The Babylonian’s

• Hammurabi was Babylon's most famous king

• -conquered all of Mesopotamia

• Created one of worlds 1st empires “a state in which the ruler also controls other lands

• Capitol city was Babylon

Hammurabi’s Code

• Formed a single uniform code of laws

• Wrote laws on a 8 foot stone column with over 3,500 lines of cuneiform characters

• 282 laws listed

• 88 laws dealt with marriage, family, and property

Three Principles

• 1. Retaliation

• -An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth

• 2. Different punishments for class gender

• 3. Government responsibility for society

The Phoenicians

• 1100 B.C. most powerful traders and merchants in the Mediterranean sea

• Centered around area of Lebanon

• Adept sailors set up a system of colonies across the Mediterranean

2 natural resources

• 1. Cedar

• In wide demand for building

• 2. Dye “purple”

• Costly process 1 pound/60,000 snail glands

• The color of royalty and the wealthy

• A. traded for slaves, ivory, cloth, glass, ect.

The Phoenician Alphabet

• Simplified writing from 600 Cuneiform symbols to 22 symbols

• Simplified for keeping business records

• Simplified alphabet increased literacy rates dramatically

• Eventually modified to the alphabet we all use

Judaism

• Settled around common day Palestine around 2,000 B.C.

• Monotheistic: believed in one god

• 1st great leader was Moses who led Jew from slavery with the Egyptians

• Founded the Ten Commandments

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The Ten Commandments

• A permanent set of religious and moral laws

• Laws formed a covenant or a promise with god. “God would protect the Jews if they, in turn, promised to honor God’s commandments

• High standard of moral conduct

Three Kings

• 1st Saul, 2nd David, 3rd Salomon

• Founded the kingdom of Israel, with the capitol at Jerusalem

• Lasted from 1020 to 922 B.C. “less than 100 years”

• People were swept up in conquest and migration after 922 B.C.

Prophets

• Prophets: messenger sent to reveal gods will

• Spread Judaism across the globe• Taught ethical monotheism: proper

conduct involves the worship of one god.

• No relic worship of many gods

Iron Working

• Invention not attributed to one culture

• Rare and lucrative skill at first

• ADVANTAGES

• -Iron harder than bronze so tools were stronger/weapons pierced through bronze

• Common metal/found everywhere