iO," J ) ~ t l i i l - i o " t u

, ( , . , g , . i ) . d ( ; k ' k - is I t I I 1 " t I I is I i s i I . ( 'i. 11160

p. : j ~ , 6 : ,~(;;t-bt,(-c,)-rt; ( . l ?~ -n<~ .g~) = Ptt ~ j i - J ~ L c l . l ~ ~ t ~ . Xotic,, Iwrc t lwt I : ~ k r ".Vl.Y-l/{, :w " . ~ l ' U - ~ r i ~ ~ , is

tl,c, 1 ,;(, q,l.,, /.li, the Y ~ , ~ c c , , ' c. ,r,, X X I V , 41 : 1i.5 = X X Y , 12 : I!>, :,,,d tl~:,t , t l ~ ~ " / ( i ] - & ! c ~ - , < , t , t , ( = ' ' I I ~ u I K I v ~ .

h ( c , r l l l ' ' ) is t l ~ c l < . l k ' , - / t ~ dClzt-[ge], i,?,, "l lw voivc oi. SI,:~n~:isl>," c!. Y'., XXV, 2G0 : : + I

S i Y . 13r. 1217 : ~ I I T,rt,-flit 0 1 . .Sliii.c/i, ~rl>il,. tltr iwi)t1~1. ~ o ~ ~ i c ~ t c c ~ c ~ ~ t l n i t l ~ 111,: 1111,11111 . Y i ~ i i , ~

,yep~e,,,~jer., I:<,I. illis ' ,ns i r , r~ior l" ,rllivll, ;is I :xm vc1.y n.ell n n . : ~ ~ , is i n dircet opposition t , ~ all .\ssyrioIogists and rnode~u

.\~t,yonojn~~rs. nrr tny i'r,t.tlicntning "Siinin.in!z Cnlenrior."

parts in the heavens. Their i1c:tvenly count,crparts are the tcc.elve siy7l.s o/ tlre zodiac. Year, seasons, months and signs of the zodiac have each and all their beginning and end, their boundaries or ol~tlines, their pictures or drawings (yiS- mu^)' : ~!hdiL indicates and proclaims them. There is a meaning and sigriificarlce to each and all of them: Enlil inkrprets them. This he does by t,he "fullness of his manifestations" which are the 5 i 2 or "seven" planets (1,U-BAY' = bibb?c)."nlil as the dPap-sukal ( - "Nin-i-ubz~r) of .4n I~ecomes in this wise the ippcvcl:< x a t ' I&Jx<~; and his 5 -1- 2 manifcst,at,ions, the pl:tnets, the ;prci;l~~i;.:'

Thr first and foremost of thc planets, "the shining (glooious) hero" is "IIUN- PA->-a or d l ) o - l ) i - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b o t h names of "Enlil;' lle~ice "Enbil was the first of the variol~s gods who in t,hc course of time werc identificdwith Ju1,ifer.

Acc!ortling to 11. R., 48 : 48-54 ( = list a) and 111. I<., 57, 110. 6 : 65-G7n (list b)" -two t,exts from the lil~rary of Ashshurbiin:tpal--the names of the 5 i 2 or sever1 planets (7 ""'1,IJ-BA 2'""'"") were the following :'

a b dEn-n-zu Moon 1 "A-gic = d X X X Utu Sun 2 d"aa"M"n-bi ALAN = dUtu U~ZL

dEn-lil Jupiter1 dDa-pi-nu = dDUN-PA-k-a dxxx(u) I dD UAT-PA-?

dNin-ma@Venus 2 %ib - dDIL-BAT 7n1LiDI {,-BAT

1 r I r i g r ( i t 1 ) s I I I , , I . I ! i 3 1?0r t l i ~ sigciilici~ti~~l oi (jG-t)iio. S I : ~ tllc trans-

1:~tions 01 Tlturr:to-llnugin, G t ~ l r n , Cyl. .\, 5 : I ; O : 5 ; i : I;: 13 : 211; 17 : 1 7 ; 1 0 : ?l).:tn,l notire: t l u t tlw vifr oi ddi-3i~. ( = "~n - l i l or oirc nf Itis 1~~:mi1rsttlti~~il-;, p. 2s) is :wiol. i l i~l~ to C. T., I I l V , ?(i : I l l , ~ I I ? r l f ; l ~ -~ ! r ,~~ -~o ! - l~ i , i.?., ''tl??

go~Idvss of 1 1 ~ o ~ ~ t l i ) ~ , . s ,,r d r a ~ v i ~ ~ g s of IW:LY,,TI :III." 'TI, , , ",Ir:~~vit~gs I ~ ~ ~ : ~ Y ~ ~ I ~ ' ' : t w llw lt?eI<,e sigrd.9 (81 I/,? z<xli,,c,

ih.illg:is stiil, tlw w f l i x " tl~c. d r ;~n- in~s ,,( enrtlr," i . ~ , <,1 lit, . I :LITII OI. its YI.L.IIUI.I~ :IS it npp(.:~ri dnriuy tllv l irr1i.r ,>io,iths.

3 11. I?., li : tc , (1, 1,C-1j.IT = OL-ib-l,~,; V, I ( , , .I(;, uo. I : # I , ' l '" 'I~~~-l~.l T = ? i v u ~ - ~ ~ i l 1,8,-Ii!t~.

('1. l)i,i,l,,r, 11, :30, IVIWP~! TW xrc told tI8:ii ilw ('lt:tl<l;r,n~~s c o ~ ~ s i ~ l c r ~ ~ l ilte ' ' l i~-<!" (with 110on z t ~ ~ c l Sin), ' ' s v Y v ~ ' ' )

pla!ri:ts to lx: "intt,rprrtvrs," i i ~ p ~ / v t i < .

See abovr, p. 21, nutc 5.

5 Vor tlir rnriorts sncl ~nanifold idcrttifi(litti<ir~ 01 tl~c, sc~( . r a I plantlts \i,itl) c~ r t i t i r~ gods sci l I I I ~ j .~~.tl ic~rnitig b ~ o I \

c n r tttr "Smrlerian Calrndal.."

* S o w pnl,lislred in C. T.. S I V I , 43 : I$)-21. Iiing gi\-vs llcrc "XL(insic;~d oi X 9 X ) for Sitt, tibe 1110011.

'(if. Iiuglrr, Slernlr~indc, I, pp. !Iff.; Hornna,l, H . :I. I . . , 111'. IiOIi.

8 r 1 n still 1:iter lisisxve find for "DU.\'-P:I-~(-~~) also dL~<tg-i,ie-gnr. or PEP(; ( - ,,iiil-hubbcir, i~a,lri;joJvlr).

' S o t n.ithout sonlr \-cry good and dcfiniic reasms llxrr I irirainol i'nnl~ giving the missilig idc~itifirntio~li 01

t ~ c ~ . :<-5; tltvy \vJl be ~ ~ ~ r n i s l ~ c c l i n vo~~ncrticn~ wit11 wy ~ i i s c t ~ s s i o ~ ~ of Iiugkr's . ~ / c r ~ ~ ~ k ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ , I :ancl IT, ict uly 1~,rtltc~,tni11g ",Yiit,wrin,~ Cole,~rlr i~," ~ x u t ~ 1, 2. 'Yo s k ~ l c it ltt,r,,, I s11:tlI ~ I I , , ~ i18:tt liugl, r'x :wcr t i<~!~s ill !,is ~ S l ~ r ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ; : ~ ~ ~ ~ l I t , , f i < , t , 8 ~ -

l ~ y e i ~ f i ~ b ~ l ~ , tts rcg:irds tlw :igv u i tlw 13ttl,ylut~i:tt~ :!str<nc<n~>y, :it tiuws : ~ l ~ s ~ ~ l ~ ~ t ~ l y rrr<,~c,,utw a81d t~ttwa~rtirt t t~l, tlmt

his tr.;u>slati<,ni oi iastn,~lr,llcir:~l texts ;trc i t , I I L : L I I ~ (.:ti(.> 11111 i,i' ~niat:~l,cr :nn,I gnitnl~utti(.i~l i~tlj),lssillilitil-s. tllilt l ~ i i iut.~.iii#gc-

n ~ x ~ t ul tlw Suntcritu~ n~intlt:; is : ~ i ~ s ~ ~ l ~ ~ i ~ l ~ \vrc~ng : a ~ t , l t l~t t t , tltwrvi<,r,~, l>is v:tlvult+tio~~~ :ar>,l , l ,~~l t~vt i<, r~s ~ I I c ~ , , ~ ~ < N > L :arc:

~lcciclt~dly nrirclinbic. ' I ~ L o u ~ I > this tn:~y :LJIJIV:U I,<> I,? ;t r;~tlwr s\vc<yin~g st;it,,~txmt, ??I, : ~ l ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ I ; % ~ ~ l pro<~f nil1 I><, l',,rll~-

corning in jilstific;rii<,n t.l~<.n.,,E. 6

These 5 i- 2 planets, by their very rlat,ure of being thc "interpreters" of the "nanle of An" or "gear (mu(:)-An-IZCG)," are nothing liut t,he "hands" on the "face" of the great "world clock." As the Sumerian "worlti" c:onsists of "heaven and earth," so the "worlti cloc:kn must necessarily be one in >r twofoltl aspect: the "terrestri:ll" nrltl the "hca\~rnly." Thc "henvenly" is here, as in eve,ry case, merely the reflex of tlic "terrestrial worltl cloc:lc." Tllc "fig~~res" or "numhrrs" or1 the "face" of the " terrest.rial worltl ~loeli" arc. thr ('l~~~rlr:c? ~ n o l ~ t h s " - the month Nisnn =

Sclitrrr~l~o- \)ring the first :11111 thr rnol~tll AA(ld(~r -- A t ~ ~ j i i s t 1)ririg 1.11~ 1:~st or twelfth. r , . l o these t 1 r e 1 1 ~ ~ i i o l ~ l h s o11 the "f:~cr" of the "tcrrrst,l.itrl world c-loc:lin correspond e x t r c t l y the "lr~,el~:e s i : ~ j ~ i s of t l i e zorlinc" on the "f:lceH of t.hc " l ~ c a ~ e n l y world clock" -thc sign I<U-.IIAI, (prol)al)ly to l ~ e rent1 i,.ilg-yh) or cilres is the first ant1 belongs 1.0 the month :Visuri = S e l ~ t e n l b e r , while the sign zib or pisces is thc twelfth, being assigned, t,hcrefor.e, to the nlonth A t l d a r = Auqust. And because the "figures" on the "face" of the "terrestrial world clock" correspond exactly to those on the "heavenly," therefore, Diodor, 11, 30 : 8,^ records quite correct,ly t,hat each month with its corresponding sl'yn of the zodiac was assigned to a certain god. These "twelve gods" of the twelve months-or what is the same-of the twelve signs of the zodiac were called S ~ o i i3ou%uio(,". e., conslliwrii, "c:ounselors (ad-qi-$li)." EIZ-lil as

I I,, l:,!<,r tcxts ,l/;i(it) ,,r <>,,l,Y "" ' l~s . l f ; - f~ ,~ .

? r , : , t t ,~ , , , , I ~ ' , " ' 1c r7 (~ ) ) - r7~~ .

",t;tvr in> ulnI\- . I t , .

J'r,:,,, <I? ~,,;,T,J,' t i . ',,, <I," g<><ln<>r !\,,~ st:,7%) , , , , ,>i,>,,, > , , , , , i *,,c, ,\,:,,\hh,, 7;,,> i)>,>9!,,;>, ,:,,>;,,<io7,:, ,tG,',< A,,> %,v ,\,:,<5>,,<< ;t7f,!'i,,,.,,>

;+, b. i i r i v q,i,riiui,t.ri.

all . \~syri ,~I,~gi~ts-r~ctt v ~ t , r ~ l<ttgI:~r c,xv,y~t~,l- l~:xvc~ i'atilt,,l 10 r,,cog~~izc,, :LS ~ : L Y :ts I c:tn s , ~ , , tlwt, il~,: "list of

~ n c > ~ ~ t l > s n t ~ l tlwir r+g~,r~ts," p,~l~lisIte~l it, IT'. 13.2, :3:3<<, w~tta i rw tlwse t\vvl\x~ t d w ? / ~ < , ~ ' > . ? L , W , T V I K > ~ w r e t~cccpted even

by tile Egyptians, ns \\-c 1c;lrn i ' raurtl~c SCI~OI~O,I to .Ap~ll,nii<)s of I~l~ot los , 4, 2172. 'l-l.~tc it is titat I)iotlor, I . c . , m e r ~ t i o ~ ~ s

liliemisr tltrsr , h i ; i o , ' i r ~ i r r r , but according to llim they a ~ r sttic1 to wpmserit titi. :30 brigl~t slars of tlre twenre sign3 of the zodi:lc. This ilumher "30" is lrcre in all pmbi~hility a iriistal<e for "3li." If SO, IW lnny see in tlicse 30

( = 36) 1,riglit rtiirs uf Diotlor tlir 31; stars (1lll.t.e oi ~ r l l i r l ~ Iheing nssigurcl to cncll tn,,n111) irlrntionrd in tlic so-called

".\sln,labe of Piilcllesi' ( S P C I ' in~ll~ii . ;J~,t(len>g, SOY. -1, 180:3; 13r.iiiv11, I ?P .v~<cTc~~ .~ , 11, 11. ~11s; I l o n ~ t ~ w I , .4?rf,s?/ze zoul

rli,iiariillt~ngen, p. 458-4tili; Ii~tgIe~., Stez-~~Jir(nde, 1, 1). Z!), Y ) n ~ i d iilrlitiiy t,l,1,111 wit11 tlic :3(i sta1.s \i.l>idc . l l,rr(l i i/ i is

sai,l to II:LY<! :issign<?d to t l ~ c ' t ~ ~ v ~ ~ l v e rn,>ntIm, cf. ,J~IIS<YI, I<. l j , , Yl' , p. :311 : 4, 5.

111 vorir,llolvti<l~~ 111' !liii I i l i i l ) ~llt,utioll 1ivl.v ~ I I L I \ - OII(I <c\:~t>cl~lc (tllv ,,111crs will I I V disc11ss~~~I itdly in 111y SII,PIF-

r i , , ~ L'i!loidni., 1,;:l.t 2 ) . .\ccur<li~tg tu llw ~. . \ - t r<~l : t l ,~~ of I ' i ~ t ,~ l~ , s , ' ' lht, first, of tlw t l ~ r c : ~ ststvs fur t l ~ c ~ ~ ~ u u t l t LSc~bhJu is tlw

l r t ' " ~ ~ t c - ~ ~ ~ & i - d ~ ~ , \ V I I ~ I I is idc,ntificd ill Y, I! . , 46, IIU, 1 : 44 , x ik l~ t l ~ c d~a-v i - i i tu , " t l ~ c tliu~~d~?er,'' at111 in 11, R,, 49, 110, 3)

"God and Lord" ( d A - ~ ~ i m u "Eh-lil) was the fir& of tlrrse twelve "counselors,"'- he giving his "counsel" and taking up his "abode (gill = ntunznzu)" in the first month and sign: Nisan-aries (cf. dDara-gal = "En,l?:l, C . T . , SXIV, 22 : 10).

Astronomically and astrologically considered, E t ~ l i l ~ s riot only :l, "figurc (yii-

mar)" or "sign" of the zodiac, but also the god who reveals himself in that "sign," the "counselor," /3oulWaios, and the "interpreter" of his counsel, t,he ; p [ ~ v l , ~ b s or the god of the planet Jupiter, continually ushering in, proclt~iming and interpreting unto man the meaning and significance of the "riame of An" or "year." The Sume- rian year, then, as revealed by the twelve signs of the zodiac or the twelve months and interpreted by the 5 i- 2 planets or the "fullrlrss" of Enlrl, con..stit~r~es tlae essence 01 An. Therefore is nru(6) or "year" in Sumerinn also = ni,[c(Sj, yii, .?nm-il," "the world" or "he;~ven and earth": i t r ~ ; crntl therefore is Erilil quite rightly and drservedly termcd "NCC~IL-Z~L' or ' l i ~ ' ~ ~ d u r ~ ~ , " 732n. The closer rri:l~i gcts to II:L~[ITC,

the wiser he will grow in all things pert;~iriing to (ioti. As a clock, though it rriwy "go" nncl li>~\re ihe twrlvc ligurcs OII its facr, 1)rcomes

intelligible to man l)y means of it,s " haritls" o~ily which "interprc,i," (,he significance of the twelve figures by soon pointing to this or that on?, thus inforniing man "what time it is," so the great "world clork" with its twelve signs can dispense its counsel only by means of its plancts or "interpreters." The p l an~ t s l)y standing in, or pointing to, this or that sign of the zodiac intlzcnte the "time (iig = tinzu) " which may be propitious (clu(g) ), or not propitious ti-tlu(y), bar) for this or thnt undertaking, they interpret to man the designs or courisds of thc gods of the signs of the zodiac, informing him whether good or 1 ~ ~ 1 things will happen t o hi111 and his country or to his enemies.

The co'ndilio sir~e qua 11011, then, for :L (:orrect ~i~idcrst:~nding of i.hc "will of god"

' CI. also al,,,re, p. :il, uotr 7. Tllc god .YI:\'-llj is t l tv ' 'v~,n~~sr . l , , l~ ' ' for bllc " 1 1 ~ 0 1 1 l l 1 ,,I' S O V ~ I L ~ , " I~IL-'-IL-z,L~ i . e . ,

Uecelnbrr-J;alrlnr)., ivitlt t l ~ sigu ~ t ~ c o . , thc t i ~ m . of t110 \iitltct. sulsti~<:.

%Tliis liolds good, oi roursc, oi nll the ot l~rr pl:il>rt;~~.v go,ls.

11. R., 59, n:)-. 47, a i u ( i ) I qi; 1 sa-jiLti-,,.

' C. T., S X I V , 22 : 103. 111 C. T. , XIr , 10 : 1, 2, t l ~ i a ;rltl.ilnitc is iucutiuned rwlt its 1111: first o i the "scvrn great

names " of Erllil:

d-mu-an na-hiit-ae k,r-naq-[yii] ie-i~.-via-al ni-/e-?la,

"Lord, wistlo~n oi lllc 'v~~ixltl.y,' l~oweriul orlc Iby llirilsell'!'

or for t,he reading of the "heavenly writing (iitir Bumi?) " is t,lle "com,l~iiration?' of the "hands" or planets with those of t,he "figures" or signs of thr zodiiir. Man, by looking towards heaven and by observing these "cortzbinatio~rs," will soon learn lo discern the counsel, will and writing of god (astronomy) anti 11y comparing this heavenly writing with that upon earth, he will hr a l~ l r to interpret it (astrology). The applicz~tion of the knowledge derived from thr hearelily writing to earthly or human conditions constitutes the Surnerian astronomy and cistroloyy. Both had their roots in prehistoric times, but attair~ed their final tlrvelopment duririg the time of the 11. dynasty of Ur, about 2500 B. ('.

But, as is often the case, man, tliough gazing a t the stjarry hravens, may not he able to discern the handwriting of God, though beholding the glory of nature, may yet he ignorant of the name of his Lord. Unto those who have eyes but do not see, who hare ears but do not hear, who liavr rninds hlit do not perwive, ETZ/Z~ may yet reveal the will :~nd glory and name of God (.41r) 1)y vourhsafing unto t,hcm "visions (mcib) " or "dreams (irzrik-gi(g), ma-mir(m.tr), 'ma-mic(rr/,li)-tla), " hrncc his name "Zng- gar-ra 1 *En-Iil kn mdk-yi(g),' i.c., "Zccg:jnr is 1$111iL lhc god of ihc night risions."

I .\ I;~ilttn: 1,) i.c,i.,lg~iizv t l ~ i i i i l / - i ~ ~ ~ j , ~ r t i ~ ~ i t i . c~ l ,~ i s i t~ I I ~ L J lcd 1ittgk.r i ix~l t l l o*~ (\I111 1.,,11<nv Ilirtl to tllr nms1 i.\t~.i~ur-

dinaryilssertions n~~dI~~~vildvt~i~~gi~l,~11tifi~itti0rl.-i~,1' l i x ~ d s t : ~ ~ ~ i : ~ ~ ~ d j ~ l i t i ~ ~ t s . 'T<, ~c~r t> l io~c , , t ~ l > 0 1 ~ ~ <~x:ttnpIr I I C T ~ , I ~ t ~ a y hc,

l~c r~n i t t< !~ l to c l r : ~ ~ tltr ;~lt , ,nt iot~ t t f Ilw rv;~<lvr lu li,~glcs's lr;u>bl;tti<n~ OK tlw lira1 tltrr,, li~ttw ot' I i . 75!1 = '1'11. uo, 1 s t .

ICuglrr, Slernkii~~<lc. I l l , p. SO, n.:~ds

and translntrs:

"-Da. ,,Sla7n &s G1b1,crdt~/ii' !/ing z i i . l nj(o,,!, L / ~ S . / o h ~ c . s (t i ! j: it^ O ~ ~ C S I I I I .Jnhv i(.ir.(l (lei. P ~ ~ ? L Z ~ , I W ~ C ~ S gedeiiim.

l l c r Slern P~o~LP! G I J D U l j crscl~ein! i ? ~ .Ilotzol Xisrrn icil-Irllrlr."

On the i~as is of this tralrslstiou I<ttgli,r lltiltks l ~ r l>:ts rcasotl to illiiilititill t l ~ i t t tlw ''star 01 god l l n rd~ ,L" is tlit,

anltlv as tile p lm~c t 3lr~rrt)t.y (GL'D.L'Ij). 'I'llii tr:u,sl:ttius~, togctllcr witll ti,. ~lvdt~ctioit tl>i~r~l'l.orn, ir dur to tltr: ?act

I t I i l I t I t 1 : : I I f 1 s t t i t z i 1, : T~.s~>i l i i lc :

CXng ((;cltl) ,Ic7 ,,S!CT?,, </<m (;o!t<:.s . l f ~ t ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ " z,, .I rt)<ory <l<;.s .l<,ltrc,.v , t w f , d<,!,!z, twircl c6r1~ </i<'.vc.s ,J<thv d<!v I 1 / l ~ ~ ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ c t ~ ~ : i t . s

~ ~ ; ~ l e i l ~ ~ n , fct l l ,~ dm ,~I'l~,tzcl ( ; f . ~ I l , LTII" in) . l l ~ ? , , ~ ~ l ,\.i.~,ru c r s c l ~ e i ~ ~ l .

I I i l i " i I " I o . l I / ! I t 1 ' 1 . \ c co rd i~~g 111 1 1 1 ~ ' ' . \ s l ~ ~ , , l t ~ l ~ e 01' ~ ' ~ I L C I I C S ' ' ( ~ e c abo1c, 11. 31, n,,ta 5) 11111 "st:+r of i\l:\~.d!ll~'' I , v l ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ (its tl>inI) to 111~ ~ ~ h ~ i > t l > , l i id~l . . IIvr>?c, i? 111,: "httir of h l a r ~ l ~ l ~ "

is late it, ils : a p p ~ a r : ~ n c ~ . i.?., it' i t l~, ,c<n~tcs ~ i s i l h - i t , tlw first ~ n < ~ t > t l ~ (itthtr:~cl 01' tlw t\\~,,lItl> ( I ? t l ~ l ~ r ~ r c d i n g y ~ a r j and

i f 1 : I t i f ' ' l i t t i ' i t I I t 1 . 1 1 I I 1 1 I i a s i t

is n propitiorts Sc~~v-Yu;ir ' i st;^^.. %lor<, :al>,nbt this it) , > I > - S',,>,?rri<!,~ C',!I?t,<lor, 11:trL 2.

> B , A , , V, li5.5 : i . - ~ - C f . T., XXIY, :i!) : 11, . l ~~ - "Z<! -~< t r 1 ditt,, ( = "l j f i ; , i.?., h;nlil, 1. 3) 1 3 , ~ .!Ar-?z<8-li (possil~ly

to l ~ e mad sn-nn-ti, ;, l ~ ~ - f o l . n ~ of Gitn.i!i); C. 7',, XVIII , .I8 : :iOh, "Zag-gar-,n 1 ill! s r i bi t - t i t - l i .

At the t i i~rc ui Gudca, the "Soil" oi t111, Cirsu. trinity, *Yi,~-Gb.sri, V O I I C I I S B ~ , ~ ~ dl.~iilus (i!r<i-viii, ctc . ) , (!?I. .I,

4 : l.li., wllilr d.\lr~h iritcrprctrrl tlictn, C'yI :\, ? : 2 ; 5 : 11, ei. Crentioi~-~Stor.!,, pp. .I(Iff.

I n tltc L'r trinity t l ~ ! dZ<,-q<tr :alq,,,:%r6 :tb I ! , ? . V . ~ , ! J C T uf Sit,, Iiing, JIogi,:, in". 1 : 2 5 ; I',,rry, ,Sin, 11. I5 : 2.5.

FRO31 THE TE\II'T,E 1.TllR.iRY OF SIP['lJI? 37

Surely a true, faithful, circumspect "herold," "counselor" :tnd ('interpreter" was ETLLL~ the "Son" of Ait!

I t was my int'ention to :~dd here under section tl a short investigation on "Enlil in the rOle of the true 'Son,'" i . e . , "D11.~1'u-zi, T a m n t d z , rlni'l, in prehistoric times. In view of the fact, however, that I have in preparation a volume on "Hymns and Prayers to "Uumu-zz from the Terupl~ 1,il)rary of Kippur," and that for a correct understanding of the Surneria~i " U z i n ~ ~ i - z ~ - ' ~ l ~ ~ i ~ ~ i r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Tami?~iLz-l.3at.) myth, it is absolutely necessary to have a clear conception of the Surnerian Calendar itntl Astronomy which contains much material of importance for this question, I decided, upon the advice of the Editor, to omit this chapter here, reserving i t for the introduction of my forthcoming volume referred to and another on "The Sumrriitn ralendar."

TO sum up, briefly, the religious conceptions of the Sumerians during the prehistoric period, we may state t>he following:

The religion of the Sumerians dl~ring the prehist,oric period was a palstheism resting upon a \)elicf in it i n n t l . 'rhc persons of this triad were: the "Father" An, the "Son" " l < ~ ~ l ~ l , thc "hlother (arid Bride)" AIL (or lit).

(~osmologically co~~sitlcrcil, 1.hesc persons rcprcsc~~t : Ihc "lic:tvc~i" (k':tl.her), "the powers of nat,rlrc'' (Son), t.lle "earth" (hZot.hrr).

Heaven arid earth arc thc first "fatl~er-rnoth(\r" ur "pitrcnt" from whom everything took its origin, 11y whom all crcitturcs-gods incl~~ded-were created, generated, begotten. This "Ireaveri anti carlh" or "world" :~cLs, speaks and reveals itself by t,he "Son," the god of "thunder, lightning, rain storm, clouds"; of "verdure" as it appears (luring the course of the year; of the planets :~nd signs of the zodiac of which he is the first and foremost,, the "leader." Thc "Son" exercises his offices by the " fullness" of his natu~,e: his "seve~i" sons, powers or manifestations.

As every "function" or "office" exercised by the several ~nenibers of this triad iniplies, yea, demands a speciul rrarne, each one of the t,llree persons came to be known l ~ y , and was worshiped undcr, different i t a m e s , attribrctes, etc. Also the

"Z<<-y,rr 1 " . l ~ ~ t - ~ ~ ~ ~ i - ~ l ~ ~ - ~ ~ :

"ditt,> uui,:-gi(!/) 1 ,&st.

Ci. :ilno I\iug, ~ l l n g i c , 1 : 25, :ind I\'. I!.', :!I, lii1.2, ri,i-. 2 I, d.lln-,iiii ilu diC oirii-gi(v)l,"sf'. \\ 'l~ilc in V. I<. , 70 : I ,

9, 15, the "lll<t-t!tti is ~xpp:~rc~,ily 8, !!t<,/c (cf. 1.r.) 1. 1, f<.V-;<t, 1, $), J;.\'-G.IL"): I w Z U ~ I ~ I V ~ ~ ~ ~ :LIXO tw f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ : C. T., XSIV, 31 : SL, ddIa-!~cti 1 d~b?nz~-s<~l ( = ~I:~ugl~Lcr! 01,) "i:i8<. 'Tl~is '1311<~->~t!i 11:~s to I><, clil~er~!nti:tt~~cl frwu d!l~c-i~~~(~~~-~i,i~c-r~~,n),

ci. alsu I<. 7814 ( U ~ ~ z o l ~ l , Cu/,tl., p.X7(;) ~vltcr<! ' L L U , "Z,S-~<,~, cl.lJ~r-~tzt?-,l~~, : ~ n d ('wig, I<. 7'., I, 11. .50 : 13, W I L P ~ C d ~ t u ,

d,,l-<t, ' L ~ l < - x e - t ~ e (6 d.l~a-n,ti-[~l<~] urc: ~ ~ x ; r ~ t i o ~ ~ < x I t , ~ g ~ ~ t l ~ ~ r .

In tlrc l<aliirr trinity tllc "god of rirenlus" s-;is I\-el-gril, C. Y'., XS\:. 3 j b : 4 - 3tib, I. 10 = 37a : 7, " ~ t ~ o b % % o - ~ u r

/ ditto ( = "I,tignl-cdirr-?~ci, I. 8, = Kcrg:il, If. A. I . , 11. I:30). N,,iiiv 11cn: the ~i:rl l ic: "lriug of tl,,: goils of tllr drcnlns"

, ~ h i c l ~ sltows iI1:tt t l ~ c "god dr,,:~n~s' ' h;~<l " ( s rvc t~) ~t~,,~s~~~~g?rs,'' ,ul I Y ~ ~ O I X L l w T V ~ S t11c "l<it>g.''

"seven manifestations" of the "Son" appear soon under this and soon under that name, according to their various functions and offices.

As soon as the "Son" "Enl i l had usurped the functions of his "Father," i.e., had himself become the "higbest god," by taking upon himself the name An, "god" par ezcellence, the prehistoric triad became a t r i r~i ty . Henceforth all triads known to us are trinities, formed and patterned after that of h'rech:

An -- ' I Enlil - i lr i Father Son Mother Heaven Powers of nature Earth.

NIN-IB, TIIE "SON" OF THE NII'P1JK. TRINITY DURING THE ENI.11, PERIOD A'I' '1'H E TIME OF

'I'HE 11. DYKASTY OF l T K .

In order to understai~tl t,hc ex:~c:t. position of " N I N - I I j in the Sumerisii palitheor1 and religion, it would seem necessary to discuss here the possi1)le uritlerlyirig causes which brought about the change from the An to the E'nlil epoch, t.o point out the several characteristics of the latter, to show how the religious conceptions of the prehistoric period were modified or expanded till finally they came to be systematized, what this system was, how it was transferred t,o, and may be gnt.hered from, the Sumerian astrology and caleudnr, how it made itself felt, to what extent it influenced the religious ideas of the Babylonialis during the illurth~k :uid ilgilir period and, lastly, whether or not the Sumeri:\il t,rinity E?~lil, ATIN-IB, Ninlil loft any perceptible impress upor1 the religious conceptiolis of t,he later iiations, the Hel~rews, Chris- tit~ns, et,c. Intrrrsting and most import:~nt, ns such n cliscnssion wor~l(l l~e , it has to be omitted here 011 :~c:count of 1:~c:lr of sp:rcc. lleserving :L tliscussion of the Enlil epoch for the introtlurtion t,o B. I$., XXVIII, I sh:~ll co~ifine myself here to t,he following:

The religion of the Et~lil epoch, last,ing as it dicl for more than 2,000 years, underwent, as fnr :is Nippur is concerned, some very marked changes. These changes were, to a great extent a t least, t,he result of the political development of t>he country. Foreign, non-Babylonian kings irivaded the I:~nd of Shumer, c:oncll~cred :i,nd slibductl its several cities, Nippur among them. Though we know of various invasions of Nippur by hostile hordes, yet, so far a t least, there is not a siriglc inscription extant which records that the god E7~lil ever was "carried away" or "led into capt,ivityJJ and that, in consequence, Nippur lost its religious supremacy. On the contrary, iL seenis that, (,hc invasion itnd coricluest of Nippur by foreign or tlomc:st,ic: erlerriics c:onsisteil solely :~nd excll~sivrly in the invader's i~nd coiiclr~eror's sul)rriissior~ to t,ht: divine rule ant1 supremacy of Kippur's god: inimical arlcl foreign kings gained

1 3 9 1

supremacy over Nippur by acknowlc&ir~g Etzlil's supremacy as "lting of tlie ltintls (lz~yal kur-lcur)" and "lord of heaver1 and earth (luyal an-lci) " nritl "king of the gods (luyal tlingir-ri-e-ne)," by submitting themselves to (.he gracious scepter of Enlil and by asking his permission t,o grant :L resting-pl:~ce in his t,emple fi-kur ~ ~ n t o their most favored god. Thus it happeneti that we find in t,he Nippur religion all possible Sunierinrl and foreign gods, who hericeforth were consitlerctl t,o 1)e E11h:l's sons. The changes in the Xippur religion anti t,rinity, t,hereforr, did not :~ffect Enlil arid his position, 1)ut only and exclusirely his "Son." Hencr, when tracilig t,he several periods within t,he so-rallctl h'irlr'l periotl, tlre 11:lrnrs of the sevcr:ll "sorrs" of E~zli'I have to he our guide. Tlie oldest :urtl most note~vortl~y "so~is" of Et,lil are dErt,-zri (AS~:iz), the moon, :lntl "Illf (Ramiiiilti), tllr got1 of thuntlrr, c1.c. These two sons must 1i:~re I)ec~i ilitrod~~ced it1t.0, ant1 were :~l.)sorl)ed l ~ y , l l 1 ~ h'ippr~r. tri~iit~y in ?)re- historic times, belore tlre syxle~ii~ztizat~o~ of the &uirieriaii religio~i. Sccing t,li:~t the trinit,y of Kippur was pattcrrietl nft,rr that of Ereoh, the "Son" of Enlil h id neccs- sarily to bec:ome a god of the powers of n:rt>urc. "Ri~-z~,i., therefore, t'hough originally and always the Moon, arquired, as "Son" of Enlil, t,he nttril)ut,es of tlie god of the powers of nature, actin: nnd revealing himself through his (4X) T.ilnu~, "days" and "storms" (see H. A . V., p. 430). After the systeniatizalion of the Sumeriari religioil, every god who wns int,rocluced into the temple of Xipplr acquireti ipso lacto--no matter what his origi11:~I nature and signific.:~nc:e may ll:~ve been-the att,rihutes of t,he "Son" of the prehi~t~oritr periotl, i.e., hc 1)ec:une the got1 of lightning, thunder, storm, rigin, cxlouds, of t.he \.c~gct,ntion and fcrt,ility of the gronntl, t,I~e mont,h- piece through ~vhom the "l"at,hrrn sprnks, t,lie tlcfcntl(>r of tlir count,ry, t.hr hero, wnrrior and principal son (tl~riiiic-sciq), ct,cA., of l~rilil. To tl~rstl "sons" w11o wcrc int,roduc:ed irito the Kippur t,rinit,y nftcr thc systcrri:ttiz:~tio~~ oC tho Sllnxerinn religion, I)elongs, besides iVerycil, Nli~-Girs~r, Nu.sl;~i, etc:., also "NIN-In.

The riame of "NIN-IR does not occur, so far, in any of the historical, religious or business documents written before the time of Dur~yi, about 2700 B. (i. TJp till the time of the kings of the 11. dynasty of Ur, "NII\I-IB is absolutely unknown. On the basis of this fact, I argued in The Monist, January, 1907, p. 142, for an Amur- ritish origin of "NIN-IB. Though this mayl he true, yet there are some very strong objections to such a supposition:

1. Seeing that 'WNI-IR maltes his first :tppeal.ancc under the l t i n~s of thc 11. dynasty of Ur, l ~ y whorrr he, in :dl prol~:tl,ilit'y, was irrl~roducrtl irito the Nipp~w religiorl, we would !lave to show that these liinqs \wc:ro ;\rnlu.~itcs. B I I ~ , this is, with the material : ~ t hand, :~1,solntely irr1possil)lc of tienionstnltiolr.

2. We would have t,o hring iin some Amurritiah inscript~ioris t,o show t,h:lt,

%VIAT-IB was known in Amur~,'u not orrly during, l ~ u t belore the time of lhe 11. dynasty of Ur. 'Yhis again is impossil)le.

3. Surely the fact that ' lNIN-IR is mentioned in t,he :im:lrnit lett,ers which confessedly were written 1000 years after the t,ime of Dungi, does not tz prlori speak for an Amurritish origin. On the contrary, "NIN-IB may have been introduced into Alrcl~rru by thc kings of Ur durinq their scver:rl c:itmpaigns against the "West'- land "-a view which seems to me much more pro11al)lr.

These arid other reasons l e d me to suppose that 'l~\rlN-lll was ,lot of Amur- ritish origin.

But how did it happen that "NIN-IR could play, from t,he very time of his appearance in the Nippur religion, such an important rAle :is to l)ecome henceforth ~ r ~ l i l ' s "Son" par ezcellel~ce? In t,he inscriptions here published the "I\~IN-IR cult is as dcveloped as it ever was. If hc were unknown in Kippur before t,he time of Dungi, "NIN-LB would he the veriest tl&s ex r~tacl~it~,a. ' h i s difiicnlty it is which convinces me that the appearance of "NIN-IB in the Kippur rclisiorl is due to a "revival" rather than to im "importation." In other words, though he makes, apparently, his first appeixancc in the Sumcriiirl reliqion at the time of the kings of Ur, 'LN1:V-IB was yet one of the most ancient gods of the Sumerian pantheon. So ancient indeed was he, thz~t his existence and cult, in the course of t,ime, had been neglected :tnd forgotten till it was revived by Dungi :tnd his successors. In corrohora- tion of this supposition I beg to submit the following:

The very first occurrence of ' lNIN-IB in the history of the Stnnerian religion is to be found in t,he date formula for the 13th year of Dungi, R. T. C., 274, rev. 5 , which reads: mu ti9 .!-'llVIN-lB ki-ba a-gar. Thureau-Darlgin, S. A. K. I., p. 229 : 2, renders it by: "Jnkr, loo tlas Ii'u~zrlnrnel~t des Tctnl1c1.r NIN-IB's gelcgt t l i~~de."

But "to lay a foundation" is in Snrneriarl ?ti-gar, (lyl. A, 20 : 2(i, while ki-gar has the meaning of "to rrlalte, to build, to n.ec:t;," see ('yl. A, 3 : 3 ; 9 : 1 ; 10 : 16; 27 : 8, ctc. This shows us that US. ki-bn gar can mean only "to restore the foundation to (!) its plt~ce," i . e . , ki-ba gar = ana n.+-.?u ,Mi&cu is here a variar~t and synonym of hi-ba g i = una a,?ri-iu 1br.u; cf. :tlso C. T., S V , 13 : 22 = IV. R.5 28*, no. 4, rev. 35, 36, where gar(mar) = tCCrz~ (Br. 11984; 5822) is p:rrallcl wit,h gi = tin6 (Br. 6391). Hence, (lyl. A, 11 : 10, 6-miL u%? ki-gar-rrr-bi-(In is "when the foundations of (for) my temple have heen rest,oretlfl rather t,l.ian "7c:e?~r~ die GruncIlagen meines Tempels gelegt toerden." Gudea was a builder at, n restorer of, R-n?n.n-;L.' In view

of these difficulties I would prefer to translate the above-given date hy "the year,

' Cf. also H. E., Senrs I), T; iasc. 2, p. lci, nute. :i.

6

when (,he fuuntl:\tion of the terrlgle of '!.YlN-l13 w:\s (:i'::lin) I~~sIoI.P(I."' if this tr:allslation l ~ c correct, then tllc cult :~ntl worship of :VIiV--lII was rovivctl xvitll the restoration of his lerllple l)y Drlngi! Ti:it;h this view agrco :idrnir:rl,ly :rlso the following consider a t' ~orls:

1. In the prayer for king (Xmil-Sill, 'l;\:IN-IU is :~sltcti to tlt?c:roc li111,o t>l~is liing :I. life of long d:rys in ortier "th;it the (thy) holy tlwclling, :is of old (IGI t SO, not IGI t I,7J - ic, 3!) he I~cautify," 11o. 1, c:ol. I : 0 (cf. IT1 : 13). From the restol?aLio~l of the trniplo of "NI/\'-113 (1111.illy thc 1:3t11 yt3:ir of Dl111,yi (,ill the tirne of Gimil-Sin thew elapscti :I. space of -1-7 54 ycL:rrs, 1lrllc.c tilc "as or old" can hardly 1)e rcferred to the time of Dungi, 1 ) ~ t rililst sjg~iii'y hcrc as n ~ r ~ c h as ":111-

cierit times" "dist:~iit pitst,":'

2. :I comparison of no. 2 wit)h no. :3 will show that t11c.s~ tcrsi,s, on ac>c,onnt of t,hei, xcr~crrtl i:rtri:n,fts, must, go l):~,c:k to nluc:h oltlcr : , . ~ ~ t l c,orrlmon sourcc: from whic:h they flowed. The s:me ol.)scrvt~t,ion holtls t,rr~c of nos. 7 :~li(l 8. 1 3 ~ t if this I)(: gr:~~lt,c:cl, then thesr: texts-:md hence :xlso " ;VIN- IH- -~ I I~~ 11:1.\~ 11crn Icllown long I)cfore the time of the Icings of the 11. dyn;~sty of IJr, see 13. E., Series 11, V, fasc. 2, p. 9, / j .

3. 12. c., p. 1.0, 8, I have shown th:at the c:ontent,r of tho epic lr~qtcl-c ilq tnc-ltit~z-hi ner-gcil (nos. 6 8) must have l~oen k~iown to Gutlt::~, who c:orifesscilly li\;ecl bc]ore Dungi. But if so, "NIN-113 rnust ll:l\~e been known liltewisr, thougli, pcrhi~ps, IIC may not ha\re heen worshipctl wit,l~ t,lle sirrrlc fervor as :at tllc t>irrlc of t,he kings of Ur, or muy have lived only " i r~ rerrlernl)r:~nce" or "relniniscclice."

As soon as his worship had I)ccn reviveti, 'iNILV-IB i~rc:ainr i11~1:\1itly one of the most favored anti important gotis. Henc:eforth even propcx. t~ :~mc~s were formed with '"WIN-IB, as, e . g . , "6erv:~nt of 1\[lN-IB," ~JT-~~~VI~V-IB, see 11. E., III', 145 : 4 (time of Gimil-Sin); LC., 82 : 5 (time of I-l~i-Sin). I-Iis worship sproztl qlliclily

beyond the confiries of Nippur arid Ur (cf. ~ i o . 5, rnv. 14), evcx :L king of Isin, UT-"NIN-IB, was named after him.

Seeing that the at,tril)utcs urltl functions of 'WIN-IR :ire l,h(: s:lrne : ~ s those of Vnl i l during the prehistoric period, I car1 dispense with an cnr~rtlc~r:~lion of thc samc

1 This < l t ~ t < , , I ) ? ti),, w : L ~ , is i,Ic~ttiral wit11 01 : t l <)I. I!, 'P, (,"., 27t , rev. :3, I I L ~ ~ (L,? 1s. 0;. (!. ,700 l(i-Ixc <t-(!,,r

( s ~ ~ < :,IS<, LS. .,I, I<. I., 1,. ~ 3 5 , c ) , ~ I I C I S s l~o~r - ing t l l t , t '(.\JI.\~LII< is ci.V/.\r-/(, /<, C. :MI<. 1i )Y, I < I N < V ~ t11?. p r < , n ~ ~ t ~ < . i t t i u ~ ~

R, . C, 6 6 , v i t I i : s t I 1 1 L 1 : ' \ ' I \ ' - I . ( ' I . :ilri, ill: , lint:, Iorllllli:l ~ O L lli:.

1 ltl, yc:~r of I)ungi, 12, T. C., t ~ c , . 275, r ~ , v . 2, m , ~ b-'l:?~l.\r-/I~ t,<-s<t, ' ' t l ~ , y m r >t[tvr'' (tllw r<,%toration <,J) "LI,,! ~ ,> \ I !NI :L .

tion "i tllc trlnplf of .VIN.llj." l J ~ i , l ~ ~ t l u , ~ L,V,>, t l ~ CI;,IIW OJ XI?-fI j oc<;tcrs :tlst, i u Ll~c cl:~tc Uurn~uIa l'ur t lm 29hl~

war ot I ) w i ~ , i i r i i d I V ! ~ T - ~ l ~ j,~~-le-si-!i,i!dli~i-!ii-/i i-gc, 111. 1). I!., 11. 2 3 : II2.

IIert- it ougl,t to 1,:. ~!r,tivcii ~ I L : L ~ i i ~ l ~ z l ~ l g tl,,: ~ i i r i o i ~ s d:iti, I ~ l . ! t i \ t l : ~ s ~ ~ ~ i l . i t l : : t l r ~ i , v ( ' l t ( I I O / I~~IID!) ~ , R T S OI (;iiuil-

Sin's reign, i l w r ~ ~ is not to I,,! i c n ~ z ~ c l n ~ingl: , WIG ~ v l ~ i c l ~ rcworcls t lh : l , , : ~ t ~ t i l i v : ~ t i ~ ~ ~ ~ o r r, . t , ~ n ~ l i , u ! , , d . \ r / . V - l l ~ ' . ~ ttvnplb I , ? Gi!niGSir~. Tl~c ouly i m ~ p l t , ~vlti,dt Ctin~iI-Sit~ 111cilL T R L ~ llmt <,( ".V!C;~:\' t xZ,, < ) f Gi.<-fll,'''',, st,,, E. / j . If., p. 277 : 9.

It seems, tlicrcCorc, tllal this ~ I . ~ L ~ P L . \Y:IS i ~ ~ t j l u l l i l l , d ,

here. Suflic:~ it, to say that. ":\?IN-IK, the "Son" :~nd got1 of the powers of nature, Eorrnrtl l~r~tc*cxforth with "I31ili1, the "F:~irh(:r," :rnd " N i n l i l , thc " hlother :mti Bridc," t,l~e Kil)pl~rian trinit,y-a. 1,rillily which ~ n r s formrd ~aSt,el that of ~I,z-I3nlil-An(k,i;) alltl wltirh i l l 1,rlrlr served :IS patirrli Sol. t11:lt of H:iI)yIo~i: ~1i1zi~~l~~li-~'ahri-~Sa~~~~1tiitum.

I t is jvell li11ow11 that "NIlV-Iij :\lid his wife were iht: spec:i:rl " patro~l s:tintsn of , . t,hc R:rl)yIoni:~n :111tl Assyri:trr physici:r~~s.' 1 h:lnks i,o t.hr rich tro:\sures of 1,he'l'emple

1,il)r:iry of Kippur, I :lm in i , l~r fort~u~:\le position to pt~l)lish uritlc~. no. 1 an "offici:~l player for the prot,cct,io~t :tlltl ~vl.ell-l)c~ing of' Girnil-Sin n ~ l t l i k i n ~ s of Ur." "Officicrl" is thc pr:lycr I )FC:L~IS~ (1) i t . W:LS rcciteti for klnqs; (2) because it must h:~vc I)ern usctl i l l t,l~ct Nippuri:\n t,rmplc rit,r~nl, :IS is e~it iont from t,hc follo~vi~rg liturgic:ll not,rs :

/ ~ c i ~ ~ - . ~ i ~ ( ( / ) - ( / a - ( ? ~ i ? , rol. I : 5.

[ 1-btr-L 1, col. I : 15. [ I - 1 - 7 - 0 1 s I : 2 111 : 35; IV : 12, 25, 34. sa-qi(t1)-rltc-cim, cols. 11 : 31; I : 2 ; IT' : 10, [32] ; ( s f . no. 5, ol~v. 4. [sa-gar]-ra-cim, eol. I11 : 33.

Unfortur~atcly the me:xning of cnph ant1 :dl of l,hesc nol,es cscapes me. Though I might propose cerlain 'Lg~esses," Init seeing th:~t one guess is as gooti ;rs the other, I prefer t,o withhold trhern. 'I'he lines, col. 111 : 34, "my king, who u l~ to Durigi :t

lifo of long tl:~ys, yc:trs of plenty as a. prcscnt h:rs givrn" alitl IV : I I, "NIN-IB, Bur-Siri's ol)ject of fear and gn:rrtlin~l m:~yest thou l)e," are to he found betweerr two liturgical notes. They represent in :dl probal)ility the "opcni~rg lines" of prayers which were to be inserted (:rnd recited) zit, thc places ilidic::tted. The accompanying liturgical notes may cither refer t,o ldlis or tlrry ]nay c:ont;\in irlstnrct,ions with regard t,o prostrations, etc.

I t is not yet evident why (lie pr:tyrr for Girriil-Sin sl~ot~ltl prccctir that for his father Uur-Siri.

In all thc insc:riptions of Bur-Silt, so f:ar pul)lished, t i i g s name occurs under the form of "4 M A K-"~~IL-zIL, \vhile in our prayer it is cxclusively written V w r - ' % ? z - z ~ ~ (col. IV : 11, 37), thus showirig that AllfAR has intieetl to bc read '( bur." This writing led me to suppose-see Ii . A . IT., p. 390, not,c 2-that the Bur-Sin herc was the lriiig of Isin, 1)11t, this view 11:~s now, after tlle joinirrg of the

' SCC 13. E., XV1I1, p. IS; T I . A . V., 1,. T2:i

several fragment,^, to i)e given up. In the future, t,hercforc, it mill I)? very hard, if

not impossible, to distinyuish I~etwccn t,hr Bur-Sin of ITr :tnd t,l~nt of Isin, if these kinys occur wit,hout any titles.

From Hilprecht, B. E., XX', p. 46, 2, we know t,h:rt kin? TI)u~l:;i reigned 58 years. Supposin2 him t,o have ascentletl t,hc t,hrone of Ur when hc was 20 years old, he must have reached an :rye of 78 years. Such an :~ge must have 1)een considered to I>e extraordinary even nt t,he t,imc of the kings of T.!r (nl)out 2500 R. ('.), for it is especially rernarked that, "NIN-IB has made thr life of Dungi to I)e "a lifc of long days," col. I11 : 29, 34.

The talllet recordin? t,his prayer is unfort~ur~ately grent,ly mutil:tt,etl. \%'h:lt,

has heen preserved may l)e read :rnti t,ranslnt,eti as follows:

No. 1, Obverse.

C0l. I .

U. E. [enim-t]a dEI,TBGL By the word of Nidal~a (may it

prosper.)

1 ZLT-sag ,Xii((g)Lga gal-li-ek r~er-gril [1~7~n nzcl-lirm"-lrtl.i tl[ic-(11'-a] 1 1 Hero, weighty one, great,ly power- prince, endowed wit,h t.erril)le fearful-

ful, ness,

2 dNIN-IB kci(g)'-ga mc~r-(~(,) IYL ic!l-{/lnl4 sic~r-s&n-na [Iz lr-E~tr-A Gi] "NIN-IB, weighty onr, stormflood, in battles valiant orre,

great storm,

3 ri-gir,lLiLy erim ~ir-m-zu i ~ r u yul-111, 6-rlu[m7-bi @~l-&l] "Strong one, who sul~duest t,hr destroyest their cities (and) annihi-

enemies, latest their multitudes (inhabitants),

4 W I N - I B am"ga1 </~~(cl) sc-rum" l~ritl'~-(lnl .kc-g[i"-gi-n] "NIN-ti?, great mountain-ox, st,eer 'great wall,' that giveth protection."

of extraordinary strength,

5 bart2- su(d)- [(la- rim]

6 a-ma-ru 1ci-bal-&I hu-1tth;-ha7" <~ab-~u-[(jar nu-ttyj-a] "Stormflood, that causrth trem- (t,hou) wit,hout equ:il,

I~ling in the hostile land,

mo>r TIIIC TI,;AII~I.R I . I I + I I . \ I { > - 01; SI I 'PL~I ;

7 W I N - I H 2'"-fqf-.?il z t ~ ' ~ - q n ~ qir ~i,g-gcir n-.?[&'"-rl(i)-(la I "NIN-IB, th:tt he offer rl'tc the pour out fresh (?) n.:tter,

presents, purify the way, 8 l?cqnl d<:irn,l'l-'lStn, Icnlntn-nm In-[ha-htlr-?,r~-t!a]

"That kinz Gimil-Siiz thc 'coul~try' tlo lot^, ~irglcct, 9 fi-iu-me-(lu'" ki-dilr-aznq IGI I S o ~,trln)r~-[~)tc~-tln 1

"That the Eshumethr, (thy) holy :is of old he I)en~~t,ify, dwelling,

10 lcisal-mab-zu ~ ( ( 1 ) - g a l tctl~c-(jnl-r s i - [si- dn 1 "That thy great court,-y:~rtls \vit,h h r m:~kc to :~l)ou~~tl :-

f a t oxen and fat sheep 11 k i l~uqal-~/7ib-azaq-zu~~ 97(-kn-m-izi-l',)~-SA If-[SA R]

" 'Thy holy roy:il throne, oh, nlnyevt thou l~less it,, 12 GLmil-'lSin-~nu" .?ii-btr-ra-?~i-i?z-SAl2-[SARj

" '(' '1 Sin, rrm? - oh, ninyest t,holl 1)less 11itr1; 13 [<lNIN-I]B tiI(1) 'fig-su(r/)-~/u, !li~-)zn-[tc?i-tle]

" 'NIN-IB, :L life of long days decrcc unto him,

14 [lugal Vimill-"Si,t~-na ti@) ic~~-s~c(tl)- [qi~-~ln-ta~-tle]

4 u I " 'Unto king Cirni:l-Sin., a lifr of decree unto him!' "

long days

15 [ I- ha- i 1 16 [ ] u-ni su(d) -su(d)-tl[~i] [

r ‘ ] his strength t,o prolong [I [ (or whose might is extmtled) ]

17 [lugnl "Gimil-"Sl]n [ 1 [ "Of king Gimil-Bin, [his strcngt,h [

to prolong]

18 [ I I 19 [ I [ 20 [ 1 [ 21 [ I [ 22 [ I [ 23 [lugc~l ] [ "]En-lil-li lu(d)-tla

"[Of thc king, ] [ ]born by ICr~kil,

24 [lugal] %tmil-dSin Er~-kLl bu,g(?)-ghl-la "Of king Gimil-Sin, the bcloved of 13.nlB:

25 [bhd'"gu]l-a-ni he-me-o~ iqi-du(y) ~ ~ I - I ~ L L L - I I ~ - I / C " 'His "great w:tll" mnycst, tho11 be, with gracxious eyes m:~yest tllon look

upo~l him; 26 [luqal "Gimil-,'Sib t o - l - kc- i,fji-d'i~(!j) h'1~-rtr1(-'11i-cli7

me-en. "'Of king Girnil-fli,rt., his "grc:ll wit,ll gr:lc.iot~s c,)-cs rr~:~yest thou look

wall" mnyest thou he, U~X)I I him !' " 27 [sa'y- gi(t1)- (I([- tirn 28 [lugal]dGl'mil-dSin-mu-itr'" ci-a'((/) g i s " ~ z ~ ~ 2 0 - c ~ - ~ i i ~c- t~~c-c t i ,~ '

"Unto my king Giinil-Sftr. the 'right :inti his ' IVP:L~OII ' t~l:~yrst, t,hou l~e!"

arrn'

29 [ 1-klz" gOl- hi- in1

30 [ e r ~ II,U'"'!) TEE" 7'1(I.)-liu gcxltr 111- k,ur-.!a(</)-,?~'~ (1'11 (q ) -11cl.r-ri

ma "Lord, (thou) who the . . . . of life in tlre mitist of t,hc 'mountai~l ' greitt,ly

beautifiest, ninltest to shine (glorious), 31 [dNIN]-IB gh12"-ma~ Ici-hnl-a i%? y(c/7~ T(L-SIL-.S?~'"

"NIN-IB, sublime storm (?war- of tlie 'rnornit~,:~,in' t,he overpowerer, rior?) for the hostile land,

32 [dLugal-kur-ku]r-ra 3u-dlc I B - t ( ) 2 7 n-a-naZ8

"Of the 'king of the lantls' the support ullt,o his father; perfect one,

33 [ en L V 3 (?) TE]ICfiTI(I,)-lca gnlnm kur-,5a(g) -EL (171 ((1) -bur-ri -ma

"I,ord, (thou) who the . . . of life in the midst oF tlie 'mo~ult,:\in' greatly

beautifiest, makrst to shinr (glorious), 34 [dNIN-IR g&]l"-rnuh ki-bal-a i g gal.1~ r a - s u - s ~ ~ ~ "

"NIN-IB, sublime st,orm (?war- of t,hc 'rnountni~r' the overpowerer, rior?) for the host,ile l:~nd,

35 [dL?~gal-kr~r]-kr~r-m .!?L-~<L IGI -I-[DUB-~~(Z)" n]-n-,~nLcl' "Of the 'king of the 1:~ritls' the per- support unto his father,

feet one, 36 ["NIN-IB] ti-ma&!' dEn-lil-l(i /cur [hi-hal-a si(~~)-si(g)-Ici~~]

"NIN-113, sublime strength of Enlil, who lnycst low the hostile land,

37 [ 1-mi," U-SS~LT~-TIIU ["!Vu-nnrrz-ner-rn32] [ ] endowed wit,h strcrrgth by Nunam-

nerra ( - prince of might.), (Rest broken away.)

I "Urn?"-tciciy-rli,,l 1c.C.ri" sca-linl-tt~(t'" "Like holy Urc~sh, usl~tc of spleridor,

2 ' lNIN-IB inc-tlL" ktigdic'!' ba-AG "NIN-IR , wlio alone executest th r

ordinances, 3 f1NIN-I12 ir -s i"~t l tu~ir siy-gn

"NIN-IU, R111 of strength, grac:ious god,

4 ' l Urr~,?~"a-czag-cZ'i~r~ ie.~i~:'\su-lin~-mcr~' "Like holy Urash, ccsl~~.i, of splendor,

5 Z I L ~ C I ~ - ? ~ L I L ir~cch-iII ur-sag-gal " , Ny king, v;~li:~nt onc, gl.e;lt lrcro,

6 m i - S i t IG1 + I IUB" ' -~U-~~L~L- ' IL IL - ti(l)

"'May G~inil-Sin put his LrusC ill (thcc),

7 tta!]nl V.n-lil-li ma:rc'"-czt~-siarn-ttta " 'M:iy the kin:, whom E~alil has

entrusted unto thee, 8 "NIN-IB nznh-Dl ur-sag-@

"NIN-IB , v;~liant one, great hcro, 9 "Gimil-"Sin IGI -tUUR1:'-hu-iia.ti-un-

ti(1) "'May &?nil- sir^ put his trust in

(thee), 10 [lugal]"Ei~-lil-li ma-ra4"-a~c-suriz-ttra

" 'May the king, whom f<i~lil 11;~s entrusted unto thce,

11 [en] '"'nini4"-n a-czn;l SIL-lim-nlcc"" "Lord of the kulblu stone, holy one.

(full) of splendor,

12 [ . - . ] -d im h-mah-za im-mi-in-ticm4!'- mu-zu

"'Him, whom like a . . . in t,hy sl~l)- lime power, lo, thou h i ~ s t [)re- pared,

t~zcbarri'"tti(:l)-hrt.? yli~"-[qkr-ru] full of fearful~iess anti (of) terribleness,

r 1 - 1 - ner-[gull goxrrrnor, greatly powerful;

litrl(cna-mn 11;-,?ial)-kibU-[bill roverenccti in fcar l.)y Ual)ylonials peo-

pie; mclam"kni(y) -b ri,; !liir"-qlr-r[a]

full of fei~rfulncss ancl (of) terril~leness, g%'?-i~ i-ilu ner-ytil.

:Lmong heroes (most) powerful one: oc-ol"' "NIN-IB-1.i~

tlre lord of lords, in NIN-II2;

a ' , rrtnSI~.rn~"-zre bc-a oh, may fie l)e tliy servant!'

yii3-nr-cla uer-yitl zrmong heroes (nrost) powerful one:

en-en" dNIN-IH-ra

the lord of lortls, in NIN-IB;

iI .""rtza~ki?~~~'-~1~ / J [ E - ~ ]

oh, may be he illy sc:rvuntJ!'

fir gal-li-c5 prter-ycil] governor, greatly powerful one:

[a"+r~a;l;l rn4 '-511. kc-a]

oh, let him be thy servant!'

13 [jLg-~il]-~~l"-Si~ ?~uir~- t i ( l ) - l~~-ni "Him, over \vliose lifc i r l the past

14 [tli;izyir2' dGirnil-"lSiii-i~a azay su-liln- ma3:

"God of Gitnil-Siu, holy one, (full) of splendor,

15 [ . -. -tli]n ic-'iiz[ab-z]u i[iri-ii~i-ill]-tiiifl- mu-zu

" 'Hirn, wliom like n. . . . in thy sublime power, lo, thou hast prepared,

16 [ C ~ - I L L - ~ L Z ~ ~ - ~ ? ~ L ?~uri~-ti(1)-LcL-I~~] "Him, over wliosc life in (.he p:~st

17 [sa"']-gar-ra-h[n~ Su-ta e cfi-silim] " 'Like a faithful one by thy ht~nd,

oh, let him prosper!' 18 gi818e pii," .Fub-Sub-[&

To set up jars with drink. . . 10 dNIN-I]B

NIN- IB . . . 20 2'U[ 21 u[r-say

Hero.. . 22 kg'-[gal

Great storm.. . 23 Cp4-yi-[?a-ra

Storm[flootl . . . 24 ur-say-e[

Hero. . . 31 su"- @(tl)-

32 e luqtcl h-sunz-ma [dNu-nart~-iter-rdz] ''0 king, endowed with power by

Nunnmizerra, 33 eil W N I - I B ic-y[kln u.g erirn ,Cr-m]

"Lord NIN-IB, stcon< one, who subduest the enemies,

34 cn P A P - ~ E Q An-nu "Lord: foremost of An.

er~-im-~iii iyi-,i:m-[,nii-,i?l.-(lfi-a -zu] :IS guard, lo, thou hast watched,

i l l . gal-li-e.? n[cr-ydl]

governor, greatly powerful one:

[a4.' ma9lciw~"-zu he-a]

oh, let him be thy servant!'

[ela-n~~-uln ,i<li-[iliz-ini-i.11-dil-a-zu]

as guard, lo, thou hast watched:

[

2.5 eii-e [5V]IN-IB [ Lord NIN-IB . .

26 e SUB[ 0, ...

27 lch-gal-z[u thy gate. . .

28 dZa-qar5s [ Znqar . . .

2'3 VGi.ir~il-~S[in Gimil-Sin. . .

30 [enIdNIN-IB [ Lord NIN-IB . . .

[(la - krr~] [.?a ( g ) u-a-nu d ~ i ( g ) -rlu (g) 1

unto the heart of his father most acceptable one,

[itru gul-gul k-clam'-t~ hul-hull destroyest their cities (and) annihi-

latest their multitudes (inhabitants), ci-[zz(d)-da dEn-lzl-l(i]

right hand of lCnLzl,

35 ($7~ "1VLiV-113 ?IKL[/J-D~~ li~r-scty-qul] [c/i""~~i-da iier-yeil] "Lortl lVIN IH, valiant one, great among heroes (most;) powerful one,

hero,

(Rest broken away.)

Reverse.

Col. 111.

(Be~inriirlg 11,rokt:ri :~w:~y.)

1 lci-el ,lAlfi~(&?) ~ 'n- t [ f t~- , , l~~-~~( l ] [dub-ti$i~ c ((1-ill-sezr] " 'hIaitle11, iIIu (L<) t i~~-Ar~~ac~, into the i~ook of life, oh, inscril~e him!

2 ~ I L "NIIV-IB lrcyal-)nu [il-zi(d) -dn-a-.rvL-.? k e {j~-<;i~i] " '1,ortl !VIN-Ilj, rriy king, at his right sidc, oh, go!

3 r 1 ( : c i L j 7 - t ~ l i 7 r ~ - , t ~ ~ c i L~~!/id-,rt~l~ [raarni"-r~er-gill c/i?tlar-~ric~/J, c (j~-in-na-su~?~( ' I ( I (rul-ctl i ~ u , my king, tiominion and a su1)lirne scepter, oh,

give him! 4 "11 IJNit'-in ((1) -gu-nu lu;/ctl-rr~cc jzi;")--kn(g)-yirl-la b~i,-tluyal e !/a-in-na-tlii(!;) ]

(i ( 1) lJAV-,?~i{~yci-nu, my king, with the spirit of life plentifully, oh, fill him!

5 see"'-gur-rcc-ti~n .?7i-tcr c y\-sili:~t~ [ 1 " 'Lilte :L f:~itliful o~ir: I)y thy harid, [ I

oh, let him prosper!' 6 en t~ea~ii,-z~~-sac/-~@ k~-tl,i-a I - a I - ? ~ a ]

"IJortl, perfect one in heroship, I)elovccl of the f:ather, his I~egetter, 7 "1VIN-IB (Jis"kibibe' gi.j.ilar-mu1 rlagul-la [5u-rliiCiz- n 1

"NIN- IB , who the seal (t;ahlet) ;tnti holdest in thy hnud, the great ixiqht stylus

8 clik,j:~ n?(2-.4(: I<(/'i4-(L-tag-gn k i ~ r j~~i~"'-.?e-!/n s i~(~l) -~! i (d) -a] " % C,ourngcous one, r r i r over- who 1:~ycst low the not; sul~servient

powercr, land, 9 ,ir.:rr i!li-[/Ju]5 [snhn],c34-Sa(y)-t~ir ki-bu2-a ich'"'-[hi dub-dub-b~]

"Ushcc of trrril~lc looks, monst,rous wlio places (pours) lier poison into serr~cnt, (over) the hostile lt+,lid,

10 [on ner-gril ya]l~-zi(g)~' uy zu,y6%-a l;[nlam"-ma su(t1)-su(d)-a] "Lord, powerful one, who turnest who lagest low 'the country,'

the breast (of the enemy), hat- tering storm,

7

11 "NIiV-111 n cc~~-ynl AIL ' 'NIN-I/{, wisr one of ! ~ I L

12 lu,gal-rt~u 'tLrci,-zn ii SI:~II.IL"~ ( L i My ki~ip, of thy citv (aiitl of) t,hr

house of Sippur,

13 E - i ~ ~ - ~ ~ i r - i I o ~ ~ " 'Tlie I~slarc~~~c~thc

14 ell, lLl~i?~-~ug(d-C , ~ l l ~ - ? l ~ l ~ - l ' ( l ~ ' - l ~ / ~ - ( / ~ ~ ~

" 'Lortl, the ltirigship 1111t.o liilri rn:tlic pcrfec:t !'

15 c~tl-yigi ic.<,~ln~,qtrl knlrc~n-~iit~-X,cz "Cor~nselo~~, icshirn~!/irl of the, rorui-

try, 1G 'WIN-IL3 hiielL1'-!jnl A \ ? i l ~ ~ ~ ~ " ' -11

"NliV-IH, great \ d l rln1,o (:~rountl) Nippur,

17 luyal-rriu ~ ~ z t : . ; ' ~ stj,(q)-!7(i11-11 ~t-t/i;'"

"My king, valiant onr, tlcst,royer without equal,

18 t1g rlc-g61" z:zi rn~c(,?)(gloss {lik)-kic- bar-bar.'"

i t Destruc:tive st,orm, li:titrririg fire,

19 ll~qnl yi,C-tic(~-PI-tln{~rrl iu-k f-n " Kinq, wisest orre of lie:t\:en :uitl

exrt,h,

20 yi,?tlnr-mnk iiq-e zag-dihn-htc "Who holdrst :L sut)li.mo sreptrr

over (thy) the people,

21 dNIN-IH !'a"Ae~im ri-a[ 1 "NIN-IR, who subtluest the ene-

mies. . ' 22 saL8- gi(il)-

23 ur-sag en ni-h~a.: gab-zi(q)"-!/a "Hero, lord of tercil~lr Ee:rrfulncss,

wlio turnest the i~resst, of thr

enemy,

~ [ I I j siliit~-,tiic~ [SIOII-sli I~!-IIL(I I lord, wlio givest I ~ l ( : s s i ~ ~ ~ s :

sttl-(?-i/ii[({/)-tl(t((j) '"] 011, t,alie o:rre !

Iii .~!~-?IzII-II~IL-!/~"'] to ils pl;~cc lcl, hirn rostore!

[

who l~l~rliest, llic \virl<c~(l,

il-[s(l{/"' t / f l l , !~~l ' - , ' i -c- l i ( ' -( /~]

ic-sny of tlw gotls,

lii-[bal qlll-qlil-/(ll who dcsl,royrst, tlic hostile larid;

[tln- rim]

I [

in% fire, 25 iig i,u-11~0-htr'vag-Dl/ ki-hnl-(I "(1 [{1As"- (LC- (1,

"Storm, who rn:llicst to t,t.en~l)lr: 'thr ro:lring stonli: helids' of the hostilr lanrl,

,2G u$Ie3' ~ ' ~ I L - ~ I P ' e ~ i (lnh-gi-'/~u-tl~g IGI 4 [T)cJB-ti(L)27 . A I I - ~ I ~ t ( Ushie, raging storrn, lortl without s ~ ~ p p o r t of A n ,

" Iiiriq, wisest one, v:~liatrt one, sul~lirnc~ I'ili:: of the gods, 28 [ur-sag]-e ti-nitrh sui~~-~)ccc 1 f ' ~ L T ~ ~ - ~ / n ~ ~ c - ? ~ c r - ~ ( ~ ' 2 1

"Hero, elidowed xvith sul~limc by ~ \ ~ L ~ I ~ ( I ~ H ~ / c I ~ I ~ ( I ,

power 29 [ e , ~ "NIN-1B z ] i Di~,ii?~-{li-rtr [zi" "71 (11) -,fiq-qtiL-!(~ 1

"Lord, NIi\J-113, wlio tile life of 1i:rst in:rtlr to 11o :I, lit'c of lollg d:~ys, L)!~nqi

30 [ I [iiril] ??/,~t-?~i-[pn(d) ]-(I+-[:>]

] ('who hast r:~llctl him l,y name:

31 [ e n ner-gtil nil-te-ncz cri,ir~? zn(g)-yi(,a)*' bta-c-~ri-[sili~ii?"] ii L Lord, powerful one 1)y liirnsclf, t,lle prayers of thy 1)elovetl olrr(s), oh,

grant them!

32 [ k]a7*" "NIIV-IB ZA G-LYI'~ f,"

[ 1'' 'savior, IVII\'-IB, glorify (him) ! ' 33 [sa"'- p i . 1- f i ~ ~

34 [luqnl-iwic I)~c]n-qi-tl(i(L~ t,i:(l) slc(t1)-iiq nicr(.;) linr~c-l,c snq-e-e5 PA- ~ t n B-nlu-c;~~~ I

"Rly ltirrg, tvlio unlo D'!o/!ji a lice of long (lays, yews of p1ent.y as a

' ( Lord, 1)egotteli one oF t,lle 'grc:~t his so11 without ecll~:~l, mountain, '

38 'iVILV-1B gfrl-Dl ni~-lc~:-tc I ( ) '"-~uc,a-i~n!"-;/c-~~c ' ' 2VI~V- IB , exalted ollc i t 1 lieavel~ So~.crnost onr amollg the A?uw~nn,

39 [en] igi-gkn" (lingir-ri-e-ne "Lord, leader of (among) the gods,

40 [si-gic]ru"ru Cg-dim Iisl(y) A"-(/i-gi "Weighty one of power, roarer like

the storm,

41 p"Lkiir-~]a am-gctl-(Ern dii-diio" "\Vho like n, great mountain-ox

gorest the enemies,

42 [say-gi(g) "]En-lil-lil-(ge (li-dlJ7 '<Who judgest the people of Eli.lil,

43 [Li-ma!! sum-?nu] "Ah-nam-ner-rn!"' "Endowed with suhlime power by

Ntunamnma.,

44 [en-e naml-1~u.n-wa tirm'"-ma "Lorci, fit (prepi~reti) for greatness,

45 lugal-'mu me.?r9sci({g)-(g4n-nu-tli'" "My kin.;, valiant one, destroyer

without equal,

IGI +DUB-ti(1)z7 AIL-nu support of A,!&,

stin-sitn-na lilr-b~t r-.I(:'" in battles ~ . : d i i i ~ ~ t one,

bird Itr-bal gul-gill destroycst the ~ ~ n l l of th r hostile lnntl,

klo">" ,?u-ni nta-i.

'mou~itain,' whose halld uothi~lg cscapes,

(li't (g)-ga- hi /ti-bi-c:i'~-gar executor of his corl1m:untls (ordirinnccs),

nn-ri(g) ,!-lc~r~-~n holy orie of E~cI~T,

gi,? 1 ugnl di~zgir-~?;-c-[rr,(<-</<<] courageous one, ici11: of thc gotls,

(Beginning i~rolten away.)

1 [ I 2 [" B ~ r - ~ ~ C i n - r a ]

" 'Of BUT-82'12

3 [azug-zu-I~U] " 'Wise one,

4 [a-ilu(g)'" 3]e-ne-[ib-nag-e] ,I 'I ,i ' E e-giving (sweet) w:~ter he may

drink,

5 r d . . i - I~n] -q~ l l~4 mu-s[d-uj " 'That of zi-nun-yLil, who has called

him,

6 B-bu-me-tlul"i-d~r ki-Lig-giC-ni'o" " 'That of Eshumedu, his beloved

dwelling,

[ sag-tab-a-ni be-a

thc compariion rnnyest thou be!'

["Nin]il'" (11rmlc "IilT1""-rn-ge Ninir, child of 1111, (gr:~nl; t,hnt)

'(L-d.u(q) be-~ze-ib-kii-c that life-giving ((wholesome) food he

may eat,

[me-nil si-be-im-s4-s4-c the commnnds (ordinances) he mny

execute,

SAG-U$"-bi bc-n the 'pro1,ectorJ hc may be,

7 PAD-"In~iaiz.na-yal-~/nl-la-?~~~;'"~ 7 - nzu(.F)-bar iri""-~lam-btc-nn-tkm~-mu iii(g)-uk e'"s-[in-gi(n)-?~]i

" 'Thst his rich (great,) free-will the revenues not 11ri11g to an end, ofl'erings daily he may offer,

S d B ~ i r - ' l S i ~ ~ , me-te (71) '" ?za17z-IL~[gal-l]a ki-Qg Alz-rm-ge " 'That Hw-Sill's, tile glory (jewel) tlie i~eloved of ATL,

ot royalty,

9 I ( - L ( ) I - t ( 1 I I ( - I ( ) - tK.4-znl-la h]a-ba-IL~-ib-su(d)-du y11.

" 'Weclloclr wit,l~ a lifr of p1easurc.s :~nd wit11 delights rnny be long!'" 10 sa1"fl(tl)- Pal- cim

1 1 [ I / ] IVIN-IB 'lB7~r- flAYi.~~-ra ? L ~ - ~ I L ~ - Y L ? f(li-dil-a-7~i he-a " 'iVIl%--IB, unt,o (for) B~tr-S,'?I his :~ll(i liis guardian mayest thou be!"'

ol)ject of fcar,

I:i ["NI,V-IB] ti-zz(c1)-tln ~lb$'~~-l~l-l~l kvr Ir7-bal gul-gztl ' ' IV IY- IB , right arm of Eirltl, tlestroyer of the hostile land,

14 ["l\TIN-IH] ti-zl'(tl) -(la clE'n-l~l-l(? X:~ir Icf-bal qul-gul " IVIN-IR, right arm of Ijiilil, destroyer of the hostile land,

"Iiing, whose attack is the storm- 110 one escapes it, flood-

16 "IVILV-I13 iig hr- id-a erim-e gEr-fir-di"" ' ' N I N - I B , furiol~s storm, who tramplest the enemies under the

feet,

17 ~ ~ t t r n - ~ ~ ~ - s a ~ ~ - t l a tla-ra"e rlilr-di'c(g)"'-ga kul gab-rl nu-tug-a ' '('lothrtl wit11 heroship, sul)jugator, valiant one without equal,

18 ti-n~ah. sum-~nn " N t ~ - ~ ~ n r n - n e ~ - r a ~ Ra(g) a-a-nu ({I) -du (g) "l~hdowed wit,h sul)lime powrr by unto the heart of his father most

N t ~ ~ ~ n ~ n n e n u , arceptahle one,

19 tli~(g)-qn dii({/)-gn G . ~ T , - R W " ' - ~ ~ nam-mah gal-gal-la ( 'Thou who the orclinances . . . . , as regards sublimity greatest one,

20 [ d N I N - I R tlit(g)]-ga d ( a - nam-ma!! gal-qal-la EU1'"z7c

" V I - , thou who tlie orcli- as regards su1)limity greatest one.

f i-~lt~l~iur /<iGil,)-l~o = l x : - I t ! ~~ I ~ ~ ~ - i ~ t ~ - ~ t l ~ - l ~ i . 11, l l~ i : , s~~ ,~r - l !~ ,s l , l + ~ t ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ : l t r i / ~ c ~ ~ . 11. !I7 :I !). "~l,,-.l'l : S I ) I ~ : ~ ~ S :a< " t l w g w l

o i si,l.ilx.i" :t!>il ill P. T., X X I Y , 9 ::Ill = 2:i : 1:3, I I, 'iuii-.\Tl is ?:iIli~l LIE 1 ~ ; 1 : I l l ' / i "I+/<-/ti ii-n "Xi,?-l i i - l i i . Iillt

:tcwrcIing t o no. 1, ~ ~ ~ 1 . I, E32, :35; col. Ill, 2li, :3'3 (,,f. :Yi?rr,y/, I>. 1 I : 25, 2s; I. E , , 20 : l i ) , i t is " . \ ' / ~ ~ - l / ~ \vl!c is t l w I(;/-!-

/ )UI l ( - l i ( l ) ) ,,! 'il<t!-/il; cr. :tIso 18. I/,, 11, :31i : 2li, 27, IVII,,~,, ".3rl.V-l/j i< r a l l , ~ l t l w dt,,8!t! /(;I~k / ) ~ r / ~ - l i ( / ) "I<c~~-!g~!l = !u<,-

rfit t t~- lo~l - ; i ",li11,,. IJct~w,, " ~ r , - . l ' l = "2V/:Y-//!, 'i.Y~>V-~/9, tltercI',>rr, is ct~llc,l t l ~ c /,.iGi/~-/<il "/<~~-/il-l,i = g<rltc ! ~ ~ ~ " g i < , l u r '11' / .

5 , ~ - 11, .\'itw<t!/, 11. IiJ : 21 z , ; IN 11:~s t l w '~','"l;i8i/, </i?/<tr-ttzul ~/t,r,u/-/,,, no. 1, wl. 111, 7, c ~ r III,! dt< / , -z~(<~ /,izi-<~z,~g, to.

: I t I. .\s sc~.il>,,, ".\'1.\r-/19 i\ tl lc r ~ r i - i i i , ~ ~~'~,~;i:i/i ir i~ 1jl.q-II.LR n,in un/,-kiir liii/ i!/rii,i ( i t i . t i - t i rz i ) , I. I{., 17 : 1 ;

t i )? pet-ri.v ;,ttrfi,~sC <t,!<t , t i ;<: < ~ ~ c i / i , . l ~ ~ t ~ ~ t ~ n , / < ~ ~ s ~ ~ ~ . , 11. .I711 : :3; 111,; p<t-r;s /,,t8.t<,vs6 11uvC ;;,~?/[cl, I,?., 1,. .I711 : 1 0 : ' ' ~ t , , -

iiri!ii/ii"" \il,,, xi!-hi; I<.'-ll.l/i' .I.V,llixli, C. T., X X Y , 11 : 17 = 13, Ill, 7; (11,: " l J , r / - / 3 , / ( - / , ~ ) ,1110 ,iti.?i). ( - ,Sl$S) l~,S-13.I16

i i A l "~ ! , - l i / , I.<.. 11. IS, I!) -S.!l, Lllr: ".lIc-r,tit& nl loir i i -rtr i- i t i i ijiii?ii~)ahrR 1,111~~311~76,/.c.,ll. 20. 21 = 10, l l , ; i ~ t i l t l lc goi l E3 /~ i - r is- / i ,

I . I I - 1 . ".V!.\-Ill ih l > ~ t l i i~ ic iv , . . :tllcl jl:!ii., -ix. 11. _I. I., 1). 121; I~CI~C,., "fl,~-!\~l l i l w 1 I,: l i l i~w i i i : :L l(,~~t:tl,,.l <'u~~-~\rl I~LLY I>? r,,:t<l ' ' ~ ( t - h ;~INI U,,-li(!) i< = "(;,!-I<L, t l w )>iI',,(!) ,,I' 'i.l'~iV-l/+, src 1'. I??, 41, c < ~ l . I\., ;i l<t, I , , r " . l l~ : - l i -~c,- / l 1 "'(;~,/ZL-'~(;,~-/~~. .As "(;t<-/o i* ="1!~~-~?. t l ~ c ','b8'IJ,r-l'-i, I?. T, (",, 117, w:ts ill :>I1 p r o l ~ : ~ l ~ i l i t y II,,, ~ : t ~ w :ts tl,c ;l'zEzc~,,-~ll!,t-ti,

I:~ci i>t i l l1 t l l is it i ~ l l ~ w i tll:it "(;ii-/,~( = (illii-i) = cl.\~ll\J-I1~) = "AJidnbo, tll:it ' ' l ~ ~ t ~ l i : i ~ ~ I : ~ t l c l ~ / r :iw on, , I>:ti.,:

t l w C:LILI,, iittl.iln~t(.; i i t id i ~ n ~ ~ ~ i i o ~ n s " :tlt,l l.l>i~t t l x ' . S ~ t i " 01 (.it(.lt a t id ccm!xy l i n l ~ ) - l i s ~ i ; ~ ~ ~ I r in iLy is 111:: "scril,i.," IYIIU

' ' r~~ t< , r . ' ' (I):, r:~L:,s, ,l<,t:,rt>!itlc,d l > y t!):, " l,'itl l~cr,' ' ic~L<, t l ~ c ' ' I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ' ' :tmI l : ~ t ~ r 011 ''<I,,cI:tc,o~'' tI!t,n~, ' I ' l i s ' '<I~,rI: ir ix~g' '

is ,l<,nc, i! t t l ~ ; ''#~<,tI,cr\~.,,rI,I" (I,;, tul~~,~~i,u,, ~Iu[/)-,,z~,!/). 'Tlw ' 'S#,II,' ' :\* ' 'scri l~c~," I>~,,.,,IIW$ 11#\1- 1,0118 t l h ' ' I~rc ; t I , l ' '

: iu<l 11~: ' ' j t ~ , I ~ c ' ' o f h is I~:tt l~;r, Itvb,~., fl/,t~,!l~tl-/~i-~/i-,~ ( ' ' f l<~-f i , ) I ~ L , ~ : s ~ > s ''L,It:, l.i~!q )vlt<, j\t,lp.':; ( in) 1 1 1 ~ ~tc~tl!:,r\v<,rl<l."

11, t l v l>rc l> is t , r ic pt;rio,l Lit!, rijlt: u f t l w ~vril,,, ,,:;IS l ~ l : t y c ~ ~ l , :is wc -:tw ~I,,,Yc,, 1,. :32, I)? "/<,~-li/. . \ I t l w t i ~ ~ w ,>I' Gu,I~,:L ~I Ic , 8~~-i, t-, lub-b~ I V : ~ ".v~!L,I (,d. l<. B. / I . , 1,. l!l;3, I, :3) 'l.Yi,t-/~~tr-r,,-,,!i, i . ~ . , 11): wi'., c ) i " \r/. \r-/ l l , C?. Y'., X I \ ' , :3 ::$?I

(d. I, . l l i j u r r1A'i~~(13rc;)-~l~t/~ (d. CYl. .\., t i : 11.). I Iktr ing t,Ix; lS:~r<ltt l< 1,. rio,I tl!,, ' 'sv~iI>,, ' ' w t , , <>i vo~cr~c,, tIlc! ,sou or l l ; ~ n l ~ ~ k , d\'<ii,ti, r1. / I . 11, 1 ) 1 ~ 17, lO>, .\T. I<., i,~ii r i - i i i i i : "EY i 6 ( = (6 ~ . r j i l i i . , r / i ~ . ~ t ~ ~ # ! ) ".I(; / i< - l i~ t i .

2. l'i. t l ~ . , {jl~,>ncLic ~ x ~ r i t i ~ ~ x , ,<8c-$,g-!r'1, !I<,. I, rev. :3, 4: :t!tcI b,y,t{~ ([or ,?(tfy)-!,,iulj, Ih. S!J73. ( ' f . :slw lbvlun, note -. t.3, ad(q)-g,ir~.

;i. O r I L U I L ti-kt!,:, 810. 3, rev. 3. . \ n v o u ~ ~ ~ , l : t l i , , ~ ~ [ui] z,tg-kd,:, "or :~)v,:- i~>sl, ir io~ l'<,:t~ :xx~l tc,r~il,lc: strc,ugtI~," ~ n i g l ~ t

l i l~c iv isv l,i! ~ i o s ~ i l , k ~ .

4. S v ttlsu cul. 11, Z2, :~IKI cf. c!;(tt!;j-g,!l ,,i C. 7',, I\', I 5 :S, !I. Vor (?!/-!/ct/ -= v:xri;u~t d (ur-)~?,,fh,, sr,; S:trgot~,

:\NIL., I. 421i: c1, 1). iv , I. 115. I c o r l l tc it>Lvrcl>:tngt, djg, t,q, Cg, d c . , s , ~ ; :tl>uv,,, 1,. 211, IN,^ .I,

.5. l ~ ; ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ c I : ~ L i ~ n ~ ,,zt L l ~ c l~:csi+ <)I' LNI. I, UII. Ill, 10, . ~ ~ c ~ , r ~ l i ~ ~ g to I. I$,, I 7 : I, (".Vl.V-/li) i~ ,111,: l\!U i<-h-

U I I - I L I L / i -bi i- i i r . lv., ~ t ~ i x l t l n,:cil la,rs: [sn!j(or ,~ii)-gi-(l], ''ill I~ ; i t , tb~ i \ v i t I l ~ u t cqrlnl," cr, nlho 11. Il., :3li : 2lit, s i i ,~-s t i t~ s<t,g-gI-a

= <l<~ln-/!~ / a uu(-?i, :an,l uc , . 5 , r%,v. 3, , h - . s i , , ~ - , ~ [ h ~ t - ~ t ~ t - ~ l ~ ~ , ] .

l i . ( : i t lcni l ly L n ~ ~ ~ a l : i t r c l b y i,i,rtiilii, .\'it,r.it<;, (i : 5; I. /I., 17 : 5; I. I(., 2!1 : 3. I t 8 I$. .I ., Y, 11, li I:< : 2, (h-gdl z~pp,,:trs

:is a t t r i l ~ u l c ,,[ .Vcr!;<c/, Ihcing r c ~ ~ I c ~ , , l I)? ' ' ~ 2 ~ ~ t ~ t - / ~ ~ / - / ~ , ~ , i,?., ~ ~ ~ , ~ l / o l i / i ! ~ = d,i'iku (11. .I. I-., 1,. 4 ~ 1 I, # ~ , > t < , 3 ; n o t "st~gt~cious,"

h l ~ ~ c n ~ i l k ~ n , I.",, 1,. 5Sl) ; Nerg,zl l k i l l ~ , l n t t IK q~ticI.cns atlso!

7. I , [ . l><~aid,,* lir. Gti:35; 11, 17.51 ; ' ~ l ~ ~ ~ r . ~ ~ t ~ - l > : ~ ~ ~ g i ~ ~ , ,I. .I., l! l l J ! ) , 1,. 3.111, IIUIC; 2, ;~l>,, f?. T , , S X \ ' , :3 :.l5, 'ldilto

( = ~ V I ~ - ~ i - ~ l ~ o ~ i ~ - ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~ ; - ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ I i t L o ( = dL\rit,-/c:~r-v<~-<t!l ur "(;t,-/,!),

S. h lny I,r yii; 1.1. L ' N ~ 2 V - ~ ~ - !/,i-gii/-/i~ Si,,ii-,-ii, I . 13, 17 : 1.

I I is : : i t I ' i t - piiqiil,,, 111.. 101'37. I.'ur tllw i~!tr~(.Ii:i~~(.: 0 1 i~ i i nd i, (.i. ;,,i-rii-. ;,,I-ii-iii, 110. I,

rc\7. 13, 4, ,,<,tc :i. v<,r >, si,,,il2,r :,t1,ril,,,tc! <,r ".\rI.\r-/ll S,.!! 18. /I., 11. :<ti : 2s, ?!I, , i , , , , t , b < t , , L .%;-xi [ri,&-?.i,~-,~<,, t l , , ~~

'tgai~tht AS. 21871 = l>e-L2,?~ ( 8 ~ . rftn,,) c-r>?t t -qr t !~ /3~t-!/~,-/,z[-,,-/i] m ~ ~ : t ~ ~ : ~ ~ . ~ ~ lil.c, I { . / I . , 1,. 211 : :<S, :39; 2:3 : 21,

r i-r i l i -r in - e-,,iii-q,iiri, hi~-!i!~-gr~-[/i~-ii-ii], :i~ld I\. !I : I!). hi-gill.-gdr-m(yiii= r i l i ! ) = LL ,;(II.-IL~ /i.iib-bib-~.ii (cI. nol:: !I:<).

10. S w t l~, ! :tttriLxttc of Rul i l , 1,. 25> nut,; 3 ; ot 131:tr: l,ti<l-g,(l = ,/cirr, r,!/i,?, S. !J,i-I, rvv. 7, :LL,CI ot Scrg:~l : l h 3 < l -

!>t,<Lt = t ~ t l ~ ~ ~ / / i t , D. :I., Y > p. li,&2 : 9, Ill. ( ' c , :,Is<> <,xpr,cssi,>t~ l i l w l~&I-g,t/ .Vil,rt~"~-(~, I > , > . I, vol. 111, I(;; bdd-~~~<~~,-d. im

( = I i i - ~ ~ r ,It~-,tr r,t-Oi-i) i,!;~lm i!/i-,lt7, I,,). 2 - :I : 17; l;<d<,8,t-;a /<or-!jd7r, I!,). 2 = 3 : 31

11. ,<t~-!/i(-!/i) S<&i!i~u is \v: 11 I<II,,>,-,I, \V,: > m y , l ~ o w , ~ v ~ ~ r , , ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ l $t&-g<!r-gi(git)-<~ = !~)fi~lir ! / i !~?i / / ,~ :tnd cr, I I 1 . 3 : I I , I , I I , i t is i : l i I i s [ i ] I , 1 I . C/. i ~ l n o I(. .l., Y . 11. li V2 : 5, ii (Xi.t.g;il), S.I(:-1i.LL.I ((;) iuinb it,/-n-iii ( = "l;',ilil) b~i-gnr-rn-!j.i = <~-B,~-ri-</i, ~ i - i - r i t ) i i i i - l i ~ g i - m i l - l i ~ i~-hi-Bii

II' t l w I ~ ~ t ~ t c r c ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l : ~ l i ~ ~ t ~ I,? :icccptt,,l, l l t c , Ittrr,t gimi//>! is ' ' t u g i n ; pr,, I ,~cI, i~~~~,' ' pr<,L<~l , " "LC r c ~ ~ l e r I~elp,'' "tu .:.$\~.''

= !j i?i i i / l i i diil,ii!iii (pi. n l i o C. T., S Y I , I!) : 23, "i) T~LLII(.I llliill " t o t:iI<c \-cngen~t(.r." S?c also 11. II., p. 30 : 33, 3!1,

~i~.,li<i& = C - [ , , I I L - ~ ( I , L ?b-(ill].

12. The bar is absoIut<:ly rrrtiiit,; ;L m;~,ling ,,ii~s-ai~(d) - 7,irrasii is rnct <,i il\a,sti,l,i. ('1. 111~1,~ *ii-gi(il)-d<,-iii~<,

cul. 1, 19, and uutc 18.

13. The i might passilily bclcxlg 10 'LN1l\r-Il~; ir s ~ , , t r : ~ ~ ~ s l : ~ t ~ ! ~~i~: ; t r i td (?t,i';dtt) .Y!,

14. For nc = zi = kini,! ssi! II. il. V., p. 419, nok 9.

15. For the sign 50 I:[. C. T., SII , 11 : 36,:; i t is tllc 3,11111. :rs ri + XI:, Cyl. .\, 2 :a, 25; L : li. ;I, Siii,?, 11. l!).2ti. T l ~ r sign ie(d), Ilr. :lll(ifl, is sirrlply :L grapliic v;iriant oi i~ + i,;-<l(i) oroi ~ u l ? ( = bi')-il(i); r i . ; ~ I ~ , , t l r , . il-Sc(r1) ol li. I<., Yrr. I),

vol. V, fase. 2, p. 68 : 0. For St:-d(i)-dC,vari:~ilt ui Se(d)-(16, see :~l,<,vs, p. 113, note 2 iil~cl (I. Y.. X\', 12 : 5. i,:istly, , d .

C. T., XV, 18 : Xi, i-di-bi~r bd(g)-!in-ni ii-ruon-bn-c-gn-ga, sir-hnr bd(y)-<jn-,~i h _ i ~ - i i l , - i ~ i ~ - c ~ i ~ - i ~ i - l , ~ t i ~ - i . i , ' ' ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ s ~ ~ g n ~ r i ~ , l s

luuk (lit. 'lifting up o i the ,,yrs') giics pi:~~cc no itiorc, wlros<! gr:ici<,tcs \-oicc (lit. 'liiLi~\:: I I ~ t,ll,: \,,ici:') giirs I.,.SL

nu inore''; ha-ub is here a plti,llotic writing ~i ICU = biib = uiibu, Ur. 10510; l i i , i> i , c , , ;L h n i . 01' SC - uiihti. k'uc ICU =

bit6 sec also below, note 37 to no. 2 = 3 : 35.

16. Tile very it~gcnio~w n:aditig J<-b~~-!ne-~d, ''ILOIIJ~: ui Sitil~~lel.,'' prop~s~:d Ijy I l r o l i l ~ ~ , 18. S., LOlJ8, ~ ~ y ~ i n t , 1). 15,

is against both thc religious o,tu:eptiot~ ;,rid LI1t: Iliatory oi tla: Smni:rinos. TItc rxl~r<,ssi,x~ ,SIh<oivr : ICi-c,&-gi is ~tscd by the Sumrrizns in suclr ritses only urli<:rc i t is in ~ p j ) o s i t i o ~ ~ to tllc s ~ ~ r r ~ u n d i u / : l i ~ ~ i d ~ ; ~ I I c , "i:tvi..~~l" term ior QILILIIIC~

wvas nl\vays kalam (see p. 8). T I 1 I I I I i l l " S l l . I l l . " Tlic pnsa:igcs, as

6.8, Ifi-en-gi-rd = Sumnr-ra, qilot:+~l li,y SIr.u;rnf it, sripport llis ~r<:iditlg, :,TO g~.itct>~~~i~tiv:ilIy ~nisv,,~~stru~:cI OT u l i h -

read or ndsutali:rstood, of. p. 10, note 5 . His stntr:lttcnt (I.<:., 1,. 16) "di~ss (lo. :\',r,r~e ,Si~,, ieri~ ~toi~wisclier. IID~IIILILI~ ist kann nicht heziuei/elt rocrden " recluircs prool. 15:~s :also tlw 1CU it, P;llfE-Zf U = li,%i,~ ,S tu~~ , r i :L ' 'S,u~~t:ri:~r~' ' v~tliw

"b~~mer"? E-Xu-me-& is in "all prol,nhility(!)" the ' ' I ~ O C I S P of llirn \vllo c.\-sc~~t:.s (iii-ill,( - -M, -,l,!) ) the c< , tn~~ta t~Is ' '

(sc. of his fathcr; ef. lor lllis idr:r, no. 1, col. 11, 2; no. 5, ul,r. 2, ctr.). Tlto~tgI~ IVC \~oitI,l c,xpc,<;L :L r,!:~<ling E-~t~e-izi-~lu~

if the abovo-givcn translation werc corrcct, yet such :L trnnspusitiun u l tla. ~,bjci:t is l,y I,,, itit::ctis i ~ ~ l i ~ l e c l , ci., cg. , 1111:

verbal forlnhe-im-ne-si-si-sb (for si-be-im-ne-si-sd), n. I<., S-r. D, vol. V, i n s c 2, 1,. :3:3 : 17.

17. The royal throne now occupied by Cirnil-Sin, brtt givcu ti, llill~ l ~ y d N ~ ~ V - l l j . 1 . 1 1 ~ Z ~ L (:~n,l -IL<L, I. I.)) is

dependent upon tho ra of the verbal form = Icnrdhic arm.

18. Cf. no. 1, eol. 11, 31; 111, 22; IV, 10, 32;ni,. 5, I . 1. TIIV an-!gi(d)-i = ~~ij i i .<l i~, 11. Ii., 2S : 176, I8iinlly

be compnrcd, seeing that i t is me~itii,nc:il among vnrions othcr sour "sil~c~vs," Ilc~li.v it Ih:w r l ~ i l t i t ) : to ,I,> witll tllc 7,;-pi-(i

of IV. R.2, 23, no. 1, rcv., cal. IV, 25. Is sn-gi(d) the great, long (yi(d) ) prostration (z~ = laliii,iii)Y

19. Fur ilr as postposition ef. U. E., Ser. D, vr,l. V, insc. 2, p. 70, motc 3.

20. Cf. for this rending below, no. 2 = 3 : 35, note 37.

21. Tlris line rt!qresents, in all probability, ouly tile begir~?~i~~(g o l i~ 1,>11g,.r : L I I ~ w, l l - l i~~, l i~t> j,niyt,r. Ci. ~t,,xi I H , ~ < : .

22. This liturgical not: iulluu-s in inall rases upon tlic "olinlit~g linc" oi i~ pr:cm:r ~ I ~ ( L . ~ ~ I I C O ~ r i t l r r Ily sn-yi(r1)-

&-dm (so here and col. IV, 10 1 12; 32 1 34(1) ) or by [sn-gi~r.1-m-rinz (c,,I. 111, :l:1 1 35; I\', :iZ 1 :W). (X. notes 52, SO.

23. Or is this [ d N ~ N - ~ ] R ?

24. Hardly snl + e, cf. Cyl. A, 22 : 5. A re:iriing snl-c-ti-ilii(y) is on ar<:om,t a i t l ~ : ii ( = in?) and bltc abscnrc

of -ga impossible (cf. col. 111, 12). If ter-ti(/)-fin, "J,ehe,~slii~in," shoul,i bc c i , m u t , l l ~ e ~ ~ ci. i~i,ici(!i~ \villt tlie ltoly vo,l:ir

of d ~ ~ g , which mas sittmtcd arl n rnoontnirl and nllieli was tllc "abode oi tltc gods, tllc s:in,:tn:~ry a i d~r- i~i-ui ," scc

If. A. V., p. 41.5, note 2.

25. It is well known that glil, yhl, giil(= lL1.ILI 'tiri~) inti:rch:mgc nut otily in ila:si: ti,xts, l ~ t ri-c:~t it) tllose oi tile

later .issyrirnl and Neu-llnbgkmia~l period, ci. Jsnsc:,~, ICosrn., p. 462. Ii , tlteri.iol.r, yil = 961, tllcu ill<, ( / ~ / - , L ? L - ~ L , L =

man-zn-ze Soqi~-u, the attribute of d.VIN-~U (rl. Ninlrr~i, p. .10 : 20, 301, rr>igl~t I,,: L~.arl.;lni<,,l l,y ,irebii, ( t i a i ~ ~ ) L.T,,/L

i a (iStu) BamE atid might he tslce~r rither as a syn, oi ug . ~ ~ - I L ( I : C. T., XV, 15 : 10, or 8s ii vill.iii~lt of g6l- ( = le)-Id.

Cf. llero also tile GAL-RU, eol. IV, 10, anrl tllc G.ZI2 cr~-6i-im, col. I\', 38, :mcl si.c [ I . V'. D., p. 5856 ( & n / l ~ ~ ) all i i p.

330b (knlld), densen, K. R., VI1, p. 478.

26. Ila-su-su, being parallpl with yii1-,a&, ltrrlst denote samc h h d u i ;<ation of d~\TJ\'-/H, iltc "tet.~il,Ie S ~ O L . I I I , ~ '

with rcgnrd to the ii or "nlc,untnin." I t ~ l i r WL-SU-SIL = kabiiltc in tile sense of "10 11o\v do~vrt (JCIIBVI~, I<. I,,, !'I1, 11, 3!J0),"

"t,o bend." " to slnitc down," "to ovrrpomrr," " to lkill." Cf. licrc tlie gnh(kub, &Ah)-girz Liii-i-,r(-{jc); tila ~ ~ Z Z L - I ~ L i8-0nz-

ge, If. A. V.. p. 411, nute 5, and bclow, nutr 0s.

27, Ci. col. 111, 26, 39, lGj+DUB-ti(1) A7~-nn; IS. /I., 11; 36 : Zi, 27, ( ' l ~ V ~ ~ \ r - ~ l ~ ) , / , , I ~ , U If;l+l>lJJ~-!i(l) 'lI<,tr-

gal = ma-ru tta-la/-ti d[ditto]; I. It., 29 : 15, ( d N ~ . V - ~ ~ ) JCU-ti A I V ~ ' * ~ S ~ za-rCc-i(i. Ci. i t l s ~ tllci n.c.i<pun of dN~~V-l13

called d ~ G ~ + ~ ~ ~ - t i ( l ) - l n , -?Tinrag, p. 14 : 25, 28, mid see col. 11, 6, !J.

P'ltOJI 'Till,; 'TEAll'l,l,; l . l l3l~.\ l<Y O F SIl ' l ' l i l< 57

28. \Vc ~ I I ~ C I c Y I I L , ~ ~ zu, yc.6 s~tvl, pc,c~ilit~ritit,s l ~ y 11" I ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ S str~uvgc,, c l . vspc~ci;aily I j . I<., brr. I), w l . Y,

icisc. 2, 11. li3, ? L C I . - Y ( ~ ! <,-a ~)III/L-~LI~(! ivo,~ld C X ~ I C C ~ ZU!) Z,I(;-S2l I,-z,t(!) n,~tb-du>.

29. ('I. I ( . I f . , 11. Xi : 24, 25, ( ' l . l ' l . \ ' -~l l) <i-!tz,& ' l . l f ~ ~ , - ~ ~ l - [ l i l - l ~ ; j = C - , N Z , - , , C , L ~ i - r , ~ - < ! - ! u ~ ~ > i d rlditto].

:XI. I ~ : ~ ~ t ~ t t ~ l ~ t l i ~ ~ r ~ :tcvor<lit~p t < ~ I T , 21; vf. :~Isu l\r, I:<, It&, !GUT /<i-b,tl yt(l-g2,1, ; t , ~ i pt~-s:~p,,b lii*~, .\-iur(t!!, 1,. s : \ I t , ,

hd i l 1;i-bol-a ! iul-ytd; I c . , 1). L(i : IS, lrics g,il-iji~Gla arl-li~; I.<:., 11. 18 : 2 i , I ;~LT g ~ i l - ~ i i ! , utr . ('(, :dsu nul<; 65.

:it. 'Tlxc lr:,c,,s I,ci,,re z,, >,rc 7i<,! tI,<,X! ,,i CZ.

:32. ('i. ~ ~ 1 s . 11, :X2; I l l , 2s; cm~c~~d:~t ion : ~ v c o r d i ~ ~ g 1,) ITT, IS; or ii m e l,rci,,r>, 11,: n ~ : ~ y sici>ply [dL '~~- l i l - ! " ] >tncl

ci'. ,111. 1, r.,i-. 5, 6.

:%I. .\ rl<,:~r indic;iti<,~~ Ll>: tL ''CJ~<LJ :$llcl " : ~ I ~ \ ~ - I I ~ : tllo,!gl~, 1:ttcr c x t , ,!sc~I ir~L,~rcl~:~t~gfi~l , ly (cf. l i r , IO.l70), $YP?<!

~r i ! ) i i i i i I l ! i ltvr-l, (liil<vl.xvll guds. '1'111. iclnttiii(.nti,n1 o i tlti,s<, gtliis tnnlst, tlu!n.i<ln,, d;itc i1.1,111 i t l;it(,r prt.i,,d t l l i~r~ l11:tL O( tlw

11. ilyn;~sty ,,i I r . This p:iss;tgc pru \cs :<Is,, t l ~ t tlhc l ) r< ,~~t t~~vi ; i t i , , t~ of d.VIAy-l l j nt j ,~ tu l I):,\<, I,,,cn c ' iV l i \ ~ - z~ r~ t~ .

I . 1 , : : " Y l r I 1 , f . I I , $1, 2 ; 1 5 , t i d . V I N - l I ~ X ~ I I ~ ~ : ~ I ~ ~ S V ;is ,idio,igril, coi. 111. IT,;

,I<>. 4, rev., 3, 1; no, 5 , r ~ v . , .L, :md 12. I f . , p. 38 : 11, wl~crv a!5tt)t$gal is tninslt~l<!<l I)? i1~,-~f,4-nr,,, ~ v l ~ i c l ~ l,~LLvr r<!n,l<~r~ also

l l ~ e Sit~t~cri:ut , S < L ~ < C I L (,w ??tt,.Sj-:<~(gj-lt~r, cf. col. 111, 9, : ~ ~ t , l fI. .'I. I-., 11. 19(la; .Tc,r~s,:l~, Ii. l j . , TI,! 1,. :300 ( I X L ~ O & ~ L = "Eidecl~ae,

3 f " l ~ l ~ " j .

35. ' ~ I K <,v,!rI~:~nging U I < L c i ~ t ~ u r ~ , I s :t nwl ing ,x t<,- I i~ (not 3 i ! ) - t ~ & = ,5al8,v~!r~ult~, : m ~ l t,ltis ~~, , t \> i t l t s t :~r~di~xg tltc

fact t,l>iit tli~: vnrin~lt lies sib-ri (ci. zi, d i - n i i / ~ i i f i i j . 1% .st~-Ii!n a S r ~ n i t i s n ~ , or is 5<~1?~ntinaltt dvri\,,d f r m ~ Llw St~nwrian

- 1 ( f . 1 - I - , I . I I , 1 . I ) ! \\.it11 ,si~-!iat-?,i(! is CIOSCI~ (.~lni,:cltal tit,! ~~.(~11-1~110~~11 1>;011; o i d.V~ljY-I13,

viz., " l < : i - l ~ ~ ~ ~ i - ~ ~ ~ u , C , T., XX\r, 11 : T2, 2 3 = I:, 111, 12, 113, ~ v l ~ i c l ~ <ntg l~t to IIC read dA~h( ,> r Z , i ) - I u ~ t , - ~ ~ ~ a anrl w l ~ i c l ~

elt:irartcriacs "N l .4 ' - l / l ; ~ s tllo "gorl of spli,rlilur," ~~xp~.,:asril iri t l ~ "iruiti'ult~oss, f s c u ~ i i i i t y " - ~ v l ~ ~ ~ t l i c l ~ o i pl;tnts ( s i i -

l?~m-~t! .n = az~- l ,~,- / , t~, ' ' int i t ui splcr~dur," "~I:~Lvs"j, :~nirnatls or I ~ C ~ I , I < r x , ~ v i ~ t ~ llmt, in Stuncri;tn nut, m?r, ntal, gir,

gar, via7 an: osi:<i i i~tr~n.l t :unginI~l~, i l is irii,st lilroly tlmt tllc dl~~lz"-li~~n-f~.lli"'"~, n-110 aerorditip to C. ?'., SST', 3ab:

11;. is identific,d wit,I~ [' l?-,c, wis origit~ally "Cilu or S l ~ c r ~ c ~ ~ , s i ~ iu llxe >file of "~~'I.\'-II~, cf. B t l , !itc Cl~ri.vl, 11. Zi ; H. .I, I-.,

p. M i , tlc,ti, 2 ; p. Ill?, note 17. 'l'ltis is c<,rr,,lxm~t,:d I W L only I ) ? Craig, Id. T., I , p. S2 : 43, wlterc :t "~t~-181!~~-tn~tr(r~?a-~l ' )

is inv~it io~>cii , Ibut nwre ,.apc:r.ially I,? C. 7'., S\', 20 : 25, ullcrc 1slit:ir nil<lresscs hcr llnsl,irl~ri ?'rtl?iiir ( - Sh<i?iu~,s/~ =

, i \ 7 ~ S - I D , 11. . I I,'., p. 4O2, ~ l o t e 17, 11, 10 I, not? :+I), ~ ( L I . - I . ~ deB-,,ii~ 216- l i i ez -~r i rr -n~-[ (Lb]-m ni~-hn-iL, " l p tllcltl, 111y I ~ n ~ l l i ~ ~ r r

optw tltcir ' I~c ing I ,u \ I IK~, ' clu twt dcpt~rc! ' ' c < , c ~ q ~ : ~ r ~ ~ l \vitlt 12. II., 1,. 3:) : 1, 1~11erc ".\~IIV-ILT is ;~slk<ul z ~ i - l ~ ~ r ~ t - ~ ~ ~ ~ z ~ - r ~ ~ - u h

= 36 S ~ I - ~ I C - T I L - I L ~ - / - ~ pi- t i , "irlint 11:is lrccrl rnnsrd I,y tl~i:s to I,,: I~ortnd, opi:n!" i.e., "trmy the uriirr~itiul :tnd 1,:rrwn be

lni~clc by tilee lo P L ~ O ~ U C B , yirlil iruil, i,llspriog."

3 . I . = I s t i I ' I . I$, 21 : l = .\'I< ( i c . , ~ne!~~tn.), CyI. A, Z Q : 21, TI111rei~tt-lJariginl

Z . I . I 1 1 0 7 .\ r,,:t,li~tp iri-gr~,.-bii+ (cf. 111, IX), tlrurlgll prr se possible, is out ui (11wsti0!~ 011 L L C C U I I I I ~ of

IV. It.', 27, no. 4 : 18, ( " .~ I IL - IL~- I~ I ) [ ~ ] i ( - z i t110-1dt11 g t i l - ~ i ~ Zy (~l- l<tr ui-bi~d ri-a-hi = Bn l , i~ - l i ih - ! t~ ?,~i-/n,n-,rii nrr-iii-u

d-i,~L' ,~,~./,i.,~t~ ,?i ~<~- ,?~~ l , - / ,~~- l ,~ , ,& T,z-t,zt'-t'.

37. Giir i.iLlior ? L ( L - . ? ~ ( - ~ L ( ~ 1 1 0 p l . l :~~< l i r~g note) or, SO I>i:ttcr I IC~G, I ! C ~ - ! I L - I L .

3s. Me-dii-;LC = me-ia-ilii(db, du j , " to carry out tlti: coinnlanrls,'' CII . ,t,e-iil-rig, " to cxcr i~ te tllr ; i ~ ~ c i c n t culli-

n~auds'!''

3!1. A~-,:,L I c;onsid<,r to I,<> t l ~ c pl\ottctic r r i t i r ~ g lor d:-l j /J, h., ,i+-$C = ~ : ~ l i i 3 i C t ~ ( l ~ ~ ~ j , cf . II. .I. I"., p. 420, t w t c 9, al,<,ve!.

40, I.c., B,, l i ' t? !u( I f l t , ) ~ ~ ~ L - / , c - u (ci. t i = l l ' k : L I ~ (i-ld = ulGlu, "tlw \ ~ i t l w ~ t t str<~~gt,I! , ' ' ''t,Iw ~ v ~ x t l ~ l i ~ ~ p , "

I . \ 9 : I ) .\ rci.lldsl.irlg i?iiiilrtdSk ~ i t i ~ , "u-110 rn;ilrcat to a l ~ o u ~ t < l tliv pastrlrc (ci. nr , . 2 = 3 : 28-:ill)," is on nreorlrlt

of tile p:tnill:,lisn~ cxrludcii.

41. ('i'. 11. A . I'., p. :3U3 : 23, IG(![~,L)IL-J,I<~. r~]i-/e-diih-b(t, "l.cverenced iil f c x l . I,y J ~ : I I > ~ I O ~ ~ ~ : L ' S ~)vopl~ . ' ' For 1Li=

,li-lc sc:* I.c., p. 10'2, note 18.

4 ' I t . \Vit i~ g b n i = gi = ~i l r~,v ic c(. gi-CIL = (ji, <,.tc. = <~r<ktiic, [ I . _1. 1., 1). 307, ootu I, I,:,!w\-. 011 is

~s,glt~, l,t'nht~, ! ~ i t ~ ~ t ~ # t , zurrt,; l ~co rc ' ' a ~ ~ l ~ l l g N E = , i i e ! m ~ ~ (ci. aI,mvc, ilotc: :Xi) mnrl .$'I = zol = bnrti* <:{. ;IISU = ' " '

tttc icnriully glorious tile (,nust) poi\-erfi,l i , l~ii" or sonu. s u i l ~ sinlilnr sigoific;ition?

13. Fix IGI+LJUI j - I t (1) = I Z L ~ Z L ~ ~ I L , SCP a l ~ o r ~ , note 27. Ilcn, i t is :i urrlj = t i i i l r i l i t eli ( ~ I L ( L eli, U ~ L W = 7.~0. Tile

infix IL IL , bcitig rcflcxiy,~: " sich ~>erla.isen az~f,'' forbids :L rcndcring "tlmy G.-S., t l i ~ icbul-ahliil (or i l i t ~ ) , live by the lord

,,i I<,~<Is, by Y."

44. Ci. hcn: tire ; ~ t t r i b ~ i t c o i d?Jidn6il, nin-,nu n-nun-giil k-kur-ra a en-w~ haloin-i~ia, "lrty inistmss, powerful 8

( = d-nun-gdl) uric of d-I<wi., begottar ons (a - riiiiii) ,,I tlli: ' l~l.i l o l llw IORIE of tllc r<,tctitry3 (i.n., <~rigitrnll,v dl<n-lil, Inter on W I N - I D ! ) , " Tltrlrenu-lla~lgitl. 11. .I ., T'II (lQLU), p. 107, col. 11, 3, 4. lcor tlic i~~tcrillnngi: u i 6 and esce below,

note 104.

45. llcrc in tlir sense oi 10, 11. . I . V., p. 419, iloti: 5, rill^ tlie possil,le jlnio~u~ci:itklil i = e - Id, hl. 4156 (not

illul) or = o, "wohlan!", a1. 4155.

46. Mn-rrz, "unti, thee (i.e., d N ~ N - l l l ) , " oti nrvoicnt oi z i ~ in s~rcii~i,rz-ri~.

47. l e . , one wlio constnntl?~ mnits npon tilt,<:, tl\v rl>ieI ;tnrl iuretnc,sl a,r\-;url-t il~v:u~itig wliic:J~ rab i~u llns rc-

tained in tllo ; \ lr~nnl:~ lrtt,<:rs, arc TI. 11.. U., p. lillb, ?.

48. T l ~ c o:rlnc Iur tl,c kalrilu, stullr is gcnrl-;ill> ul.itt,,ll iisZ.l-?U, l{r. I 1Sll L ; 11, i3., Scr. 13, v<~l . V, rasr. 2, 11. 42; Iwr? 17.c have ndZ.L-~U-guni i . For tlm int<~rrl!:tugc of TCJ :ui,l TU-(qc~t~u (L.c., 7,~cr) s<:c TIII~~<!:LLI-D:LT>%~~I,

Z . A , , XV111, p. 136, rriltc 5, \-,,IN, itiiartkris ""'Tu =_ n i s i L ~ l i - . . , , , !,iJy(; -,,,,,, i&r:,< = ,.ill

+ c ~ l , @ (ci. also 13, I$;., XVII, part I , p. 49, notc 3 ) . rr,~ tnention it I I , , ~ , , , I t~ t t i y sltik: 111:tl Llw sigu TLT-gu,?& i, I U U ~ I ~

~ l s o i n .i. \V., :lrncrn,o, nu. 41 ; .qL ( = I<n., p, 474 : $2) wzl,~ 7f26sl~?U-q,~~~ii i:t~,l in .1. TI',, I.?., 11". &> : 15 ( = Iin.,

p. 476 : 15) nnlu n~Esh?U-gz~nO\Si-ir-,tio, \vliir.lt TLT-gur~,? ( l i ~ ~ . , .A?~tii~i.., i ~ u > . 02, 03) is, of course, tllr rid nl,e =

"drivpr," or it) tlic hmgnagr, c , f ltih-.4ilrii, tla. ib.r,ta!] .\ ri;tdic,.g 7"iZ.1-f~liC ( = I?. Li. C., 463 = Hr. (iQ12) ns

variant of 'L".4d+lJL (for rot{jiii-giril sva R. %. C., I - 131.. IlS(i:3) = sri,,zlii, "porpl~yry" (sec no. 6, rcv.,

eol 11, 1, and U . 13., SPI. D, vol. V, ILLJC. 2, p. 22)) is o ~ t of qu~stiol>.

49. Anil hence "is fit tu Lc," "is fit for 1,cing ( l i ie~ = ~ I L / I L / < I L ,~!im, NLnr(~g, 1). 14 :?4 , 27; P. 16 : 19, 19) thy

servant (mnikim-zu)." Td7n = liyri, "gr~idig < i i~ j r~e l~a io~ , erhi-,~cn," is lilu,mise p~shililc,. CI. iilsu 1101~: 100.

50. I%~rien,lation dunhtir~l. (:I. 80-sl-li-n, "dnring tla: othrr, olrlsn, 11:~st <I;ty.~," ~i i t l l iig-dii-rli-a (tllur read

R. E., Scr. 11, \ r i , l . TT, f i w . 3, 11. 38 : 27), ''d>~ril,p, IUT I,itur,: ~ I L Y S " ; cI. 3150 C-?ill Cyl. 11, 2 : 11; d-~~inni ld i l , Cyl. U, 6 : 2,

d~dr-ul-l i-gn7-m (p. 25) and d ~ n ( N i n ) - i ~ r i ~ - t d - i a , C. ?'., XSIV, 1 : 20, 21 = L'il : 13 = 10, co!. I , 11 = XS\;, 23c : G (Imre

d ~ n ~ - ~ i l - l a nrrly!) wit11 d ~ u ( ~ n ) - ~ i , C. T . , XXIV, 1 : 12, 13 = 20 : S 19, uol. I, (i = ST\', 7rl : (i.

51. S u n ~ c st~cll emcr~dntion as "god," "king," " lm~tcator," "s;~vior" may l ~ c suggestcil.

62. Ci. rol. 111, 5. Lit., "lilic: o ~ c ~vllo mnl,es pn,stratiulls," i.e., "lilrc uuc \vita bows down to tliy will," "lii-e

n fxithiul, obcdievlt, l\iunhlc otlc." i t i ( 1 f . I . 4 I ' p 3 9 : G I 2 I 1 . 0.5, t o t 3 -4 tra~lslation:

"by the l ~ i ~ ~ a l , oli, [(:ad l~itli;' t l ~ x t g l ~ ~ I O S S ~ I I I ~ , xv\.~i~lcl I~itv,! t u Ije ~itll,:r iu-116 e f i - i )~ -Ul (UU) . CI. also ~01. 111 : 33. 53. Thc sign B I = c p i ~ is dorthtir~l. I t rimy bc ga.

54. St-e C. T.. XV, 15, and shorc, p. 20.

5.5. See above, p Xi, rlote 2.

56. Acconling to tlcr trarps visil>le, tliis mould si,, 111 to l,r tilo only pos::il,li: olt~,,t>ilation. For furtlrcr ocrur- rencrs of EllfE-S.IL fat.n~s (M~i(*)- l i7~ ior (:e+lin) iri i<rlllG-ICCI t~ l i t s , c i . e.g., I. IS, ivllcre tlrc i:'hfl$-S.IL ,nt~(E) is glcissi:d

hy tllc LiME-l<ti giS: ?nu(i)-bn?: = giS-bor), col. IV, 7; ?,cu(b)-dii(y)( = 7iS-diiiy) ), col. IT', 0; d~fu-td-l i l- ld ( f o r d~ , , 'n-lil-lo), rro. 2 = 3 : 41. Vor tlrc scvcrsl vnr i in t s o i dAfiii-lin-.4,~-nn sea Irt~nlc, H. A . V., p. 168, notr 2; for the

meaning of this name, 11. 11. IT., p. 399, note; : ~ o r l B,r d ~ o ~ l i n n r z , tlte "tnistwss o f sr.ril,cs," I.c., p. 375, nntc 1.

57. For rrfcrcnros scc E. B . H., p. 4.13"; Creiilio?z-Slor!,, pp. 24, 46; S. i l . K. I., p. 251; 11. A,, V, p. 6.50 : 14;

T. 8. A , , p. liv, arid H. 13 , 111, part 1, no. 135 : 26, ~ l r - ' ~ ~ d l - u l i i n (!not in , aorwat /.c., pp. 89, 90 ;recortli~~gl~).

58. I'ur e~r~vtlrlation rf. Gudra,, St. U, 2 : 18.

59. Sr,r E. R. TI., 1.c.; Crention-Slor!q, 1.c.; S. .4. I<. I., p. 2-17; T. 8. A,, l.c., I-Ion~mel, Grul~den'ss~, p. 2.51, note 1 ;

Zimrnrrn, Der bnhyl. Go11 l'omaz, p. 22, note 2.

60. For ernendation cf. Gudeo, St. M, 3 : I . 61. Cf. note 1.

62. Emrndatiou sccordirlg to R. A., T'II (1010), 1,. Illi, rrrl. I, 1, 2, hrin-ni~(!)-r~iai-r/<~~-n rlgih za-gin S~L-dii ; cl. also 87~-q61, no. 5, oh". 3, and iu-db(g), R. II., I,. G O , rev.: 1, 2, firu 6 i~iir-m i~r-bi i l -d i i (~q)-~jn-, i i~ = 6 1 ~ u 6 t h i h ano ~ ( 6 -

at nak-ri Tin-nii irn-ma-lu-li.

63. Tlro uppermost ~vidge o f gi5 brlongs t o tile divi,Iing lint!.

64. For tile ?i in /<TI-li-lag-gn = IiU-to!!-gn = mdbisu, l l r . 1050G, ef. ki-l<.ll, = lri-ti-Ii;IL = ~ ~ i d d l u , i ( ~ n ~ i s ' )

(rather than "IVCste," Cyl. .4, 21 : 24, 11. TP. B. , 45On; ,Istrsi.n, I<. 11, \'I1, p. SO). Or t l ~ i i in;,? Ibr :L v;~ri:nrt o l ii, ci. d-li~-lu ( C . T., XV, 30 : 16, 17) = l i - / i ~ - l ~ (C. T . , XIT, 27 : 13-15) = smiu, o r qi-n-zi (Ii:ttlgd,>rl, ilrib!iloninm, 11, p. 8 4 ) . - h - z i - z i (Cyl. 13, 6 : 7 ; 7 : S), wlliclr fi = ?i i l ~ i i ? . 11:i cxpliiit~cd i,itll<:~ : L C C I I T ~ ~ I I X to IT. . A . V., p. 1 U I , note 13, or accord-

ing to LC., 1,. 419, not,: 5. h t.c.iiling giS md-lG-:-iii ti-ing-gn, ' ' I L ~ I . ~ , ( w l ~ , ) ior tlw ilml<ing oi 11:ttllr (is) gloriously adonled

(?lag = IL-iag = z i ~ ' u n i ~ , Ninl-ng, p. :lS : I ; II. II'. U., 1,. 2l!In, btit ri. Jcnsi'zi, I i . /I., VI1, p. 103)," t l~ougl~possihle, is

an :,econnt oi tllr spare 1,rtwccrr A(: nltd ICli lcsi lil\,,ly.

65. Cf. tlm nt,tril,r~tc o i "WIV-111, I. IS., 17 : 18, )~~zi-k~/i-ni:i 116 !,~u-qi-ri. i \~liong o t l~c .~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ e ! l d a t i o n s t l~ i i t itliglit

lw c ~ ~ n s i c l ~ ~ r ~ ~ l ci. t l ~ ! i,~Ilmving: [/;u7 I;i-!,<!l-.Ck or ! '""' l,:~;r-r<&] ~~>i~-<!;~i-,lf~t) d!i-,l,i, vol. I l l , 41 ; 13ur JIL-ni nu-?, col. 111, 42,

ai:n also ilute 30.

T,G. Or ncconling to no. 21, rov. 7, S, i!h-[hi(zir) 3iii.-hi Xu-ph-giilr-hu].

07. .Also in ool. 111, 23. (X. 17. T.! SV, 17 : 8, w l r n ie-i~-?)z(~-ol( = r~e~-gtil) nod gab-zi(g) nrc tl,r :ttt,ril~utes of

Siu ( " N I ~ , L , L ~ ) . I'crry, S i i ~ , p . 18, noti: 8, tr:~nrl:rtes gnh-zi(y) by "Oemci. llrs Ifn.ii,izti!/e, . , l r~ j~ ih i . c r " ; I,mrgclon, S. n. P . ,

p. 207, 1,. "l<, 1)i~r~l1<: tlw w ~ y , " I i ~ n ~ c ~ ~ e l , BI . IL!L~~.~SS~, li. :$is, I>y " i !~~ tg rg~~~ tc . i , l <~~~ , " ittid \'nnd~rbtirgh, S. I I . , p. 43,

by "to liit np tlm l,~.i::ist." I l ,nf i : r to +I.,: ill qn1.-zi(!i) ' ' o t r t : oi Iliglt I~lpnst' ' ((.I. sn!]-zi(g) = S O ~ I ? Pa iiSi). i .e. , "a proud,

cour;tgroue one," "one rvlmsr 1,rcnst is i n t . ~ l , ~ l :~n,l go,^ (zi = l~hii , Iehii) ngiiinst tlw < , I IP I I I~" :lnd 1,. d ~ i n p s o , hi, ' ' t t l n~s

I~:~eli (ri = i i i .~ , s y ~ . 01 Iii~ii, JCTIS~II , I<. /I., TI ' , 111). 30!), 40-1. 5G1) t l ~ e cnnlly's l,r?:r*t," Ilence, gab-zi(y) = ?rm-t,i-'u

iv-ti (ci. S'argot~, ??t~&-wi- '~~ i - ~ ~ l ~~at: lKa-~~/;-~zz i -~, 1,:ty. :3:1 : $1) is :L s y r ~ . oi !/<~b-gi = mt,-lii ir-Ii, I V , It.x, 21, no, I (U), ~ e v . ,

15. Ci. also zi(yj = gi = h i i n l ~ , kirtv, sil,ihgt~, iitc., :itiil yiib-gi 7~t!-!zig, (:yl. A, 14 : I L.

GS. a - = l'lrcn, is otl1y O I P C liitqiij)?~ (ilgpinst H . 11.. 11., p. 464). tllc i,l.iginal meatling o i wlticl~ is

"stossrn," citltcr aitlr tllv " I # O I . ~ ~ S " ( ~ ~ ~ I ~ s ~ ~ I I , I<. 11, TIT', 1). 577 = 711, I<iirillrr; (.I. not? 96) or witlt R "battcrirl~;.

ram," suclt ;IS \r;is ~isr i l by t,hr Habylotiinns in tinres oi' a-nr it, ot.rlvt. to put lloles (Inijqapu = "I,uch," Jensen, l .c , p.

529) in n iortiiir::tiuri n-nll; lirllre, sng-i! = ,~"qiil,ii da drivi, l i r . 6,510 = " to 1,:~ttrr a hri,:tvh, mnl;? a holc, en to t rcr

in :L \~-i~ll , i l ~ ~ n l g l t \vllicl~ oil<. ~n:iy go in mri! ont (zng-i = neiij," sy11. oi ziiniii 5 1 I i une prefcw, IIC may take

zogis in llte senso of i (11. .I. I.., 1,. 4115, not? 3Gj - nit-rrr-ii-ri~ Ba !>-mi, i . e , " to mge(!)," said o i tile .;tonn, ~rlliclt wgc

is c:lxessr.d by the: "!h,ti:ile~ :md ligliininy," l~crirr ?<g zog-i-n, "r.nging, tltooilnring, liglrtnirig, st<,nnn; or zag-i, may be

a variant of P.1 (i.e., a6(gj j- i - ''glurious," i . ~ . , "l igl~tr~ing o l~ : ' ' (w.c C. T.: S V , 15 : 1-1; :mrl cf. dIjU.V-~,l-i~-n).

CIJ. Ci. .\rir~l-ng, p. S : 17, 18, /,~n/it,ti-wn sii(d)-st<(</)-,irl = ?nn-a-In i n n sn-jln-ni, miiiah aitcrivs tha t ' i . \ T ~ ~ - l l I lnny

smerp orcr nnrl I,ring into i ~ t i ~ r r y rvcn tlir counlr!~ o/ Ilirh!lionia i lsr l i ; dA?TIAT-IR lnny bi, gt.:wions ml,l inirniaal c ~ e n

to liis <,\\TI pi,opli:l

70. Owing to tllc fact tlint tlrc ~ ~ l i ! of t l ~ , s e lilies is l,rol-cn aivny, it is 11:tnl to trll \vhrtlier they fonn, ns irrdi-

cnteil n b o ~ ~ , tltc rcpodosis of I!. 1-11, or \tlirt,llcr tlrcy ri,ntionr tlii: attrilnitrs of d N ~ ~ - I l { . If tnlccri as attributc.s urc

Ili~vi, ti, ernend sal-e-dii[(y)-dii(g)-gc'], lri is-?~iii-ujt~-$i-~i]. :xlld rc!ld?r: ''Ny ILirq, (t11ou) nlio in ti, y city of tile I I O ~ I S C of Nil,pt~~ tal<cst ( I~as t t:iIx.ln) (.iii.r,'' i ' \ V h ~ t l ~ r EI/LILVIC(~~L linst restored," "lord, (tlrou) hy wlioln (m) Ici~lgsl>ip is me-

erlt,,;l,'; e t ~ . Tltc nhscncr of nn n in b~~-vzi~-~a-iib-d,i \v~,lld SIIOW, ILOTYPV~I., i t SI:CIIIS to me, tlc:~t this last iorni rit ltlil~t

cannot be t l n t i,f a relative el;rose, llcrrc~, iclso 11. 11, 12 :&re in all prol,nhility to he sm,!ntli.ri ns given shove.

71. J i this i i tllr ; ~po i lo~ i s (ci. l ~ r r ccd i~ tg ilotv), tlti: 1.a refrrs to tlic: Iring Cimil-Sin. 72. Me3 = zik<iri~, I~aing pnrnllrl witlt ur-sng (so 1lct.c) or with gib (so 1. 15), is n xinrinnt or phanrtic nr i l ing of

mrs = ~tlbii, e~/li(, syil. UI gi? = mu(?) = 7~3.

73. IC,,r ti,? n::tding of P.1 ri. on tlii: one lrn~lil ,?!I P.Ina~""-gdn = dil to (i.e., rnbri.;,~ kn [ri-ih-si 01. ri-hi-is-ti,

so plnentl II. li., Srr. D, vol. V, f:izc. 2, p. .53, note 7, i l l t l l l ~ Ix~sis of qig-v(~-m = ~ i~ -hn -ns ~i-ib-si , ei. C. T., S V I , 2nh : 40, : L I ~ V V , 1,. 201 :%MI tlw prcqrr I?:LII~:; lI<tr-.v<t-(/,itt-~tt~-,/i, LS. . , I . I<. I., p. S , n, 3, \vhi?ll 1 ~ l ~ ~ r ~ n c ~ , Z. A,, SXII , p , 291,

t v~ i~s I :~ t c s by ' ' ( J u e 18 snndiriiire il;. a,& sol1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 s ?'it,i~/.":~!l~lillg, "131. 9339 ( i e . , di'n,inil), ),OU?. In $ens de $6 (IjI)." On

tltc ~ t l ~ ~ r IL:LINI cI. tl~c, pr<,per I~:IIII,: .lf?I-.vi,!l (Ti. 13. (?., Jl i i , t l v sigu for "1~~3~~l")-g~tr~-7~8~-~li, \vl#icl~ DI~ornw, I.c., p. 306,

rrads J l e - s i q - ~ ~ ~ i t ~ - , t ~ ~ ~ - s & inlld ~v l l i r l~ 11,: I C I I < I ~ M I y ''OIIR Ire-sig soil srrrLs riinl!" .Adding to tlwsr still nnot11t.r proper

n:Lntp, via., Me.<-P/L-nil-di, I?. .I. (I., (ii, i. 1, ti = I)ltorlnr, I . r , 1,. 306, "1 , 'ord~c (lz~ scepi~a 7 ~ ' r r l,nbtt dc rionl," mc may

~~mint: t in (1) tlt:tt P.1 ,nay I,? pt.oiio,liictd rit!~i,t. s d ( y ) or ai(y); (2) t l i :~t sd(g)-ydn (1,. ~ < ~ - g ( i i ~ , siq-gan) is = s<i(q), si((g);

ei. for tla: omission (or nildition) oi gdn(yiir~), (L-((L(Y) = n-in(!/)-gnn; ul-pin = d l ( = 38ipitk ,:rim.̂ ) c tc . ; (3) tllat, sii(g)

(-giin) ~ l m y Ibr t s m s l : ~ l i ~ ~ l , i ~ i l l i ~ r (a) by snpribi,, h l . :3010 = "rtinicl~le nmchcn" (11. TI'. Ij., p , 5076), "qeionllsnm sprer~gcn,

zei.stiic/cclrz, nii j i i ;aer~, zeirtrczicn (Jr,nsi:n, I<. D., \'I1, p. L l i ) : ilr (1,) I,y ~.rchilpu, "~ibersehii~emme,~, niedcrsehmetisrn, nieder-

li.erfcn," icie cs dui.ch einen TT'olire,~l,ri~ch llgl gc.srl~ieh!, / I . IV. 11., p. G17b; or (c) Ily ~ ( ~ I l l i p ? ~ (zag-sd(gi-gdn, M. l0iO =

sd(g).yrin, cf . II. A . I'., p. 4115, notc 3G), "sliLrze,b z i ~ lloilcii iwe r je r~ , niedera,er/en in rler Sehlncht, rlenFeindscl~lnqen,

N. if'. 11, 1'. 4CJSh; or (rl) I,y sii(g) = si(y) = si-gi = s i (y ) i ! l l ini l ic~ting thc dcal~r~clion by tlro pomrm of nature: w.iild,

t o I , i g l t i , . I I . I < . , Si.1.. 11, vul. \', i:isr. 3, pp. ( t i , 47; p. 53, llote 7; alld hdo\v, 110te 17 t o 110. 2 = 3 : 18;

GO ; I I ~ Y \ I S S . \XI ) I'I{.\YICII; 'ro .\-I.Y-II~

not? 5, to no. 4, rev,, .5, 6, et p<~,s .s i~n or ( e l . if .s<i(g)-g<it~l,,~ :> v :~ r iu~L 01 2<tgau( = 3(t({l)-g<i!r, svc :tl>o\<,, ttc,Lc, 2 ) , ljy "w,~igltt?

o r~e" ; o r liistly (i), sii(g)-gdn mny bc :L vnrimrt of si~hirr~ - biibnn (i.e., jlll.'.?), or oi .vlrtyijrii~ = Ji~-l<n-o,~ - d d C . Tlrc originril signification of rh(g)-gdn = s<q,ti&z~ is, I L O I V ~ , ~ , ' ~ , "10 o j ) : , ~ ~ . ' ' III.,IL " to o j , , ~ liy foici.," " to tiiac :~p:~rt,"

"to spn.;ld asnndcr," "to s rn t t r r :~l,ont.'' 'l'l~is origin:tl tnc :~~t i t~g is still <:vi<I~nt in p:~ss:>gc~ Iilx (?, T., S V , 12 : 21, Z2

= IY. R.Z, 28*, 110 . 4, n:v., 63-Gij = It. N., p. 122 : 7-18, wllcrc wc irntl:

giil-!a-bi v,r-e(~i, ra) ( ~ , r ~ ) - ~ l , ~ - ~ , l , - l ~ i ( d ~ ~ l j ( - e )

[g? l-la]-iu l<<zl-l,~t ~ ~ ~ - l ~ ~ q ( l ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ / ) - l i / , (i!cl-<!It,-r!, it(!)-!o-.<i)

"Its (tlrc city's o r 11:rrcto's) ~n:ridu>rs 'tlw clog ( = ~II<!~I! - ) , ' I<,, Ixts ~lvlilc,l (tlw c~cw~n~y 11:~s c:trriv,I : ~ ~ v a y )

sd(g)-giin-i,i ?~ii~(i)-bor-ri(m) ii,ii(o~~)-drr-nl>-/d

[sa-n!~]$~~-f i ts-sz~ I I < L ~ - ~ < ~ - T M ~i-,Y<~~(lc~-qal)-!il

" I t s virgins 't,lte vild clog,' lo, I n s ri,,fili:<l."

Tile lit, tl.:ttlsli~ti~u is, IIOWI:T~PT, 011 a ~ r o ~ t r l t 01 tllc dn irr tlic ~ o ~ ~ l u x l - l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ : "dIi1 t l ~ ? ~ MIi,lcher~ ( . l i ( x g j i . ~ ~ z , ~ ~ t ) h<,/

'iler sch:inillirhe IItir~iL' Unzitcht he!rii~he,~," cf. (or t,ltis rotllpl:<int, I!. .I. Ti., 1,. 439 : SSf. l l v r , ~ ~ I I V I C tl,c s<i(g) (-!gd,?.)

i3 c~-idi:ntly i~ v ~ ~ r i i ~ t ~ t of si(g)-ga ~ ~ O C P I I ~ I . ~ I I : R in tlu? mcll-lai~wn gir-si(y)-gn, i . c , ' ' i lrt i . a-I#<, <,l>:,nsttll~ gir = bi,~?:" ";i

pn,stitutr," cf. tllr Hn~rnnurabii:odc, 32 : 5 0 l i i i s i , i r . Sorely :L tl.;insl:ition "l,o<,t,v (qiil-lit)" i,r "l>ill:rgr (si(g)-qiir~)"

i i inronrcivnhlc, 1,rcnu.i~ tllc mrcmy nc\-cr defiles boot,y, but is gleil ti) gi.t n~li i tu stri-r i l 1111 111111.1~ IIIB Iwtt,,r! S,i-(iji-

bu-ti (abstr, fur concr.), l,i:rnuse pnrallrl witlt gjl-in, is :L eupla,trlistic i.uprrssi<,tl lor ' ' L , , t l lp l< . - i i .~ ,~~ l r l l ' ' s : t cn~ I to I i l i t ; ~~ . ,

the lcirriti or ko[rnili] ( t l~ns crnnrd 11. 3030, sii(g)-g<i,~-<lii(g)-g<~j, 7~01nelt ic-110 ari: t l r n . ouii rnpribi( = pilti) ?~T-$~-)L,I;

cf. :~lx, gil-la = i i l - i~ :rnd Jenseri, I<. I<., T'I', 11. 4%; 11. II ' . 11, p. 1311~.

mTitll regnnl to tile - T L T L - ~ ~ t l ~ r t ! ~ rsplanati<,ns \~-\-l,~~lil, ,,CT se, si,elit ti, b.! possi1,lr: ( I ) 111 ~ - i c n ol S ~ I C I I i<,r~ns :ts

17-ilii(g)-ga = ii-di = i i , i.e., bord, atndru; or ur-di (cl. col. I\-, 11;) = ili = iir, i.e., piiliil,~, iithiisii, \vi. origl~t ci,nhhlc,r

sb(g)-giin-mi-di to bc n vnrimit of sd(g)-gdn-ilii(g) = snpii!gt, h1. 30P2; C . T., XI-, 7 : 12; !I : 2;l. Jlut :ig:tiost illis r,x-

p l > ~ r > ~ t i ~ > ~ is IIIV !it,. The d i o i tile "/?iller furlria" is rrcvcr ronncrtccl \\-itl> tllr si~l,pl,: ~ . i l i , L by ~ltc:iris oi :I!) oie,/i,,rigi~y

,voit:ei, lsener nu C ~ L I L ~ L O ~ b~ 11t:l.~ sucli :~11 ~ v e r l t i ~ ~ i g i ~ ~ g vowel. C2) Or we n ~ t y s,:<! in u,,-<li :L v : ~ r i ; \ ~ ~ t of i~t,it-.silir,? :t~\tI d.

soclr erpressiorm as iiy-yiiilina dg-g,i-nun-si!i,,i. (!I. .I. T'., p. -40.5, liotc 37). i i s,), s ~ i ( ~ , ) - g ~ i ~ z - ~ , t ~ - s i l i , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ l I,,! ''a ranring clcstroyrr," "r,oo ~vl.iru ilrstrops 1,). t l ~ o ~ ~ d o r : ~ a d liglltr~ing." (3) I,:~stly, KC ~n,;iy t;il,ii ~ ~ t t - d i in tltr S P I I ~ C 01

"one willlout ci(nn1," "unc \\:lo c:lnnot ir:, rolt~pnr.d" = (Bn) In i?-in-ziq-ni~, ri,:i<liu/: ~.itl):t. ~tl,-di, 01. ~ Z I L - S ~ ~ , ri, tile

attribitte of 4V1.l-IR: 3 i n t i 1 i - t i - l s l . , I, I , I s I , 0 'l-IIC l i ~ s t t ~ o ex-

pl;ol;~tions, so i t srcrns to me, am to be prcfi.rrcrl. For sri(g1-gcin i:f. ;tlao !I. .I. I.., nc,. 15, col. 11, 5; ~ro. 20 : 23; for

sd(q)-giin-?~z~-di, l.c., no, Z2, rev., I\', 13; helux, col. 111, 15, i ~ n d :LI>OVP, PI). 21, S; l)2, 1. 'Tlli. I > I . O I I D ~ ~ l : i n t ~ s , il~loted

t~bo\.r, irrc h!jpocorixficn n ~ l d nttritnttrs of tlie "Sun" of :L givctr 13nl,ylonin1r tr inity; tllc 11ii!t is i.it1ir.r - (o7-r-u, "liilrg,"

or Biiri~, "\vind," ~ l l i l e tile tliininalne i~ligltt(!) possil,l!- l ~ i ! n.:d ~lfrS-giiil~ii.-r~t~-~li, "tlli, 1w1.0 ( i f 111,. i ~ ~ v ~ ~ ~ t ~ l l i ~ l ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ) t ~ . ~

(se. has gircn, ctc.)."

74. 'Tlw suggestion of 111. 3025 to rei~d dit-gdl = ?~<~ph[ l l~] is, n0 , loul~t , c o r r e ~ t .

7;. Sutiee the gloss gig to ncu(b)! Cf. lrcrc tllc passngc oi.i:!~rring it? I<. 1 % : 10 (Jr>tii,n, !<iia,,z., p . 4701, ivllcl.,:

d.\'l.V-ZB is ralletl dCi4-bi~r n ~ i ~ n n a S z i ~ q<i(ilm~ li,n[7~iiliY], " o n g e ~ i i n d ~ t e ~ Peiier, ilits rlic If[iiri',i] ~ , ~ I I I I ( ~ I L I L ~ . " S e i also

notes 36 rind 78. Froul this i t lollorvs tll;tt d ~ V ~ N - ~ B . :cs r~gs r i l s his n:<ttlrc :atid :~tt,riln~t!.s, \ v : ~ i t11,. s i t ~ t ~ i l as: (u) d ~ i i . bizr = '",Wu(.!)-hrrr; (b ) d:%'E-gi; (c) "7-rn; (d) %~ir or "Vergal (cf. no. 4, rrx-., I , Z)--r:~i.ll : ~ n d :all <,i. tIw:il~ I r i ng tile

personified "cuns,~miug fire (el. tote 78)" t l ~ t horns titi: i:nenlivs.

7G. Enlendation doul,tfol. If corrcrt, cf. B. E., Scr. Tl, vol. V, f ;wr 2, 1,. :34, tl,,tca 1 I , 1:i.

77. Cf. II. A. I;., p. 1x2, note 1.

78. %1\1.\'-IB is tlic "Gir (scc rrotc 75) i\.lto is tlie "g i~d 01 ligl>tlritlg ((it iiiiqi)," \ I . liO2 I, I>i.lnci. ,,itlli.r "Iigllt,tlirlg

fire" or "miglltp, i~ngry , ronsu~riiog, terrilde fire."

70. (11. eol. 111, 25; col. 1, G. XU. Cf. II. 11. I'., p. 375, notc 1 ; p. 405, notc 37 (ill lrotll p:lssngcs tllc " ( = OIR)" is to I><, rmstrl) , or eitlwr oirg:

of tlic follo~r~ing e r ~ ~ n l d i ~ t i o n s i ~ i i g l ~ t l ~ e considrrr,il: Zg [lizirnti-il-lrr], "n<lt sp:cring stol.n>"; ii(g [g(rl,-i?~-yai. ~ L ? c ~ I ~ - ( I ] ,

"stonn witlio~lt cqrlnl"; i'g [zitg-ik], rl. note 1%.

81. Either ZiY idri (C. T., SVI, 19 : ;35) or :~ccol*lina to 11. It., Srr. I), vol. V, fnsc. 2, 1,. 52, note 2, " I ' t~ri~rls

(then rwd nzi~.-vi) ?ishti.''

S?. Sot i r r 1ri.n. thc ~ ~ u i s s i o c ~ of sigo iliugir I I ~ ~ O T C Ilii~~-yi!

83. For tlrii t.~ncrt,l;ttiojl ci. C. l'., i\', 21i : 21, i-ili0-hi i-ii~ii-e ?LO-niiin zi su(d)-iiij-g,il nc~-i~-l~i(d), Zirnlnem, Tarnns, p. 237 : "l l~re Iiliigc is1 (81.i~) ~ U U L e i t ~ e t ~ P<ci(~\l, icovit~ L<,,~glehigl;eil (j) l i irhl ,ti,?i~l>si"; lit., ' 'T I IC eunrplaint ii Lilrc tha t of

tibe pitlaw ui,t p r o d ~ ~ c i ~ r ~ (l,::gi.ttiltg) olrc (or sotrli:t,lring) I~;tviog t t ~ o hrcatlr of liic i'o~. long d;~ys (i.e., wltich begets sllort-

I I i l l j . Cl. also rol. 111, 31.

8 I . IVitl, bn(y)-yi(n) = iiiOi1 lihbi ci'. Bit., XI'II, p:~rt 1, 11. 1-14, note 2. Se,: nlso C. T., XV, 28 : 6 ; 29 : 6,

mllcw 'll),wiii-zi is ~.nll?d tllr, iii(g) ,~~<~g-yn-nn .L~~-t t i~ , t ,

85. Sre :tl,o\-i,, note 1.

SG. Ui. 11. . I . lr., 11, ;332, nett! 1, \vlhc!r<, tlw ' , ~ ~ ~ i ~ l r e s s of Isin," i.~,., ''tltc ~vifc; of d.V1:\7-11j," 11:~s 1iI;e~~isf t l ~ c attri-

Iwtc kiir - "s:\rior."

87. Sce ?I. I.., p. 385, not? 2; 1,. 30:I : 65, 70; B. IS., Scr. D, rol. V, fas~:. 2, p. 65. SS. S:i,i\tg ilt;~t L consiilev tltii t<l I,., l i t ? ''oli!,rritig lint (ri. uulc 22)" o l .J. pr:%yrr, I snpjilic~l -gtc = relative clause,

I i t I t t i i 1 1 t t i t , ' 1 - 1 1 . l i n-itll,,nt -yii, rllis moukl I,,, :I "wisli" or "itnp,mti\-r": "as a

pwscrit gii-~, ! "

SI). This lint-, in :dl probnl,ilit?-, co~~tilnir.; t i t i litilrgiinl 1101:. oi 1. 35, for i\.lti~lc swl txh~ve, lnotc 22.

!Ill, For zt!ij-<li (or .xi) = iurtdn,~ s~ Ij. 1s.. S;r. I ) , v,>l. T, fxsc. 2, 11, C2, not<, 1, :LIKI lo r mg-~li(,?d) = di(sd), ff .

A . I.., p. ill:l, note 36. i'l'. :~lso :xlx~v<~. r~otc 7;i.

91. ('I. :~l>ovc, p. 17,

O?. TI,!,. allril,nh: ioi-gbr, c ' I ~ t c l ~ ~ , fir-t, f ~ r , ~ ~ ~ t o ~ t , P~c.;' is t ~ s ~ r i l > ~ d to 'XlIV-113 ;il;o in C. T. , SSV, 12 : 17;

el. T~illilrzist, .\ir,ni.,tbucb, pp. xiv, 2ii9. I t i.; iinnlri it, cr,rinccti<,~l wit11 all gods W I K , plnyecl tlw r0lc of thr "Son" and

nlto r.t,~enl l l t ~ i ~ n s ~ l ~ . ~ ~ ill tlicir s,.veni~l<l ~ O I Y I . ~ : I<alo(<,)-g<<-7 1 <c-lil< )x<-,,u,, V. I<., 30 : 8 .

03. \I:tri:~nt OI si-ij,ir<jiii. = Bn i/lrn~i kiibhoi,, (st,,; : \huw, note !I) nod this figltr:~tii.t~ly for SU e-nu-qi mu-bu-u.

01. C'i. col. IV, 22. Tile sign 1<,1 + iilsrrtrd ~ i ( y ) I t:~lic to b~ n gr:~pliic rari;a\t elf IC.1 + inserted Sit, Br.

818 (cf. Slli!); b l , 50!1, 510; 10. 450; I,nngdon, Bnh!lir,,~iircii, 11. p. 2S2 = Bnrjii,,~,~. For Bit - be scc "~Vi<lohn-*it (variant

S E ) , ntiovi~, note 1 ; :md $0 = sc, i . e . , si(<q). I t rimy ni,l l,r iclcpossil,li. that ICsi(y).J-qi-gi is = I<holngd-gi-gi (see 11.

A . \.., p 131 : 8 ) = ?iiiijiiij!i, syn. Sngiii~ii~, nrld titis tllr inon, so rrs tile sigu hnlo!, is pr~r t icr l ly notl,i~rg hut si(g) f si(g),

Hr. 7OllS; ii so, tlw dor~lithll K.1 of Br. ( i S i is either lisi(g)A- or I<bitl<~g;l- ga-$75.

I . i . I . 1, 2 ; C. T., XVI, I9 :40 ; C. T., XY, 15; C. T. , SIT, lii : O ; 11. A . T7.,no. 5 : 11, 6-knla(y) ug

I , : I t t i t : f ' i ! - l ( t I ( ) . I 1 I , I ( ! ) 1 dilto ( -- tbt 3;-pii) Gil ,liA-[ili] ). The nanle of

tiit, god oc:roniili: in C. T., S S I Y , i : 2i , :\rcot.xiiiog la tlw ~,nro!li,l I),Lss:%~<, C . T . , X l l V , 35n : 7, has to l)e c1nc:ntlrd to d l i - l k 7 ~ r < [-ni(z<tl'!)-?I.

$16. ljti-dfii = ~~(upipu, "to I:,? l , ,~ r I ~ y n t ~ : ~ t ~ s o l l l ~ e '1,orns ( s i ) ' \vlticl~ t l~v r~~n ,n t : t i~~-ox I I Z ~ S , ' ' cf. Jenwn, K , B., VI',

p. 577; 11. 11,. lj., 17. lii~L,h, a,,,l s:z :,I,,,v,:, ,,<,t$! il3,

97. I?<,? '.lrl.V-II~ a s juclgc ri . no. 4, r , , ~ , , 11, 12, tmcl 11. .'I, I,., ,>, 102, not^ 17; c f . :also tltc sixth oi t l ~ seven

"midrty II:L~I:.s'' of d ~ t ~ l i l : (o~i er.in-r~<z di-di, "li~rd, jnilg,: (rl,i'i,z dir~i) u? tlhe pcoplc.."

95. Ci. 110. 2 = 3 : 21, k~~r-(I<~-ri. .i t r : ~ ~ ~ ~ l n t i ~ n : "110 i ~ ~ o t i l ~ t ~ i ~ t ( = ~nigltty n:~tion 01. princr) ~scrlpes ltis 1,and"

migilt lil<cwisr II:! ronsidrrzil; i? so, tlrpu u i . ;J,u\-e, imtc 26, and tlle rzicl.iners tltrrr. given.

I ! I ' I 1, 3 : 1 2 3 ; I , 1 ICor ".\~ii-t~<it,i-no. i r e firid so~~ic t i i~~ t ! i "-Vun-?cn!n-ner, rl. IYiIlcnr~icher,

Nerijnl, p. LA, notr 1. .\ccorciin.r to C. T . , SXIV, 5 : 43, d.\Ta,i-rirrr,~-ne~ is = "fi;n-lii, iwnrc no. 11, r..Y., 5, 6, states

tlrat ".VI.\T-IR ~ r ~ i s c l l d o ~ v < ~ ! nitli stwngtl, I,? ' i ~ r~- l i l - i~ i . 1,:ttc.r 1x1, i r l l~n .lahshi<r plnycd tl,: rill,, c , f f<,~ill, tlrc d.Vz~n-

nu,zL-ll,er I>ccnnl?, oi conrsiie, god .lahshiir, 1'. I<., 3<t : 33 ( -- I<. A, , 11, p. ]SO), oroh irrwi .I:\'nlisii ,ln-i,rr A D .i.Vmlsh

d.V~i?~-?z<o,i-7ier.. Tlli- dAJin-i-si-irL-n(i( = ' i ~ ; i ~ - l ~ , tllr wife of d\rl.\r-IU) is the i-gi-u e n d.\'ii?~-nirn~-ne7;m = knl-/at

he-l i 'i.\rsin-nn,it-?ier, i . c . , "tlrc l,ridi, o l I.," 11. ;I., V, p. G44 : 1, 5. For thc intprcl~;~tlge of "bride" and "wife" see

f I . A. I,.., p. 1105, notc 13, nrid for T A I L = niun c:E. "\r?i(fiwn)-nc~, d>ln-?~~~(niin)-gol, (I-nu(ni~n)-g(ll, C ~ C .

100. C:i. note 40 irnd ATir~rng, p lii : 18, 10, wlrrrr d N l ~ V - ~ ~ is s:tiri to b nnnt-lz~yi~l-In tiim-mn = Sa una Snmr-

( ( ) I IL-lu-k~t, "kt lo\. I\ings!\iP!'

101. Hrrc "Vinb is the d:ii~glttcr o l " M , ~vlrili: in otllcr passages (sre Ci.e<ilion-Stor!/, pp. 25ff.) sllc appears ss a

dnuglrtcr of d ~ n - b i or of ArU1V" ( = Er id i i ) snil as sister of d~\rin-~ir-su, d~Viil<rbn and d ~ r n v a h ? S ~ M - l u .

102. For tltc prornineinti<,n of t l~is il:tnlc SP,, ltty f o r t l l ~ ~ n ~ i r ~ g t r a l~s la l i~n 01 C. T . , S V , 15.

103. A-riit(g) is ge~rcs:~lly ill opposition to nh-bu, ei. iit-bn a-dii(g), "one \vl~a fislces in sncet water," opposed to

62 $1-\IERT:\U HYllX'i \ST1 I ' I< \YERS T O .VlV-IN

Su-ha nb-ha, "onc ml>o iisllrs i ! ~ ti,:. oi.r:ilr o r rnlt \i-;it;,t." IIvrt~, l><ln-r,\.i.t., o-dii(g) is t.;iiIti,r ;L syn. of a-silim (no. 2 =

3 : I ) , " IVasser des IIeils," "12ehcns,ii8ssei.," ~ , p l ~ o s , ~ l ti, ti-dii(p), "I,ahe,~rsjreisr," r i . 11. . I . I-., no. 1 : 31jtT, ii-7~<11~~-ti(l)-ln,

a-nam-ti@-ln.

104. Elncndatiun doulrtlul, d-niir~(ri,i, see 11o1,: nn)-w61 nlq>cnra as :ittt.ilnltc ,,i (o) "l<,i-iil, C. T., XLr, 11 : 4 ,

iig d-nz~l~-gdl a-n d~n-iil-lic, "grrntly p,,~vrt.i~jl s l < > n ~ t , i':ttl~cr 13nIil"; (I,) ' i l ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ , f:. T., S V , S : :3 = 21 : 11, 1'0,( =

L%4((J)+dll, v:triant of L ~ ~ I ( ~ ) - f l i ! ) - m i - g ~ i l ( ~ ~ i ~ ~ - ~ t l ) <i-!t$t-!j</(?~~,!-<tl) ~ , < ! - C ~ I ( I ~ ; . ~ , ) , "tlm f\tric,us <,nv, tlw gr,,atly po~vt,rful

one, 1 an,"; (c) '!\'i<lnba, 12. ,I ., \'I1 (IClIil), 17, 107, 11, :3, vi,,-iwtc o-r~ztr~-!g,il l?-/k,,r-~,l, "tny ~nistrcss, grcnt1.y pmvrrful

one of gkur." For I i t f L I t 1 . . i = ' - 1 . , S , 2 : 3 : = I , 1 : 8 . T O

wliotrl clors this n t t r i l~ulc rcdirr lii,rr!? To " ~ z l i l or 10 Siui i? II to tllr lattt.r, wi. ,n~gli t to rlnwtil 7,ie o r vie-ZIL ;,II<I tr:tnslatc: ' ' 0 1 ~ ~ ~ : ~ t I y p o ~ ~ . r i , i l 0 1 1 1 ~ ~ ( t l i ~ u ) 7 ~ 1 1 0 l1:111 ral lc~l l , i ~ l ~ , t hy O ~ * ~ ~ ~ : I I I C , . S , ol), l,lt l ~ i ~ n exrc\ttr tIt,~nt!'' I i 01111

prefc~x, Iw ~r):%y c m r t ~ d [(L-Iqcll (?I. ml . I, 3 : t t ~ I s~o t c 6) :LII,I ~!1.<,r 111,: 114tolc s<,t>t,cnw tu 'l.\'l:b'-lll. 11, t,lhis v:wc "llur-

"Sin wor~lil l inw II,.I,I~ ' 'ci~ll l ~ y o.YI.\Ll13', T V I ~ O S ~ I V I ) I I I I I I : L ~ ~ S IIOIY ~ .xwi i t ,~ s . T l ~ i s l :~st c c ~ ~ ~ l , I : ~ t i o t t is ill :ill p1.01iit- 1,ility tlhc hast, st.,: ~rt,xt two 11oti.s.

10G .As 1.11i. @-)i~-inr-di* is tlrc Tt,mple :toil : ~ l , o i l ~ ,,I d.\'lV-lli, 1111: ni r.m ~ , . i , , ~ 0111y t:> [";i-itii~~]-~~iil, i .c , to

"N1.V-Ill: .VIA-Ill's dwrlling, llle offtiring; <ha, t , ~ .\TI!\:-Ill! TI):, p.,opl,, pr:ty to ".Yiuii, I, :3, t lx~t , slw nm!- (be ) I > r i u ~ it

:al~out t l u t tlw ILi~tx (" I I~LT- '~ , ! !~~~ ,nay 17" m ~ l r c ~ u a i ~ ~ Ll~t! ,X.I(;-lJ,< oi t l ~ T ~ ~ n p l c o i ('.\'I V-Ili: d.\-ir~ii, < : ~ i , l ~ ~ ~ t l y , nppc:>r.:

licrc ns ''me<li:rt<,r" 1,etwccn tltr pcoplc :111,l d .V~N-~l j - t l~ ;s is, :IS i;11. :ts I l,n,i~v, IItt, lit.31 ~~CCIII.I.<'IIVI~ ~i tilt, SIIIIICI.~:III "0 si~7~clis.sinzi~ 0r.n pro 7iobis!" rf. 11rrc t , l ~ si8niI:~r ~ x L s s : ~ ~ < , in 11. . I . IT , , p. 43:) : 121, rvl~-rc "~VI: \~- l l~ lo .~~~ t~sl<a

d N ~ N - ~ ~ to lr: titi, ~ri,,di:~tor I > P ~ ~ < : c I I Iwr rind dl$,zlil.

107. 'bllit~.-"~in sli:tll I,? t l ~ : S.IO-Lr,S = "p~otvvtnr" 01. 1111 i?-iil-?iic-ilii, lllc I ,~~ l , , v~~ , l :rl,<idr cli ["A-nf~ri]-qdl or

'kLrl~V-In. 111 t l r I~istoric i~>scriliti,~tw c i l l~~ r - ' l , ~ iu c:tlls l>i~t>s, , l i I,lv S.If;-l:,< l ~ - ' l ~ ~ ~ - l i / - k ~ t ( l i ) , I<. Ij. I/., lq,. 26!1, note

11; 271 : 8 ; 472 : S ; ri.:ilso S. .I. I<. I., pp. 101;-200. Tltis \v<n~l<l 31801~ l,l~:tl, t l ~ l~ -~ t t - t i ?~ ! -d~ :LIIr. I~t,lrec ['ld-,,ii,~]-~~ril = "lit,lil 01. d S ~ . V - ~ ~ l ! (:i, lwr~, tltv g-xit~,ttii 01. X i p p ~ ~ r ,

I t e n f I t d M ~ V - ~ l : I ( I 1 I I I l l l ) , I . I . I . \ i s . 2, I . I , 1 I . liur S.l(:-lIS

= "protector" src E. R. II., 11. 271, 110t:. S. ' l ' l i~~r~:tt~-l);,~tgit~, lc . , tl.:t~lsI:tt:,'i "ii.~lc/tel. cl.h~bl , /m Ilriitpl (lI<~s~l!iil~i.,-)." I t i t : f : as 1 1 s , is i n I no I I i I I . I f 1 I ' I - " i . I t urns n:~iiv,<l,

Irowc\~er, hy liirlg Iirna-llngnn of tlrr 1. <ly~r:isty of Isio, S. .1. I<. I., 1,. 20G, 5 : 3. 108. l i t . 12 ,,'kh~. 1:or e = I& s w 11. 11. I-.: 1,. ,tl$l, nut,, ,5. 109. !Vitl~ this fi.':\fE-S.lI, i o r t ~ ~ nt,t(3)-l~<tr = !~ii-I ,u~ ~ 1 . . tlw ma 7nzt(?)-l,<!r( - l?-!\i2Llwtr) nf C, T., XV, 13 : 17.

For tlic rcndilrg bar sci. 11. 4 . If., p. .103, note 2S, IUNI 1.w u t l ~ , ~ /<:VIE-,S.lI, 1.<,rnts i>l b~.l lE-l<lJ texts cd1.. :>I,oY<,, rw l ,~ Xi.

110. Ipor tltis r,~~ipl>:itir Bd scc I/. A . I.., p. 101, nota 11.

111. Lit. "<,rn:rtm,nt" = sit,idli, B. P;., 51.r. I), vol. Tr, i'nsi.. 2, 17. 40 : 'LO. i'i. tlw tit[? 01. l,il~it-I,~.!ar, Ik in~ o i

Isin, en me-le(n) lJn,i(g) " q n , "Llw li,nl, tla, priilc, if Err:cl,," S. . I . I<. I. , p. 211 I, :i, VOI. 1, s.

112. IGAlE-S:I I, i,,n,, for ,~i<lti(,) = rnhii, or yi(-dii(g) -- i b n ~ i ?.irbii, : I I~ I I tlws:, t l ~ "l 'ul lc~~ ~ O I . I I I S " 101. ~ i u ( d ) =

~ L H = giS.

113. Cf, I. I{., I7 : 7, (d~Vli\T-~ll) i a ti-i,i-ix a-ln,,-l>u,

114. Sny-sum = ( I ) hniti, "10 csc:tiii:'); ri. pol. 111, 12. k-lk,~i n-iw lrr ho-ii-i( - lii siig-rz,~-8i-r,~z-,,rli) is " l?h t i~ ,

the place witlrorlt escnpc (1 t i . n~~ p~nr l l i4 wit11 gi-giili-,in &lid ar<t//,~)," IV. It.', 2-1, no. 3 : :1. I ; c i . :~lso C. T., IV, 27 (13.'

329) : 6, a-~L,L S I C a t n l i ~ ili-ta-n-nm e-zi-ih, irlrelr &i?ri,a is not so irlticlt " Z ~ I ~ ~ , i n g a i i , i [ a ( ~ I ~ r ~ I ~ " as "rsr:tpi., lil,r,n~tiotl";

mu-ru-us bn-ic-e ( - g.Il() , ' 'tlte fl<:c%ti~ng sirli~rrss"; it- izi i t /LC'-iii-ii( = rLij iii-ii.3-IILr) = "LI8 i . , t~l . l l l 1i.t ~ o o s c ; ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~ P ~ ~ T P

stonn, t ha t 1,rings into iniwry, rI:trlii~css,'' 111.. 7$152; :m<l iig-dii-t~k nti-CIi-!gi(d)-i - "stonli sllirll ( i ) :m r a r n p r (Bii-7,B)

does I ~ L (nu) g r m t 1JB-gi(d) ), lir. 79517 = t i 7 , ~ ~ k t j,ct<lti ( - (8!1 13.1 -utt-ii-l,t) or ' ' rvl~icl~ C > I L L O C ~uisvry ,IO,,S not r,;t>mvt;,

bring." (2) Sag-su,,~ or sag-si(g) -; hiiii,, syu. i i i <il.iicti :mrd d~i l r i~ , SPI, noto 17 to I I O . 2 - :I : IS. (3) Sng-siim - nna

Xiriqti nnrliinr~, "to givc as a prespnt," (:?I, z\, 1 : 2(i. -

115. For di a t tile end of \vonls in so-r:rllcd "inllc,~. i<,rtns," v f . :al,ove, l,ota 73. l i ~ I i iu~sklcr to I,? :i \.:~~.i:~nt

oi t2r = ~nliilu, knbiisi~,; for sucll n C I I : L I I ~ C 01. Or :III,I iiv vf. dVtin-~-[r( ,] , C'. T . , XXI\', 14 : 10 = 27 :!In, witl, 4 , in -

iir-ra, C. T., XXV, 48 : 7 ( = [d.Viir~]-r~it-rii, C. T . , 42 : 11 I) = "g-it. I2or i , ~ = s,,/,i/t, = (ST!/), se? 13. I<., S:,r.

I I \ p. 4 t 3, I f ( g ) = i = s i ( ) , . , 1 . 3 : 7 I I , t 7 t I . 2 = 3 : I S . I lenrc,

gir-ilr-di is :L S ~ I I . of gir-si-qi or gil.-si(y)-st(~) = < ~ n r i Bi1,ii ii~iiiiii, "L i i c:~st, to tr.:itltjll,, I~II,I,,I. t l ~v 1.rvt, to ( , I I ~ I s I ~ . ' ' So t i re

:~lsu tha t Qr is = ndiiiu or h,rairi,?~u, I,ut ,(~!L(!IL is origii~iiily " d i e . ~ i ~ ~ i l e r g c s c l i l ~ ~ g e ~ z l ~ ~ ~ i ! " - lrisiibiit, "tile l iehg crushed,

trarnplcd nporl."

116. Cf. 11. - 1 , li., p. I 3 1 : 3, io(y)-In riri,ri-iii.-sri!l iii ) l i~- l t i i~~-dr~ (/(~-n( I<li( = egl) ~tlg-g[i-a], "rndo\ved with

(lit. 'ill 11~~: l ~ ~ ~ : u l ' ) lwrosl~ip, c l ~ ~ l l ~ ~ ! d \ ~ i t l ! :ttvc-i~!spiri~>g fr:ir, prince wilI~<,uL C Y ~ L ~ ; L I , ' '

117. D,ir-<lti(:~) = IGLIIC, i c ~ <t~rzclr,, ~v l> ic l~ , Ic<,\vvv<,r, ~ : t c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ t ~ ! , : i t ~ ",Y~c/L r~iede~l<~.s.~c~t., ~oI , , . ~ ~ ~ I e ~ ~ s c ~ ~ e ~ ~ ? ' ' , 11. Xi', L j , ,

11. 3 Llib, Inct ,nust Ilsvc l ~ r e tile aignifirntknl: "trt 1 , ~ s . cliir:~1, ti, m s l ~ l ~ ~ ~ v \ - n , to strctclt di,n.ri, to put durn,, to p u t under

t,llr yokc, l o y i ~ l ~ o , t o enrl:rvc," s y n of l i r~ni idi~ (ci. gii i<i-q,i j a r = kipti i i c a,,iclz~ ;ind knn,iiii $6 (~t)rel ,~); el. ~ I S O d47.-

iiii(g) = blm~nuinl~ do <~Zj,i, " t l r ~ u I \ c uf tllc 0 ~ ~ 1 1 ' ~ = dti~~i~.-)~,o, ,-i t i- t t ,(r) , \I. SII(J(I; Imt tilt d ~ ) i i ~ - ~ i r - n u - - t ( ~ )

is"Sli?'-ll(, C. ?'., I S T V , 7 : 10 = 34n : 2, 01. "(:lit i i b Sii,,~-t,in-!~i, i .c., "Ni,r.g;il ,,l tlii y o l ~ , " C. T., SXIV, 42 : 9.5

(llerc \\it11 sir iilr si r ) , or tllc ) I I I L - I I L iSEi.l- lI .IX-rSE~t.l lI .IR-~,i-ge = hc-lib 7,im.-/;na ?)i<i-(i-lit~t~ (variallt nani(l)-~(cg

kt67 = <c-i,?-ri(! ~"-<!-I~,?IL), R. FI,, p. .4!) : 7-9 (Iwr,, ~ ~ e ~ ~ t i m ~ , , < l l w t ~ v , , , , ~ ~ ' t~ l f . lR-? ' l~= d.l-,t,z,r-rt8, 11, 5, 6, ar~cl d ~ u - ? ? ~ % -

.~i-l.i,, 1. 10), tinti dciiguiiting tlh: SOL^'' :LS ''tllc 0111. \~-1w l>t.ii>gs ( ~ , T I ~ L C , ~ S ) cv~ryt l l ing NIKIVL. tlw grent arid cxtended

yol,o," \vl>i, sul,,i,,cts evcrytllitlg ( = tile \vllulc e t r r t l~ : ,,irirl<na rniili~ir,) ru~ilcr Iris po\vi.r.

1lS. ('f. 1x;sicIcs t l ~ t w ~ ~ p a s s : t g ~ s Itcw :LISO 11. . I , I.., 1x3. S : I<); 110. 13. IT, 7 ; C. B. 111.~ 111li8 : 15 (ur~put~l i s l ,d)

and otbcr passages. Sre also ilr,ts 25 ;otd l,,:li,n-, c,,I. IV, 3s.

119. Z(,s)a-b(p)i-in dtir twi t nt~/;urti tniLwtI~~ii! ni ' i r f i ; cf . no 4, rvv,, 5, 6, $1, I l l .

1'20. TI& b c i t , ~ t l ~ c subscription, ,<-d,~-a/, l t :~ ,L in :dl pr ,~l~:~l>il iLy t l h sigttiiic;~Li,n~ ' ' ~ ~ r ; ~ y v r . ' '

3. NIN-IB, THE SAVIOR 011' H,iHYI,ONI.I FltOhI FOES I3O'I'H HIS'L'OI~ICI~IJ AND MYTHIVAI,.

One of the most interesting and most important inscript~ions of the whole Sl~merian literature, so far published, is the hymn or epic, published here in two copies, nos. 2 and 3. So celebrated indeed was this hymn that even txt the latest times copies were mz~cle of it. One of these, a Neo-Babylonian copy with a Semitic translation, written ahout 2500 years later than the Nippur texts, has fortunately been preserved to us. I t is pul~lishcd in 12. I[., p. 123. Though most fragmentary, I was able, with the help of the tablets from the Temple Library of Xippur, to rest,ore the text of this Neo-Babylonian copy. I t begins with 1. 13 and ends with 1. 35, thus showing that the first twelve and the last six lines are missing. The restoration will be found i~elow, at the bot,tom of pages 67-70. It seems that the Neo- Ht~bylonian copy goes back directly to our text published under no. 2. Notice that both text,s have the same numhcr of Surncrian lines on Okwerse and on Reverse. Furthermore, the b-bi-e;-i,k, i.e., "broken aw:ty," occurring in the Neo-Babylonian copy, 11. 23, 24, 25, indicates that the original from which it was copied was mutilated a t the end of the lines nanred, exactly as we find it ir i no. 2 of the Nippur original, where I tried to emend the reading according to the context.

The very fact that two specimens of one of the same text are found in the Temple Library of Nippur speaks well for the character of this Library (cf. B. E., Series D, V, fasc. 2, p. 6), while their severt~l varit~nts would indicate that both must be inde- pendent copies of a much older original (see LC., p. 9, P) .

The historical background of this llymrl is to l)e so~~gl i t in 111(1 in~::~sion :~ntl oppression of Babylonia by the terril~lc foes frorrr t l ~ c r~o~.th, the (;ut,i, IJu1~~l~)i ; L I ~ ( I Elamites,' as the historical inscriptions, preserved in tlic Temple r y , c:learly indicate and the several lamentation songs,' l~ewailing tll? tlestruc.1ioli 01 thc tcmplps and their harems, testify. Repeatedly these hynins refer to tllc c~~emics from the north by calling them "dogs (ur, mu(.:)-bur; kulhu, burbnru)."

Misera1)lc indeed must have been the fate of the B:~l)yloni:\~~s 11ntler the cl.11~1 rule and ol)noxious yoke of thcse "dogs," who toolc :~dv:rnt,:~,ge of a tcrril~lr drought (1. 1) that had befallen B:tl)ylonia when irlvatlirlg the 1:~rid of Sllurnr:r, filling it, with "desolation as if with darkness" (I. 2), destroying its t,eniplcs :rnd harems and leading the gods of the several citics :Lway into c:rptivit)y (I. 3), lllus pu1.ting :in end to the independence of those cities. Kot satisfied with this, (,hey Sort-r:d the Baby- lonians to do the most menial labors: the m:lkirrg of bricks (I. 4)-exnc:t,ly : ~ s Phnrao did with the children of Israel during their s:)jourri in Egypt. A4nd t,hr only reward the Babylonians received for these most humiliatin= anti dcqradillg 1:lk)ors was- taxes, nothing hut taxes (1. 5)!

Just as the cxildren of Israel cried out for help in their days of distress, till thc Lord sent unto them a deliverer in thc person of hlosrs, so did the Bal)yloni:tns a

thousand years before them (11. 6ff .). "VIN-IB, the "great hpro," "rr~ighty warrior" and "son" of "Enlil listens to their prayers (11. 13, 14), he appe:Lrs, prepares for battle (1. 15) and leads the Babylonians viatoriously against, their commorl foes who are driven out of Babylonia and whose cities are destroyed (1. 19). I-Ie alorlc could accomplish snrh a complete victory; for is he not he who h:~s conquered thc "mighty primeval waters" (1. 20), is he not the "rock of ages," the "eternal, ever- lasting mountain" against whom even the "u7:~ters of hades," the old foe, the dragon, Rahab and Leviathan,"he gates of hell cannot prevail (1. 21)'?

NIN-IB, however, is more than a savior :ind deliverer! He "scatters but

he gathers also" (1. 22). After the enemy has beer1 overcome, he restores the tievas-

' See U . E., Series 11, T, l ~ i s c . 2, p. (il, iiird 1111: n:ii.rrnccs tliare ggi\-r.

Cf. ior tllc present 11. . l . l'., pp. .l3Sfi'., and i.c., n<,. 15, c ir .

J CS. Irere passagrs like Is. 5 1 : 9, ''.\rl t l~ou nnt it that rut I',BI\RI, in i,ieccs, tl>;it picrvril tho ,lr:tgulr'! .\rl, t l x , ~ ~

not it wlticll dried up tllc- sea, the wstcrs of tlw g r ~ n t deep; that I ~ ~ R C I L ~ tile d c p t l > ~ 01 t lw S C ~ L i~ \v:ty ior titi: I ~ . ~ C V I I ) C ~ t o

pass o\.i:r?" Ps. 81) : SB., " 0 Lord God ai lloit,s, ~vlrr , is a iuigllty one, lil\(: I I I ~ ~ O t l l c ~ , 0 Jalt? . . . . Tlion 11:15t lhr~l\cw~

Hnhnb in pierrs, as m e tlrat is slaitl; Tliott 11;tst sratti,rcil tllilrc onrloics wit11 t l i r ;xntl 01 thy stn:ngtl>. TI)<. Ircav,ws :nl.s

tlline, the rnrth also is thiile: T l~c rvorld m ~ d tllc irtllrtrss tllrrr.oi, t l lot t l>n.it i o l l t~d<~I tIl,irn." I+. 74 : 12, "Yvt ( h d is

nry king oi old, ~+-arl<ing salvation in tlio trcidst oi ti,<: rnr.tll. Tlluu didst diviilr t lw -;<,;I lly tlly sil.c~rgtli: T110tt l~ s i~ l s *t

tlts lleads of thc dnrgons in the watert;. Tl i r , ,~ 1,ralrest tllr: la,ads o l 1,ri-iatllnl~ in pii,ris, ' lY>i, \ t gnvcst l i i l t i t o lie ~ n r n t

to tile people inl~al,iting the mildemrss. Tlmn didst rlea\.r ioru~tiritr sod flocxl: I i t 1 i t i s Tlic

day is tlrinr:, the riigllt also is tllhie: Tltou llilsl prcpiirrd tha liglit :rricl t l ~ c SLIII. Tllolc hnet wL ;ill tlir I~~~n1er-i u( l be

earth: Than liast made s~tlnlt~cr and \vi~liol.."

tated land of Bal.)yloni:~ to former anti greater 1)eaut)y; I)rir~!;s order out of chaos, ushers in a new period of peace, happiness and abundance. With the destruction of the enemy a new creation is m ~ d e possible. He waters the \)arrerl and dry fields, adorns them with corn ant1 grass (1. 28) makes them ready for harvest, produces fruit as abundunt,ly as grass (1. %3), yea, heaps up "like mounds" the heaps of grain and corn (1. 30). Surely, he is indeed a migl~t~y deliverer :~nd restorer!

In his work of delivery, salvnt,ion :tnd rrst,or:ition he acts, however, merely as :In :~g(?nl; of " t,hr gods" ( 1 . 32) , i t . , of his " F:~ther" "h'ialil (1. 33). To him, then, :~nd t,o his 'LSoti" is rightfully clue :dl love, ntlor:ltion :in11 homage (1. 33). The "Fnt,herU ortlnins t.hc s:~lv:ltion :ultl scntls his "Son" ; t.hr "Son" :~c.c.on~plishes the snl\~:ttion.

Aftcr havin(r ncc:omplishe:l (.llr work of salv:rtion, N I N - I B is "reunited" wii.h "Nin-mall. This reunitin: with t,he t,hil.tl person of t,he Nippurian trinit,y takes place "on Xrw-Ye:~r.'s thy" when " thr fates are determined" in thr nionth Ezen- " D u ~ T L - z i or Du(1)-a?ac/ ( = Tniri-tu, March-April) and was considered to be a "marriage" between the "Son" and "Mother" earth. The "Mother" becomes thus the "Bride"' (1. 35) and wife of the "true Son,"' i.e., of d:VIN-IR, the dDumu-ziZ of the Kippur trinity.

I,sstly, in reward for his victory over the enemy, "NIN-IR is exalted into the heavens, receiving henceforth the highest name of, and co-equality with, "God the I,ord ( A n "Enlil, 11. 39ff.).""

We see a t once that this hymn, as regnrds t,he events enumerated, resembles closely t,he so-callecl Creation-epic., which likrwise praises hlnrduk as t.he "savior" who overcame the prirnev:il w:~ters or Tiilmnt, and who, in consequence of this victory, received the name of "1,ord j'"nlil)." In fact, there is not a single Raby- lonian trinity in which the "Son" does not appear as the "savior."

The following is an att,empt a t renderin2 this famous, though rather difficult, hymn:

No. 2 = 3.

I'or pllotogl.i~pl>ic n . p ~ . ~ d ~ ~ ~ t i o ~ l SP* pis. 111, IV, nus. 3-li

: i t i ( ) L C i t . 3 . POI. 11. I:i-:l.i \v<: h a i r x S<,o-l\:~I,ylo~iiav dnplicatc (~vit l , n Swnitic trntrslntiotl)

, v l ~ i c l ~ is ~,ul , l isI~!~~l i t , I<. I / . , 1,. IXj, 11". 71, :tud v l ~ i v l ~ , tI~,~~glt l~ :~d ly n~ut i I :~ t , ,d , I>:w l , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ rcst<rcd wit11 tltr lw lp uf tlw

' t'l. l~,!rc :IIW li. E, , X\;1l1, 1). . I 0 : .5, !vl~wr,; ''.\'L~~-?,K& :~ppv>~rs lilu!wisc 1,s t lw ' ' ~ i f c : " ol".Yl.\ '-I/i

' .\IMC nbuut tliia ili nry iorthcolnil~g \-oln,la: on "IIy~ttrli at1d 1'myel.s t u ' ' / j , o ~ i t i - _ - i , ~ ' R. /I., 111. I,'[. aLw B, I<,, Serie,s I), \', 7 , fll,

9

GG S(.~IEI{I.\N I I Y V S S .ANII I 'I?.\YEI~S 'ro YIAV-II~

I t r e s l Tltc text of IZ. N., p. 123, tog r t l t~ r \iitll tllr rrstorrd Sen~it,b. t,rnnsIali,,n irrny be fourid a t tltc

1,ottom of pages H i -70. (:f. ;ilso B. E., Scr. I), \-"I. \', filnr. 2 , pp. 24-Xi.

1 icg'-bi-a a-silirn lei-la-gin a-gur-ra nu-u[m-rlc-a]

M7hen life - giving fountains of the fields not had watered, water,

2 a r - ) dii(4h)-dii-dii2 &(caret)- kur-ra (i-)ri-a ha-ni-ib-il-a iig (caret)-zap-li-da-tl%m

When ravaging enemies as if with t,he land with ticsolat,ion (destruction)

darkness, had filletl,

3 (ti't~gir lcalans-ma ha-lhh-yl-e8-a When the gods of t,he "country" into captivity they hail lcd,

4 "L?hal4 (oitib)dUS1,, 1.bi 'tt~tl-un-lh-e,?-(f,

When "pick and shovel" they had matlc us t,o carry,

5 HAR-ra-im li ~ - G ~ i R ' - b i ni-me-a, When hut taxes, they had made to be our wages

(reward),

G (qic) kalam h,ak"-bi-Su 6 galu gic-ba-an-rle

(Then) on account of (:dl) the the (house's) people cried out (saying) : ( ( country's" misery

7 'dldigna nam7-gu-la ba (-all) -K U il-bi rn-ag-e "The Tigris int,o dcsoli~t,ion is to navigate it, it is impossible;

?:\st,

8 ab /car-ri galu ?w-.%r(.?c~i.)-c " A haven of safet,y, nol)ody finds,

9 .ia(g)-gar '"'''")h.kl-a-gar nu$&-e ('The hungry and the afflicted rlobody visits (looks up) !

10 id tur-lur-ri Su-luh, yalu yiib-bi"tr~-ag sah,ar nu-mu-da-an-zi- zi-i

("The rivulets (canals) make pre- the innocent into the dust, oh, ti0

cious (to rise), not cast!

11 gan zi-mau-a nz~(-mu-un)-Szlb-9ub-bi e"'-ug n~c-gril-la

" ' The barren and dry fields, ," " . 12 kur-kctr-ri cs-scl~-~la tzci-grcl)-brc .qc-6ir"-a (K. I / . , (la(/) ) i-i~~z-(lg

"'The lands not growing (stantl- for harvest, oh, make t'liem rcatly!'"

ing) with corn

13" en-e gig-ticg-PI mah_ zm-gub-br" The lord, who his gracious ears, behold, inrlincs,

14 d N I N - I B durnu "n-lil-16-ge gal-bi ni-gic-gic NIN-IH, the son of Enlil, gritciously listened

15 gu-ru-um'9~ti ICILT-TQ nci-ni-in-cty Heaps of stonrs in the rnountain he heaped up.

16 <m diri(g)-diri(g)-ya-dim 6"'-hi in-sit-sit-e Hc, who like a passing cloud by his own strength morcs al~out,

17 bciCmah-clim hg'j-ba igi-ba-ne-in-(@-el Who like a. fastness over his people keeps guard,

(country) 18 ~""BA1,'"ki-barL7-ra ~IL-,ni-in-[qalr

A complete change (destruction) has brought about: 19 ur-sag-c mu-ten-gab LULL UR-be m[u-~tn-s]irtc

The hero-hc has east clown(,) the citirs(,) as onr he has (them)

* Here begins It. II., p. 123, obv. 4R., which inny Ijc rcstored as follows:

(The beginning is broken away.)

13 (R. N., p. 123, obv. 4) en(!)+ gi,?-litg- iic-gub [PI mah]

(5) be-Zu ii-ZU-u[n-SiL rabU.i]'i i8-kiln-ma 14 ( 6 ) d N I N - I B en dumu E n - 1 - 1 gal-bi B i ( = adverb( = iB), or direction, or

ge( !) mistake for mi? cf. 1. 15)-in-gb-gic (7 ) dditto be-lum mar "ditto ra-bi-i5 i5-fa-nalc-knn

15 (8) [gul-ru-un nci kur-ra 'mi(! not .5i)-?li-in-gur (9) yu-~-u-'~en [abl-izi ina iatlii ig-[rlu-tun

16 (1 0 ) [im-(1 iri(g) -diri(g) -y]a-clim ~l i -b i mu-UIL-sit (cf. IV. R:, 9 : 6 l a )

(1 1 ) ki-mu. I[r( !)-pi]-e-ti iwuq-qal-pi- ,itxu ~rccrtz-'r~i-,<k ,i-thcl-cli-hu t i

17 (12) bcid-[mah_]-d%~m kalcm-rrta 6gi-ba-ni-in-[clii-e] (13) Ici-ma du-ur m-bi-i pa-an ma-a-ti i-[tam-ina-ru]

18 (14) [fli"'JBAL ki-Jar-ra mi-ni-[in-gar] (15) i-na-an a-di [Ka-a]-ri iB-kun-[ma Y ]

19 (16) ur-sag mu-ten-g[ab] uru UR-a [mu-un-skir] (17) gar-ra-du ik-[mzcr] [aldnim"" milt ( !) -ha-rLi.5 iq-qur]

20 a kala ( { I ) -ga im-da-a[b]-(I?'" The "mighty waters" with storles he has conquered.

21 i-ne-iic(~)~"a(e) kur-da-riZ1-Sic Now, the waters, though from

hades, '2 ni.bir-bir-rp'

He it is, who has scattered- 23 ( [lclur-ra) [sic(g) (caret,)-zag](za@ "-

[gR](ga)-a2j (caret,) He it is, who into plains and hills

the mountains has turned, 24 ('rnu-wn-T~r-'~ir)

Who htzs made thern to shakc, 25 (&-~Lc(I~) ) a-grir-r[a]

\Vit,h floods the fields, 26 i ( !)-rcc$ic fig-clcc

Now wit,h (scorchiilg) wirids (or dryness)

ki-n 7~~-1tnr-[btid-bricP~] against t,he "rock of ages" could not

prevail ; (lie-ba-?ci-ib(in)-[ni!jitrJ

he has also gathered ; ba-ni(-ib)-[ ? = ] Se-cla"' (or id?)

who hast made t,heni to tremble,

("'fdiyrca-a i) [m-nzi-i.n-si(g) ] yea, who has cast them into thc Tigris!

(i-lei( !)-+n)-[de2'] lo, hr has fillrtl (watcretl, floodetl),

11 i(g) -k i-.?ar-[ru-qe] all of ihon~.

20 (18) a kala(g)-ya [nh] im-da-a[b ( !) -di] (19) me-e clan-nu-[ti] [ina a]b-ni ik-b(p) it (or i,?-nu( !)-[un]?)

21 (20) i-ne-iu a kur-d[a-ri-hi] Ici-a nu-un-bhd-d[a(?) ] (21) i-na-an-na mu-h(!) i.5-tu ir-pi-ti a-na kadii ul [el-lzc-id

2% (22) ni-bir-bir-ri yk-ba-ni-in-nigh (23) ici ,ii-Sap-pi-[/~t~] uptab-b,i-ir

23 (L24) l;~lr-ra sic(g)-zag-[gR-a] m i - ) e ~ . ~ 7 e ~ ~ , ~ b i ~ r a 1 4 ~ b l > k

2 5 ) iti inct iaclii si-.i[r 6tc-r1nc]-cc-li [inn klcruh66 il-lcc-I//:] (1,-tnnl-1 u-ic

24 (Rev. 1) I ~ L L - L L I L - L ~ ~ - , L / T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g l c ~ ~ c ~ ; i e ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ r ( 2 ) L~-IILLI-I~[NL] [a-na """"I-d]i-ig-la1 it-la-tli

25 (3) i - p ( d ) a-[yhr-ra] ? n i - ~ - " . e ~ ~ - s ~ +

(4) ,mi-l[a ie-gal-ri irn-hi-ir 26 (5) i-ne-[iic 2g-da] en-ki-gar

(6) i-na-[an-na a-ma] a-di fici-a-ri

FROM THE TEYP1,E LIBRARY OF NIPPUR 69

27 lugal lcalanz-ma en "NIN-IR(-ra) In the Icing of the "country," in the

lord NIN-IB,

28 gan-e 2e g~i-?~u?~-a "The fields with c:orrl and grass

29 Sebir*'bakczr !Cs"sar-ye g7~ruri" "As plentiful as dust the garden's

harvcs t 30 gur die-cln(1) ( d i )

"In granaries like 'tells'

31 en-e kalam-ta "Thc lord, who the land

3'2 din@--ri-e-nc "The designs of the gotis

3 dNfiV-lK cc-a-icil:' Him, yen, NIN-Ill's (:rrld his)

fttthcr

sir-ga,la8 (?)-bidii ~1zzc-un-2i-h[t~l-li-eJ] with singing and shoutings, in him one

must (let us) rejoice (saying) :

mi-ni-in-d[im] he has adorned,

rt~./i-iui-?n-il and fruit he has produced,

qii-im-m i-i~r~-gu~-gur~' the heaps he has heaped up!

kar im-tn-[yiir-m.] with a wall, lo, has surro~~nded:

trrurq'-bi trru-~~~n-s]i(g) grandly he has carrictl out-

ril 8 i ~ f /~ -uJ~-~ [ ( : J - ; -~~ :

forever onr must (Icl us) reverence !"

27 (7) luyul lcaluni-[ma err "NIN-fK-ra] [sir-gal(?)-bi-S]i rnu-u7~-&ul-ki-ei (8) Sh-r[i mkti be-li WIlV-IR3 [ina xu-ma-ar ra-bi(or e-li) ]-ti ha-du-[ii]

28 (9) gan-ni [Se gu-nu-a] [A]&( !) -mi-in-[dim] (10) icy(!)-[la (or gi(!)-ni-e) i r ~ a 5e-i 6-ban-7zi

26 qi-el

29 (11) [Sebir sahar oisnsar-ge gumn] ?u-mi-ni-in-[ill (12) in-[bu ,u eb-im Sa kir6 inn ic-,?h-aS-Si

tur,'il]-ti

30 (13) yLir [tlic-tla(l) ] !/ii-ir,~-nli-+r~-gclr-[gcc/~] (14) [ i ~ ~ u kc~-ri-el 11-lr: ;~-f~fl~.-ri-i/i

31 (15) l e l~ -e I~nl(t]ri~-t(c /;(I/, i - [ ~ ] t r i - l ( ~ - y ~ r Y ~ ~ - / ~ ~ ~ ~ ]

(16) [be-lw,r i(i c~r~cc(i/~u?) ~ticcj-ci-lr: h~z-(c-r(c .?li-le-rcc-(~

3 (17) [clii~yir-t.i:c-,i~]c iiw-hi ,IIIIC-~IL-S~-.~~/ (18) [,<a iliw~i"'"~ ,it-sup(!)-ta-ELL-TLU it-6-ib

33 (19) [a-a ejn "NIN-IB-ge su(d)-iig- Su-mi-ni-ir~-gciI-li-e3 bi-Sic

(20) [a-nu nbi-g]ic u ana be-li "itto ana ru-$i-e-ti [Id?] i-lab-bi-nu-ii

34 ilg-bi-a sol-e .@ + S-41,-a sil-~znrr~-qa'~-[ni-ib]-cli~(q) -cl[i' (y) ] At that time in love with the in love with her he fell-

"maiden, " 35 "NCn-mah-e Ici-US-dic(q)-ya-,~li [it-?~u-'mi-un-Si-ib-kti(l-&taf7]

\$7ith Nil~-mak in her (his) hritial- hr had not yet) lied dowr~-

Like a weighty (n~ight~y) ruler he now, lo, took up his abode. (prince) a t her side

37 i-dib kur n i ,nu-gill-lrr bn (12. H., bar)-m-[an-tla-i]140-i "Into lanientation over the 'nioun- (lo not, break ol~t, :

tain' which has no strength 38 (i~) -mu-un (ri-ma&) -a-?ti (I')[IL- . - . -{ga~,]

" 'The lord's great rnight, lo, has I~rought it. a l~out (to pass) ; 39 (?i) r-saq-gal A,n--tl%tfi ih-(ba)-~l~i](11c1)-(/(i(c~;rrct) n[2a-?nu-r/a-t]e-~la

" 'The greal hero, (ho is) lilte Anu, against his wrath none can prevail;

40 ic;l-E~ir [tlli-(a-gin) (;I,&, yal~-l~ci)- [~~~~ I ~ I (L-S l i (g )

" ' Like a furious, rushing tenipest, the breath (poison) of his I,re;~st swccps (cast's) rlowri;

41 en Si dltfu-'ul-lil-lil 'men say-e-dG " 'Lord he is! wit,h Enlil's crown his head, lo, is adorned !

34 (21) [iig-bi-a sal-e fi + SAl,]-su(d) s6-ir-ga-ni-ib-(1 ii (y)

(22) [ina ?i-mi-5u a-na] zin-ni.5-turn ri-e-mu ik-5iL-cla-ai-bim-?na 35 (23) [ Wzn-mah-e] i !) - 5 !) - ( ) ic-?xu-'m.1~-tin-Si-ib-hug-hug

ga-ni (24) [eli dBe-lit-i-li irlu a,?-~i] ri-bit- ,111 i-sczl-lul

ti-5 il. (The rctst is 11rolten away.)

1. UD, siglriiyitlg "day," "tinie," or "ato1.n~" ( i i r t i i i ) , l>nx to l,a L.P:KI i iy or ii, ill /:.lIl<-/<U,~rldud,in EME-SdI,.

CE. tag-mu-dg = mg-szick, I I . il. IT., p. 403, note 22,and tlic pl~onetic ~v\-riti~~g'?<y-ha ( i . c . , fig-bir or $9-bi-a; fig = enurna hl

31. 1105~1 is m.iginally = m a ; ) = i-nzi-[ma] = ino ii,an, i r l llilprrrlit 0. B. I., 12, no. 129, oil\-. 11, 12 (re? also 1. 3).

The reading UD = iiy in tile signification "stonn" is apparent irorrl passags likr C. T. , X S V , 22 : :35-39 = 230 : 2-0,

Wg, dingir ?6ruki, dUg-gii-lnh-ba, d~y-gi idf i -o (wit11 this name cf. (1. d. I.., pp. 375, note 1; 405, nute 37, \vhrre

tile effaced sign, rcad gir= iiy is rather tlrnt oi tig), d ~ ~ = d ~ m z ~ l n u , b1. 2548; C. ? ' , XXV, 22 : 3 B = 23a : 2 (see above,

I:ILO>I r r ~ ~ ~ ~ TLGII>I,I~; I , I I~I{ . . \ IL~- (110 KII 'I~L.II 71

11. 20, not" 1) colnp:in:il n-itll C. T. , X S I Y , 4 ih : 11-16 = 3% : 211., dljll"", "1'1~"" Itiyiil [ i ~ ~ i " ] , 'lliD""-git-lnb-ho

artd "(;-yic-dii-n, ilr. 7823, \vl>cn. ug (;lgni~lst 11. I ll)(iS-~G nncl ;Vlid\ntz, /;ullrr.lislcri. p. lii) is a yloss t o 7:II. Tibat tlie

sign he llnd lil:ewisc tllc value dr/ is \vi:ll lkno\~li. ci. ;II,,,\-,,, 1,. 20, i~nlt: 1 . TI>is 60 ( ! ur <iq('?), not l!,r :w vopy givcs) is

found lil~ewise as n gloss to [ID, soe dOG-yii-n,i,,-sili,t,, C. T., XIIT ' , S : 7 = S S \ - , ll;,l : 5 (l~vrc vitlt v:tri:%nt :d(yj for ~ i l i , n ) = [dUD]iio(!)-90-n,i,n(l)-[siii~~~], C. T., S I I Y , 34 ,~ : 10. I s t i ( 71, XI IT- , 11. IS) of this Inst

iritm.rhangr is, t!>~ri.Iorr, lvnnllg nucriinry. ('I. noti, 1 l t n iortlrrotliing C. T., S Y , 15. I?(:, I>o\w.\.cr, w i ~ o r standing

f s I s I p i t i of i t I , r [ ] r I , f , . . S 5 I , I 1 d ~ ' D ; [,I .A1~,8,nwta C D 1 ilitlo; IdIfilifi-~~~asli TJlI ! dit to. 1 3 ~ 1 <I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ l ? I l X:IS :tlso ".I-,! i,i.l.Y-?, Cy. Y',, XIT- , !J : 10 ( d :tIso 11.

28-30) rind, sr, i t ~voold seiwt, Sit,, spc (!. T. , S S Y , ;lib : -1; ci. I. li, dl'l:iti)-ki-c?i ( = i n . C. 7 ' , I Z I Y , 1% : 12), and

1. 7, 'il?s-lcii-vitai ( = Sin, C. T . , X I I V . I X n : 7 ) - " F ~ ~ l I c v ~ - ~ l ~ ~ l I ~ ~ ~ - S ~ ~ ~ ~ " I,:~I! tlw st!rjtr tn:t>~v: " l . ! ~ = l,,n!i~xt~y: light>''

s?r nlso TI . .I. I-., p. 415, ~l,,ti. 2, " , ~ l i ~ . .\n,>Il!<,r l>roc~~mci:tti,nt ror "(:/) = ' ' , ~ < 8 > n , 8 < s ~ t > h ( ! ) I<, II:IV? IWPII '1/9,ti,l~~~r,

sw l$r. 77!14, 77CiS. TI,,, <IiRcre~~?t, I , v t ~ ~ w ~ \ 1,'Itt :tn,I /hldv!r is il>ih: tlw I',,rm~,r (1,'18,) is : ~ l w t y ~ 1 1 8 ~ ~ S011-!1<2~1, vl~il?? llw

I;1111,1. is lltc ilr,ili,rl xu,, (\\-l~rillr,r. ~.isiclg , , I . sc,llit)l: OL. slliz>ing 01. . 'sIc~(.l)i~~g"). 'TI,,, ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ [ ~ ~ ~ r n:tn\ t , d 1.. .S., T-11, ? I<> . X! : 21,

?2%111ot I,,? vt,:~l will^ \.II#I:K!, I<. .I., 1.1, 1,. 117, ~ ' l ~ l - / ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ l ! ~ t ( ~ ! l - l ; l , "O<,v , S ~ ~ ~ z ~ z ~ ~ ? ! ~ ~ ~ l l er/d<l! <!<+ .\let<xcl,<ma < c ~ t r 1,~laetL" in$t

nutst I,,, tranwriI,e~cl l ~ y ~ 7 1 , ~ ' ~ ~ - 7 1 . 1 - ~ l ~ l - l ~ ~ - ~ f ' f " / ~ . l ~ = time, !,>tL? ,l,?'ik ( w ir,il,ir;, <,I,,.). TI),, 71.1 ih Iwrt, nt,)l pl!,n~<,lir cut~ t - I t , , I I , , I I t I . 1 , I , I T - I 1 , = i 3 I l l - t i , TI IV s i tn ns

pI<<n<,l l,:,cl :,Is<> tl,,! rt~:,,li,,g 'r(;<t:s?18i, S?,, 11. I?,, IS : .l!l,,, 1,.

2. .\ tllrti,iold i.vl,rlili<,n oi :r aigu inpI.i*s,,s l l l i grmt<,si i~tlc,twil?: c.r., e.!!., /'. T. , XI', 7 : TL = 21 :3;.5 (t,l~t:

I i I I I I t t i s s s i s i , i l l I i i ( ) i Xii<li-~,i-~i-er~, ' ' t l i ~ 110~1s~

rvllivll it l8:~l gmci~>ls ly l o ~ k e d tlpor, :~ncI tlw l>,nzs<, \~ l ! iv l~ it l ~ : ~ l nmst lircnly ~ ~ s t : ~ l ~ l i ~ l ~ ? ~ l " ; C. T., .XY, 15 : 11,

( d ~ l ~ ~ = ~ : t r n l t l d n ) nrii-zi~ killom-!nn - 1 - l i , t L C : r i t iliosl ~ l ~ l i ~ l l ~ l y " ( f o l l o ? ~ ~ :

"thy :cxe-inspirh~g fr;ir t l I I I : t " ) C. T., I T , 1 : 12. ( I ) - - I - no-ib-rn-ra-~a,

"tlte liaughty ones voir~plctrl>- tllar~ lsycst I,,\\-." 'I 'ltn~.~:irr-l)a~~gii~, N. .l., VII (1910), 11. 107, rol. 11, 3-5, (0 Virlobn)

ni"~-rnt~ o-nun-gril E i i ~ r - , n , ri en-en Lnliu,i-,rin, ,,i-iio ICII-A.I-[<.I, "niy ~llistrrsi , ~n igh ty OIIP ( -- ti-nu)&-gtii) OI Ekiiv, spn,ut (= rihiif) of ' the lord oi lords ol tlir "roilntry,"' rvitl~ (by) tll)- Iwlp (n i= i i ; ri. I I O ~ P 14, lie10~!-) n1.c (all l\inds oi)

esorcisltls (sc. perfi,nll~d)." Tile S ~ C O T I ~ ~ 7.i in t l t ~ var.iant of no. 3, n-ii-ri, exprcsscs tllr plunil, analogons to dir~yir-

yol-ynl, ~rl l i le t l v bit m;tibe rxpln i i~ i~d as r~l>pllasizinp t i l l irrol.~ titi, ~ 1 6 ( w e 11. ;I. 1-., p. 4111, i l ~ t i i 111, 0 1 . i t rimy he par-

nllel wit11 ~i??(-r~r!-zi-zi i-zi (11, - 1 . I . , , &>, 418, I . 7and not,, s), in !vI>icl? ?:<%? \vottl,l I t : ~ w t o rw:~<l dC-?-dfi-dZ atid I,ranslate

''tit<: ramgittg, ?<,:I, (ivrwly rawgictg c ,~wt~~ics . ' ' X,~lic<. t l> :~t c!-ri, ' ' P I I ~ N > ~ , ' ' is <wigin:~Ily tlw "r:tging ~ r : i l < ~ , " "tlw

primrral ocean, t l h 0r.:ig011, tlw i e ~ p ~ ~ ~ t , ' ' ~ v l ~ i , , / > ll:ii i l i :i/xxI,~ in 1111, bi, ",,:~r.tl!," i r . . ''11:1~1~~s," :111,1 \vl~ic/> liiu.n.is(i

,v:,s C< , ,>~ , ,< . "CC~ 1,y XIS- l l $ , 11. 20, 21 3. pg(,ul, l ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ t r ) - ~ ~ ~ l is ~ , s , ~ l nut m ~ l y oi l l~ , , " l> , , g i !~~> i~ ,g ,,i :I d:ty (.Gml-,,rr,8, 7!0!n,irt,, , ~ ~ t , ~ ~ ; r ! ~ O , t ~ ~ , ~ t t l l ~ (/? T. ,XI1Tr ,

15 : l i , ziil-rln-zal n&) or y : t r (C. T . , I.?., I. Ili. tirl-il(r-znl-li iiilli (= ,,iii))." 1 1 ~ 1 :il-;r, t l i i , ' 'g<~ing ci<,a,~r l i t . d:it.lrr.trit>::

ou t l ~ , son'' or tlw ' ' v I I , ~ 01 tlw ,l:ty," i , ~ ! . , <>i "nigl!t, d:~rI<ttcs-'' (c.4. ?;y= tio?z<, "<l:iy" :tn,l ' ' a l o r ~ ! ~ = iv8," wlm t t ~ r ~ ~ s t l ~ c

"1,rigllt rlny inlo d:\rlr,n.ss," it,, C. T., I Y I ; 10 : 35, in notc 11 tl, iortllcotllilrg ( 2 . 7 ' , S Y , I;,). 1.1. fig (birlri,n7.)-zi!l= no^ ir-ln-!1L-3,~ (v-- ~<8l,!i, 1ro1n ~vl!irl> we I M V C r;lu,, "c~xtit~cti,m (of slzrs), <I:~rl<r~,,ss"), 1V. /f.x. :ill, no. 2 : 24; C!)-z<tl = zi??~~6

i - 1 R I I I S I . TI#<. c~xpression <y-zril in old l$:~l>yli,~li:in dnt r l , ~ t ~ ~ n ~ ~ l ; , s , :ts, i..!,., 19. I:., 111, part 1, r l o . 24 : 7,

ii'i41~in-d,l-n b!l-l.G 1)"-zol I I I : ~ ~ I I P ~ sc IN . t r a n ~ l i t l ~ d ~it1ie.r I3y "early ,111 ti)(, l9tl1 (lay" or ":II c?\.~!litlg of tlle lCItll dny."

For r ~ r t a i n rriiiaus, lr i t iorn~i:ntiortrd hr r r , 1 pwir r tlw bilfi~i. t m s l a t h n . Fort!>ermorr, a t the ~\-c?ring or night is t h e

tilne "lo lie down, l o go to 1,ed ot.slrpp, t,o t:~lrc. n rest," ii!l-ri,l lhns :~~qt>ir.(ld ti150 t l ~ r l:~st-t~ilnteil ~ i g n i l i c ~ t i ~ n s ; ?I. C. T., X\IY, 25 : 15=1<. 11, 111, 1, 2, li~b'( ni-le-a-cli!,~ ~ i s I t l " l ~ ~ ( ~ 1 ~ ) ) ti7.-ra lig-bn-~(v:iri.t)-z,tl(! C. T., Ilas i ~ ) =ki-,,in .siL-iL,iL-,nn-li(,?i.

[ ] - i l l t g - - 1 , i . , ' i a i g l t d 1 ill :i (trec-)tl.nnlr I (Iscl,t:ir) c~.ot~chcd ~riysrlf." Tilis \-pry

same n-bil orettrs alio in Dal i t~sch , H . 11.. R., p. 1656 (stub nK3). i j i o 7.it-i~b-s;-ia n-liil k G i ail,<, "upon my Lwd I \vas

rrouclred lilrc an ox." The root oi n-bil is ituitltcr nK3 (I)cl.. lc .) "01. nobiilu (Belirens, L. S. S., 111, p. IOl), nor is ~ L I L I ~ I I L L

to bc det.ivrd froui riai~iilir (I3rl11.rns, I.?.,) 01. rtobii (,Tpnsen, Ii. U . , VI', p. 182), Inlt r i -h i ! , ~~iil,alfii, "r,.st," hilti, "l~<,ns,,,"

C < ~ I L < ! from ld18t (pl, ci. .irnI~i? lxilu, jai>il~c), prct. il,if, [,rrs. i/,,iI, ii~i11,t (vi. itfl,; iJ,ii~, ilil,l,,O; ut6-1,01-1,8 ,<I i-bi-il-lfl~

(Iklln,tlh, 1.c.) is a r . irr i to~rt;~~~li i i l clnnso - "s.illlot~t t;rl,i~bg o ~ ~ y wst, witliorit dcli~y," "um!j~hartd, ii,~~crziiglirh." [I<!- = 1,41,6 is, tl~cr~!furc, t l ~ ! s:~nw as (itm !,,d,a!/L) $c,i,ilt~ = l;tb;-ii,, 11. .\. I . . , ,,. 10.5, n,,Lc, :32. Fc~r t l ~ c ;, sce T l ~ u r ~ , : \ \ ~ -

l l ; u ~ g i ~ ~ , Z. . I . , X\'II, 1,. 2U", tmtc 1, m d f u r Cg-z<tl = 2,tI e f , tltc y:~ri:tut tc, IY. R2, 28, no. rcv. 45, ~ r / - z ~ ~ l - z ~ ~ l - l L - ~ l ~ ~ ( l j

= z~~l-z~~l- l i -d~, ( l ) = ,,,3-101,-r~,-7~. . i s I scc ~ N , T V t,lw r,mt, nui,ol!ct ~ v a - rc~cogr~ize<l :ilr<,:uly l>y I I c H I ~ > I I ~ I in 0. 1,. Z., S

(1907), Sp. 482 (niihrdlii = "Xi~ciltluger, iloci~ieil)," i n ~ l especially liy Jollnston, Tiie zls!jvinn toopd T L Z L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z L , I Iav j~e~.

.I./emorial Voli~me (1008), I, pp. 3ilff., ~vit l l ~vl-hoac conclusions I am iu pcrfcrt ncr:oril.

'1. Literally: "wl~en they ( t l ~ enemies, 1. 2) l ~ n d lnarie us to cnrrl- (uBaSBii,cn(i = lii) the a l h ~ and tlie dirpBiklcu"

-two instrullients or tools ujrd in Bnbyloni:t a t tile periorrnn~ice of tlls ,nost n~oii ; i l lnliors: il,e maldng of hriclrs.

This exp~~.ssion ron'csponds t o rnn. " to mr ry pick nnrl sl~~,i.rl." For nilri c i , also 1). 13, SVI I ' , p. 98; not r 1, arid for

diipFii~ku (inortiirl~aslcet?) see, e.g., Cyl. A, 5 : 5 ; 6 : 6 ; 15 : 10; 21; 20 : Pi. etc. The tmmrslntion "Trugpolslcr" (Tliureao-Dntigi~i) i i l~nrrlly ci,rn,ct, seeing t ha t Guden, 1Jr-1Ligul. irnd o t l l ~ r rulers oi mlcient 13nbylonia nre pictured,

in certain l,mnae st:itn<~s, ,\.it11 :t hn,vi,et on tlieir lirnd, cf . , e.g., tlir 1.eprcsrntntion9 piv<,n in C. 11. IY. Jolttrs, lii.-i??~gur,

powi,,~.

5. 1:or the ''I<l:-(:AIi lnx?s(!)" cf. 1). b;., S\rIIl, 11. 123,, nc>te loJ xncl I Iv r e i c ~ r ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ s t l~c~ r? g i v ~ n .

G . g r i d esprrisrx liere tlri. \vllolc itii;i.ral,le "l':iti.," ,"jail:ntr~nt," "cot.;r," "des t r i>~ t i~ , i , " . i d e s ~ l a t i o ~ l " wl~icli

tiit, i~llelnic~s itnil 1,l.otlgIlt rlpiln tllc rountl.!- of I ~ : i / ~ y l ~ ~ ~ i i l - n ( . ~ . ~ l ~ i i i ~ ~ j : L O 1111. ( l i f ~ r i ~ ~ ~ t sl~nclr,s of incn~ringnssignrri to h n i ,

it- p ? ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ c i : ~ t i o ~ ~ \ Y O I I I ~ ~ ~ r t t t ~ ~ > t I l y II:LYV to ~ : ~ r y .

7 . Or ((t) "a g ~ e : ~ t (!/8t-/<r) int? (!,,ti>!) is qire:tcl o v ~ r (I<(;). or lh:~s Ij<~i;tllen III,, Tigri*," or (1,) " ~ I P S ~ Y ~ I C ~ ~ O I I no^,,.

,gl~-/,l = ?mli~-g!!/-i,!, <,i. ,o>> llw 0116, II:LIKI ["Iii]-!!8t-l,!> C, Yr.> XXIY, 2S : 821, = "I<i-!gt,/-i~!, I.c., lii : :31, ZLTKI "11 tlw ot,lwr

!18t-luj p:txdlel will) btil-i<t, C. T.: XV, i : 10, 11) is ~p rea t l over,'' or ( r ) , i a ,~? - l i lT= ,,<s-d~?t-l~'U= 4~&1,~91r~ (Iwr<! vcrl>:

liniiiqii), g~i-ln = lobi t : "g~.iatl>-. rontl>li.L*Iy i? d6stroyt-(1"-:ill tlzr.sr: tr.nnsl:ttiolis V I ~ I I . C S ~ nllp:we~~tly 1111. idcn tlrnt t l i i

Tigria, in consequence oi tlw tlrnl~glit (I. I), ltns C O ~ I C to LC ill S I I C I I :t I:IIIIPIII:LIII~ con,Iitii)ll RS to i % l ~ d ~ r :my iilrthi!r

nttetupt iit iinvignting i t (8; = ~oi<iib,i) I'oLilc. l?lrrln\- :mrl n:tLrll.c lhnil ro~~tl,ini,,l in t l lr i~. <.ff<,rl.; to i r ing Bnbyloni;~

(li<iion,, I. ii) into m i s e v (bag).

8. For L I - S E , pmhahly to lic rmd y(i1,-(if, ~ r i t h tile signi1ic;ttion oi in, ci. .\-inrng, p. 10 : 19, 20n, giib-i,i-en(i3,)-

te-a-dn = in $ e - h ~ - e , " ~ ~ n n p p r o a c I ~ : I . " S-c XI;<, 11. -1. P., no. 10 : U, gnlx giib-bi-iti-i/ii(g)-gn-?,czi and l.c., 10 : 22; 1 2 :

15; 9 :27ff.

9. I l n = biind ia rioubtfi~l, i t may be s i = nsii B ~ L *it T L lioiii, b a t ltnl.dly t i t .

10. Cf. the ~ a r i n n t e t o a = nifi in I. 21 and src 11. '1. l.., p . 140, note 2. Tlre \iliole line litcrnlly translatetl

~.cads: "ilns Feld, ?i:elri~es ( in Ucziig auj) IIci.coi.bringi~ng der P d l e (sc. ?:on IIolz urid f ;e~t~i i?~ch) nich l ,~ yiebt (1Liei~1 sei~ijn

ial), toelci~es ( in l3eriig ntif) Erzeitgi~ng des lPnsse,.s niciils /in1 (riici~l yeiilrnet isi, gd2 = pilis i n ,,iQ)."

11. I co~rsidpr Se-bir to I,? titi: pllorict,ic wr.iting oi 131.. 8847, rvl>irlt is. :~ccot.iling t,o AI., 13. 382, not r 1, n. rnrialit of

131.. 078ff. (src: :ilso l>elon-, 1. 29): t,biiiii, hnrbii, iliGti. n u t c i , :die l l l i de-bir-bi,i~i-dn of Ziltimrri~, R. B. R., no. 27 : 1.5,

and llw r~lcr .cur~s ~ I ~ c I . c giii.17. I t i'i. IIOI\-CYPI., 1~0ssi1,lc t l ~ n t hir-,,. int:iy ii"li1y IIPI.P :L cel.t:~in hit,(l 01 i~ ~ i . ' ',,oni'' (n.lrcnt,

l>arley, ct?.) ~vl!icl~ cxn I F ru t , l ~ : ~ r ~ - c s t ~ ~ ~ l , Ll!v,,sl~c~,l,

12. Tlic ovrl.li;tngi~lg vex\-el ixspr<,sirs Ili.1.i. :i reiislii.i< i,iiirise; 1111, v:tt.i:~lit i18-0,,li is C O L . I . P C I I ~ ~.t,~~cl,.rcd Ily ,il/ii,n.

13. T1lrl.c "kist iri Su~rii,l.i:ur two iiiii<.~.rnl n - o ~ l s !/it-w-ti,?,(,,,): ( n ) tlw on,, li,,~.c is n Sc,tnitistri, %.c., tlir iillitiitirc

11' gmiint, = qnrtiitzt or'qn~4~,1!t ( r l , l~,qii>~fi,, Ij. I?,, $er, 11, IJr , 11. 177: = /~tqii1>,,8,; .ktIxin?t= ?,Ihiitnt~= G I , 11, 1424\5),

fox thesignifeation of ~vlrirlr sre also R. JS.. S Y I I , par t I, 1,. Oi, noti! 7 ; (6) tile oLlr~. , orirtrring in /I. il. l'., p. 418, 1. 1 ,

is ,z phonetic ~ r r i t i ngo l ~ I ( ~ I L ! L ( ) I I ) = enlit,, its i d~ogran l lleing i u ~ l ~ ~ i l in 0111. in~cripbioii I. 28; cf, also C. T. , XXIY, 17 : 25.

"urun-a with tile gloss 3o iri-hi. The two signs g i r c~ l hy 11. 162, 163, ~vrongly under B.41,, llavc t o he identified eitlier

wit11 Hr. ,5903 or with ,5907. CI. also priin, gk in (Br. 10175, 11155), gi-riti (Br. 2525), ni-i.in(I)-nu?n(!) (so against

/ I . lr. 11.. p. 07h, and Y. 165.5-7 (for I,UL:~I = n i t s ~ r i . rln-l,l,T.lI) ), giiriiii. (&I. 7904> 802) = enbu or illOri~. Sotice also

t l~ i t t qu1.(r)t,tz(1n) ~ ( L T ( ~ ~ ( , ) Z ) U is in Sumfrinn = ,giii.imi(n)-og, g t~~an -gu r , gii-(q~~v-gii~ (so I)etter tlinli gh-qh'!), gii-gol;gn~,

I. : . ('1. ('oil,: of EJmntnur:tbi, 111, 21, (FJsmmura1,i) t,iii-y~i-rii.-~.i-i,,i Ixwi (=gi~r-gii~.) ri-na "rir.n..

14. .\-i nliil ii arc l~otlr = t,nr?&?i, Itelire i n i ~ ro,n(ii)ni-i i i = init e , , i i i ~ l - ( i i , "hy lli8 0x1-n s l~en~gl i~ , poarui." (X. ci-b",

('?I. .A, 17 : 27.

15. Tile 3-ariant reads and trsnslatrs "over tlie country," henee also thc infix n i (siilguln?) fur nc (phra l ) in tlic

vcrl, igi-di.

1 . 1 ( = L ) is : f i f 0 , f i s J I . 1 1 . This <:lt;it>gt,, dcs t i~ ic l io~i

w:ts Ibrc~i~gl~L ~ ~ l ~ u u i I,? SIX-113 usii~g his " l ~ r ~ t c l ~ ~ l , " l~crlcc ui8l'1l.1J, = /,il<tl;!i(d UKI l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U . l I , - ~ < t r i s = "tu l,nt Ll~c l~atcltc~l

illto ; L C L ~ O L I " = "dreii~.scliinge,t, zcrsiui-mi, i~cr t i i c i i la r~ . " H T U Z ~ < - , Xiw(iB, 11. 50 . 11.iuisli~tcd tllis lillc! by: "CT ri~.hlelo S C ~ P L C

. I ii</e,t Vegan den Ilo~iiozit i~iii." Ci, nlao st note arid notc 5 to no. '1 : 5 . 17. Cf, ni(g)-ki-Eor-rii-~],$~ Vnl.iant e?~-/;-i-krr, 1. 26, anti -\-inrn!,, p. 10 : i, 8, d.l-rizin-?ii~ r1ingi1.-(/a/-gnl-e-lie ~ 1 1 - ~ ( 1 1 7 . ( 1

5 4 SI'AIEI<I.\S IIYAISS . ~ S I I I ' I< . \YI~:I~S 'TO SI.Y-~I~

3 2 . k'or OLW = , , ~ L T I V ( in t,I>v ; L I ~ , Y ~ ~ - ~ ~ V ~ ~ I I signitimti<~n scc Jenst,r~, Ii. lj., YI1, 11, li1.5, t c t d cI'. 11. . I . 1-., p. 419,

,,"ti, :3. 3 . T I t i i . I I : I ' I I i I I I - 1 lor e\.cr one nlust bow down,"

vhicll the S c ~ ~ ~ i t i c translator ren<lrri.d I,?: " I3vfon. his fnt1ti.r and(!) liriorc ti$ l i~n l SIX-113," vlr., l,nt in this ease the -i i

( = Sa) is nppnrnrtly :L il,irt:il<r for - E I L - ~ I L .

34, For ,\'I = l't, c o ~ ~ s t r , ~ c , l Iwrr x~lverl>i:~lly = l't-:!?, c i , 11. . I . I,,, 11. 4lJ1, not#, 4, C , I I ~ .

35. Ci. 11. . I . I.., p. 701 : 10.

:3n. \\iu, t11v piwuli:~r i t i f i~ca ,in,,,-yir, l i -q l t (.i. tlw i,~-!/<t ot (,", T., XY, 21 : I:<, s ~ l - i ~ ~ - ~ / ~ ~ - ~ ~ t ~ ~ - t ~ f ~ - d ~ i ( g ) - a l l tltrw

rxpress tlie iili:r o i " ~ i < , l t , n t l ~ , e~igerly," "ii~l!i!i" ~.:illic,r tlinlr <,i "not": tlw Iovi. to her s~iz( ,d Iticn ~ioleti i ly, he toul,

violent (passion:itr) lurt. to 11t.1:

37. I i l J = ?ol,;l,,, Iwing ~vrit , te~, ill old l3ttl~yl~n1ixn inwriptions wit11 only on,: IY<,<IZ,, irwiclv, 11:id :< p r o r ~ t u ~ v i a t i ~ ~ ~ ~

nlding in -g 2nd 1 , . I " T., I 2 : I , I I : : l o s s \vl~ii.l# is g in~s ;d ly r~:t,l hi,-iili (50 11y 131.. 10503 and hl.

l ~ 4 ) I t I I t to I t : i I - ( I - 1 ) = I ( ' l J 1 . l I Tltii is ror.t.,,l,or:~teli by It. I I . ,

80 : 21 = CY2b: 29 (fol. Il.:ttlsl:%tion s w 11. - 1 . I - . . 1). 100, 1. ? I ) , ii.It?r,l I i l ' is t l ! ~ ~ : i r i i t~! t O/ ljiil): (d. itlio n<it<, 1.5 to 110. 1,

col. I, 7. Llwi,, i,iihst;~n<l 1'01. i,.8i(g), i i i(h). TI,,, lilt,r:%l i r : ~ ~ ~ , ~ l : ~ t i o n is, of ?ours!,, r ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ l ~ i / ~ m i / , r o~?~ t~ ln~ i ! .

:3S. 1il.Y-I</.\- 11i.1.i. - i ir-iir = lji;,iiir,iii, i,ortii,i,?iiiit. sy11011y111 ,>I' G(o.~.i i , .IcIIx(~I,, l i o ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ / o q i , ~ . 1,. lii3. (!i. :tlso

l<I.\--liI.Y = eld,, (r,,r ??,/,!), ,7r = ,~.+,l,,; I<I.Y = p<;r,t ( s~ , , , , , , ~ , , , ,,i I,,?',,), fir-,?,, : l,d',,. 3 . I I I p i t o I i I t I c I I - I i I : : I i t i . Tltat tile: "bridr-

gro,nu'' l>:tst,we,l to t l ~ c ''I>ridc'' is ?vi,lc,~~t froln~ I?. i f . , 11. 14.5 : S , ' ' 1 ~ ~ ( i . ~ . , I [ :~ rdu l~ ) I~:~stc~te,l 10 tlm bridcsl~il~ (i-bi-i:

iiria k,i-dii-oS-<ii-ti,)," i .1' I j i l , /he C/i~.ist, p. 45. 1i tlw e wer,: i r ~ d i c a t i ~ c of t l v not~tin:~tive l~cre , LVC \vot~ld expect vcrli-

I'orirls o.itli bn- or if,-hit., s h o \ ~ i ~ i g ;L " c l ~ : ~ ~ , g c oi sill>j,vts." M<,ivrv<.~., ii on? pwt'ri;, I?<, ~r i : t> - r.m,Icr:

~ r i t l ~ llilu sllcl i?l1,

to l t i n ~ not y r t I>ii\ing g011c.

rct his siili. s l ~ c r r o ~ liwi d o w ~ ~ . ' '

I j t~s i~ ,g :t int~isl:ition Ii l ,~ this 1q10r1 (:t~lmi, ('yl. l i , I!) : 18-21, :In z t , ~ t t ~ - g ~ ~ l - / ~ ~ 1?,8t-!t<,-!~ug, .I,&-rfi '1;n-lil in-t!,<t-r~i-ui

d~, , , i i l - i i i , d.\-i~z-v~itb ~ I L L L - I Z ~ - I I I , "lie (G i td~a , :it ti\<! Linte \ I . ~ P I I ilte wedding irslivnl u i d A ' i ? ~ - ~ i r ~ ~ ~ and dl?<~-!i was

rclcl~ratrrl, ip. , on " S r ~ v - Y r , a r ' ~ clny," I\-lticl~ n.as nisi, tlir "feast of drtliration," or tlre i131ll of tlic

anr i rn t Sunwrisris!) m;lrlr . I t 1 to tlwcll n-it11 llilti ( = r m = dS i l~ -Gi l ) i~~ , I. 17) i n tllv gwnt ' s a l ~ r t u n ~ y , ' wit11 A n lie ~ I I R ~ , ,

,Y,t/il to take up lhis nl,o,ir., wit11 fir~lil llc iriadr Xiri-rnitb to tukr up h<.r alx,dr"-~i pnssngc sltowing (1) t ha t tlic "uilc,

( ~ ~ ~ ~ t h e r ) " gors OF is innclp to go (l,rougl>t) to tlrr " S C , ~ ' ' ; (2) t ha t Xin-mnb is lbotll the n i i r ui Erilil (so in ('pl..l3,

~ l ,a l - r , p . 28) and 111 .YI.\--IB (80 irr our text 11er.c and in I<. I;'.. SVII, part 1, p. 40 : 5 ) ; (3) t,lint thc usog (rf. H. lj.,

Scr. I>, yol.V, fasc. 2, p. 34, notes 11, 13; 11. L(i, not? I) is t l>nt p s r l of the tplnplr a-Iiirll rotltainril tlm "bridal-chambpr"

( ~ r . 11. 31, not^ 71, ~ ~ ~ r r e s p o ~ ~ ~ l i t ~ g , i l ~ c ~ r c ~ o r ~ , xrillc t11e 1:1t<,r />if (1-ki-ti(i/j, xrl!ilc tlw OM) O-.wg(.???(q) ) is the c o ~ > ~ ~ t c r -

part oi the p i l iS l i~ (trlor? alxnll this rl.;iialter.c).

40. Tl~ris tlw 11.;~res \vo~d<l 1.itt1ie1. tliatl i-dih . . . ?l,.-i; ? I . ; lh<nv<,vt~r, <,r-?~,'(dt<, l e ) with i-cli!,-clu-<lu(di-di,

dzi(g)-rlii(g) ).

4. A\rIN-IB, THE FURIOUS AND DI~~STlIU('T1VE JVA111iIO11 AND GOD OF THE POJVERS OF XATTJltE.

The hymn pul~lished under no. 4 consists of double verses, t,he beginning of which alternates with lugal-mu,, "my king," and e.rL "IVIN-IB, "lord NIN-IB." This arrangement is, however, broken through in 1. 15 (where lugal-mu is omitted) and in 1. 17 (where we have en-na for iugnl-mu). If a sirnilnr irregularity were to occur in t,he structural nrrangenlerit of the psalms, "Old Testarr~ent critics" would probably infrr t)hat we hare before [IS a corrupted t,ext. IS this axiom applicable

also to our text here? If so, this irregularity would be strongly i r i favor of niy contention (see B. E., Series D, V, fasc. 2, p. 8c) that the tnl~lets of the oltler Temple Library of Nippur represent, in niariy cases, copies of still older texl,s.

From the religious point of vicw two verses of our hynin are of special importance. The one (11. 11, 12) infornis us for thr first time that the :~nc:ietlt Sumerians believed even in a "great judgment,": "32y king, thy judgment is like 'the great judgment' without favor thy decisions :ire like the decisioris of him who is 'not a respecter of persons."' From later inscript~ioris we know that tlie right, " t,o judge" and to possess the tlub num-tar-rn, "tal)lets of fate," were given to the "Son" as IL

reward for his victory over t'hr rnerriy. NIX-IB did overcome thc enemy (no. 2 - 3), hence he appears here quite correctly as "judge." The other (11. 15ff.) evidently proves t,hat the doctrinr "an eye for nn eye, :tnd s tooth for a, tooth" (Matt. 5 : 38) was known to, and practiced by, tlie inh;tl~it:rlit~s of ancient Rul)yloni:t, (4. also R. I?., Series D, V, fasc. 2, p. 40, liotc 4.

Seeing that the Ol~verse is too niutil:rtcd to warrant a cohcrenl translat,ion, I have contiried myself to the lieverse whirh reads as follows:

No. 4, Reverse.

1001. pltotograplric n,pn,<lucti,,rr see / l i i ~ , ~ a r h l . l i~i~irci .aiiri / I-r,/iit,ii.. pl. 1 1 1 7 , no. 111

(Beginning of Rev. hroken tiw:ry.)

1 [lugal-mu . . M y king,

2 [en dNIN- IR . . Lord NIN-IB,

] [P~L-e 'Gir-i~-tl i in (j7 (g)-a gin-gzn'] lord, like Gi? a roamer ahout a t night

(thou art) ;

] [ ~ I L - c ] 't(>ir-ra-clfm 91 (y)-a ~ ~ I I - ( J z ~ L ~

lord, like Gir a ro:rrncr al~out a t night, (thou art).

3 [lugal-m]tc "Gir-ra-dirn na~n-ur-sa(j Stc-di~

My king, lilce Gir perfect in heroship,

4 [e]n dATIN-IB "G:r-ra-rLfm nam-ur-say Su-cliL

Lord ATIN-IB, like Gir perfect in heroship,

rtb.urnga1 bii-,cr!j-(/cL? \tltrgnl] ?,ti-ri-ilp 'mSe71'- an.

7~shumya1, weighty one, extended one, n lier in wait for tlie "l)irds" (thou art) ;

uiumgal .?i~-tc(l-(jn? rlngfll ph-ri-z?~~ rni, i5er~~- ?LC1

ushumgal, weighty one, extended one, a lier in wait for the '(birds" (t'hou art).

5 [luya]l-mu i ki-bal-A, ug-gcij si(g)-si(y)- en-gal "12-lil-lti za-e 6-stint-ma me-en k i

My king, smiter into house of the endowed with strength by the great, hostile land (as with a hatchet), lord Enlil, thou art,;

6 en WIN-1B i ki-bal-ZL cig-gu;hi(y)- en-gal W,n-lil-16 za-e 6-sunt-ma me-en si(g)-ki

Lord NIN-IB, smiter into the house endowed with st,rcngth l)y thr great of the hostile land (as with a lord Enlil, thou art. hatchet),

7 lugal-mu diL(g)e-Sa(g)-zu iig mz-nz-ib- saban-dim lib-zu Jur-bz ka-mu-un-gub7 dh(g)-ga-4it

My king, the utterances of thy heart like a serpent furiously thou placcst are (like) the whirlwinds that thy poison; roar-

8 en dNIN-IB clit(g)"Sa(y)-zu iig mi-ni- sahan-dim ith-zu .GUT-bi ia-mu-un-gub' ib-dit (g) -ga-iu

Lord NIN-IB, the utterances of thy like a serpent furiously thou placest heart are (like) the whirlwinds thy poison. that roar-

9 [lugall-mu nia"""ka-&-a ki-h6l-a sir-ri QtShi(or gun)-7irs h ki-bal si(g) -si(g) -kiv

Ny king, the words of thy mouth smite to pieces (lay low) the pillars cast down the wicked land, (fences) of the house of the hostile

land ;

10 [en]WNI-IB """""ka-&-a ki-bitl-a sir-ri vi"G(or gar~)-kr" 6 ki-bal si(g)-si(g)-kig

Lord NIN-IB, the words of thy smite to pieces (lay low) the pillars mouth cast down the wicked land, (fences) of the house of thc hostile

'and.

11 [lu]gal-mu di-zu di-gal-cim nu-pa(cl)-di tlic(y)-zu qibl"igi-ntc-bui.-ri-dam

My king, thy judgment is like thy decisions are like the decisions of ' ( the great judgment" without him who is "not a respecter of

favor, persons" ;

12 en dNIN-IR di-zu di-gal-hrn nu-pa(d)- dC(g)-zu qib'" r$i-nwbar-ri-dam, d P

I,ord NIN-IB, thy judgment is t,hy decisions are like the decisions of like "the great judgment" with- him who is "not il respecter of out favor, persons."

13 lugal-mu ""'"erim-ra mu-na-te(n)-na TA" ;am-miin-dim mu-ILIZ-T CT'"r(?) - dim mu-un-si

My king, (when) against t,he their machinat,ions like grass into the enemies t,hou goest, wind thou scstterest, like ruins thou

layest them low; 14 en NIN-IB an'"erim-ra mu-na-te(n)-na ?'A" d'~mSam-mii"-dirn mu-'an-T U" h(?) -

dim mu-u,z-!si

Lord NIN-IB, (when) against the t,heir machinations like grass into the

enemies t,hou goest, wind thou scatterest, like ruins thou lwyest then1 lorn.

15 (luyal-mu) ""L"kCr'4-ra 6-a-iza ""'"&l-y61 iiru-nn ~"'"crirn {lc~-nc~-riurn

ga-na-nam My king, unto the house of the unto his city a foe indeed thou art,;

enemy an adversary, verily, thou art,

16 en dNIN-IR naiukCr"-ra 6 ~ - n a ""'"hi- i11-u-na Q"'"erinz (la-nu-nam ghl ga-na-izam

Lord NIN-IB, unto the house of the unto his city a foe indecd thou art.

enemy an adversary, verily, thou art,

17 en-[n]a nu-ie-yi-a-na a~"~h;i~l-ghl ga-nu- [i~ru-nu "llb]erim ga-nu-nam

Pnam] Lord, unto the not sul~servient ones unto their city a foe indeed thou art;

an adversary, verily, thou art, 18 en "NIN-IB nu-Se-gd-a-na " " ' "~ i l - i~ru-ria nU[!"]eri[m ga-nu-nam]

[gal ga-nu-nam] Lord NIN-IB, unto the not subser- unto their city a foe indeed thou art.

vient ones an adversary, verily, thou art,

(Rest broken away.)

NOTES. 1. For mut-tnl-lil. mu-Si, tltc at,trihliti: o i dCir-u~~ii-wl, .;cs Diillcnriiclr~r, Nerg(t1, p. 25 : 11.3; rind ior Sergal

in the rAle of NIN-III ci. IIilpreeht Annircl-sari, i.oli~nze, pp. 430ff.; 411, not<! 5.

2. Phonetic writing lor &ii(g)-ga, sce n<,. 1, rol. I, 1, iir-sng lii(g)-gn.

3. Cf. Cyl. .4, 25 : 6, (tile door a t tlrc king's rrrtninuc) ZIJ-ri-in am-lii igi-il-il-drrt,r, "troi- w i e ein . . . . , der

erhcht die : l u g e r ~ " (Tlturenrl-Dmlgin). UU-ri-in is npparcntly coirlposi~I o i U U = "bird" :illrl ri-in (;t plionetic ivriting

for rim, rin; ci. rin-1.i~~ = shdri, Br. 10312-33, " to hunt," sigtiilyirig originally "thc io\\.lrr." r a t e r on i t mas u s ~ d also ( 0 ) far "any one who is intcnl upon, is lur,l-itig out, lying in wait lor sametliing" (ri. 110-rim = rabisu, and for irrter-

change of m and n, Fossey, II, A . I- . , p. 116, .?I), i,eirlg as suclt s \-ari:%nt and synunynr of Dll1'"-"-rii = mijdii and

knpd~i," sinnend, traelrle,~d, nnchstellend, specie11 ci;ohl riiich i~ogelslcller," Delitasvl~, R. IT. l j . , p. 3-IOh; ( b ) for "lruntcr"

in gcneral, wlio is ~ a g r r l y limking for gamc, so in Cyl. -1, 25 : (i, qitoted a l m v ~ , ml>i~l t ottgltt, to l>c tmnditted: ' ' tllr door

was (as eagerly looking for the Iring to rntcr) as (is) tile llunter wllo l l : ~ his ryci continit:tlly f i ~ c d upon tlli: mo~intniri-ax."

111 C. T., XXI\', 17, col. lV, 13, iollow t l ~ : 5-d!,, (sir.!) L/U-rii-ge ttpoll tltc 5-hit, 'Bu-b,$-gc o r ''iisIt,,r~r~cli" (I. 3 5 ) . Frcnn

this i t follows titat flU-ri-in = a l l - r i r ~ = _HI;-rii = l,ri-~i-ir~ = ~I(L-T~,,L = /,iL-i.ti, i . e , rii s t i t~ids ~ i t l i c r lor 0rigill~I

runt, run, ur ~L-irb is vontrnct,;cl uut of r i ~ ~ l ~ l , r c v i : ~ t c ~ l iron, rim, ?in) = r,i + the r c l : t l i~<~ (;)I?. If t l ~ ! 1:ctter ?xpI :~nat , in~~

be accepted, tlaxr ri. for this intcrclt:~ngr ol r i ; t t ~ I rti: ,In-ri = (hi-rii, "(ir~irirc) vicl.nity"; Inct ii tltc i o n ~ ~ c ~ . Ihc p1.c-

fcrred, we may rornpiln: Ilcrc tlts "is"lia-ru~~r-bii, ~ ~ i s i ' l ~ ~ ~ - ~ t , ~ ~ , - ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ I ~ l ~ i ~ r ~ ~ i i l y SUIII , ,~ .~ : ,~~ I ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d s siguil\-itig origini~lly ' 3 tl>c wt?apun (giS) uf 11im IVIK~ is iiltc,t~t L~IK,~I ( / ~ - T , L ~ , J ) tlw l\illit>g ljircls (&t<),'' 1:ttvr :t~cy !,iu<l " j : t v ~ ~ I i ~ ~ ' ' ur "<l:ut3'

t l ~ r < n v ~ ~ by 1 ~ ; i t ~ l or l)y ~ t ~ c ; u t s O K t l ~ I~<nv L L ~ I t ~ ~ l i w Ikilling I + g:tttu,, 1'1'. 1:. K . , SPY. 11, vol. V. )p;tr(, 2, 11. 51, ~ ~ o t c S .

L. 130tl1 Iitrr:~lly (SIX-IU as l l ~ ~ g c ~ l OK lit,; lci~nl) ; ~ I L C I I i g t ~ ~ t t i w l y , ,,i. 11. - 1 . I.,, 11, :3ll!l. -

5. ' r l~is s,,c,~ns tu IIC tlw t > t , ~ > L l , r ~ , l , ~ ~ l ~ l c r ~ : ~ l i j , g . .lg, l!tc 08ut,; ol g'gtt, -~ p,?,:~, i5 t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l : t I , , ~ ~ l it, .\ssyri:i~~ I,? <6!/81,

?. s y ~ . oi J J G ~ , , lor \vlcicl~ SC,,~ 1%~'. 6~~19.~i'.l61!?, :LU,I ,It;nsr~l, I<. I<., \'LC, 1). .&:!). Lour = ! , $ L ~ L O . <,( (I;,, u l ; , , rf. IIil/~r#~:/lt

.Innii.er.aar!/ I.ulic,,ic, 1'. -132, noto I. Sf($) = .x,t/,,i,~$~ is :L v;irix~tl u r ~ l syjc. u l sZ(!q) = !r!,rbti$$~ k r /j<bXi, s , ! ~ t i< , . 2 : IS,

note 17. Si(y), hrn: w i t l ~ Sii, is runstl.~tr<l in I . I!) u-itlr tll,: ~inlpl<: iirrusi~ti\.,,. I i ,,nc pr<,ivrs, It<, u,:iy r c~c l cithcr

?izer-rn,Z, varimt, ,tt?r-n?io w i t l ~ gloss rib,tv~tt!~= ~ ~ i ~ ! ~ ~ ~ . ~ t , f ~ ~ , or tuc:r-l<dr, i.c., " t l ~ : mc,irrIi~>g ( I ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ i ) o r iiglctnit>g (~~IxiCt6

Ba z i t r r i ) rtot.llln ;iid oi(g)-ri(0)-I& = L L I . I . I L 1~ ig1i.i oc t i i . i ~ (sic! uot c S 0 . i ~ ~ AI. Z!?!)rl; el. Jensvn, I<. 11, \-I1, 1). LG9), "to

storrt~, to I~Icnv I~:+rd,'' t r t i~~s la t ic~g ' ' I ~ l o ~ ~ ~ r i t ~ t ~ ~ 111~ I K ~ ~ I S C i l ~ ! l~<,slilc I:ud wit11 (lilw) :I clrstriwliv,: (cncirclit~g, ligI>tuing)

stonn." TI,<! ~ w ~ ~ r l t t u ~ g i c ~ ~ v<nvcls at t l ~ c CIKI ol tltc v,,rlb:il l<,rins u l l l ~ i s ;m~vin~ l iw% (7, 13) clmtotc rc1~1ti1.e

elaus*, liencc literallj-: "t l>ou a r t lic \via,, rlr., ; ~ m l tiloit r;tns! ill, it, IICC:LIIIC tltou :LTL t l ~ c <111(: i v l ~ , is cndo \v~d witll

strclrgtll by (! tltcrdore 16, not li) Enlil." \Vlli!tcvcl. traltslatiun l,c ;~roc:utt,d ilcc idcn r ~ . \ ~ ~ a i l ~ s thr s.Lnlc: SIS-11% is

the destroyer ui tlil: liostilc lands; tltv dc i t n~c tk ,u 11,: I,l.iilgs ;ilx,ut 11). I I~<!:u~s citlict. hi-. ' ' s l ~ r i ~ ~ ' ~ 0 1 . his ''liiitcli<~t''

= liglltning! Ci. hen: tllc rat.i<,os rcprcs,xt:~tii,ns ~l Ila, I1i~l1ylotii:ut pod oi iigl~iciil~e ( = I::~IILI~~:LII, SIX-111, Sill-

Girin, utc.) wit11 n I>atclivt (h,l?inra~~ = Si-/<.I-/>(/) ill his l> : i t~I , s?~, Zislnlcrl.tl i i ~ Z. . I , 1 1 1 , 31!?1. to I l i l ~ ~ ~ ~ c a l ~ t ,

II. E., I, no-. 75 1 - 136 t 137. S t I I t l t I XIS-111 ;1s it-i,ra-i.it 1,i-hiti-bii hi~-li~b-ha g(~h-iu-(~ar

nu-lug-a, 110. 1, ~ 1 . I , li, illld ".VIA'-IR (i-ri(d)-,I<, "l<,i-lil-iii kit? ici-hrll y,il-ijril, liil. 1 , ~ , , , l . IV, 13, 11, :,lid vl. ~ o t c 16 ti,

n o 2 : 18, f~'~''l:.l I,-go~, :m~d C. ?., I T r , 15 : I :1.

6. For .qO = <lj,(!q), dii, cr, z,!~-<ltc = zct!/-d,( (li. I / , , !I9 : IS) $cil,ti :ox1 .Ill-(;L$ = ,t,l-,li<(!)-pi, C'. T., XI IXr , . ,

-la : 131 = SSV, 4S :I:( (ci. i ~ h o .Ili:iss~twr, 0. I,. Z., l!lll!l, S ~ I , %J~t) , IK,NPC ,Sll = /ti!/, ,Ii(g), di i , & I L I ~ tllis a v:$ri&~tit

dd( ! j ) ; cc, <lC(q) = l<,,,(,C ;UKI dj<(g) = t < ~ m $ i , iI~vr<dort, a l ~ , , dj((!l)-i<t(~l) ' ' ~ Y o ~ ~ s , ~ i t l < ~ r ; m c ~ ~ ~ tlw I><,;trl'' p:tr:dIcl to

i -a = git pi.

7. or A L y I I : i t i 1 1 , , I 1 i I I I I . Y ~ I , . : I I I . 1:0r

tllc i n t e ~ h a u g c oui y i ~ n d d ~ e e lP0s6,!y, M. (1. I-., 11. I l l , l : j . i ~ l ~ d for tlic ~ ig t>i l i , , : i t i~~i of $ I , l r . , 1). JOL, note 11. .k trans-

lation "wlricl~ fnrh,usly plnrcs its p<,isotlU is <lut <,[ ,quc.stir,~r; tliir \v<,i~kL ll;~\-t: to 1bc ka-,,it~-ii~~-(/iib-brr, iuld t l l ~ l l tile

zu in lib-zu xvailld he iillaceootrtcd lor. 8. Q I s 1 4 1 I ? ) = I , l i t l I . 1 1 . . 11.. 1). ti2ik,, = .!; . I c t ~ c ~ ! , I<. I<., T-Is,

p. 488, "hat ?,,it do,?. Sidler eticas ru lhi!,~." J 6 v I ( ) I . l i so, lltv~t c f , [<,r ~ ~ i s " g < t ~ ~ - ~ i ~ , li, 56,

11, 5, G ( = '1. S. 1i. T., p. 73), ~ ' " ~ ~ 7 t - i i ~ IIIIL-S(IF<!,-~(C b~-, ib- i iv-)1~ = ~ < L ! L - ~ L I c - ~ , o ~ L Bih-litil ini~-sa-ri-e ?i-i(~-a/i-ka-a/~

"er umziiunt den Garlen ,nil eirreiu Slake1 (1 eigenlliel~ Ueelznu,i), su l)clitasclt, /I. 11'. 11, p. (i56h. bllrissrlcr, no. 2018

(on the basis of Br. 3192) rrndr lor qo~~-~ia-tn!ri l ik4ri t = i-no wio-tad; cf. ;ilso V. X.', i 2 , 43n, ddli~-?<l-lil ,,?ri-lti gan-dl{ ]

= i t - 3 - / - - I - ( I , 5'. . I , . 2 1 , I i I l l y I i t 2 : "For tlw root .Jcil.(il.!,

u. P. S. B. *I ,, 1908) t~r~cl U<~?7t,?!?~r<~l,l, Code, XX XVIII , lli-211, ,!U!I?,-,?Z<, f~isl'~~)~ir~-l<~~-Iil~~, fi, lu ~is1'!1<trb-ti7 ii-ta-?i-,iy, 111

dibil kuspi, kr~(t-(fid-di,-In, tmllsl:~tetl I>y Llarpc~., I.?., 11. !)I, " i l ;I l t i n l l S~C:II i t \~.itteri~lg-l-i)~icl<<~t 01. :t lt:~rmrv, Iti. slr:ill pay

3 shelcels o l silrrr." 11, C'. T., SXTr , 1 3 : I , tl#<c "'"1<l<8,~-tir is i<lcntiI'ie,d wit11 m u ' l , ~ ~ - ~ . l T !/,t(<l)-,t,l (i.e.,= d.\rl.V-lB),

xvl~ilc in T, It., ~ i ( i , 11,) . 1 : 2.5, titc 'n' ' i 9i*f'f1<!!t-,ir i~ t l ~ c "isf'b,<g( = I ~ k k u ) 3 , ~ ''.I-: (or p < ~ r l ~ : ~ p s l ~ t t c r .l,~-<~-ge'!)

bn inn libbi-iii itlrri~ 2 (or iili i yan). . is lmtI>, <!-,!T :LII,I g,ot-t!r, ?or,sisL of 8, ' ' I~oL~sv, ' ' or gu~t , "li?l~I," + ?IT, ' 'bvan~,''

tlir c-iir \r-;is irl all l~~.ol , :~ l~i l i ty :L " I ~ O L I S C s ~ ~ p p o r t ~ d s~~~.ml!tided l>y IIPRIIIS," B ' ' I ~ o ( I s ( . rclsting (111 pillar^ OL. mL~icIc is

fenced in" and gii,,-iir - "a lirkl irncc,il in," i~ "iokl," rytr, S~i1~ta'ri~, uic. On d n k f i i c ~ ~ srr, l,e.iid,,i tltc p:tsssgcs quoted,

alsu i)rlitzsrli, :L. TI'.., 15; Z. . I , V, 1.5 ( i i r , i t~ So i-in-kit-ku = iig ISUGI%-O~), ;ilt,l C. T., VI, 2S : I?,,, \vltt,re u~aikn-

kolii!ri is ionod :nnong inilr.~tltwnts for tlic p~lrp<,sv cii iii/&ikii.

$1. st!,; ,,,,t? 5.

I 1 . i t ! ( ' I ' 11. . I I.., 11. :is', i ro t< . I , 11. llll ' . , \rli<,n. S I I I I I P I . ~ : ~ ~ 1>111711 iirv lilLt'n.is(l exl i t~~ss i~d, in tlit,

l>z~r:~llelistn, I,? t l~c i r S<witic ~ ~ l u i v : ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ t s . ' I ~ w i!,i-Imr, " 1 0 liit ~ t p tlw c o ~ ~ ~ ~ t c ~ t ~ a t ~ c ? , ' ' rctxI~r8 Iwr,, ,,x;trtly t,l~c r ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ z ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ ~

n l A r t s 1 0 : 31.

11. 1:or 7'.1 = I;,dl~~ (,/- i12) see, l I o l l ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ c l ~ ~ v ~ , .Y~r</<81, 1 1 . :is, WILO trar>sl:&L,,s il " ~ ~ e s l ~ ~ l l , " xvl~ilc l>~ l i t z sc l~ ,

11. 11.. Ij., pp. 2lIil>, 7i20 , r<~nt l t~s it, 1 1 ~ "ii?t .s .~ere Ersci,,,i?!,t!~!/, .t!!.vsere.v, lrt,cibs 0. 3.'' IhtL ilt vi<!w oi tllc [art c in t T A

is xlsu = , < ? d m , 11. 11'. lj., 17. 1?2u, :~txl this = TY, I c., p. :ill!7<!, J<,ns,:n, I<. B., YI', 11. 405, I preicr t o see in h:allu

' 'd ,~i i m I i ~ l i / r oder ~ i ! ,lea,, d1,inde rider viil ,lo. Ilntid Geliililele, Crzeichn~,lr, P~s/gcselzle," "plnrls, nrarliinatiorls, can-

spi~.ncirs, designs,nctinns, deeds, a-ny~, rtc." I1cni.c C. ?'., SY, 11 : 1, dljr~-l i l ( l) sd-nia~-,iial. n,r~-b~ TA-zu mu-un-ri~ ongllt to bc trn~1slzted: " E ~ ~ l i l , C O ~ ~ S C I O ~ . , van anyooi. roliipr~lteliil (ln,nrid~i) thy ways (tltoughts, intentions, dc- ~ i g ~ ~ s , purposes,etc., :LS exp1,esscd hy thy c,,rttlsrl)l ('i. Hoinnns, 11 : 33, 0 the drptll oi tlle ricl~es botlr oi t h r~v i sdo r l~

and llrr icnot~lcdge of Cod! Iro\v nnsr:in.l,:iblc n1.e his jnd,ntitr.nts, :and liis zwns pml 1~ni.ing oiil." See also the prupcr

nanic d~g-~-Tn-gril-ls-"17'lil, riote 1 lo n o 2 = 3.

12. See 11. A . 1. .. p. 382, noti: 1; p. - iOR, lrotc 25.

13. 'rltis sigu is ~ ~ i t l ~ e r .SAli, = n78 = !t,??i, "vrrtrcil~rr~," cur (rljrti (If. b;, (!., 220) = Stthl,,, .3c~hfiIx ((or lvltirl~

scc Jrnscn, I<. Ij., VI', p. 533; Zi~lrnieni, I,. S. S., Ill, 11. 69, riole 11, ahiihn, hut clearly 116 = !riru, being used, e.g., ilr

R. H., p. 80 : 29-35 (1.1. also Ie., p. 81 : 3!1--14) in c<,on~vtion wit\> certain parts or llle 1lal.cnl r,r tclrlple of wI1ich i t is

snkl that l ibld dm-mil-ni-iit-TlJ = nf lo zo-ki-hi i!-l,ivl hence TIJ = "to llnnil ovvr (sc. to tlli: wind), toscatter." I n r i c w

oi tlrc l sc t , however, tlint (1) T(1-TU is also z variant oi J i l l - I iU (i.e., hug, bib), ef. grtian me-en ni-ili-di-in. Sh-ILZL-

TO-TU ($1. btlh-bzib), "lnistrcss I :1111, the ont ~vllo l.oatlls nlmut, tllc rievrr r<%stitig one I :i iri ," R. 1 1 , p. 81 : 9 = IY.

R.z, as,* no. '1 : 16, nlrd tirat (2) I<lJ = htib = griliili~ is ;L vt~r iant <,I' b i~h , see 11. . I I,., p. -100, 1. 21, arid (3) tha t TI1 here is parallel t o r i = ~criiii, pollen, r~nlrii~eilimio~," Jenscn, I<. TI., \:I1, 1,. 3-12, TVC III:L? II:LII-~:L~P ''llis (thc enmy's)

~ ~ ~ ~ c l ~ i n n t i o n s like grass tlt,,rc ctlttest rlo\vti, l i l~ r ntins t l><r~i I:iy,,rL 111~111 101(-."

14. Vr. I<. If., Scr, I), ~ 0 1 . i', i : ~ s , ~ 2, 11. -10, not<, I .

.5. NIN-IH, THE INTER('ESS0R AKD JIEDIATOII

No. 5 represents a prayer (in form of a hymn) to " N I N - I K to intercede with his father (rev. 1. 16f.) for the restoratiorl of Nippur, of its temples and of the cities Kesh, Ur, Larak, Kullab, Zahalju, etc. ('f. also I f . A. V., pp. 436 and 439 : 17, where likewise "the exalted one," i e . , W I N - I B , is asked to lift up his eyes to his father dEnlil and to recite before him the ancient hymn: "illy cit,y is destroyed in weeping I cry." The fact, furthermore, t'hat our hymn here was found and recited in the temple of Nippur demonstrat,es anew our contention that h-kzcr was the central sanctuary of Babylonia during the Enlil period of the Surnerian religion (see II. 11. V., pp. 412, 434, C).

This rather badly mutilated. hyrnri rrligllt be ealentlcd and read as follows:

No. 5, Obverse.

Fur pl~otogmplric n:protlr~ctio~l a.c pl. Y, nos. 7 , S.

(Beginning i~roken away.)

1 1 2 dNIN-IB 'me nun-nu [ku-zi-dk-a-zu]

NIN-IB, thou who the commands rightly executest.: of (for) "the exalted one (prince)"

3 club-zi(d) bid-axa[g ku-za ghl-la(d6-a) me-en] The holy tablet, the sacred stylus in thy hand thou

holclest~.

4 .sad- gz(d)- [(la- hrn ] (All humbly) kneeling('?) (and saying:)

5 Z L ~ U nun-# ba-gar-ra "The city, 0 pririce, restore it again,

6 ii abzu9nz~n-e ba-yar-ra "The house of the (molten) sea,

0 princr, restore it again,

7 65 N ~ ~ R L ~ ' "The house of N~ppur ,

8 4 dEn-lil-lir "The temple of Enlil,

9 i dNin-lil-lh "The temple of Ninlil,

11 du(1) Say-hii-a "The 'abode whcre thc fates are

determined, '

[me nun-nu Bu-zi-dii-a-zn 1 thou who the commands of ' the exalted

one' rightly exccutcst ;

me nu[.n-na iu-zi-cl'i-a-zu] thou who the commands of ' the exalted

one' rightly executest;

bum-e ba-gar-m me ] O prince, restore it again, thou who

the commantls, etc. ;

?c[un-e ba-yur-rci nre ] O prince, restorc it again, thou who the

commands, etc. ;

n[un-e ba-gar-ra nze ] 0 prince, restore it again, thou who the

commands, etc. ;

nub-e ba-gar-ra me ] 0 pririce, restore it again, thou who the

commands, ctc. ;

nr.i[~~-e ha-gar-ra me ] 0 prince, rcstorc it again, t,hou who t,he

commands, etc. ;

12 i Keih' "a "The temple of ICesh,

13 i u f i ~ i -e

"The temple of UT,

14 6 Laray' "The temple of Larali,

15 P KullabahL " " Thc temple of ICullab,

16 6 ki-ZababuL " "The temple of (the

Zababu, 17 &(?)[

"The terriple of. . . 18 uru[

"Thec i ty . . .

,~un-[e ha-gar-ra mc ] O prince, rctstore it again, thou who the

commands, et,c:. ; 't~za~~-[e ba-gar-ra me ]

0 prince, resl,ore it again, thou who the commands, ctc. ;

TZUTI-e [ba-yar-TQ me ] O prince, restore it again, thou who

the commands, et,c. ; nwn-e [bn-(qar-?.n 7 n ~ ]

0 prince, restore i t again, thou who the commands, et,c. ;

nw~z-e [ba-gar-ra 7n,e ] land of) 0 prince, restore it again, thou who

the commands, etc.,

1

I

(End broken away.)

No. 5, Reverse.

(Beginning broken away.)

1, 2 [ 3 ri A n ' 9 n u ri-h_2~6"[

c j .4rm (strength) of An, prince of

terrible power. . . 4 gi-zi(y) -de-a

( I Furiously roaring one,

5 Z L ~ " an-ga(g)-ta

"Dagul-[dumlyal-[An-rta"] Dagal-ushurngal-.47~r~a,

ri- shn-s[iLnl '-na-rim]

"Storm out of heaven, of glorious (mighty) power,

6 me1* cltb-dtb-a-zu dzz-zz~ mah- [am ] "Thou ivho holdest (keepcst) the thou alone art exalted;

commands: 7 d.VIN-IB i ~ g (or lcalarn) dib-dib-a gatu-ia(g) yalc-muh-[cim (or me-en) ]

"NIX-IB, thou who holdest (keep- among men thou art cx:tltecl;

est) t,hr people (country) : 11

8 l i a l a ~ n ( i i g ) ' ~ l ~ h - ~ ~ " Thou who holdest

(pcople) : 9 Sa(y)-t icm-Sn ((1)-t i~m-ma

"Of the fields

10 en-gal "Great lord,

11 UT-SU;~ "IVIN-IB Hero, NIN-IH,

za-e luyal-bz-[hm (or me-en) j the country thou art its (their) king,

liul~171 zcz{j-si"-hi-[cim(or me- el^) ] (and) of th r country-their beautifier

thou art. '~~arn-lugal-c be-sili~n-[nlu]

t,he kingship, oh, i)lcss it ; in ((1)-ku,?'%ru-~zn"'-liam-[rinz(or 'me-en) j

I)r thou t,he judge in it;s rity !

12 .?ahnl (or ~t;Al~c~-bar~") si(~l)-rl7crn7~-)~a knb"-hi- ribrc J "Of the (wild) mounttxirl - gotlt, thr overpowrn:r thou art',

which dwells in lleisht,s, 13 ,nap-tfim . " ! m n 7 ~ flt2z:*.tn zi(y)"-hiti[m ]

"T,ike a gazellr out of thc BCIZ thou frightenst it away;

14 nindu I,IT(or tih)-hi "Na~lnn s[nl-dir(g)- bi-hm] "Of the young oxen and cows of Si?i the caretaker thou art.

15 dii(!g) cc-a nub-nai i i [yii-PI-thy-rirn ] "He who up011 the words of the listeneth,

father, his I~egettcr, 16 l71{]/11 fl ,- k u~-kil I [ - ?1L ]

To the king of &kur went:

17 e(?)-[ . - . ]-UI,-U[,-s?fl r ,

L l o . . .

(Ilest i~roken aw:~y.)

1. T i i I i l l I r I o r i , I I I t i t i t I . . I = I . I 7 li01. tliv

rc2kcli l~g Ijizi c f . (:. T . , XXIY, 48, pol. 11, 1711, ' ! . \ ~ i ~ t - l ) 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ ~ . l ( ~ , \vl~iclk appc:+r> iu t l ~ c p~tr~il lcl p:~ssagc, C. T . , XXT', 7 , s ' Y I z - s [ t i t i ! ] , c t 1 j i t d . \ . l ~ k i . I',,rsi!l = zi ci. also c. y'.,

I S I T , 12 : ZS, d~ i r " ' ( ( i i ~ j l i i + gdl nit11 the pari~lh.l t rx t , C. 7 ' , X l l Y , 2.5 : S!)ii, "Xi-ytt-lii. This l~ iz i , I~cing licrc iu

, ~ l~ l j , ~b i t i< ,~ t tu dub, wtis ill all pr<jl,:il,ility IIK, ,,htsl,ix'' msvci Ijy tlw d~cl,-,%r or ' ' s c r i l ,~ "; cc, " l ) t ,~ ,b i~~~~ :XLKI "(;i,?d<!r, Ijutlt

= ".\.ril,ii (1,. 31, liotv L,) \vlti, ;ih ''S,,n" 0 1 t l x 13:tI>>11,11 t r i i~ i ly Iliis t l ~ : E I I I I I U :xttril>tltcs i i i ".\.l.\'-Ifi, ill? "S<111" ( l f tllc. Si l , ln,r t r i t~ i ty , I ~ v n r ~ ~ X I S - l l 3 L t l ~ god <,( tlw ' ' t;~I,lkt nrili~bg,' ' t l ~ n " s I ~ l ! ~ s , " t i ~ ~ ~ l ol tit,' /<-,I,tl>, 1;. . I ., \', 11. 6 ; J I : 13,

, , I , . I t 1, 1 . 3 Svi: :iI-o 11. . I I . 1 , 3 , t I, I I I I ( - i;tri!nih i l i t l t l rh ( I ( tlte

i i I X I I j I l i t i I l : i I : " i . ' l ' l . I IU~C. I lo 110. 1. I - . I::.

2, sr,, ,,<,tv 18 t o I , < , , 1, C < > I . I. 27,

3. .i rc:<ding tun< ~ L Z ~ L e-6a-g<u-~o is gran~tn:t l ic~aIly Iil<v>visv pohs i l> l~~ , l;+I<ing c; i r t ll><, scmAc o i "!?~I,/<~JL!' cl. 11. .I. 1. . p. 410, rloti. 5. T l w m~,structi<jrt i n l ~ o l l ~ c:w<~- i * : ":+> r < ~ g ; t ~ I % the, c i ty , 0 lprincv, u~ : ty rh t OL<, \~ l w IIC ~ 1 1 0 (vn) r v L > ~ ~ i l d s

(rpstores) it."

4. T l l ~ t s IIC~~DL. tlvali id-zi l i,:, " t l i y 11011~1.~ t l ic 11011sr." This pitnsi~g,: s1i0i;s t l l i ~ t LIIVTC i.xirtcd i i l ~ ~ h z i i in t l ~ c

temple ol' S i p p u r also. T l w t c n ~ ~ ~ > l < ; of S i p p u r l>,,il~g l l w pr,>lotyp? al'trr \~ l8 ic l> a l l l l w ot,Itcr tv~npI<!s >v<,r<, In t i l t or rt:%mcd

(If. A . l'., p. 413), it f ~ ~ l l o ~ ~ - s t l ta t s ~ t c l ~ :m <,/,a, I IX~ t o I><, f<>t>n ~ , l t , w s,,:,'') : a r ~ I i n 2111 o t I ~ , r cit ivs IVIKISC,

rel igion mas in f lu~~necr i I,? t h n t oI l%ab\-1reii;r.

.S. .Ar~otItcr name 01 t,Iw d z ~ ( l ) - a z a g , t l w pl;tv<, \vIwr,,, S r ~ v Y,,:trSs <I:ty. t l w r:ttcs \wre , I < , t c r n ~ i ~ w d I>? t l ~ c "Son" ol' a g i v m Rnhylonian trinity n i t r r 11r l larl o\-rrcotnr t l w "~ncltyy," rl. I I i t , 1 . i f . T l w "Sou," tltrn,ior,,.

is called d~n(l,i~yrrl)-dii(l)-ozny. r \ r ron l ing t<, 11. I?., hO : fii!, tl,r, fi-siiy-iid, i p . , bit jiiriili. liil < i i d i i i l i \\-:is r,nc o i t l l r I I : I I~I< .S

of t l ie S ipp i l r inn riyy,tr,nl.

6, i t t t i i I t I I S i r ' I i : c . , . I . I . 1.. 110. S :!I.

7, ?f, 11, .I. I-,, n < ~ , l ~ l , rvv. T2, "A:-le ( = " t l h or^ l o l>c dcsire<I," t l w wi ic o f S l ~ - l l < : n i c I " l~ ;ast~~r- l , r ic l~")

gn-Sn-an 1,nnig-qa , r , in . Si,na.ti~t~cs 1,onrg l,iis t l lc pll<,i>rtii. cuinpk:lnrl i t iih, ar, i n It'. /I. Sll : 12, pi,ssit,z. I,[. als<>

t l w $-A:-le, I?. II., l.c., i t l l c l k-Ai-I,;, I( . I ! . , 1). $11 ::<(I, tl~c. t,,1111>1,, ~f l,iir.i~L.

S. Sw: I/. .I. I.., p. 4l( i , r r i i t ~ l u o t c i I-:<.

!I. TI,<, l>r<~rs,tr~ci:tti<>~t uf tl!is g ~ , n ~ p of signs i q s t i l l ~ l ~ i ~ ~ l ~ t i i ~ l . .\r,~,,s,li~tg t<, (', ' I , . , X X V , ?it,, I;, '1si'"~1'"7 ,. I-SL.11 1~ - ( i . ~ . , S l~ :~c~c :~s l~ (~ . ) it, ti^^^ rOlv ,>( S I X - I ) \ ) , !YG, >n:\y r ~ t t d . ~ , ~ - l ~ ( ~ ~ j - , ~ ~ ~ ~ : ' " ; : ~ r c o r d i ~ ~ g t<> 1'. 'I,,, X S Y , ;% : rt> = ?!)I,, cul. 11, 13.

;I r.,,iidinj: ~ < ! / - l ) i - l i - i o ~ i i ~ 111:iy I)(. ~~~gj:(.stc,,I. 11, 1 % ~ . 1171s ,I\IL s i g w III~\<, l l t c ~ ~ r ~ , r ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ i : ~ l i o c ~ Z,~-/J,~-/,,L i u 1;. T,,

X X I r , 511,,, <"I. 11, ll;, r<,t>~[j;trcd wi t l ! I3r. lliI!l, t l ~ l 01' ,St,-ut< ( X Y IL,,TV :%Is,, Ait,issuvr, 0 . I,. Z . . > i : c i , l!llJ!l, S]?, 2111).

('I. ai-i, Ziltltl~ct.~1, Z. .I., Ill (ISSS), 1). ! 9 i ; l i,!tii iz, 1). ?:i;i, nli,, rr,;rd, i , r / / i i b , ;~t1<1 110111111~1, (; i i t~it /r i*w,~ l)p. :iSli, 3!lI.

11). TI~LIS I prvrcr t o r n ~ d : t rcou~>t c ~ f t l r p;~ritll,,l i-t~!, iu\tv:td ".YM~A = l i t . .I sc,tt,ling .I>t-mfi i- c x c l ~ ~ c l ~ ~ c l .

11. C'I. ~ I t~ !u igI#t lil\,wi-t, I,<, w ~ t ~ i , I c r v ~ l ; i f so,

t l w n cf. .Y i~~r<(y, p , l(3 : 1;3, l~&, .su!g t;!g-!l,t, = zi-i)t, /<,-l,i, ;UKI I .c. , 1,. 40 : I, zcty $;!/-!go = <~-!,>,~!; /~ t - I , i ,

12. For this w;iditig ci. 11. : I . I- . , 11. 111 1, tt,jt,, :%l, ;ig;\illht Z i~u~l l , , i j i , ,Siii)i-/it,h!//. T<o)iiiz/ic,/cr, 1,. 2l:3, 20, txrxl

Lje?bc~I,~l. C0lt 7',,miiz, 11. 7. nut,, ~ 4 , wlwr,, t l w [p:tsse~gvs i~>v<,l<,~cl I)? l l t is s c l ~ ~ ~ l a t ~ pr<~vc, ,it>st 1 1 ~ ,qjp,>sit,,, i o r (J. Y., XXIY, :<2 : 113, dcli~~".\~fi-~.l(;.lf, Ims : q q x i r < , t ~ t l ~ 1,) I><, rcttcl "~S!~-~ ,O~-~<! -O,L ( = <litl,,, c.1, 1. 11%) r,t/,,G?li, sigt>il'yit>x t l w ~l(;?,r

(I. l l2(,, cf, 316~""6+u~-#a d G ~ r , l ' i t ~ c l ~ ~ ~ , .I. It'. .I, &S., l!)lJ5, 11, 143 (81 S ;3ll, 25, r rv , I ) I. 71, i ,~ , t 1 1 ~ p ~ l . l I ~ , s - / ~ t ~ ~ ~ - t ~ ~ - i ~ - a as

t l tc "god a1 cxti,ocleci, x i d c , compn, l~cn i i v r pi,v;<,~% (?iiziici'i,i, elii iiii,i) ou \-o~t n r t o i t i ( r i . nlK2S T l I T ) , ctv." Li' t l l c nhi,\-p-

give11 pxp la l~a t io r> I,,, cosn,rt, n-r n,,nl<l ll;iw llcru nni,tl~el. r l i l i w l pri,<,l' t l ~ ; ~ t XI \ -11% w;i\ t l l< , 'tl j i i i,i i i-zi 111, l i l v Sipptn.

t r in i ty , being r a l l c ~ I (lilx: T~tt , lCtz) n o t only " l l ~ t - ~ ~ i t t , I m t >als,j ' i l )~~y, , / - , ,~~t~~~~/ , t / - . l~ t - t ,~~.

13. 1:or t l w sigu (s<n?~cti~u?s ils,'<I :as :I p l ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l i c \ c r i l i ~ ~ g for ZO ,,r (if], vl'. t w 2 = 3 : I. uol,, I), 9 , ~ (;. Y,, X\r,

1.5 : 9, ~vlx;re "1111 i s snit1 Lo rid<, ($7) t8pnrt t l w !~!/-!q,r/-/<! (~i:tr:tllcl l o t7!/, I. 7, ; a z ~ l ~i!g-!qu/-/tr, I . S] ttncl \~ lwr, , IK is ~:111c~I

the eg . l w n n , I. 10, :ind iug-b,t~~dn~", I . XI).

14. .\I1 s i g ~ ~ s rff :~cv<l. T l t c i o l l m v i ~ ~ g rru,Iings ~ ~ > i g l ~ t l i l ~ ~ ~ ~ v i s c I,,, c ~ ~ ~ ~ s i ~ l c ~ r v ~ l : (1,t (ur ,i)-</~,,,~t/-!r,!/-d8!~, ' ' ~ ~ i ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ l

strengtl>." , i - t l l? Ad(!/)-/tt!/-<f!,!, " (lim>, = ti</, mt u f I,,,:~Y,YI) ; c< lo rn~< l wit11 (11:tviug) \ ~<~ l l - i , ~ r x~~~ , l I i~nI>s, ' ' rl'. 11. :I. I-.,

p1'. 432, 431.

15. (!i. Itvw IIIIII i ~ : \ ~ t ~ t , s i t s ' i . l l~-l t i( t& = "\.l\i-I/! b((-l)ii-iitr (*y)l. u i i,&,iz,i i clih) (;.I l t ' Z . L d l ( i s t ~ . l l . l ~ ? ~ ~ i s b , C. 7',,

XXV, 11 :20, 21 = 1.5, col. 111, Ill, 11; dh:,~-/~,t!t,/<t'l" ( w c II i / / ,rcc/~l . l ~ t ~ t i ~ < ~ r . s u r ! / l',,/,our, 1). 117, u ) = dA'l.\~.ll!

,5cz-bit I SO - 4 6 ) lf,S-H.lR .l.Y"aFxJ#, /,c., I1 : I 7 = 15, vol. I l l , 7 ; ~ ' ~ ~ ~ l - ~ ~ ~ l - l ~ ~ ( ~ : ~ r ~ t ) = ~'.\~l.\~-ll! ~ u i 8 i ~ ( = ,SEX)

i3.S-1j.iIi ct-bi "~:r~-/i/, l.,:., 11 : IS, I!) ~= 15, ?"I. 111, 3 , !I. 11, v i v n u f l l w fact, I I~ \v?YV~, t l ~ a t , t d i c is also = d01,8, :,,,<Ivring " t l ~ n t ~ I O ~ ~ ~ : t l ~ ~ s l

t o abound (~ll;il l\rst glorions) ill? I'ritits" l r l i ~ l l t li lrt,nisr lx! po;sil,lc. 11, t l> is CIS<, 11, (i !I w o , ~ l ~ l < l v s < ~ r i l ~ c t l w god S I X - I 1 3

as 1,lic "god ol vvget>~ti<,u;' r[, .Yi8trql, 11, P> : 19, ?I)> l'/<-l,i ?vt<-!ti in-,si,-<!.: .kt,t, , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - / ! ~ , g r ~ I - l ~ ~ - / , i - i ; ~ ~ = ,,~iI-h~,-~i: i~~!ni.:i

i)17-61~-1~ ; n i ) ~ - ) t ~ ~ nna S,i~-~ii-ii-iQ-,i,i.

16. SIX-11% is tlir lkitig (lriy,~/) 01 t l w iiolnin, i .e, of li:il,>lultia :is :\ al>i,li! III. 01 311111ttcr i i r ~ l .il\l\;id.''

17. Z,ig p i ther = Ciibii, 01. my-.ii = r.i (11. .l. I,., 1,. 105, i>i,tr 31;) = diipii, " t o LI~~LIW pl01.i0,8s, to b ~ i i u l i f ~ ! ' (:i. ),ere also C. T . , X X I I r , l~l : 10, 11 = 5 1 1 ~ ~ 12, 13, d. l t / r~~- i t , ! r - , t~~-?tc! , ,om, iu(g)-I,in, i.-,s-/,i = V J ? L - H , < ~ i ;~ i,~u kir-Iji(6e)-ti(te)

i t~ .pa l (~~o- ,~ t ) , ''TvIK, :trixw ~ l o r i ~ n ~ s l y ov,,r t l ~ e !irl,ls."

18. Eitlirr "rounscli,r" o r "ju<lps" = !,,ii5l,ilu, ci. Jvnsclr, Ii. U., \;I1, p. 531; Ii. I:'., 3\'11, pnrt 1, p. 20, note 4 . ]('or SIX-113 as " jodgr" ri. no. 4, r r i . 11, 1'2, and 11. ;I. I-., p. 4V2, note 17. Scr also no. 10, rcv. 4.

I$). Tltr iturn-lagnl oi' 1. 10 is ~~:rsonific<l, i t . , i t stalrcls l r ~ r e lor liigol, ltnvi~rg, tItrrcf<,l.r, tlr? sn f l s ?ln instend of

hi^( = bi-n).

20. Ci'. Hijlienrii~:ltrr, .\-wqal, p. 4.1 : :3i, :38, \\.Iterr 'idles-lo,ri-ta-i-o, i c . , hergnl :is ''Sun" is ecldressed sikkn sag-ii

s a g - 1 = i t - i n I - I . / I . SIS- I lYs lxnv,,r WIL ~ K I dors nacli the most daring,

iurnpprunelrnblc (zi(g) = rlii, tllus 1,attcr tlliiil r~ndrti) 2111~1 C ~ ~ C I I I I I Y I I C C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l t ~ > t i i i t t - g o a t ( t l i ~ ti l l r i~ds signify lierc the

cirrur~lspeetnrss, tlle pubvcr to luolr toirilrtls t l ~ c furir dil.crtion~s o l the r<nlipilsa 311d 211)0vv itnd lwlo~v)

?I . Sigu donbtinl. It may be kdb, i.e., /1(8h-glt1~iL = ~<ilillu, ir,o>tiii.i~, cliijiu, or / in = b<ci(i(i,, "1. kin - csida.

32. Cf. t l ~ : mai-gir, " s~v i f t g;~selIc," hl Cyl. H, . k : IS (Tl~iln~:tu-U;rrigi~~, :lf.IS-;lXSlJ = "lich").

23. Sce H. .1. I.., p. 302 : 30. " i Jn13~l l is ~it l iply ~ v n r i m ~ t ol "'S~/CISAL = uisi'btir, (')-I. 13,3 : !!),and lins notl>ine

lo do \\.it11 hnS!giri~ (against Zirnn~rrn, Z. .'I ., S I V , p. 388; ' I ' l~~renu-llangin, S. A . A. I., p. 124). (:I.. lrerc also tlw fi-MI-

I<IS.lL-7 = fi-gi-biil;7 (\.srinnt oi fi-jz-prir-7, etr .) , 11. 11. I , . , p. 432, udtr 7. 2-1. Zi(g) Iterr eitlwf = H'l, " to turn sornetlti~rg nn-ny from ( t n ) , to eliasc, drive i t out of (lo) son~etlting "

or = dikii , " to scare, to friglitnr." For tlie id?:, c l . alsi, ;I. 3. K. T . , p. 71 : 13, 14, mni-gnk ue-ib-kdr-ri = $a-bi-kc

ti-kni-3ct-nd (pnnues), N.1!U-$':LU-a ah-ri(g)-ii(g) = c-ri-hn i-di-ik-ki. S o t i ~ llcw the coutrnst iri tlrr lintr~re of NIX-IR: Ile e h a s ~ s away or friglitmis, but also tahcs care!

DESCRIP1'ION OF TABLETS.

C. B. M., Cn/ir/oy,ie o/ Ihe Unh!/lonkr7i .lfi~sr,ittz, i n i ~ r r s i t ~ of Prnnsylvnnin. pt.cpnreil I,? Profrssor 11. V. 1Iilp-

rrrllt; cf., ronl'rt.; col(s)., coltlrnn(s); Exp., Expeditino; f., iollowing p:tgr; ff., i'ollowing pngrs; flngm(a)., i'mgcla.llt(s); i l l~cr . , iilsrri!,tioir; 1 , line; I]., lines; L. E., Left Edge; Lo. E., I.ower I3dgr; no(s)., rruml,?r(s);

0 . 9 oil\.erse; p., page; Pl(s) . , Plate(?); pp., pagps; R., Rwersr; IV. R., Rn~,:/i,~son, \-<,I. ITT; R. E., Right

Edge; R. H., Reisncr, S~~lncrircb-Bnb!/Ioni~~cli~i Il!,,~men; U. E., Upper Edge; ITol(s).. l'olnmc(s).

1\I?asurements arc g i r ~ n in centimeiel.~, ir,iii(h X Io~glh (hr igh l ) X tl~iakners. !Vltrne.rc,r tltr tablet (or Fragnlmt) varies in siac, the Inl.gest mrnsureltlcnt is gi\-<,it.

A. AUTOGXAPH LIEPKOUUCTIONS. TEXT. I'L~TE. (.'. 15, Jl. I ) r sc r t r i~~r~os .

1 1, 2 11325 i- To C. LI. . U 11325, tlw lo\vr.l. niicldlc part of a <lark bn,xvl~ tnblct, consisting oi several 11348 + i~tglur l t t s i\.l!irll llicvi. hevll gltied tugrtller, I \ u s z~blc to add (n) C. N. 111. 11367, 11:102 + tlir hn\-rr trliddlc pn1.t oi O., rol. 1, (I,) C'. I ( . dl . 11318, titi, uppt.1. part O., col. 11,

11367 ;md (e) C. I< . J I . 11:3(?2, tlx: upper pirl.t or O., col. I . 'l'liis last i'ragn~ent, thoug11

not joiniug to ciil>cr tltv upper l ~ r t (ii' <I. , cul. I1 (C, /j. .I/. 11:1tS), or tlw lo\vcr part

<ri O., eul. 1 (C. R. .11. 11325 + ll:lli7), is yct ;t p;iri oi tl,isii~scriptiui~: conti,nts,

writing, clay ;illd tlic orcilr.xlxc r,i (;i,,,il-Sir1 i+nd Uitr-rSi,~ j,1.0\.(1 this c~~~chls i \ -c ly .

.ill l'rngtllcrlts nrc 1,alccd :niil ritlcd, suua: ligl~tvr (C. 11. .\I. 11:iti2, 11325), otllers

dnrkcr in valor, witl~ ovciisi(~llal black al~ota on, tl~clll (C. /I. 111. ll:3G7, 11348). Tlte

fact that the 1:. oi~\1348~is~eonsiilen,lily liglltpl. ill CUIOL. tltiit~ its O., tlwt i t is better

prcsrrved and tlint thc \\ rithrg on it is not as omsrled as t l ~ a t <,I tlx: nist oi tlie tablets,

nlal<es it nl,pcar, on tile plioti,gnipl>iu rrpn,iiuotiorl (DL. 11, nu. '2, lower right corner),

as it this Lragn~ent were not :L ya1.t of tlie inscription. Tlie ir.<gnim\t joins, liowerer,

~x,rioctl>-; ro~ l t r r~ t i . .rr.ipt. c t r , d ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ t ~ h t l i ~ t ~ t11:tt i t II,IIUII:.L~ to C. U. 111. 11325. T I ~ c

r<,~isi,r:~ticnt m:trl< oi l'r,,l'. 1:. I> , lls~rp,,r, Xi. (i-:2-16-S0, is 10 I h i<,ut~cl C. B. JT.

I1:ilS. \VIWI! c<,!~q,Ivt,,, llli, l ~ ~ l , l r t r;ts ,UK ol' t l ~ ! most i~tt,,r,,stiug :UKI i~npurt:u~L

cxtvs of tlte ' ~ I < : l,il,r;tr>~ ul' Silqntr, r ty>r t , s<, t~t i t>~, :as it docs, pr<,!/,!v, : ~ ~ l ~ I r , : s ~ ~ x l

to 'l.\.IX-lI(, 1 1 ~ ''lrll.,l ol liiv," ! , , I . 1111 l m ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ g i t t i r , ~ i ioi 1I1v lil'c UI "(;i)tiil-"~it~ slid )cis sun[!) "littr [ A ~ C ! L I pi~t. i l - i i lLi~\,l ,'c~//ii.ir(/ j>~.,c!,el.." I t

1 8 : ~ tw<, W>II IN>LLY "11 0. ; i ~ ~ l l\x-c <IU 1:. . \t llw vml ,,I I:., ? < , I . I!', ih st dcntl?l,, lint,,

witlt crid of I . ui,t i s i l l . 1 X I ! X . i t i I . . + S7

( I . 1) + 3 ( I . I + I . I ) I 1 ( I . I = I I .\I1 i'lng~nmlti i:olne

r " ' I t l i l l " I 1 r i g I 1. E x . I'lt,ltugl.i~pllic 1 .~1>~0du~t ion ,

g1.i 1, 11, ~tos. 1, 2 . l.'rrr ll.a~lseriptiol~ :iud tl.nllsliitU,i~ sve pp. 41--51.

2 3 , 4 !V282 13nl<eri, crtrel~cd, gluctl t~gvtltcl., 0. dal.l\, I< . liglttcr nrlil gnwtiy ~nntilatr<l. 1,itle a t

tile end oi I{., the Iorver. pin't ol' ~ ~ l ~ i c l ~ is not il~scril,cil. I,. 2 i ol' 11. I,ml,cn an.n)-.

[ SS ]

~JI:SCIIII~'I-IIIN.

T l ~ i s i~isrriptiu~t is cl,tplicatc 01' M,, :3 > i ~ l of tltc fr:tgnwntxry S ? O - I ~ ~ I ~ ~ I < I I I ~ : I ~ I copy

p ~ ~ l ~ l i s l ~ e ~ i ill I<. I I . , p. 123 (no. 71), 1. 4 ,,I ~vlticlt cor~.,,sp,,~r<ls Lo 1. 13 01 our t ~ l , l e t

lrcrr. 7 X 14 X 3". Inscription, 23 (0. ~ v i t l ~ part ('!) of 1. 23 0x1 1.0. E.] i 18 (It.)

= 41 I I . "Tal,li,t Hill." 11. Exp. I ' I ~ o t ~ g ~ ~ i ~ p l ~ i ~ ~ l ~ j ~ ~ . o , I u c i i ~ n , pl. I l l , nos. 3, 4.

T i p t i I t t i 1 . iiiilf. ('i. :also 1). I;., S,,ri<,s I),, vol. IT, i:+sc. 2,

pp. 24-26,

Dat.lr brown, h:tl,rd, cx.aclied, alni:d ti,gi:tlti.r. E l i I 0. I I . l~rol-en aim?.

1,ine a t end oi' R. p i t I I . 2, . . iii X 11 X :$. I ~ t s ~ ~ . i j ~ t i o n , 20(0 . ) + 21 (R. ) = I1 11. ' 'Ta l~ l r t Hill." 11, Exp. l'lhologn~pl~ir r ~ p r o < l t ~ v t i o ~ ~ , 131. I T ,

nos. 5, G. 1'1.rnrsrt.iption :m,l tr;msl:tLic,n, pp. Mill.

1,igltt brown, l,nlird, cruniblillp. Upper trnd lower. p;~r.t :is \rt,ll :rs nearly tlw \vlr<,l<,

o i 0 I L : . Rulvd. Script cromdrd. Bl;uil< spnn! 1,rtrni:en It., 1. 4 and

1. 5. tiL X 12 X 3. Insriiption, 20 (0.) + 18 (It.) = 3S 11. "'l'nblnt Hill." 11.

Exp. Pliotoglnpliic rpprudrlctiuu u i R. in I l i lprcc l i ! .t,,,~ii~e~snr!y l o l i i r i i c , pl. XIIT,

no. 19. I'or irn~tsct.iptiut~ ix~ld trxt1~1:~tion of I?. s w pp. 7jff.

llkldle p ; r t i,l a I,;ihc.,l l:iI,I,,l. 13,,gi1111i1tg :$MI v ~ t d l:tl,lc,l, 2,s ~v<, i l its Llbc ,:~td c,i :ill

11. o t ~ 0 :111<1 It. / > L O I < I , I , it\v;ty. ('~.i~cl\c,l, ,~l . lcz~~l~li~lg. I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ c I . tii X (is X :j2. 111scrip-

t i I ( I ) I 1 ( I . ) = 5 I . ' I I I i s t i I I . I . 1'.

Iliit.pcr., Xi. ZI- 'L~l I i SO. "T;iIrlcL Hill.'' I . l,:x]>. l ' l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ l ~ i c r c ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ c t i ~ ~ ~ ~ ,

111. I-, r~<,s. 7, S. T r : t u ~ r i p t i u ~ ~ :tml Lr:u~sl:~ti,n~, 1q1. Slll'f.

I.<nwr rigI~L-lui~td ir : ig~iw~tt uf : t ~ t <wigi~~:illy xitl>wr l;trgc, t:tl,lc~l, c,,~tbiit>iog 4 rols. c,:tcl~

on 0. ;ind on It. 'l'l!c p c ~ r t i < , ~ ~ 0. p r r s v r ~ v ~ l r c ] ~ r < , s r ~ ~ t , cul%. 11, I l l tlw con,pl<et<;

t t I I I ? . I t of 1 , V, ' I T I i t . I l i ik~~d, 1.111~~1. I{. su tue~v l~a t

liglttel. tlum 0. Tlw I?., vol, 11, is tu I,:, ?<nttit>tw,l, 2a1'Lrr :\ \,real< I+ Iitws, l>y t ~ o , S,

rol. 11. TIM, t>iI~lrt , t l ~ c r c i < ~ r < ~ , l>~tcl :cl~ottt I;:$ cttll Iirws t<, c; ir l~ c<>l., :UKI tncas~~recl, urigio-

all?, about 25 X 21 X 5. I t t~v. . ~ ~ ~ 1 . 11, ISIf, ( I n t ~ . 8, vol. 11, 1-1) = LKI. 7 : 1-13;

r,,v., rol. 111, 1-8 = no. 7 : 52->!). Tlic i~lscripti,,it, ;ic l;il. ;as pn:srl.\-od, i tpmscnts

p;wtx 01' TI. , 1-11 ., S . , XI . t:~l>l,!t 01 tl~,! c~~lc~l,r:ttc~l epic l t ~ ~ q ~ ~ i - ~ 8~ t8i,e-/d?1t-/,i ner -gd l .

i5 X XI X 4;. Iltsvription, 14 ( 0 , I] + 15 ( 0 , 11) + 4 (I?. I ) + 19 (I<. 111 + S

(I t . 111) - liil I \ . " ' I t Ilill" 1. l h p . ('i. oli tlrc 1~110111, H . E., SCI.~PS D, I U I \I,

i a s c 2, pp. ii, 7 , 1 I, 2. I'ltotopnipltic ~c~pnxlur t ion , I.<, pl. I, nos. 1, 4. Transcrip-

tion ;and tr;t!wl;tIiot> oi I t . 11. 5-17> !,<., I?],, :<Iff.; for r c ; ~ , 111; 1-S, st,<, l,?., p 4s.

fl:~li-I~ah,:~l, <lark l,r<nvt>, LIII,,,I, glt~t!d I ~ ~ g ~ ~ L l t , ~ ~ , c ~ ~ c l ~ ~ ~ , l . IYp[>cr IdI, ~ L ~ I C I I~oLli right

corners an: I,r.ol<cll ;~\u;,y. 1.1, 1-l:i = ILO. (i, 1.1'\-., 11, 1Si'. + (nitt.1. ii space of G 11.)

no. 8, 11, 1-4; ll. r,"-59 = 11". li, re\.., 111. \ clriplicttc <,i tllis illscription irolu tllc

1,ihmr)- o l . \s l~sl~ol~l, in:i~~:i l , purp,xLit~g ti, I,c tltc XI . ttiI,Ict , > I tltc colcbratcd epic

ltqml-e kg nt<:-idt!~-i,i ,z~,r-q<ll, i~ p ~ i l ~ l i s l ~ ~ ~ ~ l i n IY. I<.?, I:<, N I < I , I (I~c,rc w i t l ~ a Sctnitic

t t i ] I. I I i I s t . 7 : 14. i X I X 2 111s~t.ipti0ll,

0 0 + 3 (I?.) = I I " I l t I i 11. E x [ , I ' l ~ ~ , t i , g x ~ ~ , l ~ i c ~.q,roduetioti

i . . S I , I . Y, 1 ' . 4 I . I I I . 1 , 5. 'l'l.;i1lrc1.iptio11 mlcl trallsl;i-

tiun <>1' 11. 1~1 29, I .<,, \> ] I . :$Iff.; 01 11, 38 .4i, L C , , j11?. 12IT.; <>i 11. J i +ncl, I,<., pp. 4Sff.

i , f . <>, I L I W \vI , ,>Ic , 1.c. I,],. i;, 7 , I:<, 1 I , 22.

, , I w<i f r : ~ g ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ t s , j , i~w,l , rcprcsv~iLi~~g tlhc luwvr t~~iclcll<~ 11;~rl ,,i It. (11 :ut <,rigi~~:~ll)- ratlwr

large r l i~y txl,li.t, cotltiiiuitig a t least 4 i.<,I*. cv;irli ,,ti 0 ;111<1 I?. l<ttl.od, rlnr.l~, 111811y

sigus r l l ip lx~l <,IT, 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ t c l ~ Ib1.0kr11 out . I:., rol. 11, snlt<w ZL l>rc,al< 01' 6 l i n ~ s ,

TEXT.. P~,.LTF-. ('. B. Y. I ) T C S ~ R I ~ ~ T ~ O S .

c ~ n t t i n ~ ~ t ~ s 1 ," . li, re,. cv,>l. 11, \vl~ivl> src, ( S o . li, rev,, col. 11, IS[. + li litics ~nissing -k 1 1 , I I t I . 7 : I I : ; I . l 1 , i = 1 7 : I ' I . I I = I . t . T i ! . 2 5 l

( l - V i l l I i i l l i / l l / , 1 , I ) S,,o-lial,ylot>i:~u riil'y (with n Setnitir

tl.:rnsl;ttio~~) oi 1111. S I I , tal,let oi tllr gr<,:ct iyic Izigiil-e ti!, sic- l~ i , ,~ - i i i ar,;yril. Tlwsr

t\vo I'mgillrnts cont:tin, il>r,rr,icil.c, p :~~. ts oi t l r X., XI. , I l l . , 1111. t:~l,lpt oE tllc cpie

just lrrrntiontii. 12 x 7 5 x .15. I~~svfipcior~, fi (vol. 11) + 1 I (col. 111) + 15 (col. 111)

+ 11 (?,>I. IT') - 41: 11, ' ' ( ' ,~IIwt i~~rt 11. 1.. I/.," l,,ntgI>l, I,? l'roi. IIilpr?rl~t it, I ~ l i l l ~ l ~

:wd 13:~gd:\,I, I~S!I,:LINI :tiler\v:irds pr<cs<wt,,d I ) ? I~int tu tlw 1.nivwsity oi I'ent~sylva~~ia.

T i t i : I I I \ : I to I : I I I Hilprrcltt

,l<,,,l,t<Yl tl,is st:,t<, I , , , ,,,t ;,,,,I c,,,t?r,~,l I,, tl,? c. I?. .ll. ,,,,<1<,r <lt,t? <,r 0"l. 24, l~lo2:

" s i l l r I s t i I i s I S i p . .\s tlw tnu

li~ig,,,e~,ts, 1837 :nld 1S:i!l, 11vl.i. <liscnaivd, I ,~long \vilI1<,111 :uny dotilit to l;tl,let no. 6,

it I I : I i l l t i t I i I " s i c i t . " Tl~i,s,, in ig~nc~l ts ,

t l to~tgl~ lwt~;gIt,/, ,I<> Iwl,>ug lo tI\c Xippur li~t<ls, :xt~I t,vidv~~lly T W S ~ ~ st,oIen l>y the ,$sea-

t \ r l l X i Pl~otog~tplii i , ~.i,pr<,tlrtrtion, B. l<., Sc,r. D, vol. Tr, i~mc. 2, [>I. 11 ,1t ,~ :3. T r~~~~swipLion and t , n ~ ~ t s l : ~ l i ~ ~ t t oi rc~l. 11, %T., I . c . , pp. 34fE..

ui c i ~ l 111, 1-ti, I . ? . , 11p. iliii.

9 13 1;i:jlIl l:ppvr I c~f t - l~a t~ l I ' r ; ~ g ~ ~ w t ~ l ui :a!> wigit~;tIly ra t l~er I:xrgr tt~l>let,. I{egirining, right-Ivt~~tl

itnd kin-rr part of ilrsrl.iption ih~.ol<nr away. H;il-ed, liglrt I~ l .u \n , rttlcd, cracked. O., 11. lll. s1.r n duplicntc of I<. 2861 (isom the librnl.y oi .lsl~slinrbRllnpal) = H n ~ c n f ,

.\in~iig, T:,i 1,nlrd p. G : I;ifl . , h i t rg part oi tllr I , lnl,let a i t l ~ s crlrl,mtcd epic An-dim ,/;8,i-,tu. I{,, 11, 117. v ~ ~ r r ~ ~ s p ~ ~ n ~ l l a I{LI>. 117, ~ I I v . , I. 1.5W :and I<. W29, rev,, I. I f .

(I,<,tlt il.otn tllv lilx:t~.y oi .isl~~ln,t~I,B~mpal) = Ilroani., Si,tr<rli, 7ir f . I S , To/. T'III

ttrld p. IS : l(iB., conrtitrlling 1,nl.t oi tile \'I. t:il,h,t oi tit,: s;i~o,: rpic; see B. E., Srr.

D, rol. \-, iiisc. 2, pp. (ilLti4, i t i , 1 ( 1 . ) I 11 ( I = 7 I . "Tablet Hill."

I 1 . l t g i t i , 1 . I . I . . I , I . 1, 7. T~.ar~scriptior~

;und trnnslati<n\, ib idu~l i , p1'. (il -72.

1U 14 Pi37 1-pper 1,:trt oi light I>rmvn, I~~ ihcd iragntt,nt. l tu l ,~l . Vra?!<c!,l. I{eginnitlg :in~I end i I , 0 I . I I . I : 1.ine a t n ~ l ,,i I<., the lover p;il.t of ~vhk:li is 110t

i l l . 1.1. UII 14, rl:irlti~>g I I? X RI X 3 . 1 i t i 0 (0.1 + 6 ( I . = I I . " I l t 1 " 1. I . :Y~. I'l~<,t<,gnipllii. ~.,,pn,rlttction, 1'1. VI, no*.

11, 12.

11 14 13L03 I t I l - I I t . ('r~ttuI>liug, c~.:wk(~,l, 1.lllvd. 0, g1.~2itly nniltilatrd.

lind oi ;,I1 11. I,t.ol,rr~ amay. 0. light, It. darl<cl.. liJ X 7 ' X 3O. Inscription, I2

(0.) + 10 ( I . = i I , "T;iblet Ilill." 11. Exp. I'l~ulugrapl~ic rrprodnrtir ,~~,

1'1. V, n, 10.

12 15 12701 1.01ver lrft-Ilauil part oi ;ill ol.igillally riltlwr 1at.gt: t;il,lct. Ilnlr,,d, <liir.l, witl, occasional

lilsrlc -pots. 1-pper, Lomrr and riglrt-hand pa r t l,rokm olt'. x 5L x 'fl . Inscrip-

tical, 9 ((I.) + 0 (It.) 1 (Ii. E.) = 19 11. "T~~l>k , t Hill." 11. Exp. I'l~~topt~apliic

rqxud~,ct i ,n~, 111. 1'1, u<,s. 15, 16,

HALF- TONE. PL.\TE.

1, 2 I , I1 0. and I{, oi oHicinl pl.;~ycl. to gocl SIX-I13 iot. tltc pn,lolig:~-

tiun of t l ~ c lice ui Gi~riil-Sin :mrl lI,t~.-Si,,, I\inps of tlw 11. dynasty of T'r, ;tl,orlt 2lill0 H. (:.

0. :LII > r t ? ~ u iu p ~ ~ i s , , <11 god SIY-114, t l ~ t , s:tvior uf

litil,ylo~rin il.<,ni tihi! i,ppn,ssi\-r yol-p of tlw clr,,nli~s. l)\i-

plicitt, text, no. 2 m d I<. I / . , 1,. 123

0. m d I < . oi p r : + y ~ tu god XIS-I13 I'w t,lu! reatorati<x~ ~ , i the

sc!v<!ral tetnpk~s or Sippur, I<rsl~, 1.y 1,art~lc ~ I C I J<,~llzl~

and Lor tire plmlertion oi tlw lringsl~ip.

0. arid K. ui 11y11111 l~lliiiing tilt, \v:i~.lil<e ~ l l a r a v t ~ r :III,I 1:310:3

nligllty deeds of god XIX-IH.

1)~scit~rrrox.

Ci. dt!scriptiori oi

text nu. 1.

Ci. desrriptiou oi

l r ~ t no. 2.

Cf. drscl.iption o i

t ix t no. 3.

Cf. descriptio~ oi

text no. 5.

l:i. description 01

tvxt I,". 11.

('1. desrriptiori of

text 1,". Ill.

l'f, d~s r r ip t iu~ l O(

tvxt no. 13.

('1. description o l

text 110. 12.

C. ~\TU&IBEIZS Ol. THE CATALOGUE O F THE BABYLOSIAK ~ ' ~ U S J C C M (PREPARED BY

PROF. H. V. HILPREC~IVI').

1 Obverse

I Revmse.

Col. IV. Col. I I I

2

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$0

Lo. E.

3

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4

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5

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6

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7

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7

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Erasure

Reverse. Col. Il'. Col. 111.

Col. II. Col. I .

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72

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I . O B V E R S E O F I I U T O C R A P H TEXT NO. i

OFFICIAL PRAYER TO G O D NlN.18 FOR T H E f R 3 L O N G A T O N OF T H C L I F E OF G I M L . S I N AND BUR.S:N, K INGS O F I H E SECOND DYNASTY OF UR,

2

2 . R E V E R S E O F *"TOGRAPH T E X T N O I

OFFICIAL PRAYER TO GOO N I N - I B FOR T H E PROLONGATION Or THE LIFE O f G I M I L - S I N A N D B U R - S l N ,

K INGS O F T H E SECOND DYNASTY OF UR

e

R S E O F 4 U T O G I A I H T E X T N o , 3

H Y M N I N PRAISE OF GOD N I N - B . BABYLONIA 'S SAVIOR FROM THE OPPRESSIVE YOKE OF THE ENEMIES. (DUPLICATE OF AUTOGRAPH TEXT NO. 2 A N D REISNER. HYMNEN, P. 123)

7. 8 . O B V E R S E A N D R E V 1

9. 10 . O B V E R S E A N D R C Y I

l o

L R Z L O F AUTOGRIIPH TEXT N o 5 i R S E O F AUTOGRAPH T E X T N O . I I

7. 8 . PRAYER TO GOD N I N - I B FOR T H E RESTORATION OF T H E SEVERAL T E M P L E S OF NIPPUR, K E S H UR. LARAK A N D KULLAB A N D FOR T H E PROTECTION O F THE KINGSHIP.

9, 10. H Y M N PRAISING T H E WARLIKE CHARACTER A N D M I G H T Y DEEDS OF GOD N I N - I E

16 16

1 1 . 12 . O B V E R S E A N D R E V E R S E O F AUTOGRAPH TEXT N O , 10

1 3 , l d O B V E R S E A N D R E V E R S E O F 4 U T O G R A P H T E X T NO. 13

1 5 . 16, O B V E R S E A N D R E V E R S E O F A U T O G R A P H T E X T No . 12

FRAGMENTS OF HYMNS AND PRAYERS TO GOO NIN-18, AMONG THEM A LAMENTATION SONG ( N 0 4 . 13. 1 4 )

THE BABYLONIAN EXPEDITION OF

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