the badger pharmacist - edwardhandmedicalmuseum.org€¦ · formerly the brothers house, and that a...

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) The Badger Pharmacist

PnbliMhe-d by the '\Visconl'lin Chnpter of Rho Chi.

Nos. 22 to 25 MADISON, WIS. June to Dec., 1938

THE LITITZ PHARMACOPOEI A

"The Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy on a recent visit to Lancaster, Pa., was shown by Mr. Chas. A. Heinitsh, a little work, of whose existence he was not aware. Diligent inquiry among pharmacists and physicians in Phila delphia seems to show that this 'Pharmacopoeia' is now en tirely unknown in Philadelphia, and is not to be found here in libraries. On applying to the librarian of the Surgeon General's Office, Dr. Robert Fletcher, Assistant Surgeon U.S.A., kindly gave the information, that since the publi cation of the first volume of the Index Catalogue, a copy of the first edition of this Pharmacopoeia, published in 1778, has come into the possession of the library, and that the title page is exactly like the one given further on, excepting that the name of Dr. William Brown does not appear, and that the publishers are Styner and Cyst.

"From Mr. Heinitsh it is learned that the hospital of the United States Army, located. in Lititz, Lancaster Co., Pa., was in the building at present occupied by the Lititz Academy, formerly the Brothers House, and that a number of soldiers died there and were buried near the village. ·

"The 'Pharmacopoeia' is printed entirely in Latin upon 32 pages, the printed text occupying upon each page 41,4 inches in length and 21/2 inches in width. In the following the English translation of the title and preface, made by Pro fessor Nevin, of Franklin and Marshall College, is added ; with this exception, no alteration or addition has been made."

With these words Prof essor Maisch introduced his reprint

'!/

of the second edition which appeared in the September num

i\ ber of the Journal. A month later, the writer matriculated

j as a Junior student at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.

The reprint h:;iving been issued as a pamphlet, a copy was 11

purchased.. Upon his return home, this was given to his pre:

[ 1]

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t

ceptor. Whether copies of this reprint are still to be had is doubtful. In all these years, the writer has not seen them advertised in antiquarian catalogues.*

Always interested in this publication as an historical docu ment, the writer's interest in this early formulary was stim ulated for some reason that he no longer recalls in 1919 when he corresponded with the Surgeon General's Library about a photostatic copy. While in Washington at the time of the decennial Convention for the Revision of U.S.P. in May 1920, he contacted Mr. Neumann of that Library and secured additional information.

About the same time Mr. Joseph W. England, then editing his manuscript for the "First century of the P.C.P.", appar ently discovered a copy of the first edition in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Of this he published a reduced facsimile reproduction in the book mentioned above together with the dedication to Dr. Bloomfield in the handwriting of

·Dr. Brown. This reduced facsimile reprint was issued as a separate by the American Pharmaceutical Association, Mr. E. G. Eberle, Editor.

Since then much has been written about the Lititz Phar macopoeia, as the brochure is commonl.Y designated, but apparently no study has been made of the text, not even a comparison of the two editions which have proven to be practically identical. What is much more important, how ever, is an analysis of the ingredients called for in the prep aration of the galenicals listed. This has led to some sur prising results as will become apparent.

If this socalled Pharmacopoeia is to be used for the purpose of collateral reading and as a subject for topic writing in courses in the History of Pharmacy, it seems highly de sirable that the text should be translated for the benefit of such students, since their knowledge of socalled pharmaceu tical Latin will scarcely enable them to interpret the Latin text satisfactorily.

Pharmacopoeia simpliciorum et efficaciorum in usum Noso comii militaris is the official title of a thirty-two page brochure commonly and more conveniently referred to as the Lititz

• Upon inquiry, the Librarian of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy anc1 Science sent a copy of the September, 1884, American Journal of Pharmacy. not of the reprint.

Pharmacopoeia. It derives its geographic designation from Lititz, a communistic village f ounded by Moravians in 1756 in what is now Lancaster County, 27 miles southwest of Reading, Pa.

This is not the place to give an account either of the Mora vian settlements in general or of Lititz in particular. Suffice

"But Bethlehem was not the only settlement of the :rvloravians in which

a11 army hospital was established during the Revolution. Their little vil lage- of Lititz,, in Lancaster County, with a population less than ba1f that of Bethlehem, but with the usual collection of substantial and commodious buildings, f or upwards of eight months was the seat of one . . . On Decem ber 14, 1777, Dr. Samuel Kennedy . . . selected the building of the single men . . . The first sick to arrive about eighty--occurred on December 19, and on the f ollowing day fifteen wagon-loads more f rom the Jerseys, filled all the rooms and halls of the building . . . On the 18th, Dr. William Brown arrived f rom Bethlehem . . . During the month of January the f ever be came epidemic, and five of the Moravians who had volunteered as nurses and the Assistant pastor of the congregation . died of the malady. On March 22 the Rev. Mr. Ettwein :earned f rom Dr. Schippen that it was pro posed to establish a general hospital at Lititz, and as this would practically necessitate the abandonment of the village, he wrote a personal letter to headquarters at Valley Forge . . . Washington's reply is dated March 28, the day on which he appo1nted Baron Steuben inspector general of the army . . . Fortunately for the inhabitants of Lititz, the occasion did not arise f or the establishing of a general hospital in their village, but the 'Brethren's House' was occupied f or five months longer."-(From the article by John W. Jordan.)

[ 2 J [ 3 J

BRETHREN'S HOUSE, LITITZ.


it to state that when, after the loss of Philadelphia, Wash ington found it necessary to retreat still farther and seek winterquarters for the remnants of his def eated army, also hospital facilities for the wounded and sick, he asked his generals for their recommendations. It was General Muehl enburg who suggested retreat to the German settlements.

Retreating down the Delaware from Trenton, a hospital had been established in the House of the Brethren at Beth lehem. However, with the advance of the British army, the Continental Congress had left Philadelphia and with its rec ords had moved to Lancaster. Manheim, a f ew miles farther westward had been made the base of supplies for the army. Washington with his army took winter quarters at Valley Forge between Philadelphia, occupied by the British, and his base of supplies.

With the farther retreat of the army, the hospitals also had to be moved farther south to the rear of the army. Whereas a General Hospital was erected at Chester Springs, use was made of the dormitories of the unmarried brethren of the Moravian villages.

For a pen picture of Bethlehem and Lititz and the facilities which their community houses afforded for hospitalization, the reader is referred to John W. Jordan, "The military hos pitals at Bethlehem and Lititz during the revolution."*

The winter of 1877-8 constituted, no doubt, the darkest period of the Revolutionary War. With soldiers deserting en masse, with hundreds of officers resigning, with Congress failing to make adequate provision for those who were sound in body as well as for the sick and wounded, with a con spiracy not only to deprive Washington of his high command but also to dispose of him, necessitating a change of body guard, the situation seemed desperate indeed. Yet it was during these trying times that General Steuben, the Prussian drill master who had been trained in the army of Frederick the Great, converted the "mob", as Washington's soldiers had been characterized, into an effective military organization that was to decide the fate of the rebelling colonies. It was also during this period of medical as well as military depres-

* The Penna. Mcig. of Hist. and Biogr. 20 ( 1896 ) , p.- 137.

[ 4 ]

sion that hospitals were organized and the materia medica

of the army surgeons was rationalized, this in spite of the

quarreling of the highest medical authorities: Morgan,

Shippen, and Rush.

Morgan has been cited as having introduced the European

practice of the apothecaries art in Philadelphia after he re

turned from his studies abroad. Shippen and Rush also had

studied in Europe. One might have expected that one or the

other of this trio would have prepared, or have caused to be

prepared, a hospital formulary suited to the opportunities

as well as the needs of the situation. Possibly their squab

blings kept them from so doing. It is Wm. Brown who is

commonly accredited with the authorship.

* "This photograph was taken from a life-size painting by Miss Alice Swann, who painted it from a miniature ivory painting. Artist unknown." Courtesy Journ. A. Ph. A. 16, p. 1090.

[ 5 ]

DR. VVILLIAM BROVVN. *

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c is t

P H A R M A C O P O E I.A

S I M P L I C I O R U M 1 Prof essor Nevin, in

his trans1ation of the

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c is t

PHARMACOPOEIA 1

Of Simples' & Efficacious Remedies

ing 1i n e s : "Auctore

E T

'- E F F I C A C I 0 R U M,

I N U S U M

N O S O C O M I I fv:I I L I T A R I S,

A U E X E R C I T U M

Fcederatarum America; Civitatum

P E R T I N E N T I S ;

H o D I E R N JE N O S T R .lE I N O P1-?E R .E R U !t!Q_U E

A N G U S T I I S ,

second edition, uses the w o r d Repertory. No good reason f or using this word is arrparent. If a different term were desirable, For mulary might well be used, for the book is one of formulas.

2 In her comments on the two translations. Sister Mary Francis Xavier points out that the word remedies is implied. H e n c e the line might be trans lated "Simple and Effi e a c i o u s Remedies". Although the simples are not listed sena rately, as was fre quently done in phar macopoeias, d u r i n g that period, Sister de sired to bring out the· contrast between sim ples and preparations in accordance w it h e a r 1y practice. The designation "Prescrip tions" employed by Professor Nevin seems

Gulielmo Brown, M. D." (William Brown, M.D., author) ; and "Editio Altera" ( Second edi tion.)

In the se'cond edi tion, this line reads : "Ex Officina C a r o 1i Cist. M.DCC.LXXXI." Like the workshop of the apothecary, that of the printer was latin ized as officina. con traction of oiii.ti:cina. from opus and f acere. t o d o w o r k. T h e "shop" part of the- Ger man apothecary's place of business. is today known as Officin, Fr. officine, a designation adopted in English by the Paris correspond ent of the "Chemist and Druggist" many years ago. The de'sig nation "ex otfi,oina" may be found on the title page of a num ber of European phar macopoeias. Professor

FOR THE USE

OF THE MILITARY HOSPITAL,

Belonging to the Army

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Especially adapted to our present

Poverty & Straitened Circumstances,

Due to the ferocious inhumanity of the

Feroci h6fl:ium f::eviti:::!, belloq'..le crudeli ex inopfnatO patri<::e noil:r::e illato dehitis,

out of place. Formu las would have been more in harmony with

Nevin translates the word as "office". To the modern reader this

enemy, and cruel war unexpectedly

M A X I !\1 E A C C O M :L>f O D A T A .

book usage. 3 The second e'dition

here adds the f ollow-

word conveys an en tirely different mean ing although its de-ri vation is the same.

brought upon our fatherland.•

P· H I L A D E L P H·I .iE :

Ex OFr I C t'N A STY N E R & IS T. 11. o cc l.XXVIl t.

True, the first edition, published in 1778, bears no author's name on the title page. On that of the second edition of 1781 the name of Wm. Brown is imprinted as author. How much of the work was done by Dr. Brown himself is not known. It has been recorded that he began the work at Bethlehem and completed it at Lititz. That he had assistance from his col leagues, that they may have done the major portion of the work, is highly probable. However, he as Physician General of the Middle Section has commonly been accredited with the editorship.

PHILADELPHIA

PUBLISHED BY STYNER CIST. 1778.4

It was not until 1896 that his authorship seems to have been questioned. The Journal of the A.M.A. for December 26th of that year contains an editorial from which the following sentence may be quoted : "The first attempt at a pharmacopoeia in the United States resulted at Lititz, Pa., from the endeavors of Dr. James Tilton of Delaware to secure an official standard as a check on the rapacity of the con tractors supplying Washington's army." Unfortunately, the writer of the editorial gives no ref erences. Moreover, the present editor of the Journal is not in a position to state

[ 6 ] [ 7 ]


D I S'lI N C UUN'lU R a.fterisNJ medica-

1ncntc1zan for1nuL :e, qu£ apud ccnznzune pe

'"(:riztni prte.J".Oururi et ccnzponi debcnt ; cteter& inter

1:cfacuinicrzon vfficznc.s fitnt extenzpore 'inifc£nd£.

Pluri;;r:1c:J fl!nt for;nu! te folida:: et fieere qute co1n-

111dh!s s·d Jaltern eleg a11titts liquida forma adbi

lcri f °..ff.-';st, nifi defuerit itnpritnis phi4larunz copia ;

tt onzniC? , qute fninus e.fficacia, pro recipientibus

-;.:el caufa elegantite tat:tu1n ufui funt, quales aquttJ

ji;;,-pHce, E3c. variaque e1nplaflra et unguenta 'Vix

nacj[aria aut uti!ia, tranJPortandi incommodo 'Vi

tc.re 'lJelin1us.

Lititz, Mart. 12, 1778.

nate a working man (laborer) and working w o m a n respectively. The continental a.iio th.eke had not only an officin(e) but a labora t()ry, etc. The neutral form operC.rium is here apparently used to dif f erentiate between the a.pothecary's laboratory and his offi,cin(e ), o · sales room.

3 Professor N e v in again translates offi cina as office. As al ready pointed out this is misleading. Possi bly the Latin ojfieina had here best be ren dered as dispensary the hospital room in w h i c h medicamento; a.re mixed as well a .,, given out (dispensare). This is more in har mony with the con tinental ui::age of the term.

" A ·g a i n Professor Nevin translates the Latin formula into tEe English prescription.

the problem by omit ting the word in the translation. The com mentator is equally at a loss. A guess might be, that whereas sol ids could be kept in paper board or tin containers, s u c h as were used in early drug stores (See e.g. the pamphlet describ ing the Historical Drug Store, 1849-1898, in the _Museum of the Wis consin Historical So ciety) glass shelf bot tles with labels for l i q u i d preparations could not be suppliec'I at the time. Sister Xavier's interoretation is given in the trans lated text.

0 Whereas Profel':sor Nevin translates "re cipientibus" as patients, Sister Mary Francis Xavier translates the word as prescription!';. The Reci'!Je with which

'/FIERE ARE DIST INGUISH ED by an 1 .aterisk the formulas 1 of medicaments

which must be prepared and compounded in a general laboratory ;' the others are to be mixed , as need ed, in our hospital dispensaries.'

Many are solid and dry formulas• which might more conveniently, or at least more elegantly, be used in liquid form, unless there be wanting above all a sufficiency of phials; ' and all pre parations, which are less efficacious, or used for prescriptions' only for the sake of elegance, such as sim ple waters, etc. and various plasters and unguents, hardly necessary or useful, we ought to wish to avoid because of the inconvenience of transportation.

LIT IT Z, M arch 12, 1778.'

1Prof essor N e v i n again translates the Latin formula as pre scription. Though he is consistent, it does not represent common practice.

:i. In classical Latin the adjective open:wius, a u1n, meant "of or pertaining to labor". The substantives op erarius and operaTia were used to desig-

G Both Professor Ne vin and Sister Mary Francis Xavier appar ently had difficulties in interpreting "im p r i m i s phialarum". Prof essor Nevin !'lolver'I

the physician begins his Prescription is de rived from the same Latin verb from which

i1ii t;r iist f: quial recipe are de-

rived Hence prescrip tion seems the correct rendering.

1 "Wbereas the da.te of publication of the second edition is that of 1781, the date after

this brief introduction is 177 8 for the simple reason that it was not changed. T h e o n l y change observed is that of a.sterisco (sic) f or asterismo.

who wrote the editorial.* On one of the fly leaves of a copy sent to Dr. Moses Bloomfield is found a dedication penned by Dr. Brown.** This, however, can scarcely be regarded as indicating authorship.

As to the assumed author, Wm. Brown, the son of Rev. Richard Brown, he was born in Virginia in 1748. His grand father, Gustavus Brown, had been a Scotch physician and surgeon. Having received his early education at home, he was sent to Edinburg for his academic studies. At the same time he attended medical lectures. On his return to Virginia he practiced his prof ession near Alexandria. At the outbreak of the war, he off ered his services, and, although but twenty eight years of age, was soon advanced to the responsible posi tion of Physician General of the Middle Department, Feb. 7, 1 778. Shortly after the completion of his pharmacopoeia]

* The writer is inde·bted to Prof. C. 0. Lee of Purdue University for haVin_g this article brought to his attention. For further details see C. 0. Lee and F. J LeBlanc, ""Wbo was the author of the first pharmacopoeia. published in the United States", a paper presented to the Historical Section of the A.Ph.A. at its New York meeting in 1937.

*'I' See Joseph W. England,. The fir st cent1i?·y of the P.C.P., p. 85.

[ 8 J

task, he resigned July 21, 1880, to resume private practice.

He died in 1792. For a more detailed account of Dr. Brown

the reader is ref erred to the studies by Lyman F. Kebier and

the biographical sketch by his great grand daughter.*

Editions. As we now know, the reprint by Maisch was not that of the original, but of a second edition. A copy of the first edition, may be consulted in the Surgeon General's Library in Washington. A second copy, the one dedicated to Dr. Bloomfield by Dr. Brown, has been found in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. This is the one reproduced by Joseph W. England in his "First Century of the P.C.P." This re duced facsimile reproduction has also been issued in small pamphlet form by the American Pharmaceutical Association, Mr. E. G Eberle, Editor. A third copy has been secured by Edward Ireland. This has been used for the present photo graphic reproduction. The preface is dated Lititz, March 12, 1778.

* Joiirn. A.Ph.A. 16 J. 1090.

[ 9 J


P H A R M A C O P O E I A, &c. PHARMACOPOEIA, &c.

PA R S I.

M E D I C A M E N T A I N T E R N A .

1. AQ!J A AC ID U L A, (Pofca Roman.)

RE C. Aceti vi nofi, vel. pomacei, unc. iv, vel

Pulv. crem. tartar. dracbm. ii Aqure fontanre lib. ifs. Mifce.

Pro potu communi·antifeptico, unc. iv. 6t'.cs

die, vel ad libitum, fumendre :

Addi poffint, pro re nata, fpiritus vim tenuis unc. ii.

2. A q u A V r N o s A,

R.E C. Vini Maderenfis unc. viii. vel rubri unc. xii.

Aqure fontanre lib. i. Mifce. A z Pro

iAcidulus, a.. um, the diminutive o-f acid.us. a, 11,m, sour, has come down from classical Latin, meaning "a lit tle sour". The Aqir,a ol'i.cidula- was not recog nized by either the London or Edinbu;rg pharmacopoeias of that period. As the syno nym Posoa- Roniana suggests, it is the equivalent of the Ox ykra-t, from the Greek words meaning acid and to mix. a mixture of vinegar and water, said to have been a popular beverae of the Roman soldiers. The directions state that it is to be user! as an antiseptic po tion. In German lit erature the word ox11- kratiren meant "to w a s h with vineg"ar water."

Vinosios, a, um, in clas3ical Latin signi :fied drunk, but also meant "having t h e t a s t e or flavor of wine.'' The English language has no· cor responding adjective, hence Aqita Vinosa is rendeTed Water mixed with wine, just as the oxycra-te of the Greeks was water miXed with vinegar. In mode'rn parlance we should prefer to state wine mixed with water or wine diluted with wa ter. However. in tl,io: instance, t h e Latin t i t 1e Aqua- suggests that Water be "Placed first. Neither the Ed inburg" n o r t h e Len d o n Pharmacopoeia recognizes this prep aration.

PART I.

INTERNAL MEDICAMENTS.

l. ACIDULATED WATER, 1 ( Posca Roman.) Take of

Wine vinegar, or of cider vinegar, iv oz., or

Powdered cream of tartar, ii drachms

Spring water, 11/2 lb. Mix.

To be taken as a universal antiseptic potion, iv. oz., 6 times a day, or as often as desired:

There may be added, as required, of spirit of wine, ii oz.

2. WATER MIXED WITH WINE.'

Take of

Madeira wine, viii oz. or of red (wine) , xii oz.

Spring water i lb. Mix.

As already pointed out, the copy found by Maisch in 1884

is one of the second e'dition. Apparently, copies of the sepa

rate of the article published by him in the September, 1884,

issue of the American Journal of Pharmacy are no longer to

be had.* As a matter of fact, the original copy could not be

located for a time. Finally, it was located in a safety box of

a Lancaster bank.** Other copies do not seem to have been

located so far.

* Upon application, the Librarian of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science sent a copy of the journal, not of the reprint.

*"' See letters by LaWall and Mrs. Beckler.

Whereas the first edition bore no author's name on the title

page, the second edition gives that of Wm. Brown as author.

The first edition was published by Styner and Cist of Phila

delphia in 1778. The second edition was published by Charles

Cist in 1781, also in Philadelphia.

M odes of Administra,tion. The number of preparations for internal use for which formulas are given is 84, that of prepa rations for external use 16. The table contains the number of each type in the Lititz Pharmacopoeia, also the correspond ing numbers of each in the London and Edinburg Pharma copoeias for comparison.

[ 10 ] [ 11]


[ 4 ]

Pro ptu--- in ihtu ac decurfu febris ca..; ftrenG.s et nialignx utendo, ad vacillan te1n ton uin corporis fu tti ncndu1n, virefque naturi::: 1'nedica!ric:s refocillandas, evocan dasque--- unc. iv. 6ties die, ytl frepi11 fu1r1endx. ·

3. AQY " HoitD E AT A, 0.R r z A TA, ex

p.-'.. N E C O C T O, vel ex P./l. N E T OS T O .

Fiunt priores tres coquendo hordei perbti, vel oriz2': mzc. ii. vel panis domeftici unc. iv. in aqua:: fon tanc:e .fib. iv. ad dimidii confutnptionem, i. e. ad lib. ii et aqua ex pane tcflo, infundendo per femihoram panis · rofti j m prre foco ferventis unc. iv. iq aqu re fontan lib. ii.

Ufurpari poffint hrec pro potu communi, et .inter ie mGtari vel pro regri defiderio, vd prornpmarii rerumque nofocomii

commode.

A o U A C A L C I S.

R E C. Calcis viva:: lib. i. Afl:U nde gradat.l1n

Aq me fontan::e cong. 11.

Pofl:

1C l a s s i c a l Latin k n e w hordea.rius. a, um. "of or relating to barley," (e.g. water ), but not hordeatus. a. um, which might be translated barley-ated, but which in common usage, hence in this case, is rendered bar ley-water. Thei san1e holds true for oryzata. W h e n i t c a m e t o b r e a d - w a t e r, the author's courage to l a t i n i z e "breaded" failed bim. N o n e of these nreparations are l i s t e d in either the London or Edinburg Pharmacopoeia. F o 1·

the advanced stand ards of either college they were regarded ton c o m m o n. However. during the emergency of the Revolutionary War they ha:d to sat i sf y the prof essional medical practitioner as well as the housewif e and mother who prac ticed medicine on the' members of her family.

:i Hordeum perlatu11i = Pearl barley which W e b s t e r defines as "kernels of b a r l ey. ground so as to form small, round grains." Like: polished rice it had been detirived of its outer coat for the improvement of its ap pearance. At the same t i m e this treatment m a y h a v e removed valuable constituents. Quincy (1782) makes t h e foUowing com-

ment : 'What is used in the shops, comes u n d e r the name of French and Pearl Bar ley ; which are both of the s a m e kind. The pearl barley is pre pared in Germany and Holland, by grinding the shelled barley in to little round gran ules, which appear of a k i n d o f p e a r l y whiteness."

3 Lime Water is rec ognized by the Len d o n Pharmacopoeia, but not by the Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia of t h a t period. For the sake of compari son, the directions of the p r o t o t y p e are herewith quoted : AQUA CALCIS SIMPLEX R C & l c i s v i v a e p.

libram unam. Aouae M. 1ib r a s

duodecim A f f u n d e g r a

d a t i m aquam ; nost ebullitionem subsidat calx, et Hauer per chartam coletur.

In addition to cal cium hydro:i...'ide, such a preparation contained a n y soluble calcium and magnesium salts originally in the lime stone from which the burnt lime h3.d been prepared. If properlj· prepared, the amount of 1im e used wo1'' have sufficed to make many times the quan tity of lime water.

[ 4 ]

As a potion-for use in the state of mili tary fever and during its abatement and for malignancy, for sustaining the vacillating tone of the body, revivifying and evoking strength and the healing powers of nature,-iv. oz. are to be taken 6 times a day, or oftener.

3. BARLEY WATER, RICE WATER, and Wa ters prepared from baked BREAD, or from TOASTED BREAD.'

Let there be taken of the first three (in gredients) , viz. ii oz. of pearl barley' or of rice or iv oz. of homemade bread in iv lb. of spring water, reduced by boiling to one-half , i.e., to the amount of ii lb. ; and for water from toasted bread, the bread having been previously toasted over a hot fire, iv. oz. infused for one-half hour in ii. lb. of spring water.

These may be used as a universal po tion, and may be alternated according to the wish of the patient or according to the stock of provisions and the convenience of our hospital.

4. LIME WATER.' Take of

Quick lime i lb. Add gradually of

Spring water ii gal.

INTERNAL

Aquae ---------------------------

BoU ----------------------------- Collyria -------- ----------------

Conservae ----------------------

Decocta -------------------------- 1Aq1.iae Stillatitiae Si1nplices.

Lititz

4

4 1 1

5

London

11'+14'=24

0 0

12' 4'

Edin

burg

18 0

0 4

5

INTERNAL

Electuaria ---------------------- Elixiria -------------- ---------- Enemeta -------- --------------- Epithemata ---------------------- Fotus -------------------- ------- Gargarismates -------------------

Lititz

6

1 2 1 2 2

London

5'

5'

0 2' l'

0

Edin burg

6

14 0 0

0 0

z Aquae Stilla.titiae S piritiiosae-,· also 3 Spiriti1,s. General directions for the preparation of ten, two special f ormulas, also two

Condita. * Under Deco eta et Infitsa, the London Pharmacopoeia also lists a Fotus, a Jus,

a M11,cila',(10, two S era., f our Infiosae, three Aqitae CcolC'is, a Tincti.ra, and an Acetiom.

[ 12 ]

Also a Balsc"m·wni, two Oonfectiones, a Mithriclatiom, a PhilonitVin, and a Theria,C'U?'J'I,.

6 These are listed under Tinctiircoe q.v. 7 Under Epithemata, the Ph.Lend. also lists two Catwpla.sinata and one

Coaguliom.. a The London Pharmacopoeia lists this under Decocta et Infi1,,sa.

[ 13 ]

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t T h e . B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t

[ 5 ]

Pofr ebu1litionem, fnbG.denti3. Cenuretur mixt llra ; deinde per chartam coler.1r, et in vafis vitreis bene claulis fcrvetur.

Dofis a li!; i. ad lib. ii. die..

Utilis elt etiam in chirurgicis, pro lotione, ad ulcera m:ili moris, &c.

5 . B o L u s e C R E T A.

R E C. Cretre ppt Jcrupul. i. Laud:mi liquidi gutt v. Mucilag. gu111 Ara b. q. s.

Sumendus 2da 3ti1 vel 4ta quaque hora.

6. .B o r.- u s Vo L !\.T I L r s .

R"'EC. Sal C. C. volar. vel Sal. ammon, volat, ( a) Camphorre ana gr. v. Conferv. rofarnm q, .s.

Pro una dofi 3tia vel 4ta quaque hcra fumenda.

7. Fit (a) Si defit fal volatile ad hunc bolum componen

<luro, uti poffint ejus loco fa1. am1noniac. cru.gr. x. curn fal. tartar. gr. v. quo fal volatiJ.e amn1oniac. ex tempore pr:oeparetu r,

INTERNAL Lititz

1Neither the Phar

macapoeia of the Lon don College of Physi cians, nor that of the Edinburg- C o l l e g e of the period any longer lists a bole. That they were p o, p u 1a r still, however. becomes ap parent f r o m Quincy, who in his "Complete English Dispensatory'' devotes an entire sec tion of Book V to this m o d e of administra tion. Not less t h a n five boles classed as Opiates are listed.

s a i G ( -0 -r n ii J Cfervi) vola,tile, 1ik e Sal ainmoniacirni , is

Edin- London burg

ammOnium carbonate The f o o. t n o t e (a;) calls attention to the fact that. if neither is available, it can be prepared extemporane ously by double de composition between a m m o n i u m chlor ide and potassium car bonate'. p o t a s s i u n1 chloride resulting as byproduct. The reprint of the second edition in the ' ' A m e r i c a n Journal of Pharmacy" ( vol. 56, :P- 485) does not contain the foot note although the ref e r e n c e theTeto. (a,) has been retained.

[ 5 ]

After boiling, the mixture is to be puri fied by settling ; then strained through a paper filter, and preserved in tightly sealed glass containers.

Dose from i. lb. to ii. lb. a day.

Also usef ul in surgery, as a lotion, for ulcers in bad condition, etc.

5. BOLE from CHALK.'

Take of Precipitated chalk i scrup. Liquid laudanum v drops. Mucilage of gum Arabic a sufficient

quantity.

To be taken 2, 3, or 4 times every hour.

6. VOLATILE BOLE. 2

Take of Volatile salt C C or Volatile arnmoniacal salt (a) Camphor v grains each Conserve of roses a sufficient quantity.

For one dose, to be taken 3 or 4 times every hour.

( a) If volatile salt be lacking for compounding

this bole, then crude sal ammoniac may be sub stituted x gr. with v gr. of salt of tartar from which the volatile ammoniacal salt may be pre pared extempore.

Edin-

Ilaustus ---------------------------------------- 1 Infusa ------------------------------------------------ 5 Infectiones ------------------------------------------ 2

Linimenta ---------------------------------------- 3

M agnesia alba ------------------------------- 1 M ucilagines -------------------------------------- 1 Pilulae -------------------------------- 15

Pulveres ---------------------- 17

u Plus Hierci Picra and three Species.

[ 14 ]

0 0

4 5

0 0

4 1 1

1 2 9 13

14" 10

INTERNAL

Solutiones

Tincturae

Vina ---------------------------- Syrupi -------- ------

10 Plus two Balsams and i].ve elixirs. 11 Pl.us three Tincturae vinosae. 1 Plus one Confection.

[ 15 ]

Lititz

3

2

1

1

London burg

0 0

2710 38

7ll 7

17ll 19


[ 6 ]

7. Fit etiam cum OPio, addendo

Opii puri gr. ±- Eoderri modo fumendus.

8. BoLlJ .S e RnlE o cum MER C U R IO.

R E C. Pulv. rhrei gr. xxv. Calom<;l. ppt. gr. v. Syrup facchar. q. s.

Jlf.ane fumendus.

9· B O L U S L I X I V I A L I S .

R E C. Sal. tartar. gr. x.

Conferv. rofar fcru:pul. i. M.

Ter quaterve die fumendus ..

10. CoL L Y.Riu M Vr TR IOL I C U M.

R E C. Vitriol. albi fcrupul. i. Aqu re fontarne unc. iv. M.

Ter die utendum.

II , *CowsE Rv A Ros A R u;11. Phann. Lond ..

1z . Dz

EXTERNAL

1A s p r e v i o u s l y stated, n e it h e r the London nor the Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia of the: p er i o d any longer includes boles. Quincy, however, gives formulas f o r thirtY n i n e preparations of this class : twenty two Alexipharmics, twelve Cathartics. a n d five Opiates. The formulas f or cathartic boles in clude one made with rhubarb (No. 5). one m a d e with calomel (No. 8), a n d o n e made with both rhu b a r b a n d calomel. similar to that of the Lititz Pharmacopoeia. QUlnCY's f o r m u 1 a r e a d s a s f ollows: "Take r h u b a r b in powder, eight grains ; calomel. s i x grains ; lenitive electuary, as 1nuch as is sufficient." As becomes apparei1t, the Lititz f o r m u l a contains about again as much rhubarb and a little less calomel.

W e b s t e r defines lixivial as "Impreg nated with, or consist ing of, alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes." For inedicinal purposes, potash, or impure potassium car bonate:. was replaced by the p u r e r s a l t made by heating tar tar. i.e. potassium acid tartrate. hence com monly known as salt of tartar. No doubt, the two Products, that from wood ashes and that made from cream of tartar, w e r e dis P e n s e d interchange ably.

3 Neither t h e Edin burg nor the London

Pharmacopoeia lists a cony1"iit1n under that name. Both contain f ormulas f or a Water of White Vitriol. the former under A q ii a Vitriolica. t h e latter under Aqioa Vitriolic.::i Oa1n'.l)horata.. The for mer d i r e c t s sixteen g r a i n s of purified white vitriol to be dis solved in eight ounce., of water to which six teen drops of diluted vitriolic acid are to be added. The latter di rects half all ounce o. purified white vitriol and two drachms of camphor to be dis solved in two pounds of b o i l i n g water. Quincy d i r e c t s the E Y e - W a t e r, Aqita 01J hthal11iica, t o b e prepared by dissolving a n o u n c e e a c h o f white v i t r i o l a n d "bay-salt" ( s o d i u 111 c h l o r i d e) i n o n e pound of boiling wa ter. AU three dire'ct the finished product to be filtered.. Not so the L it it z Pharma copoeia:

i As in several othe1· instances. the Lititz Pharmacopoeia. gives no S'Pecial direction for t h is preparation but refers to the gen eral directions 1 a i c1 down in the London P h a r m a c o p o e i a . According to t h e s e, red roses. deprived of their sepals, are to be pounded in a marble mortar first by them selves and then witl1 t h r e e t i m e s their weight of "Purest su gar. Finally, the in gredients are to be tho-roughly mixe'd.

EXTERNAL

[ 6 ]

7. It may also be made with OPIUM, by adding of

Pure Opium 1,4 gr.

To be taken in the same manner.

8. RHUBARB BOLE with MERCURY.1

Take of Pulverized rhubarb xxv gr. Precipitated calomel v gr.

Sugar syrup a sufficient quantity

To be taken in the morning.

9. LIXIVIATED BOLE.3

Take of Salt of tartar x gr. Conserve of roses i scrup. Mix.

To be tak:n 3 or 4 times a day.

10. VITRIOLATED EYE LOTION. 3

Take of White vitriol i scrup. Spring water iv oz. Mix.

To be used three times a day.

11. *CONSERVE OF ROSES. Pharm. Land.

Ace ta ------------------------------------------- 1

Aquae ---------------------------------------------- 1 Causticum -------------------------------------- 1

2 2'

0 O'

4" 4'

Lapides -------------------------------------------------- 1 M ercurius ppt. rUbr -------------------------- 1

Linteum praep<M"atum ---------------------------1

Tincturae --------------------------------------- 1 Emplastra -------------------------------------- 2

3u 0

7" 6" 0 0

O" 0 14 16

1:1 One of these, the Acetiom distil'latioin, vel Spiritios Aceti is listed with S ales et Salina,· the other, th ..4.cetiiin sci'lliticum with Decocta et lnfiosa-. 14 The London Pharmaco·poeia describes Causticioni liinare also Causticu1n Unguenta ------------------- 7 20 14

antimoniaile under M etallica,· Caiisticii11i commune fortius and C.c. 1nitiits under Sales et Salina.

o. Acetum Sci'l'liticii1n is listed under Aceta, Acetiimi Desti'llaturii under 'Sales et Salina. No differentiation is made between internal and external modes of administration.

b Aqiia Satii,rnina. is not inde->::ed. at least not under that name. c The same preparations as those of the London PharmacoJ;1oeia.

[ 16 ]

.is Lapis ca'la1nina.ris and L. haeinatites (also L. bezoa.r ) are listetl in the' Ph. Lond. under Praepara.tiones sinipliciores; Lapis inecliccinentosi•s under M etallica.

"- All of these are listed as M etcliliica. · · H Although Tinctiira M yrrhcie et .A.Loes, Phann. Lond. is specified in the Lititz

Pharmacopoeia, this title does not aJ;lpear in the London Pharmacopoeia of 1745 consulted.,

d Although the names differ somewhat, the preparations are much the same as those of the London Pharmacopoeia.

[ 17 l

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t

L 7 J

12. D E c O C T U M C o R T i c i s PE

R U V I A N I.

R E C. Pulv. crafs. cort. Peruvian .zmc. i. Aquao fontan. lib. iii.


[ 7 J

12. DECOCTION OF PERUVIAN BARK.' Take of

Coarsely powdered Peruvian bark. ioz.

Spring water iii lb. ·oque ad lib. ii. et cola.

Doiis ab unc. i. ad tmc. iv. quaque, vel 2da

quaque hara,

I_'l. D E c 0 c T u M c 0 R T I c I s cum S E R P E N TA R I A.

Fit addenda decoCt:o corticis Peruviani, fob fim:m coCt:ionis,

Rad. ferpentariao contus. famunci am.

1The decoction was

not official in the Lon d o n Phai-macopoeia w h ic h contained a Tinot1ira Oortiois Pe ruviani simplea.:, also a Tr. Oort. Peruv. vola ti!is ( prepared w i t h StJiritus 'Salis .A.mmio niaoi- ) Neither was it official in the Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia which gives directions for the Preparation of but one tincture. viz. Ti7totiira Gortiois Pe r u v i a n i. See also

z Neither t h e Lon

don nor the Edinburg Pharmacopoeia g iv e s directions f o r t h is c o m o o u n d d e coction_ Both contain a T i n o t u r a Se1"1)en ta.riae. Quincy, how ever, gives directions for makin.e; a Deooo tu7n Serventariae ooin vositum. But- this con t a i n s no Peruvian bark.

s Whether the wine was added to imoa «t keeping qualities tr t h e d e c o c t i o n or

Boil down to ii lb. and strain. Dose from i. to iv. oz., every hour, or twice every hour.

13. DECOCTION OF BARK with

SERPENTARIA.'

There may be added to the decoction of Peruvian bark, at the end of the boiling process, of

Bruised root of serpentaria lh oz. hour, or

Dolls ab unc. i. ad tmc. iii. quaq ue, vel 2cla

quaque hora.

His utrifque addi poffit, pro re nata, Elixir vitrioli acid. drachm. i.

14. DE COC T U M COR T!C IS cum VE10.

Fit addendo decoCt:o cort. Peruviani Vini ru bri lib. ii. vel

R E C. Singulorum P. IE. et mifce. Dolls ut decoB:i cort. Peruvian.

. I5. j)i;.

Tinotiora Oortiois Pe- 7·uviani. No. 81. "'Where as Quincy l i s t s nu merous infusions and decoctions, that of Pe ruvian Bark does not occur in th index. His Deoooti.1-1n Febri f itgum is made fro111 chamomile.

whether it served as t a s t e corrective or some other useful :Pur pose, does not become a p p a r e n t. A 1- though what we now call the alkaloidal con tent was reduced to one half of that of the original decoction, the dose is the same.

Dose from i. to iii. oz. every twice every hour. To either of the above may be added, as required, of

Elixir of vitriolic acid i drachm.

14. DECOCTION OF BARK with WINE.'

There may be added to the decoction of Peruvian bark of

Red wine ii lb. or Take

Equal quantities of the ingredients and mix.

Dose same as that of the decoction of Peruvian bark.

Not only is the Lititz formulary based on the London and Edinburg Pharmacopoeias, the hospital attendants were evi dently supposed to have copies of these standards. Thus the "Pharmacopoeia Simpliciorum" does not give the formulas for several preparations, but ref ers to these standards for their formulas. This holds true, so far as the London Pharma copoeia is concerned, of

and so far as the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia is concerned, of

18. ElectuClffium Lenitivum* 10. Unguentum Basilicum 43. JYlagnesia Alba 11. Unguentum Lapide Calaminare 84. Syrupus Sacchari

As previously pointed out the Lititz "Pharmacopoeia" was not intended as a general American pharmacopoeia, but as an

11. Conserva Rosarum 23. Elixir Paregoricum 3. Causticum Lunare

4. Lapis Infernalis 5. M ercurius Praecipitatus Ruber 7. Tinctura M yrrhae et Aloes

[ 18 ]

emergency military hospital formulary. The choice of items of the materia medica was doubly restricted. Any institu tion will naturally limit its materia medica to its particular

[ 19 ]

J

J


[ 8 1 15. D E C O C T U M R A D 'r C I S S A R

S A P A R I L L J£ .

R E C. Rad farfaparil!. Iliff, iii. Aqu ionran:...: L:h. iii. ·

Coque a d M» i:. et fob finem coEtionis adde I\.2..C':. g1.ycyr·r1i1z. d!..·cch..m. u...

C0L1turze C:cGs a lib. i. ad lib. ii. die.

AGde, p:·o re nata,

Vini anrimonialis dfachm. ii.

i 6 . D.ccoc·r uM ToR IE N TI L LX•

RE C. Rad. torme n t U con tus. tti1c. i. Pulv. (-. C. C. zt>'JC. i;,

P ul v. gu1n. Arabic. Jenzunciam Aquz.:: fo;itanre lih. iii.

Coque ad Hi'. ii. et fob finem coftionis adde

Cort,-cinnamomi contus. dtachm. i. Colaturre aclmifce

Sacchari albi drac!J j n. ii, D O.r:..: s ;::i 'o zcY.. ·. .:..1.- ad tt,'tc. i.v. ter quaterv:e.,_ d. i·e

f,.dde, pro r e nata, Laudani iiqu:di gzdt. xl.

17. E!.ECTA,.

1Although both the London and Edinburg p h a r m a c o p o e i a s include Sarsaparilla in their Materia Medica lists. neither directs the preparation of a d e c o c t i o n thereof. Neither does it become apparent from the in dex that it is to be used in such prepara tions as extracts. tinc tures or syrups.

Quincy directs that t h r e e ounces of the root in four pounds of water be boiled down to two. hence it may be assumed that the length of preparation according to the Lititz formula was reduced to a b o u t h a l f the time. Q u i n c y adds: "One grain of corro s i v e sublimate' dis-

solved in an ounce of brandy, and added to this decoction, renders it a very powerful medicine for e v e·r Y stage of the venerea.1 comolaint."

2 This drug is like wise included in the Materia Medica listi> of b o t h pharmaco poeias. Also, like sar saparilla, it is not mentioned in the in dex under infusion or decoction. tincture or extract. p o t i o n or syrup. Neither d o e s Quincy list it in his index under Decoction o f T o r m e n t i l l a. W h et h e r it is con tained in a prepara tion. commonly known at that time u n d e r some other name. was not ascertained.

[ 8 ]

15. DECOCTION OF ROOT OF SARSAPARILLA.'

Take of Root of sarsaparilla iii oz. Spring water iii lb.

Boil down to ii lb. and at the end of the boiling add of

Licorice root ii dracbms.

Dose of strained liquid from i. to ii. lb. daily. Add, as required, of

Wine of antimony ii dracbms.

16. DECOCTION OF TORMENTILLA.'

Take of Bruised root of tormentilla i oz. Powdered C. C. C. ii oz. Powdered gum Arabic 1/2 oz. Spring water iii lb.

Boil down to ii lb. and at the end of the boiling add of

Bruised bark of cinnamon i drachm.

To the strained liauid add of White sugar ii dracbms, and mix.

Dose from ii. oz. to iv. oz. three or four times a day.

Add, as required, of Liquid laudanum xl drops.

needs. The Colonial medical staff, however, had to exercise additional restrictions because of necessity. It was not only the matter of expense, but a question of whether certain drugs and medicaments, no matter how desirable, could be had at all ; also, whether others, obtainable in limited amounts, could be had in sufficient quantities to satisf y the demands of all of the hospitals. Hence provision was made in a number of instances of official substitution of therapeutically equiva

IPREPARATIONS

Qurn PRo Quo \ 1. Aqua Acidula

Acetum 'Vinosum 27. Epithema Vesicatorium Acetum pomaceum 28. Fotus Anod ynus

29. Fotus Spirituosus 30. Gargarisma Commune

llordeu'ln perla tum I

lent substances. So far as these are recommended in the Pharmacopoeia they are here listed.

[ 20 ]

Oriza I

Panis cactus Panis tostus

6. Bolus Volatilis

[ 21]

Sal C. C. olat. }

J

I



[ 9 J 17. EL E C TA R IU M CoR.T IC IS CHA

LYB EAT U M .

R E C. Pulv Cort. Peruvian. zinc. i. Rubiginis, vel limatur::e ferri ppt. Pulv. canell::e alb::e ana drachm. ii. Syrupi q. ·s. M.

Dalis drachm. i. ter quaterve die;

r 8. * EL E C TAR IU M LE N I TIVUM. Pharm. Edin.

1The "Cortex" par excellence, or "Bark" w a s Peruvian Bark. See Decoctum Cortids Peruviani and Decoc tum Corticis cum Ser pentaricr., also Decoc tum O o r t i c i s cu.11i Vino.

2 In classical La.tin t h e adjective chaly beius. was used with t h e m e a n i n g "of steel". According to some. the substantive chaiuos. steel, was de rived from the Cha.I ybes, "a p e o p l e in Pontus, n o t e d f o r their mines and their preparation of s t e e 1 . . .; according to oth ers on the contrary,

i

first two were metal lic iron. the last was, for the most uart, a.r oxide of iron.

4 A lenitive (f r o m Lat. lenire. to sof ten ) medicine or prepara tion was one that had the auality of easin<?: p a in, o· r protecting from the action of ir ritants : in this case a m i 1 d purgative, i.e one' devoid of drastic cathartics.

The formula is not g i v e n but the dis penser is dir-ected to f o 11 o w that of the Edinburg Pharmaco poeia. However. the

[ 9 ]

17. CHALYBEATED 2 ELECTUARY OF BARK.'

Take of Pulverized Peruvian bark i oz. Red oxide of iron or prepared iron

filings' Pulverized white canella ii drachms

each. Syrup a sufficient quantity. Mix.

Dose i. drachm three or four times a day.

edition of 1774 does;

Ve!, omittatur caffia fiftularis, et duplicentur tar'narindi.

Dolis drachm. ii. mane.-

steel or chalyOs, was named f r o m them". (Harper's "New Latin D i c t i o n a r y . ' ' ) The modern attribute c h a l y b e a t e , latinized cha.l:11beatus. a. 1im. is defined by Webster as . "Impreg nated w i t h sa1ts of

not call f or either cas sia fistula or tama rind. but p u 1p IJre P a r e d from French prunes. T h e London Pharmacopoeia, h o w - ever. calls for both as well as pr_une juice.

N e i t h e r O·f the European pharmaco

18. *LENITIVE ELECTUARY.' Pharm. Edin.

Or let the cassia fistularis be omitted, and double the amount of tamarind. Dose ii. drachms in the morning.

I 9· EL E C TA R I U M LENI TIVU M cum NI T R o.

iro. having ,,a taste of iron. • . .

3 The London Phar macopoeia lists Fer rum u n d e r M a.teria

poeias, upon which the Lititz Pharmacopoeia was l a r g e l y based lists either of t h e s e electuaries.

19. LENITIVE ELECTUARY with NITRE. 5

Take of RE C. EleB:. lenitiv. unc. ii.

Pu!v. fal ·nitri femunciam. M: Dalis drachm. ·i. bis terve die.

]f e d. i cl a and La'l)is h a e ?ii a t i t e s under P1·aevarationes S i m - plioiores. T h e Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia

6 T h e "Balsam" of the Latin title is, no doubt. intended as ab breviation f o r balsa

c

Lenitive electuary 11 oz. Powdered salt of nitre l/2 oz. Mix.

does not list it under matum. H en e the Dose i. drachm two or three times a

20. EL E CT. LEN I TIV U M BA L SA M.

R.EC EleB:. lenitiv. unc. ii. Balfam. capivi Gum gua1ac. ariA. fa1nunciarn. M.

the f ormer, but under the latter heading giv ing d i r e c t i o n s f or Ferri Limatura Puri ficata, purified i r o n filings. Ferri Limatura P1·ae'Darat°' (prepared i r o n filings), a n r' Ferri Sauama:e Prae paratae (prepared iron

.

English t i t 1 e shoull, be rendered Balsam ated Lenitive Electu ary. However. while balsamation re'J)resents good usage according to Webster, balsam ated does not. Better still might be Leni tive Electuary w it h Balsam as in the pre

day.

20. BALSAMIC' LENITIVE ELECTUARY.'

Take of Lenitive electuary ii oz.

B Dolio scales) Whereas the vious title. Balsam of Copaiba

Gum guaiac l/2 oz. each. Mix.

Sal ammon. volat. 6. Bolus Volatilis

Radix \ Lignum r sssafras Cortex j

35. Infusum Sassafras

Rubigo } Limaturi f erri

17. Electuarium Corticis Chalybeatum 33. Infusum Chalybeatum

Oleum Olivarum } Oleum Amygdalarum

38. Injectio M ercurialis 39. Injectio Balsamica

Cassia fistularis l 18. Electuariurii Lenitivum, Ph. Edin. Tamarind us )

Oleum olivarum )

Oleum amygdalarum ! Oleum (d) juglandu 11i

41. Linimentum Camphoratum

Oleum Olivarum } 25. Enema Commune Oleum Sem. Lini

[ 22 ]

Oleum seminis lini sine calore expressum

[ 23 ]

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s.t

[ i O 1Listed in neither


[ 10 ] c a l l f o r crocus but

Dalis a rc!ch1n. i. ornhi noCte, vl inane et vefpere.

2 I.. EL E C T. feu Lo Hocn di: SPE R

M A TE CET I.

RE C. Spermatis ceti unc. i, Mellis unc. ii. Balfam. Peruvian. drachm. fs. M.

Doris di·achm"i. 2da quaque hara, vel fa p.ius, urgc:ufe tuffi

2z, Fit etiam, cum 0PID, addendo

Laud_ani liquidi dracbm. i.

23. * E L I X I R P A R E G O R I C U M.

Pharm. Lond.

24. * EL IXIR VIT RID LI AcID U M .

RE C. Canella:: alba::

the London nor the Edinburg Pharmaco poeia, Quincy has a much m o r e complex formula including con s e r v e Of hips and a r c h a n g e l flowers sweet almonds. a 1s o species diatragfJ;cant71 -i frigid, · but omits Pe ruvian balsam. In stead of honey he di rects syrup of marsh mallows to be used.

It may be of interest to note that. whereas we write soermaceti as one word, Quincy an glicises the Latin as Sperm.a Ceti.

Of t h e ingredients, Quincy states "These are all emolients" and adds "they . . . heal gonorrhoeas . . ." Pre sumably, it w a s be cause of t h is usage that the author of the Lititz Pharmacopoeia substituted Peru Bal sam f o r t h e ingredi ents listed by Quincy.

= T h i s modification is not listed by Quincy.

a T b e directions of the London Pharmaco poeia read as follows : R Florum benzoini

0Pii cola.ti, singn lorum P. drach mam unam Camphorae P. scru-

omit camphor. 'The Lititz title is

identical with that of the London Pharmaco poeia. T h a t of the Edinburg Pharmaco poeia is Elixir vitrioli. However, neither of

· the European pharma copoeias starts w i t h vitriol, but with oil of vitriol. H e n c e t h e title should properly read Elixir A.cidi Vit rioli. It will be noted that this preparation is marked with an as terisk. hence was to be. prepared in the gen eral laboratory, not in t h e regimental hos pital dispensaries. The mixing of alcohol and concentrated sulphuric acid was apparently regarded as too dan g e r o u s an operation f or the ordinary dis penser. T h e London Pharmacopoeia. gives no directions f or di gestion. The Edinburg Pharmacopoeia directs digestion f or two days before :filtering. This difference. no doubt, is due to- the fact that whereas t h e former m i x e s the sulphuric a c i d with Aromatic Tincture. the 1a t t e r employs crude drugs

e

Dose i. drachm every night, or morn ing and evening.

21. ELECTUARY or LOHOCH of SPERMA

CETI.1

Take of Sperma ceti i oz.

Honey ii oz. Balsam of Peru 1/2 drachm. Mix.

Dose i. drachm twice every hour, or oftener in violent coughs.

22. The above may also be made with

OPIUM, 2 by adding of Liquid laudanum i drachm.

23. *PAREGORIC ELIXIR'

Pharm. Lond.

24. *ACID ELIXIR OF VITRIOL'

Take of pulos duos t o b e x t r a c t e d. Rad. zingiberi ana unc. i. Olei a n i s i assen Whethe'r u n d e r the

t e White canella

tialis P. drach c o n d i i o n s m

Spiritus vini tenuis lib. ii. Digere leni calore, ·et cola : Adde grada-

tirn n1ifcendo ·

Oki .;·itrioli zmc. viii. Mixtura

mam dimidiam. Spiritus vinosi rec

tificati M. libras duas.

Digere; et cola.

Those of the Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia

ployed, t h e reaction between ethyl alcohol a n d sulohuric a c i d . with the formation of ethyl sulphuric acid, had run its course is merely a matter of conjecture.

Ginger root i oz. each Weak spirit of wine ii lb.

Digest with a gentle heat, and strain :

Add gradually, while mixing, of Oil of vitriol viii oz.

Cortex M yrobalani (_ Radix Myrobalani )

Pulvis Aromaticus Oleum Cinnamomi

54. Pilulae ex E xtracto M yrobalani

55. Pilulae e Rhaeo

aration into which it entered. Thus linseed oil might be sub stituted for olive oil in the preparation of the Common Enema,

but not in that of the Mercurial Injections. See also the

several quids pro quo under Camphorated Liniment.

Sal Catharticus amarus } 79. Solutia Cathartica Sal Gl.auberi

From the diff erent substitutes suggested for olive oil, it will be seen that the choice of the substitute depended on the prep-

As previously pointed out, those preparations which, for one reason or another, were not to be compounded in the hospital dispensaries, but in the general laboratory, are marked with an asterisk, viz.

[ 24 ] [ 25 ]

J

}


[ r r J Mixtura fobfidentia depnrata coletnr per

chartam. · Dofis gutt. xxv. bis terve die, in poculo

aqure fontanre fumendre ; vel mifceri 'I poffit cum potu communi ad gratam


[ 11 ]

The mixture after having been purified by settling, is to be strained through a filter paper.

Dose xxv. drops twice or three times a day, to be taken in a little spring water ;

aciditatem.

2 5 . EN E M A CO M M U N E .

1Neither of the two E u r o o e a n p h a r macopoeias t h a t are s u p p o s e d to have served as m o d e 1 for the Lititz compilation, lists an enema in the index. E v e n Quincy

diff erentiates between epithema a n d epithe mation. T h e former he de·scribes as "An alcoholic fomentation or liauid medicine ap plied to the heart or stomach as a stupe."

or it may be mixed with ordinary drink ing water to the desired degree of acidity.

25. COMMON ENEMA.'

R E C. Aqua:: fontanre calidre tine. x11. does not. For the :Preparation

T he latter. he states "was the name of an Take of

Salis commu nis femunciarn Olei olivarum, vel ol. fem. lini,

vel axnngire porcinre imc. i. M.

26. EN E M A AN o D Y N U M .

JJ:EC. Infofi feminnm lini unc. vi. Laud. liquidi gutt. xl. M.

27. EP I T H E M A VE S.I C A T O R I U M .

R E C. Ungue nti bafilic. flav.foper alutam,

of t h is infusion, see No. 34.

3 T h e E d i n b u r g Pharmacopoeia d o e s n o t l i s t any e'!Jithe mata.. the L o n d o n Pharmacopoeia t w o. However. its formula for E'fJithema Vesica toriwni differs as to base.

The apothema. as a m o d e of administra tion. w a s a G r e e k preparation, Ger. Auf guss, a sort of infu sion or d e c o c t i o n . (Schelenz, "Gesch. d. P h a r m . ' ' p. 107) . Wootton ( "Chronicles of Pharm." II. p. 2 9 O )

application described by Galen as of a con sistence between that of a cerate and that of a ulaster."

It is apparently in the . latter sense that the term is here used. According to the Lon d o n Pharmacopoeia eaual parts of finely powdered cantharides and w h e a t fl.our are m a d e i n t o a paste w i t h vinegar. T h e Lititz oreparation is in reality more of a cantharides p 1a- s t e r t h o u g h an ointment a n d n o t a cerate is prescribed as base.

Warm·spring water xn oz. Common salt one-half ounce "oil-olive", or of linseed oil,

or of lard i. oz. Mix.

26. ANODYNE ENEMA.

Take of Infusion of linseed' vi oz. Liciuid laudanum xl drops.

27. VESICATORY EPITHEM.3

Take of Yellow basilicon ointment

Mix.

linteum, vel chartam craife ex tenli, q. s.

Afperge . Pulv. fubtil. cantharidum, q. s.

Poft levem manu preffionem , excute ' B 2 fup er-

thiekly spread on leather, linen, or paper, as much as is needed

Sprinkle with A sufficient ciuantity of fine pow

der of cantharides

After gentle pressure with the hand, shake off

INTERNAL

18. Electuarium Lenitivum. 23. Elixir Vitrioli Acidum 45. Oleum Ricinum, Emptitium. 54. Pilulae ex Extracto Myra-

balani

82. Tinctura Opii 83. Vinum Antimoniale 84. Syrupus Sacchari

EXTERNAL

1. Acetum Litharg yritis

8. Emplastrum Commune 9. Emplastrum Adhaesivum

10. Unguentum Basilicum Flavum

11. Unguentum Lapide Calaminari

12. Unguentum Cereum

13. Unguentum e Praecipato Rubro

14. Unguentum M ercuriale

16. Unguentum Sulphuratum

61. Pulvis Aromaticus 62. Pul'Vis Aluminosus 68. Pul'ViS Corticis Peru'Viani 75. Pul'Vis lpecacuanhae 81. Tinctura Corticis Peru'V.

[ 26 ]

3. Causticum Lunare 4. Lapis Infe1·nalis 5. Mercu'l"ius Praecipitatus

Ruber 7. Tinctura M yrrhae et Aloes

Some of these involved chemical processes, hence technical skill of an uncommon order. Two of the powders, Peruvian bark and ipecac, no doubt, were prepared in sufficient ciuan tity to make a drug mill desirable. Castor oil apparently was

[ 27 ]


( I Z. ]

fuperfluum pt1lverem unguento non hrerentem:

Pauxillo aceti, madefaCi:l prius cute, ap-, plicetur.

28. FoT u s A NOD YN u s.

R E C. Capit. papaver. hortens. itnc. i. Aq ure fontanre lib. iii.

Coque ad lib. ii. et adde Aceti lib.Js.

Vel eidem qua:ntitati .aqure calidre et aceti adde laud, liquid. drachm. ii.

29. For u s SPrn r r uos us.

R E C. Aqure calidre lib. ii. Aceti

Spir. vini tem\is ana 1ib. p. M.

30. GAR G ARISMA CoMMUNE.

R E C. Sal. nitri drachin. i. Aceti unc. ii. Mellis femunciam Aqure fontanre unc. vi. M.

3 r. GAR-

:L The fourth declen sion noun derived from the past participle of f oveo, fovi, fotwm, fo vere, to warm, or keep w a r m . Figuratively fovere me'ant to cher ish, hence in a physi cal s e n s e to foment diseased parts of the b o d y whether w i t h warm or cold reme dies ( "Harper's New Lat. Diet.") C o mp . poultice.

I n t h e L o n d o n Pharmacopoeia a Fe tus coinmunis was of f i c i a l . - I t w a s a strained, mild decoc tion of

Folia abrotani, Summitates absin

thii maritimi. Flores chamaemeli.

and Folia lauri The Edin'.burg Phar

macopoeia lists no fo mentation. Q u i n c y g i v e s directions for s e v e n t e e n d i f f e r e n t preparations. However. not one of them corresponds to either of the two Lit itz formulas.

Neither t h e Lon don nor the Edinburg Pharmacopoeia lists a gargarism()J or gargle i n t h e index. T h e s a m e holds true of Quincy.

[ 12 ] the superfluous powder not adhering to

the ointment :

The surface having been previously moist ened with a little vinegar, let the epi them be applied.

28. ANODYNE FOMENTATION.'

Take of Heads of garden poppies i oz. Spring water iii lb.

Boil down to ii lb. and add Of vinegar Y2 lb.

Or to equal quantities of warm water and vinegar

add of liquid laudanum ii drachms.

29. SPIRITOUS FOMENTATION.'

Take of Wann water ii lb. Vinegar Weak spirit of wine 112 lb. each.

Mix.

30. COMMON GARGLE.'

Take of Saltpeter idrachm Vinegar ii oz. Honey one-half ounce Spring water vi oz. Mix.

not to be made at all but purchased. The same holds true of molasses, the quid pro quo for simple syrup.

The M ateria M edica. Apparently the author of this small hospital f ormulary did not consider it worth while to prepare a list of simples, a M ateria M edica list. · Yet the student of the history of pharmacy will be especially interested in such a list for it must reveal what items of the materia medica were available during these trying times. The war had been conducted for three years when this hospital formulary was compiled. Necessity dictated that the author make use of as

many native products as possible. It will be of interest, therefore, to learn on the one hand which American drugs were being utilized, also which chemicals were being manu factured in the ·thirteen colonies that constituted the original United States. On the other hand, the list ought to reveal which drugs and chemicals were being imported in spite of the attempted blockade by the British.

The list herewith tabulated contains 122 such items, most of them simples, also not a f ew preparations which, as such, enter into other preparations.

[ 28 ] [ 29 ]


[ 13 ]


[ 13 ]

3 I. GAR G A R I SM A AD S T R I N G E N S.

R.E C. DecoCi:i cart. Peruvian. zmc." vi. Elixir vitrioli acia. drnchnz. i. Mellis unc. i. vI.

32. HA US T U S AN O DYN US.

R E C. Laudani liquidi gutt. xxv, .P....qure fontanre unc._ ifs. Syrupi drachnz. ii. M.

33· lN FU SU M CHA LY BE ATU M.

RE C. Rubiginis, vel limattme ferri ppt. unc: iv.

Rad. gentiana; contus. unc. ii. Cort. Canellre albre contus. unc. i. Vini' pomacei veteris lib. viii.

Infunde per aliquot dies. Dalis zmc. ii. ter quaterve die

34- 1N1''US U M SEM!N U M Lr N r .

RE C. Sem. lini integr. unc. ii,

1 Neither the London

nor the E d i n b u r g Pharmacopoeia 1i s t s a n y gargles. Quincy g i v es directions for t h e preparation o f three. His "Astringent Gargarism", however, is made with oak bark a n d alum. With the scarcity of imported drugs, s u c h as cin chona- b a r k and the easy a c c e s s to oak bark, it seems strange t h a t the compiler of t h e Lititz formulary should h a v e selected the more difficulty at tainable as w e 11 as more expensive one.

2 T h i s word. which has come down to us from classical Latin. is defined by Tr()mms dorff ("VVoerterbuch,' 1809 ) as "any liquid medicament adminis tered in doses of one or s e v e r a l ounces" such as a mixture, a julep, a decoction, etc. N e i t b e r of the two pharmacopoeias, t h ' London and Edinburg, l i s t s a Haustus by that name.

3 Neither the London nor the E d i n b u r g Pharmacopoeia l is t s this infusion. Quincy's f ormula is much more c o m p l e x , involving the use of gentian, or a n g e p e e l, winter's bark. angelica r o o t , safron, centaury, and R o m a n wormwood.

Instead of iron filings, his formula calls for "filings of steel". As menstruum he: directs "gentian water" a n d "strong w h i t e wine" to be used. He di rects the infusion to be continued f or eight days. Th e tartaric acid of the wine of t h e European prepa ration is· replaced b" the malic acid of the cider in the American formula. B o t h acids had only recently been discovered by Scheele. However, the Prepara tion of extracta chaiv beata. whether made with tamarind. wine, or c i d e r had urevi- o u s 1y been known. ( Schelenz, "Gesch. d. Pharm:" p. 602). The "gentiotannic acid" of the gentian. if it re acted at all with the iron. p r e s u m a b ly formed a n insoluble compound, hence pre sumably added little or nothing to the chal Y b e a t e character of the preparation.

L i n s e e d infusion w a s apparently re garded as a house hold remedy, h e n c e n o l o n g e r found a place in e i t h e r the. London or Edinburg Pharmacopoeia. Even Quincy does not men tion it in his ''Dispen satory," at least, not under this name:.

31. ASTRINGENT GARGLE.'

Take of Decoction of Peruvian bark vi oz. Acid elixir of vitriol i drachm Honey i oz. Mix.

32. ANODYNE DRAUGHT.'

Take of Liquid laudanum xxv drops Spring water 11/2 oz. Syrup ii drachms. Mix.

33. CHALYBEATE INFUSION.'

Take of Red oxide of iron, or

prepared iron filings iv oz. Bruised gentian root ii oz. Bruised white canella bark i oz. Old apple "wine" viii lb.

Allow to inf use f or several days. Dose ii oz. three or four times a day.

34. LINSEED INFUSION.4

Take of Aqure bullientis lib. iv. Whole linseed ii oz.

Sepone ad focmn per horas duas, et cola.

Dafu

Boiling water iv lb.

Keep hot f or two hours, and strain.

ACETUM ( POMACEUM )

1. Aqua Acidula

ACETUM (VINOSUM)

1. Aqua Acidula

1. Acetum Litharg yrites

ALOES SUCCOTRINA

4b. Pilulae Aloeticae

5b. Piliilae Foetidae cum Aloe

ALUMEN CRUDUM

2. Pulvis Aluminosus

AQUA (FONTANA)

1. Aqua Acidulata 2. - Aqua Vinosa 3. Aqua Hordeata, etc. 4. Aqua Calais

10. Collyrium Vitriolicum 12. Decoctum Corticis Peru'Viani 13. Decoctum Corticis cum Ser

pentaria 14. Decoctum Corticis cum Vino 15. Decoctum Radicis Sarsa

pa'.1-llae

[ 30 ]

16. Decoctum Tormentillae

25. Enema Commune

28. Fotus Anod ynus

29. Fotus Spirituosus

30. Gargarisma Commune

32. Ha tus Anod ynus

34. Infusum Seminis Lini


36. lnfusum Serpentariae

37. Infusum Sennae

44. Mucilago Gummi Arabici

54. Pilu.lae ex Extracto Myro- balani

78. Solutia Emetica

79. Solutia Cathartica

80. Solutia M ercurii Corrosivi Sub Zimati

2. Aqua Saturnina

ACETUM LITH.ARGYRITES

2. Aqua Saturnina

[ 31]

;

<.> l...;H l"" I ""'"' !, •


[ I -j. J

Dofis u:1c. iv. 6tfe.; d:e ; ve::1 i)ro pot u com n1un1.

35· lN F U S U l\-1 SA S S .1.'i.. F R A S .

REC. Radicis, ligni, vel ccrricis fa{fafras contus. zD1c. i.

. Aqu:e bnllientis lib. iv. Jnfunde per 4. .horas, et cola. Delis t!nc. iv. 6tics <l ie. A.ddi pcl}it, pro. re l1flt::t.

'\11"n.l:. ·111.. · 10·n;,,l's ft 1"'"11n·1·a

36". IN F U S U I\1 SE·R P E:N TA P r.m.

.l?.E C. J<..ad. ferpentari:e unc. i. Aq ure bn1lientis lib.'ii.

Infu nie per 4- hoi-as, et cola.

Dc...fis v.nr.:. ii. 3tia vel 4ta qnaque hora.

37· h-IFUS U M SEN NJE.

"'\. E C0

·r,oJ• ori;.",."n11·'".P.,, Jru.,,;,.,,,,..,/.,•,c>:a1n

l N o t o n e o f t h e

English sources quoted 1is t s an Infusion of Sassaf ras. t h i s tYI>i • cally American drug.

The s a m e state ment holds true of the Infusion of S e r p e n taria. another Ameri can drug.

a The London Phar macopoeia lists an I1t / u s u m Sennae co1n mune. also an Infiisiini S e n n a e Umoniaturn. The former is acidu lated with crystals of tartar and aromatized with decorticated cori ander seeds. The Ed inburg Pharmacopoeia lists a similar prepa ration under the title Infusum Ta11iarindoi· 1orn c u rn 'Senna. In addition to tamarinds and crrstals of tartar, it directs the use of coriander seed as aro matizing a g e n t and t h a t o f s u g a r a s s w e e t e n i n g agent. Q u in c y ' s directions

are an English trans lation of the L a t i n formula of the Lon don Pharmacopoeia.

The Edinburg Phar macopoeia states tha the ouantity of senna of the formula may be duplicated, triplicatefl etc. Quincy lists still a n o t h e r p r e :r a ration. viz. the Infu surn Senae unciae qua tuor. or ''The f o u r O u n c e s Infusion· rof S"enae" in which ·he recommends ginger· to make "it ·fit b e t t e r upon the stomach."

The Infusum Sennae l i m o n i a t u m of the London Pharmacopoeia directs the Use of fresh lemon rind as aroma tizing agent and that of lemon juice as acid ulant in place of the acid tartrate of potas sium. Quincy's direc tions are again but a translation of the Lat in text of the London Pharmacopoeia.

[ 14 ]

Dose iv oz. 6 times a day, or as a general potion.

35. SASSAFRAS INFUSION .1

Take of Bruised sassafras root, wood, or

bark i oz. Boiling water iv lb.

. Allow to macerate for 4 hours, and strain. Dose iv oz. 6 times a day. There may be added, as required, of

Wine of antimony one-half ounce.

36. INFUSION OF SERPENTARIA.'

Take of Root of serpentaria i oz. Boiling water ii lb.

Allow to macerate for 4 hours, and strain. Dose ii oz. 3 or 4·times every hour.

37. INFUSION OF SENNA.'

Take of Senna leaves one-half ounce

Fru&. tainar.,i nd. unc. i. vel l;ulv. cre1n.. tartar.·ftnzuncianz

Ac:ure bulEentis lib. i.

Ir.funde per hcram, tt cola.

Pro

Fruit of tamarind i oz. or Powdered cream of tart;u one-half

ounce Boiling water i lb.

Allow to macerate for an hour, and strain.

AxuNGIA PORCINA

40. Linimentum Anod ynum 14. Unguentum Mercuriale

16. Unguentum Sulphuratum BALSAM (UM) CAPm

20. Electuarium Lenitivum Balsam.

39. Infect'i-0 Balsamica 47. Pilulae Ammoniacae

BALSAM (UM ) PERUVIAN (UM)

21. Elect. seu Lohoch de Sper mate Ceti

CALOMEL pt. 8. Bolus e Rhaeo cum M ercurio

48. Pilulae Antimonialis cum M ercurio

49. Pilulae Calomelanae 52. Pilulae e Jalapio cum

M ercurio CALX VJ.VA

4. Aqua Calcis CAMPHORA

6. Bolus Volatilis 41. Linimentum Camphoratum

66. Pul1.'is Camphoratus Nitrosus

67. Pulvis Camphoratus Nitrosus

cum Opio

72. Pulvis Guaiacinus Anti monialis

CANELLA ALBA*

17. Electuarium Corticis Chaly

beatum

* See also Cortex Canellae albae.

24. Elixir Vitrioli Acidum 61. Pulvis Aromaticus

CANTHAiIDES

27. Epithema Vesicatorium

CAPITA PAPAVERIS

28. Fotus Anod ynus

CASCARILLA

58. Pilulae Piceae

CAUSTICUM LUNARE, P,harm.. Lond.

[ 32 ] [ 33 ]

7


[ 15 ]

I'ro un1 dofi ; unc. iv. quD.qt:e {e.:nihorl fl1. n1end ad alvi folutoncq1..

38 . INJ E C T IO .'lE R CU R I AL IS .

[ 15 ]

For one dose iv oz. to be taken every half hour ; for loosening the bowels.

., 38. MERCURIAL INJECTION.'

R J:!., c• ungi_1ent1· rrercur:·O::..L"lS fler:z":LMU·t!J;: Take of

Soive in Olei olivar:. vel amygdal. d . uu. iv.

Urenda mane et vefpere, vel ter die

39. INJ E C T r o BA LS A M IC A.

R.E E C. Balfam cap;vi dmchm: ii. 1. olivar. vel amygdal. d. unc. iv Ni.•

1T h e term inieotio does not occur in the i n d e x of either the London or Edinburg Pharmacopoeia. Quincy g i v es two formulas for an I ni e c t i o ad G o n o r r h o e a m . b u t neither contains m e r c u r y . M o r e - over, both are aqueous, not oily preparations.

2 The Maisch reprint of the second edition

- a

London or Edinburg P h a r m a c o p o e i a . Neither d o- e s Quincy list an Injectio BaZ sa1nica. Possibly, bal sam of c o p a i b a, a South American drug had not found its way into English practice, at least not sufficiently to be recognized by p h a r m a c o p o e i a:I authorities. · No such prepara

Mercurial ointment one-half ounce :

Dissolve in "Oil-olive", or sweet almond oil iv oz.

To be used' morning and evening, or three times a day.

39. BALSAMIC INJECTION.'

Take of

h s utende, presum tion is indicated in the Balsam of Copaiba ii drachms

U ter:.da inane et vefpere, vet·rer die.

40. LINIMENTUM ANODYNU!.1.

.R. E C. Axungi::e porci nre zmc. ii. Lauda ni liquid i fennn2cian1.

IVIifce in time.

..l\d h::e n1orr 1o"frles ; ; tl ad d olorein fpafti c un1 xgre tolrao

1

ilcn1;

ably a typographical error.

3 As stated. the term injectio does not occur in the index of the

in d e x of either the London or Edinburg Pharmacopoeia, or the D i s p e n s a t o r y o f Quincy.

"Oil-olive" or sweet almond oil iv oz. Mix.

To be used morning and evening, or three times a day.

40. ANODYNE LINIMENT.'

Take of Lard ii oz. Liquid laudanum one-half ounce

Mix intimately.

+ r . LrNI- ' For hemmorhoids ; or for tolerable pain intermittently uncomfortable.

CERA FLAVA

12. Unguentum Cereum

CONSERV. ROSARUM

6. Bolus Volatilis 9. Bolus Lixivialis

C (ORNU) S C (ERVI) C (ONTUSUS)


CORTEX AURANTIORUM

81. Tinctura Corticis Peruviani

* See Canella alba.

CORTEX CANELLAE ALBAE*

33. Infusum Chalybeatum

CORTEX CINNAMOMI


CORTEX MYROBALANI

54. Pilulae ex Extracto M yro balani

CORT (EX) PERUVIAN (UM )

12. Decoctum Cor'ticis Peruviani

[ 34 ]

13. Decoctum Corticis cum Ser- 70. Pulvis Corticis cum Opio pentaria 81. Tinctu.f a Corticis Peruviani

14. Decoctum Corticis cum Vino CORTEX SASSAFRAS*

17. Electuarium Corticis Chaly- 35. lnfusum Sassafras

beatum CREMOR TARTARI

68. Pulvis Corticis Peruviani 37. Infusum Sennae

69. Pulvis Corticis cum Serpen- 71. Pulvis e Jalapio cum Cre- taria more Tartari

* See also Radix vel Lignum.

[ 35 ]

r

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c ls t

L 16 J

1-1. LINI1'I E1'TTU111 C_'iM P I-.!:OH.ATU.rl'!

RE C. Camphcr;;:: fcnzza;cia.n1.

1. oli·van;im, amygchl. cl. pg landi..J n1, vel fem. 11111 fine calOre epreili z!nc. ii J:.11. s. a.

1The London Phar

macouoeia. contains a L i n i m e n t u m Volatile made by mix ing olive oil with spirit of ammonia, a p.repa-· ration v e r y different from that of the Lititz P h a r m a c op o e i a . The latter corresponds to our modern cam phorated ·oil r a t h e r than to an ammonia liniment. such as the

t

3 T h i s magnesium carbonate, not official in the London Phar macolJoeia, is directed by the Edinburg Phar maCOlJOeia to be pre pared by precipitation f r om a solution of m a g n e s i u m s u l P h a t e (Epsom salt) with potassium carbo n a t e (pearl ash is specified). It should be added that in addition

[ 16 ]

41. CAMPHORATED LINIMENT.1

Take of

Camphor one-half ounce "Oil-olive", or sweet almond oil, Butternut oil, or cold expressed lin-

seed oil ii oz. Mix according to preparation o f h e to Maanesia Alba, the

42. Lr NIM E N T U M VOL AT I LE .

REC. Li n1menti carn phorati unc, iT. Sp. fi..:i l Volar. an urtcniac. fa;;;,u; 1..

cianz. 1\1.

43. l\1A G N TI SIA ALBA. Phann. Edin.

Dofis a dmchm. i ad drachm. ii.---Pr.o C;,

L o n d o n Pharmaco poeia is. T h e Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia c o n t a i n s no corre sponding preparation. Under the title Lini mentum V o l a t i l e . Q u i n c y mentions · a preparation m ad e of equal parts of oil of hartshorn (a product of destructive distilla tion ), and s p i r i t of hartshorn.

In the Maisch re p r i n t of the second edition the W()rd duZce is abbreviated d u l c . not d.

It should be noted

carbonate. t h e Ed.in b ur g Pharmacopoeia lists a Magnesia Ust'1 its oxide tirepared by calcination.

"' The London Phar macopoeia d o e s n o t li: s t this preparation in the index. That of the Edinburg Pharma c o p o e i a is stronger, the r a t i o being 4 :6. Whereas the L i t i t z Pharmacopoeia directs that the two ingredi ents be mixed secun dum artem, the Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia directs Diligenter ter ens misce, et per Un

(

the art.

42. VOLATILE LINIMENT.'

Take of

" Camphorated liniment 11 oz. Volatile spirit of sal ammoniac

one-half ounce. Mix.

43. WHITE MAGNESIA.' Pharm. Edin.

that for this e>x.ternal teiim exprime. Mix thartic.o ·leni et utili, -v alente- acido ·Jl:o medicament the Lititz diligently by triturat

d Dose from i to ii drachms _ _ _ As a

Pharmacopoeia ·p e r - in g a n e x p r e s s mild and effective cathartic, for neu machi ind igeno.

44. Mu cIL A G O Gu!'llM I AR A B1c r.

R E C. Gu m. Arabic. ti!lc. iv.

Aqua: foman unc. x. M. s. a.

·+S· .,. 0LEU M'. Rr CI1'f i, Emptitium.

46. P11u-

mits the use of two oils presumably made in this country as well as that of two oils im ported from Mediter ranean countries.

2 The Volatile Lini ment of the Lititz for mula differs from that of the London Phar macopoeia in the use of camphorated lini ment. mo,re correctly a camphorated oil, for olive oil. The Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia lists no such Preparar t i o n . A s a l r e a d y stated. Quincy's Vola tile Liniment is a mix ture of equal parts of oil of hartshorn a n d spirit of hartshorn.

t h r o u g h a l i n e n strainer.)

Quincy· does not list it separately but re fers to it under Gum Arabic.

Castor Oil is n o t listed in the London Pharmacopoeia. That of Edinburg directs it to be' prepared 1ik e A l m o n d oil. viz. by crushing the seed in a mortar. and express ing t h e comminuted seed without the aid of heat. Qtiincy states that "This oil is pre p a r e d by decoction. a n d by expression: the first affords most of the oil, but the' lat ter, the m o s t agree able."

tralizing chronic a c i d i t y o f t h e stomach.

44. MUCILAGE OF GUM ARABIC.4

Take of

Gum Arabic iv oz. Spring water x oz. Mix according

to the art.

45. *CASTOR OIL,' Purchased,

GRETA PT.

5. Bolus e Greta

63. Pulvis Antimonialis

76. Pulvis Jpecacuanhae cum

Opio

DECOCTUM CORT (ICIS) PERUVIAN (!)

31. Gargarisma Adstringens

ELECTUARIUM LENITIVUM. Pharm. Edin.

19. Electuarium Lenitivum cum Nitro

20. ElectuariUm Lenitivum Balsam.

ELIXIR VITRIOL! ACID (UM)

13. Decoctum Corticj,s cum Ser pentaria


EMPLASTRUM COMMUNE

9. Emplastrum Ad haesivum

FOLIA SENNAE

37. Infusum Sennae

FRUCTUS TAMARINDORUM

37. Infusum Sennae

GUMM! AMMONIACUM

47. Pilulae Ammoniacae

GUMM! ARABICUM


44. Mucilago Gummi Arabici

GUMM! ASAE FOETIDAE

56. Pilulae Foetidae cum Aloe

GUM (MI) GUAIAC (UM)

20. Electuarium Lenitivum Balsam.

\

'

i

[ 36 ] [ 37 ]

Pilulae Aloeticae as·


[ 17 ]

46. PILU LE ALOETICJE.

R E C. Aloes fuccotrin. Saponis Hifpan. ana. P. )£ . Syrupi q. s.


[ 17 ]

46. ALOETIC PILLS.' Take of

Socotrine aloes Castile soap equal parts Syrup a sufficient quantity

Delis a gr. x. ad gr. xxv. 1Quincy translates

Aloetic Pills. The Lit itz formula is appar

contain half a dozen other ingredients.

s Neither the London nor the E d i n b u r ;c

Dose from x gr. to xxv gr.

47. Pr L U L.IE AMM O N I AcJE.

RE C. Gum. Ammoniac. unc. ii. Saponis Hifpan. unc. ·i. Balfam. capivi. q. s. M.

Dolis a gr. x. ad gr. xv. ter die.

48. Pr LU L.IE A N T IMON IALES cum· MER C U R I O.

R E C. Tartar. emetic. drachm. i. Calomd. ppt. drachm. ii. Syrupi q. s.

Formetur malfa in pilulas 120.

Dofu i. omni noCte ; vel bis terve die;

49· P.1LU L.lE CAL OM E L AN .lE .

R E C. CalomeL ppt. ftrupul. i. Micre panis fcrupul. ii. Syrupi q. s.

ently an adaptation o-f the Edinburg formula for Pilula·e Aloeticae. The latter c a 11s for e x t r a c t of gentian w i t h which to form the Pill mass, also f o" sal v o l y c h r e s turn. Quincy does not com ment on the addition of this salt. potassium sulphate. The London Pharmacopoeia 1is t s no sim-ple aloe p i11s but gives a formula for Pilulae ea; Oolo cynthide cum Aloe.

.., Neither the London nor the E d i n b u r g Pharmaco1)oeia 1i s t s these pills. Q u i n c y g iv e s a formula for Pilulae de Ammo'lt.iaco Ma.oistrales. ?<Iagiste terial Pills of Ammoni a.cum which. howevet·,

Pb.armacopoeia 1i s t these oills. The near est equivalent in the latter ·a.re the PiZuia Plummeri containing M e r c u r i u s d.ulois (Calomel) a n d SuZ 'Phur Antimonii 'P,., cipitatum (precipitated sulphide of antimonv Quincy makes no com ment on the Edinbur.a f ormula.

4 N ot o n e of the three ref erences lists calomel pills in th e indez neither does a perusal of the f ormu las reveal such a prep aration. This formula represents a typical case of American ad ministration of large doses of m e r c u r y compounds.

47. AMMONIACUM PILLS.' Take of

Gum ammoniac ii oz. Castile soap i oz. Copaiba balsam a sufficient quan

tity. Mix.

Dose from x gr. to xv gr. three times a day.

48. ANTIMONIAL PILLS with MERCURY. 3

Take of Tartar emetic i drachm Precipitated calomel ii drachms Syrup a sufficient quantity

Let the mass be formed into 120 pills. Dose i every night ; or twice or three times a day.

49. CALOMELATED PILLS.4 Take of

Precipitated calomel i scrup. Bread crumbs ii scrup.

c

72. Pul'Vis Guaiacinus Anti monialis

Foz-

82. Tinctura Opii, 'VUlgo Lauda, num Liquidum

lPECACUANHA *

75. Pul'Vis I pecacuanhae

Syrup a sufficient quantity.

32. Haustus Anod ynus 40. Linimentum Anod ynum

73. Pul'Vis Guaiacinus Nitrosus

GUMM! MYRRHAE

50. Pilulae Chalybeatae

GUMM! OPIUM.*

76. Pultvis Ipecacuanhae cum Opio

* See also Opium Purum.

HORDEUM PERLATUM .

3. Aqua Hordeata

HYDRARGYRUM

51. Pilulae ex Hydrarg yro 14. Unguentum M ercuriale

lNFUSUM SEMINIS LIN!

26. Enema Anod ynum

LAPIS INFERN ALIS, Pharm. Lond.

LAUDANUM LIQUIDUM

5. Bolus e CreW, 16. Decoctum Tormentillae 22. Elect. seu Lohoch de Sper

mate Ceti cum Opio 26. Enema Anod ynus

* See also Cortex vel Radix.

70. Pul'Vis Corticis cum, Opio

LIGNUM SASSAFRAS*

35. lnfusum Sassafras

LIMATURA FERRI

17. Electuarium Corticis Chaly beatum

33. lnfusum Chalybeatum

[ 38] [ 39 J



T r s )

Formetur ma(fa in pilulas 20,

Dolis i. ii. vel iii. omni n6B:e, vei bis die.

50. PIL U L.IE CH A LY BE ATJE.

R E C. Sal. martis calcinati drachm. L Terebinthim:e veneta: drachm. ifs. Pulv. gum. myrrh. q. s,

Forrnetur ma!Ta in .pilulas 60.

Dofis ab i. ad iii. ter die.

5 1. PI L U LJE ex HY D R A R G Y R O;

R E C. Hydrargyri drachm. i. Mellis drachm. i.

1Neither the London nor the E d i n b u r g Pharmacopoeia 1is t s these pills. Q u i n c y g i v e s a formula for their preparation un der the name Pi"lulae M a.r t i a.Z e s or Steel Pills, but dire'cts the use of galbanum in p l a c e of Venice tur pentine and myrrh. He also - suggests the use of "syru:p of the five opening roots" f or the making of the mass. To be more correct, he gives as many as five diff erent f ormulas. His salt of steel is either the Sal Martis, L. D. and E. D., or the Vit

t i o n (Comp. Quincy, p. 288).

:T h is preparation corresnonds t o t h e PiluZae Mercuriales of the London Pharmaco poeia, which, however, directs the mercury to be extin,e;uished with Strassburg turpentine i n s t e a d of honey. Cathartic extract and rhubarb also, enter the L o n d o n preparation. The Lititz formula is a dunlication of that of the Edinburg for mula with the excep tion that o n 1y one eighth of the q_uanti ties are directed to be

[ 18 ]

Let the mass be formed into 20 pills.

Dose i, ii, or iii every night, or twice a day.

50. CHALYBEATE PILLS.'

Take of

Calcined salt of Mars i drachm Venetian turpentine 1% drachms Pulverized gum myrrh a sufficient quantity

Let the mass be formed into 60 pills. Dose from i to iii three times a day.

51. PILLS from MERCURY. 2

Take of

Tere iimul in mortario ma rmoreo ad per feC\:am globulorurn ·extinB:ionem :

rioZum Martis seu Sal Chalybis. E. p. As a matter of fact_ b o t h are iron sulphat<,i. The Sal mwrtis- caldiiia.tus

used at a time. Quincy, commenting on b o t h the London and Edin burg formulas, states that "The L o n d o n

Mercury Honey

i drachm i drachm

Dein adde

tl1icre panis q. s.

Forrr.etur !}1afi"'a. in pilulas 60._ ·

D::,::; 1 . ve1. ii . mane, et ii. \-el iii. vefpere, cc:,-;1 decoclo rad. farfa parilloe--- ad luem vt·n1:rearn.

5 .! , t1r-

of the Lititz formula is, no doubt, iron sul phate deprived of its water of CrYstalli:z:a-

mercurial P i l l s a r e purgative mercurials : and in this intention t h e d o s e m a y b e increased. . . ."

Rub together homogeneously in a mar ble mortar until the small globules have completely disappeared :

Then add of

Bread crumbs a sufficient quantity Let the mass be formed into 60 pills. Dose i or ii in the morning, and ii or iii in the evening, with decoction of sarsaparilla root--f o r v e n e r e a 1 disease.

LINIMENTUM CAMPHORATUM

42. Linim.entum Volatile

LITHARGYRUM

1. Acetum Uthargyrites 8. Emplastrurn Corrvmune

MAGNESIA ALBA. Phann. Edin. MANNA

79. Solutia Cathartica MEL

21. Elect. seu Lohoch de Sper m.ate Ceti



51. Pilulae ex Hydrarg yro

MERCDR!US CoRROSIVUS SUBLIMATUS

80. Solutia -M ercurii Corrosivi Sublimati,

5. M ercurius Praecipitatus Ru ber, Pharri:l. Lond.

15. Unguentum e Pr<;iecipitatio Rubro

MICA PANIS*

49. Pilulae Calomelanae 51. Pilulae ex Hydrarg yro

MUCILAG (O) CUM (Mr) ARAB (ICI)

5. Bolus e Greta 56. Pilulae Foetidae cum Aloe

0LEIDvI AMYGDALARUTuI

38. Injectio M ercurialis 39. Injectio Balsamica 41. Unim_entum Cam.phoratum

* See Panis domesticus.

0LEUM CINNAMOMI

55. Pilulae e Rhaeo

. OLEUM (D) JUGLANDUM

41. Linimentu.mi Camphoratum

0LEUM 0LIVUM

25. Enema Commune 38. Injectio M ercurialis 39. Injectio Balsamica 41. Linimentum. Camphoratum

[ 40 ] [ 41]


[ 19 ]

52. PILUL.IE eJl\.LAPIO cum ME R CURIO .

R E C. Pulv. rad. jalapii Jemunciam. Calomel. ppt. drachm. i. Syrupi q. s. M.

Dofis a fcrupu!. i. ad fcrupul. 11,

5 3 . PrLUL.IE e SENEK A.

RE C. Pulv. rad. fenekre fcrupul. i. Saponis Hifpan. femuniiam. M.

Dofis a gr. x. ad gr. xv. 6ties die.

Ad calculum-··- vel ad febres iritermitten tes pertinaciores.

54· * PILULJE ex Ex TR A C To ?vf Y

ROB AL ANI. (a)

1A literal transla

tion would seem odd so far as pharmaceuti c a 1 nomenclature of t o d a y is concerned. though it m i g h t be more auaint.

:: Neither the London nor the E d i n b u r g Pharmacopoeia gives a formula f or t h e s e pills. The latter, how ever. has a f ormula f or PiZulae e Jaiappa ( w i t h o u t calomel) which Quincy quotp;· We have here another illustration of the use of calomel by Ameri o a n medical practi tioners.

3 None of the three B r i t i s h authorities consulted gives a f or mula for Pills m a d e from seneg"a. Appar ently, t h i s American d r u g had not yet found its way in to the pharmacopoeias of

A c c o r d i n g t o

Tro1nmsdorff ("Woer terbuch." 1808 ) , t h e M'J.J rObalanorum quin que speoies a·r e :five Oriental fruits w it h nuts as kernels which formerly were used as laxatives. Neither the London nor the Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia mentions any of them. The American butter nut. apparently, w a s l o o k e d upon as a therapeutic e q u i v a - lent. H o w e v e r , it should be pointed out t h a t the Lititz for m u 1a calls for the b a r k . not the fruit. According to "King's A m e r i c a n D i s P e n s a t o r y '' ( Eigh teenth edition, t h ir d r e v i s i o n of 1900. p. 1090 ) b u t t e r n u t bark "in small doses is a mild stimulant to t h e intestinal tract. proving laxative a n d

' [ 19 ]

52. PILLS of 1 JALAP with MERCURY. 2

Take of Pulverized Jalap root one-half

ounce Precipitated calomel i drachm Syrup a sufficient quantity. Mix.

Dose from i to ii scrup.

53. PILLS of SENEGA.'

Take of Pulverized senega root i scrup. Castile soap one-half ounce. Mix.

Dose from x gr. to xv gr. 6 times a day. For kidney or gall stones-or for in termittent fevers p a r t i c u 1 a r 1y resistant.

54. *PILLS of EXTRACT OF MYRO (a)

R E C. Corticis, vel radicis myrobalani contus. q, s.

Aqure fontanre q. s. Coque ut fiat decoCl:um fortius, et cola :

Deinde per evaporationem leni calore C z periCl:am,

(a) AnglicC WH IT E WA L N U T, five B u TT E R-?f U'f o

Britain. though it may h a v e b e e n used in British medical prac tice by this time.

in larger d o s e s is a gentle and agreeable cathartic. causing no griping. . . ."

BALANUM.4

Take of Bruised bark, or root of myro

balanum a sufficient quantity Spring water a sufficient quantity

Boil until a strong decoction is formed, and strain : Then by means of evaporation en

(a) English, White Walnut, or Butternut.

8. Emplastrum Commune 12. Unguentum Cereum

0LEUM RICINI

0LEUM SEMINUM LIN!

25. Enema Commune 41. Linimentum Camphoratum

0LEUM VITRIOLUM

24. Elixir Vitrioli Acidum

* See also Gummi Opium.

* Se_e Mica Panis.

OPIUM PURUM*

7. Bolus Volatilis cum Opio

51. Pilulae Opiatae

0RIZA

3. Aqua Orizata

PANIS DoMEsTrcus*

3. Aqua ex P·ane cocto

[ 42 ]

PANIS TOSTUS

3. Aqua ex Pane tosto

PILULAE AMMONIACAE

60. Pilulae Scilliticae

PIPER JAMAICENSIS

77. Pul1Jis Scilliticus Nitrosus 82. Tinctura Opii

PIX BURGUNDICA

9. Emplastrum Ad haesi1Jum PIX LIQUIDA

58. Pilulae Piceae

PULYIS AROMATICUS

35. Pilulae e Rhaeo

RADIX GENTIANAE


PULVIS PECACUANHAE

76. Pulvis lpecacuanhae C'l{-m

Opio

PULYIS SCILLAE

77. Pul1Jis Scilliticus Nitrosus

[ 43 ]

I

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c is t T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c is t

[ 20 ] [ 20 ]

peractam, more folito fiat extractum mollc ; ex quo formentur pilulre gr. v.

Dofis a ii. ad v.---Pro cathrtico leni; grato et efikaci ; vi quoque tonica pollenti.

55 . P LULE e RHlEo.

R E C. Pulv. rhrei gr. xxv. Pulv. aromatic. gr. '<·vel ol. c1q

namom, gutt. i. Syrupi. q:s. M.

Pro una dofi---hora fomni, vel mane fumenda. ·

56. PILULlE FoETIDlE cum ALo.E.•

R E C. Gum. afre fcetid. ftrupul. i. Aloe fuccotrin. gr. v. ·. Muc1lag. gum. arabic. q. s.

Formetur maffa in pilulas 4.

Dofis a ii. ad iv.---Utenda in gravi fto !fiac.hi flatulentiS cum alvi con!l:ipatione, qure aliquando in febre maligna et ca ftrenfi occurrit, ad flatum deorfum ex pellend um.

57· Pr-

1Not o n e o f t h e three references con sulted g i v e s a for mula for r h u b a r b pills.

" Neither do t h e y

g iv e a formula for asafoetida :pills, with or without aloes. at least not under t h a t name.

l

gendered by gentle heat let there be made in the customary manner, a soft extract; from which let there be formed v gr. pills.

Dose from ii to v.-As a mild cathar tic, pleasant and efficacious ; vi as a tonic of powerf ul strength.

55. PILLS of RHUBARB.1

Take of Pulverized rhubarb xxv gr. Aromatic powder v gr. or of oil of

cinnamon i drop Syrup a sufficient quantity. Mix.

For one dose-to be taken at bedtime, or in the morning.

56. ASAFOETIDA PILLS with ALOES.'

Take of Gum asafoetida i scrup. Socotrine aloes v gr. Mucilage of gum Arabic a sufficient

quantity

Let the mass be formed into 4 pills. Dose from ii. to iv.-To be used in serious flatulency of the stomach with constipation, which sometimes occurs in malignant fever and military fever, for expelling intestinal gas.

RAD (IX) GLYCYRRHIZ (AE)

15. Decoctum Radicis Sarsa parillae

RADIX J.ALAPII

52. Pilulae e Jalapio cum M ercurio

71. Pulvis e Jalapio cum Cremore Tartari

* See also Lignum 'V el Cortex.

RADIX MYROBALANI

54. Pilulae ex Extracto Myro

balani

RAD (IX) SARSAPARILL (AE)


RADIX SASSAFRAS*


RADIX SENEKA

53. Pilulae e Seneka

j RADIX SERPENTARIAE

36. Infusum Serpentariae I 69. Pulvis Corticis cum Ser

pentaria

81. Tinctura Corticis Peruviani

RAD (rx) ToRMENTILLAE


RADIX ZINGIBERIS

24. Elixir Vitrioli Acidum

61. Pulvis Aromaticus

RHAEUM

8. Bolus e Rhaeo cum Mercurio

55. Pilulae e Rhea

59. Pilulae Saponaceae cum Rhaeo

[ 44 ] [ 45 ]

I

;1


[ 21 ] [ 21 ]

57. PI L U LJE Or r A TlE

R E C. Opii purl fcrupul. i.

Saponis Hifpan. dr,ochm. i. JvI. Formetur maJfa in pilulas 20.

Dofis i. vel. ii. hora fomni.

58. Pr L U LlE. PicElE.

R E C. Picis liquida: q. v. Pulv. cafcarilbe q. s. M. s. '

Do!is gr. xy. vd ftrupul. i. ter die.

59 . PI L U LlE SAPON A CE JE cumRH;;;:o

R E C. Saponis Hifpan. drachm. vi. Pulvis·rha:i drachm. ii. Syrupi q. s. TvL

Dofis a ftruptil. i. ad fcrup: tl. ii. bis rerve die.

60. PI LU LJE ScILLI T I CJE.

R E C. Pilul. ammoniac. imc. i. Pulv. fi:ill>e arid c.'rachm. ifs, M.

1The London Phar macopoeia d o e s not list 0 n iu m Pills but P i l u l a e Sa;ponaoeae containing opium. See footnote No. 3. Quincy lists them as Piliilae Thebaicae. vuZgo Paci ficae. "The P a c i f i c

· Pills". "These p i 11 s w e r e contrived by a c h e m i c a l empyric, Starky, and communi cated by him to Math ews, under w h o s e name they were, some time ago, greatly cele brated. None of the in gredients ( Extract of Licorice and Jamaica Pepper) are of much conseauece. e :x: c.e p . t h e o p i u m . . . . Quincy's f ormula is the same as that of t h e Edinburg Phar macopoeia.

z This appears to be another typical Amer ican Dreparation, for neither the L o n d o n nor the E d i n b u r g Pharmacopoeia c o n - tains a r e f e r e n c e thereto. Quincy gives a formula for p i l l s nl a d e f r o m Venice turpentine, b u t pitch is a p r o d u c t of de structive distillation. hence very different in composition f r o m a natural plant product S ti c h as Venice tur pentine.

2 The London Phar macoPoeia lists Pilula.e Saponaoeae, prepared with a s o a p m a d e from almond oil and containing opium. Un der the heading Pilu Zae Samonaceae Sapo naceous Pills. Quincy comments on the Lon don formulae : "This p i 11 is introduced in the room of Mathew's ( See footnote 1.) The soap :Dromotes the so lution of the opium in the stomach. and thus occasions it to act the more auickly ; which is t h e only intention that -the more labori ous soap of tartar can answer." However, the Lititz formula d o e s not contain opium but rhubarb.

4 Scillitic Pills is t11e English equivalent f or P il 10 Z a. e SoilUticae given by Quincy. The Ammoniacum Pills of the Lititz Pharmaco poeia (No. 47 ) contain Gum Ammoniac. Cas tile Soap and Balsan: Copaiba. Quincy's for mula for Scillitic Pills calls for Gum Ammo niacum a n d Carda mom Se·eds in addition to Sauills. Neither the London nor the Edin b u r g Pharmacopoeia lists this ])reparation.

57. OPIATED PILLS.' Take of

Pure opium i scrup. Castile soap i drachm. Mix.

Let the mass be formed into 20 pills. Dose i. or ii. at bedtime.

58. PITCH PILLS. 2

Take of Liquid pitch as much as desired Powdered cascarilla a sufficient

quantity. Mix according to the art.

Dose xv. gr. or i. scrup. three times a day.

59. SAPONACEOUS PILLS with RHUBARB. 3

Take of Castile soap vi drachms. Powdered rhubarb ii drachrns. Syrup a sufficient quantity.

Dose from i. scrup. to ii. scrup. two or three times a day.

60. SCILLITIC PILLS. 4

Take of Ammoniacum pills i oz. dry squill 1¥2 drachms.

Dofis gr. x. vel g. xv"ter die.. 61. Pur.-

Powdered Mix.

Dose x. gr. or xv. gr. three times a day.

RUBIGO

17. Electuarium Corticis Chaly beatum


SACCHARUM ALBUM


SACCHARUM SATURN!

15. Unguentum Saturninum

SAL AMMON (IACUM) VOLAT (ILE)

6. Bolus Volatilis

SAL CATHARTICUS AMAR (UM)

79. Solutia Cathartica

SAL COMMUNE

25. Enema Commune

SAL C (ORNI) C (ERVI) VOLAT (ILE)

6. Bolus volatilis

SAL GLAUBERI

79. Solutio Cathartica

SAL MARTIS


SAL NITRI

19. Electuarium Lenitivum


I 64. Pul'Vis Antimonialis Nitrosus

65. Pulvis Antimonialis Nitrosus cum Opio

66. Pulvis Camphoratus Nitrosus

67. Pulvis Camphoratus Nitrosus cwm Opio

73. Pulvis Guaiacinus Nitrosus

74. Pulvis Nitrosus 77. Pulvis Scillae Nitrosus

SAL TARTAR (ISATUS)

9. Bolus LixivialiS

SAPO HrsPANICUS

46. Pilulae Aloeticae 47. Pilulae Ammoniacae 53. Pilulae e Seneka 57. Pilulae opiatae 59. Pilulae Saponaceae cum

Rhaeo

[46 ] [ 47 ]

I J

l j

I

6

,., •••A . c:me..c. gJ . 11.


L .z z J 6 r. "' Pu L v r s . AR ol\I A T I C U s ,

R E C. Canclhc alre.· "."l''-..'.'."]. ,L,..-;1n ,..,L:b 1

.....• .·1.·. ...,..na p• lE . M•

Fiat p.ulvis.

Dofis a gi·. r. ad JcruJ.fJ!!l. i.

6.::. 1:· Pu L n s A!.u M I:N osu s.

R E C. Alu m. crudi. Terr <e japonicre, ana P• .ZE. M.

·.Dofi.s a xr·, '/iii. ad drachnz. fs.

6-?·. P U L V I S A N T I MON I A L I S . •• r>

1Quincy devotes a

chapter to "Aromat ics" and, although be lists sixty-four :pow ders in h i s index. there is no reference to .Aromatic Powder. T h e Edinburg Phar macopoeia contains a formula for P u Z v i s Diaromaton. sive Spe cies Aro11iaticae com p o s e d of :powdered nutmeg, c a r d a m o m and ginger. The Lon d o n Pharmacopoeia lists no corresponding preparation.

tringens, An Astrin g e n t Powder." The ninth contains alum. In addition he g i v e s the Edinburg formula f o r Styptic Powder, but p a s s e s no com m e n t thereon. The L o n d o n Pharmaco p o e i a does not list this powder.

3 Not an earth, but catechu.

-i. Althoui;h the Lititz Pharmacopoeia 1is t s t.h r e e poWdeTs con taining tartar emetic,

[ 22 ]

61. *AROMATIC POWDER.'

Take of White canella Ginger root equal parts of each.

Mix. Let a powder be made.

Dose from v. gr. to i. scrup.

62. *ALUM!NATED POWDER.'

Take of Crude alum Terra Japonica' equal parts of each.

Mix.

Dose from viii. gr. t0 112 drachm.

> }\. .!_, I•

Tarta1·. e1ntic. .d'/ach;n. i. 0

Quincy g i v e s no less than twelve f or

not one of the three authorities consulted 63. ANTIMONIAL POWDER.4

I.....'[''.t."..n.=..;:>.... pt' t . zr•c.. !. ,;.v1.

D)ts a. g·t. x. ad Jcrupul. i pro en1etico ; ·vd a gr. ii. a.d gr. viii. 3 tia vel 4ta quaq uc irora, pi:o .d iaphuretico.

6.. p U L V I S A N T I M 0 N I A, L I S

l'\ r r R O S U S .

f:._·c. '"r·,.. ,..,._ _ ·r·; · s.-,.: ;::i ·4i 2ri dr.1thn1. iii. .1

mulas for "Pulvis As- gives a formula with this ingredient.

I

Take of Tartar emetic i drachm Prepared chalk i oz. Mix.

Dose from x. gr. to i. scrup. as an emetic ; or from ii. to viii. gr. 3 or 4 times every hour, as a diaphoretic.

64. NITRATED ANT!MONIAL POWDER.

Take of

SCILLA 60. Pilulae SciUiticae

Dofis

SPIRITUS SALIS VOLATILIS

AMMONIAC!

SYRUPUS

Tartar emetic ii gr. Salt of nitre iii drachms. Mix.

55. Pilulae e Rhaeo

SEMEN LINI

34. Infusum Seminum Lini

SEVUM OVILLUM

14. Unguentum M ercuriale

SPERMATIS CETI

21. Elect. seu Lohoch de Sper mate Ceti

SPfilITUS JAMAICENSIS 81. Tinctura Corticis Peruviani

42. Linimentum Volatile

SPIRITUS VINI TENUIS

1. Aqua Acidulata

24. Elixir Vitrioli Acidum 29. Fotus Spirituosus 82. Tinctura Opii

SULPHUR 16. Unguentum Sulphuratum

17. Electuarum Corticis Chaly- beatum

32. Haustus Anod ynu·s·

46. Pilulae Aloeticae

48. Pilulae Antimonialis cum M ercurio

49. Pilulae Calomelanae

52. Pilulae e Jalapio cum M ercurio

57. Pilulae Saponaceae cum Rhaeo

SYRUP (us) SACCHARI

8. Bolus e Rhaeo cum M ercurio

TARTARUS EMETICUS

48. Pilulae Antimoniales cu.m M ercurio

63. Pulvis A timonialis 64. Pulvis Antimonialis Nitrosus

[ 48 ] -

l [ 49 ]


l 2 3 J


[ 23 ]

Dolis a gr. xv. ad drachm. fs. quaque hora.

z da vel ...ria .)

Dose from xv. gr. to lh drachm 2 or 3 times every hour.

65 . Fit etiam cum 0Pro, addendo

G u m. opii gr. ii. Eodem modo fumendus.

66. P U L V IS CA M P H O R A T U S

NIT R O S U S .

R E C. Camphor. drachm. fs.

lNone ·of the· three sources consulted lists this preparation.

i Neither Pharmaco P o· e ia includes this powder. Of it Quincy says : ". . . in deliria. where opiates fail of

. procuring sleep, a n d often times aggravate t h e symptoms. t h i s w i11 frequently suc ceed, e s p e c i a l l y if

long-er 1 i s t s simple powders. All powders o f b o t h pharmaco poeias a r e mixtures. as are most of those of the Lititz Pharma copoeia. This is one of the few exceptions (See also No. 75 : Ipe cac Powder.) Being marked with an aster isk. it was not sup

65. The above may also be made with

OPIUM,' by adding of Gum opium ii gr.

To be taken in the same manner.

66. NITRATED POWDER' of CAMPHOR.

Take of

Sal. nitri drachnz. ii. M.

Dalis a gr. xv. ad drachm. fs. 2da vel 3tia

j o i n e d with nitre." ( p. 149) .

See footnote No. 2. 4 Neither t h e Lon don nor the Edinburg

posed to be· l,)re;pared in the hospital d1spen i:aries, but, as indi cated in the f oreword. i n t h e a o m rn u n e

Camphor Salt nitre

112 drachm ii drachms. Mix.

quaque hora.

67. Fit etiam cum 0.Pio, addenda

Gum. opii gr. ii. Eodem modo fumendus.

68. * PuLvr s CoRTr c1s PERUVIAN!.

Dofis a drachm. fs. ad drachm. i. quaque vel 2da quaque hora,

69. Pt<L-

Pharmacopoeia a n y 01Jerariii1n. Dose from xv. gr. to l/2 drachm 2 or 3 times every hour.

67. The above may also be made with OPIUM,' by adding of

Gum opium iigr. To be taken in the same manner.

68. *POWDER OF PERUVIAN BARK.4

Dose from l/2 drachm to i. drachm every hour or twice every hour.

65. Pulvis Antimonialis Nitrosus cum Opio

72. Pulvis Guaiacinus Anti monialis

78. Solutia Emetica

TEREBINTHIA VENETA


UNGUENTUM BASILICUM FLAVUM

27. Epithema Vesicatorium

13. Unguentum e Praecipitato Rubro

UNGUENTUM CEREUM

15. Unguentum Saturninum

UNGUENTUM MERCURIALIS

VINUM MADERENSE

2. Aqua Vinosa 83. Vinum Antimoniale

VINUM POMACEUM

33. Infusum Chalybeatum VINUM RUBRUM

14. Decoctum Corticis cum Vino

VITRIOLUM ALBUM

10. Collyrium Vitriolicum

VITRIOLUM COERULEUM

6. Linteum Praeparatum

VITRUM ANTIMONII

83. Vinum Antimoniale

TERRA JAPONICA

62. Pulvis Aluminosus

TINCTURA MYRRHAE ET ALOES,

Phann. Lond.

38. lnjectio M ercurialis

VINUM ANTIMONIALIS


[ 50 J

As previously pointed out, the Lititz Pharmacopoeia does not give formulas for several preparations, but directs them

to be prepared in accordance with either the London or Edin-

[ 51]

T h e B a _d g e r P h a r m a c i s t T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t

[ 24- ]

69. P u v 1s C O R T 1t 1s

S E R P E N TA R I.

cum

[ 24 ]

69. POWDER OF BARK with SERPENTARIA.'

Take of Pulverized Peruvian bark i oz.

R E C Pulv. cort. Penivian. tmt. i. Pulv. rad. fer pentar •.arachm. ii. M.

Doli> dracbm. Js. quaque,. vei zda quaque

hor:a.

70. Pu LVIS CoR TIC IS cum 0Pr o.

R E C. Pulv. ·cart. Pernvian. unc. i. Laudani liquidi gutt. xxx.

Tera.ntur limul in rnorrnrio ut intime rnifce antur.

Dalis drachm. Js. quaque, vel 2da quaque hara.

71. PuLv r s e JA L A P IO· cum CRE

M ORE TA RTAR!.

R E C; Pulv. jalapii drachm. i.

1None of the three

r e f e r e n c e s c o n sulted lists this prepa ration. As previously indicated RadiX Ser pentariae had not yet found its way into the pharmacopoeias of the British Isles though it was known to British medical practice, f o r Q u i n c y describes it among the Simples as a diaohoretic.

z This Powder a.1 s o is not l i s t e d in the three references con sulted.

3 T h e E d i n b u r g Pharmacoooeia 1 i s t s t h i s preparation as Piolvis e JaZarnJa Oom positus. Its formula. h o w e v e r . p r e -

scribes Orystalli Tar tari in Dlace of Ore mor Ta.rtari. Whereas the Lititz Pharmaco poeia. merely directs the two Powders to be mixed. the' Edinburg Phannacopoeia. directs Mi.see .... .... .... ut fiat p u i v i s teniiisSi ?ntis. In order to ac complish t h i s , t h e crystals m a y h a v e been m o r e effective than the cream of tar tar. Quincy does not follow t h e Edinburg directions but suggests that. "powdered cream of tartar" b e u s e d . Why the cream of tar tar s h o u l d be pow d e r e d before mixing d o e s n o t b e c o m e apparent.

Pulverized serpentaria root ii drachms. M.

Dose ¥2 drachm every hour, or twice every hour.

70. POWDER OF BARK with OPIUM.'

Take of Pulverized Peruvian bark i oz. Liquid laudanum xxx drops

Let them be triturated in a mortar until intimately mixed.

Dose l/2 drachm every hour, or twice every hour.

71. POWDER of JALAP with CREAM' of

TARTAR.

Take of

.Cremar. tartari JenzunciarJt,. M.

Dolls Jcrupul. i. 2da \rel 4ta quaque hara, ut

Powdered Jalap Cream of tartar

Mix.

i drachm one-half ounce.

alv us leniter n1ove-:1.tur 72. Pu L-

Dose i. scrup. 2 or 4 times every hour, until a mild movement be produced.

burg Pharmacopoeia. These directions call for several addi tional ingredients. Thus the Conserva Rosarum ( 11) of the London Pharmacopoeia calls for Flores Rosarum rubrarum immaturarum, red rose buds. The Elixir Paregoricum ( 23) of the same standard calls for Flores benzoini (benzoic acid) , Opium colatum (purified opium) , Oleum anisi assentialis, and Spiritus vinosus rectijicatus, in addition to Camphora. The Electuarium lenitivum ( 18) of the Edinburg Pharmacopoeia calls for Semen coriandri and Pulpa prunorum gallicorum

[ 52 ]

(French prune pulp) in addition to Folia sennae. However, the possibility is not excluded that these preparations were to be imported rather than to be made in the dispensaries of the hospitals.

M ateria M edica: Mineral Kingdom. No hard and fast line can be drawn between the mineral as such and the prepara tions made therefrom. Thus Sal Commune may have been native rock salt, or salt obtained by the evaporation of sea water. Greta Praeparata was native chalk purified by lixivi-

[ 53 ]

I A

T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a ci s t T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t

[ 25 J [ 25 ]

72. P u .t. v r s G u A I A C t·N u s A N T I M O N I A L I S·.

R E C. Glim, guaiaci dracbm. ii. Camphorre dracbm. fs:

Tartati emetic, gr. \JS. ·M.

Dolis a gr. xv. ad gr. xxv. ter die,

73. Pu LVIS Gu AIA CIN u s Nr TR osu s ,

R E C. Gum. guaiac. drachm. i. Sal. nitri drachm. ii. M.

Dolis a Jcrupul. i. ad ii. ter quaterve die.

74. _Pu Lv rs Nr TR osu s.

Ell: fal nitri in pulvererrt redaet us.

Dolis a fcrupul. i. ad ii, 2da quaque hora.

75· * PU LVIS lPE C A CU AN HJE.

Dolis gr. xv. pro emetico :--- vel gr. i. 4ta. qliaque hora, ad diarrhream.

D ·76. PuL-

l N o t .o n e o f t h e

three ref e;rences con sulted makes mention of this powder.

2 The same h o l d s true of this 'Prepara tion.

3 T h i s is a mis norneT. It should read Piolvis Nitri. i.e. Pow der of Nitre or Pow d e r e d Nitre. Comp. PuZvis Oorticis Pei·ii viani (No. 68), a l s o P u l v i s l'J)ecacioanha;; (No. 75 ). A comJ)ar able misnomer is Pul v i s Oami1Jhoratus Ni trosus ( No. 66 ) . As J) r e v i o u s l y stated, neither the L o n d o n nor the E d i n b u r g

'\J' .

ii

Pharn1acopoeia a n y longer lists s im P 1 e powders. Of its use, Quincy makes the fol l o w in g statement : "But. besides the ex tensive power of over coming i n f l a m a tives, there are others m o r ·e extraordinary a t t r i b u t e d to it : . . . . . . . .. .. . so that on one account or an other. no- one simple' in the whole M ateria .iWecl.ica e n t e r s more prescriptions" (p. 144 ).

4 As p o i n t e d out. neither the L o n d o n nor the E d i n b u r g Pharmacopoeia at that time l i s t e d simple J)owders any longer.

72. ANTIMONIAL GUA!AC POWDER.3

Take of

Gum guaiac ii drachms Camphor 1Ai drachm Tartar emetic 11/2 gr. Mix.

Dose from xv. gr. to xxv. gr. three times a day.

73. NITRATED GUAIAC POWDER. 2

Take of

Gum guaiac i drachm Salt nitre ii drachms. ..Mix.

Dose from i. to i.. scrup. three or four times a day.

74. NITRATED POWDER. 3

Is salt nitre reduced to a powder.

Dose from i. to ii. scrup. twice every hour.

75. *IPECAC POWDER.'

Dose xv. gr. as an emetic:-'-Qr i. gr. 4 times every hour, for diarrhoea.

ation. Calx Viva was "calx" i.e. burnt limestone. Sulphur was native sulphur, in all proba]lility purified by sublimation.

I mineral and artificial inorganic* chemical. Hence, also for this reason, the alphabetical order has been adopted.

J

Thus while chalk and sulphur were pur.ified by physical

processes, quick lime was the product of a chemical reaction. From these simple procedures to the more complex one in

i:'

I

Alumen Crudum

Aqua Fontana Calomel Praeparatum Calx Viva

Greta Praeparata

Hydrarg yrum

Lapis Inf ernalis Ferri

volved in the preparation of M er_curius Praecipitatus Ruber

l Causticum Lunare. Ph. Lond.

Limatura Litharg yrum

there is a gradual increase in the complexity of the processes. Hence, as stated, no hard and fast lines can be drawn between

[ 54 J

* In order to avoid conf usion, Greta Praepara.tai and Sal Tarturi' are classed

with inorganic as is commonly done, although both are typically organic according to source as well as definition.

[ 55 J I


[ 26 J

76. I' U L V I S I P E C A C U A N H .lE

cum 0 P I o.

f( E C. Pulv. Ipecacuanhre fcrupul. i. Gum. opii gr . v.


[ 26 ]

76. IPECAC POWDER with OPIUM.' Take of

Powdered ipecac i scrup. Gum opium v gr. Prepared chalk 1/2 drachm. Mix

Cretre ppt. drachm.n. Mifce intime. Dofis a gr. x. ad Jci-upul. i. ter die, ad diar

rhceam ;---vel dracbm. Js. hora fomni, ut eliciatur fudor.

77. Pu rv i s Sc1LL IT1cu s Nr T Ros u s.

R E C. Pulv. fcillre aridre drachm. i, Salis nitri drachm. iy:t.

:i. Though not official in the London Phar macopoeia, it is in the Edinburg Pharmaco poeia under the title Pu.Zv1s sudorifi.cus, sive Do'V eri. However t h e formula is different : of opium a n d ipecac each half an ounce to be diluted with four and a half ounces of vitriolated tartar. i.e. p o t a s s i u m s u l phate. Quincy trans

None of the three

a u t h o r i t i e s c o n sulted lists this con1- pound powder. How e v e r. under Simples Quincy makes the fol lowing mention of this mixture : "Given along with nitre. in hydrop ical swellings, and in nephritis, great relief follows ; t h e propor tion of nitre be two p a r t s to one of the

intimately. Dose from x. gr. to i. scrup. three times a day for diarrhoea ;-or lf2 drachm at bedtime, as a diaphoretic.

77. NITRATED POWDER OF SQUILL.2

Take of Powdered dry squill i drachm Salt nitre ii V2 drachms

112

Piperis Jamaicenfis drach:n. fs. lVI. lates the direction of

the Edinburg Pharma

squills, dried and pow

dered. and the dose of Jamaica pepper drachm. Mix.

Dofis a gr. v. ad gr. xv . ter quaterve die,

78. SoLU TIO EMET IC A.

R E C. Tartari emetici gr. v. Aqure fontanre unc. v. Fiat folutio.

Dofis unc. fs. quaque femihora ad vomitum.

79· SoLU TIO CATH AR TICA .

R E C. Sal. cathartic. amar. vel Glauberi unc. i.

Mannre opt. imc. fs. Solve in Aqure calidre unc. iv. et cola.

Pro

copoeia without com ment. Dover's Powder became official in the Ph. Lond. VI of 178'< For the -preparation of t h e original Dove;' Powder, w h i c h wa m u c h more compli c a t e d , see Wootton. The c h r o n i c l es of p h a r m a c y, vol II. p. 132.

the composition fron1 gr. X to a half drachm

. . , which u s u a l l y passes off by urine."

s Neither the London nor the E d i n b u r g Pharmacopoeia, 1 is t s any preparation under the class name Solu tion. Q u i n c y also d o e s n o t recognize such a class.

4 Epsom salt

Dose from .v. gr. to xv. gr. three or four times a day.

78. EMETIC SOLUTION.' Take of

Tartar emetic v. gr. Spring water v. oz. Let a solution

be made. · Dose 112 oz. every half hour to induce emesis.

79. CATHARTIC SOLUTION.' Take of

Bitter cathartic salt' or of Glauber's salt i oz.

the best manna V2 oz. Dissolve in iv oz. of hot water and strain.

M a,gnesia alba. Ph. Lond.

M ercurius Corrosi11us Sublimatus M ercurius Praecipitatus Ruber Oleum Vitrioli Rubigo SaccharUm Saturni Sal Ammoniacum Volatile Sal Catharticum Amarum Sal Commune

Sal Corni Cervi Volatilum Sal Glauberi

Sal M artis Sal Nitri Sal Tartari Sulphur Vitriolum Album

Vitriolum Caeruleum Vitrum Antimonii

ent designations. Thus Ipecacuanha appears as such and as Pulvis Ipecacuanhae ; also Scilla appears as such and as Pulvis Scillae. The powdered form is, no doubt, listed separately because Pulveres, including the simple ones, were recorded as a distinct class of preparations in the pharmacopoeias of that period. ·Of the forty-eight vegetable drugs five are listed as Cortices, but two others, viz. Canella and Cascarilla are also

M ateria M edica: Vegetable Kingdom. This list includes fifty items, two of which appear twice under somewhat diff er-

barks. Only one is listed as Fructus, though Capita Papa veris are also fruits. There are ten Radices listed as such.

[ 56 ] [ 57 ]

T h e B a d g e r_ P h a r m a c i s t T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a c i s t

[ 27 j

Pro unfi dofi, duabus hauftibus intervallo femihorre fumenda.

So. SoLU TIO ME R CU R II CoR R o s ivr

SU BLIM A T I.

RE C. Mercurii corros. fublimat. gr. xvi. Aqure fontanre lib. i. M.

Defis a drachm. ii. ad Jemunciani, mane ·et vefpere.

Utilis eft etiam pro lotione phagedrenica.

S r. * TIN C T U R A CoR T r cr s PE R U Y.

R E C. PLilv. corr. Peruvian. unc. ii. Cort.·aunntiorum contus. unc, ifs. Rad. ferpentarire Contus. femunciam. Spiritus Jamaicenfis lib. ifs.

Infonde per + dies, er cola.

l As P r e v i o u s l y

pointed out, neither the Edinburg nor the Lon d o n pharmacopoeia recognizes a class of simIJle solutions. While Quiney discusse:s "So lution. as a principle" also "as an operation", he likewise does not recognize the term So lution as a c l a s s of preparations.

2 B o t h the London a n d Edinburg phar macopoeias recognize a simple T i n c t u r a C o r t i c i s Per·wviani. The f ormer also gives a f ormula for a sim ple tincture to be 'Pre pared w i t h spirit of ammonia u n d e r the title Tinctura Oorticis P e r u v i a n i v o z a tilis. Quincy comments

:1 The London Phar-

1nacopoeia g i v e s di rections for the :prep aration of a Tinctura Thebaica under Vinci, not u n d e r Tincturae S pir·itiiosae. Under the title T i n c t u r a The baioa, viirgo Lauda n u m. Liquidum, the Edinburg Pharmaco poeia gives t h e for mula f o r an aqueous preparation. U n d e r "Preparations of Opi um", Quincy mentions the Tinctura Thebaica of t h e L. D., "com monly called SYden h a m' s Laudanum" : also Tinctura. M econii of the E. D. In addi tion he lists Lai danum Liquidi1,m S ydenltamiii

[ 27 ]

For one dose, two draughts are to be taken at one-half hour intervals.

80. SOLUTION OF CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE OF

MERCURY.' Take of

Corrosive sublimate of mercury xvi gr.

Spring water ilb. Mix. Dose from ii. drachms to one-half ounce, morning and evening. Also useful as a lotion for ulcers.

81. *TINCTURE OF PERUVIAN BARK.2

Take of Pulverized Peruvian bark ii oz. Bruised orange peel 1% oz. Bruised serpentaria root one-half

ounce

Jamaica spirits l:Y2 lb.

Dofrs a drachm. i. ad Jenmnciam bis, ter, qua terve die.

on both :preparations but says nothing abottt a Compound Tincture

and G- u t t a e Vitae, Drops o f L i f e a n d finally, a LauClanii11i

Allow to strain.

macerate for 4 days, and

Sz. * TIN C T U R A 0PIJ , vulgo LA U

D A N U M LI QY I D U M .

RE C. Gum. opii tmc. ii.

of Cinchona. Londinense. Dose from i. drachm to one-half ounce two, three, or four times a day.

82. *TINCTURE OF OPIUM,' c 0 m m 0 n 1y called LIQUID LAUDANUM

Piperis Jamaicenfis Spiritus vini tenuis

D z

drachm. ii. lib. ifs.

Dige.re

Take of Gum opium 11 oz. Jamaica pepper ii drachms Weak spirits of wine 11/2 lb.

However, Rhaeum, though not listed. as Radix Rhei is such and lpecacuanha might well have been referred to as Radix

Herewith the entire list is given in alphabetical order.

Ipecacuanhae. Of organized drugs there are several others, viz. Folia S ennae, Fructus Tarnarindorum, H ord eum Perla tum, Lignurn Sassafras, Scilla and Semen Lini. Of unorgan ized drugs, two, viz. Aloes Soccotrina and Opium are inspis sated juices, two are balsams, six are listed under the generic name Gummi, one is a volatile oil and five are fatty oils. In addition, we find Pix Burgundica, Pix Liquida and Terebin thina veneta.

[ 58 ]

Aloes Succotrina Balsamum Capivi Balsam.um Peruvianum Canella Alba ( Also Cortex

Canellae Albae )

Capita Papaveris Cascarilla Cortex Aurantiorum Cortex Cinnamomi Cortex M yrobalani

Cortex Peruvianum Cortex Sassafras Folia Sennae Fructus T amarindorum Gnmmi Ammoniacum Gummi Arabicum Gummi Asae Foetidae Gummi Guaiacum Gummi M yrrhae Gummi Opium (See also Opium )

[ 59 ]


L 28 J [ 28 ]

Digere Jeni calore, et cola. Allow to digest over a gentle heat, and strain.

83. * VINUM ANTIMONIA LE.

RE C. Vitri antimonii unc. 1v. 83. *ANTIMONIAL W!NE.1

Teratur in mortario vitreo ut fiat pulvis ; cui aflimde

Vini Maderenfis lib. ii.

Digere Jeni calore per decem dies ; de1n per chartam cola.

Dofis a famuncia ad unc. i. pro emetico ; vel a gutt. xx. ad gutt. xl. zda quaque hora, pro diaphoretico--- ad febres,. &c.

84. * SYR U P U S SA C C H A R I.

Syruf us Communis, Pbann. Ea'in.

Vel, ejus loco nti pollit fyrnpus empyreu .n1aticus, ex in{Ulis en1pitius, rnolaffi.s v ulgo dillus..

1Glass of antimony is apparently the Eng lish eauivalent for the German Spiessglas of which Basil Valentine said in the 15th cent. that it, the native sul P h i d e of antimony was so cane·d because

it w a s spiessig . und ein G l a s da.raus mo machen ist. Why the L o n d o n Pharmaco poeia should callit a crocus, which has ref erence to the reddish Y e 11o w color e.g. of crocus martialis. does not become so appa ,._ ent. Quincy records the f o r m u l a s of bot11 pharmacopoeias a n d comments on the ad vantages of a liaufr1 preparation. The po-

tassium acid tartrate apparently a c t s on the antimony sulphide with the formation of tartar emetic.

The title of b o t h the London and Edin b u r g pharmacopoeias

- is Syrupus Simplex, to which the latter add"' s i v e O o m m u n i s . N e it h e r pharmaco poeia specifies the ra tio of sugar to water. The Lititz Pharmaco poeia admits as quia p1'o quo molasses from the West Indies. This may seem to justify the title Syrupus Sac chari. i.e. s y r u p ob tained from s u g a r cane. a s p e c i e s of Sa.ccnai·um.

Take of Glass of antimony iv oz.

Let it be ground to a powder in a glass mortar, over which let there be poured of

Madeira wine ii lb.

Allow to digest with a gentle heat for ten days ; then strain through a paper filter.

Dose from one-half ounce to i. oz. as an emetic ; or from xx. drops to xi. drops twice every hour, as a diapho-

retie-for fevers, etc.

84. *SUGAR SYRUP.'

COMMON SYRUP, Pharm. E din.

Or, in its place there may be used empyreumatic syrup, purchased from the Islands, commonly called molasses.

Hordeum Perlatum

lpecacuanhae (See also Pulvis

I pecacuanhae ) Lignum Sassafras

Pix Burgundica

Pix Liquida

Pulvis Jpecacuanhae (See also Ipecacuanha )

Radix Tormentillae Radix Zingiberis Rhaeum

Scilla (See also Pulvis Scillae ) Semen Lini T erebinthina Veneta

Jl!Ianna

Oleum Amygd alarum Pulvis Scillae (See also Scilla)

Radix Gentianae

M ateria, M edica: Animal Kingd om. Only seven animal items are listed in the formulas of preparations, viz.

Oleum Cinnamomi

Oleum Jug landinum

Oleum Olivarum Oleum Ricini

Radix Glycyrrhizae

Radix Jalapii

Radix M yrobalani

Axungia Porcina Cantharides Cera fiava Cornus Cervi

M el Sevum Ovillum Sperma Ceti

Oleum Seminis Lini

Opium Purum (See also Gummi Opium)

Oriza

Piper J amaicensis

Radix Sarsaparillae

Radix Sassafras (See alSo Co-rtex et Lignum )

Radix Senekae

Radix Serpentariae

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That the Edinburg and London Pharmacopoeias served as guide in the compilation .of the Lititz formulary, becomes apparent from several ref erences to these standards. The latest London Pharmacopoeia was the fifth edition of 1746. For purposes of comparison the small octavo edition of

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[ 29 ]


[ 29 ]

p A R s II.

M° E D I C A M E N T A E x T E R N A ,

feu C H I R U R G I C A.

r. * AcE T U M Lr TH A R G Y R I TES .

vulgo EXT R A C T U M SATU R NI.

R E C. Lithargyri lrevigati lib. i. Aceti vinofi optimi lib. iv.

Digerantur per aliquod tempus ; dein co quendo et commovendo, quantum fieri poffit, folvatur lithargyrus, et conti nuetur coEl:io donec acen1m fyrupi fpiffi tudinem habeat : Hoc effufo eodern mo do repeti poffit operatic, fi lithargyro ad fondum manemi novum pro portione apponatur a_cetum.

z . A A SATU R NI N A.

RE C. Aceti lithargyritis draclrm. ii. Aqure fontanre lib. i. M.

Utilis ell: pro lotione--- ad intertriginem fru inflammationem externam (phlegmon ) ; in

com-

:1. Vinegar of Lith

arge or L i t h a r g e Vinegar, to use Quin cy's title, is not offi cial in either the Lon don or the Edinburg Pharn1acopoeia, b o t h of which g i v e direc tions for the prepara t io n o f Saccharu-ni Saturni. The Vinegar. as Quincy points out under Aoetwni Lithar gyrites, "though d i s - tinguished by a par ticular n a m e. i s i n fact only a solution of sugar of lead : and in tende'd only to be used e x t e r n a l l y as cos- 1netic."

Of L i t h a r p y r i• s A u r i . "Litharge of Gold", Quincy states : "It generally is called thus for its c o l o u r sake : though it arises in the purification 0' silver : a n d therefore ought more Properl, to be named Litharge of Silver". Of other lead compounds, Quin cy describes Miniit?lt or "Red-Lead". a l s o O e r u s s a or "WbitP Lead". It is from the latter that both of the p h a r m a c o p o e i a s ref erred to p r e p a r e the Sacchariim Sati•r ni or Sugar of Lead, our lead acetate.

A preparation simi

lar to that of the Lit itz Phannacopoeia is described by Quincy under Extractum 'Sa turni Di G o u.l a r d . G o u l a r d ' s Saturn ine Extract.

" Neither of the two E u r o p e a n p h a r macopoeias that have served so largely as guides. lists this prep aration. Quincy gives a-i r e c t i o n s there f o r e under the title Goulard's Vegeto-Min eral Water. Accord ing to Quincy it is to be pre1=1ared by mix ing two teaspoonsful, or one hundred drops of Goulard's Saturn ine Extract, a quart of water. and f o u r t e a s p o o n s f u l o f brandy. He then adds that "The quantity of the extract and of the b r a n d y may be in creased or diminished at pleasure."

H a v i n g p r e v i ously s t a t e d t h a t these preparations are only to be used as co metics. he now add'.':: t h a t "This water is Mr. Goulard's univer sal specific in exter nal inflammations, and particularly of t h e eye. • • .""

PART II

EXTERNAL MEDICAMENTS, or

SURGICAL MEDICAMENTS.

l. *LITHARGE VINEGAR.'

commonly called EXTRACT OF SATURN.

Take of Levigated litharge i lb. the best wine vinegar iv lb.

Let them be digested for some time ; then by boiling and agitating, let the litharge be dissolved as much as pos sible, and let the boiling be continued until the vinegar has the consistency of syrup : This having been poured off , the operation may be repeated in the same way, if the litharge remaining at the bottom fresh vinegar lie used for each portion.

2. SATURNINE WATER.'

Take of Vinegar of litharge ii drachms Spring water i lb. Mix.

This is useful as a lotion-for chaf ed skin or external inflammation (phleg mon) ; in compounding antiphlogistic

G. Street and T. Street (without date) was used. The latest Edinburg Pharmacopoeia was that of 1774. For purposes of comparison the octavo edition printed by G. Drummond and J. Bell, Edinburg, 1774, in the University Library was used. As will be seen from the dates, 1746 and 1774 respectively, the Edinburg Pharmacoepoeia was the more modern one, hence must have been regarded as more up to date. For comments on the several items Quincy's English Dispensatory of 1782 was used.

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[ 30 ]

componendis cataplasmatibus antiphlo gii\:icis ;--- pro collyrio, in quibusdam ophthalmiis ; et pro injecrione (nonnun quam Jed caure ufurpanda) in ftillicidiis.

3. * CAu sr r c u M Lu N A R E, Pharm. Land.

4 *LAP r s IN F E R N A LI S, Pharm. Land.

5· * lVIE R C U R IU S PR lEC I P I T AT U S

Ru B E R, Pbarm. Land.

6. LINTE U M PRJEPA R ATU M.

R E C. Vitrioli Crerulei drachm. i. Aqure fontanre unc. i. M.

1"Dissolve pure sil ver in about twice its weight of A.qua. Fortis in a sand heat : then the heat b e i n g in reased. evaporate to d r y n e s s , a f t e r wards melt the mat ter in a crucible. that it may be poured into moulds : c a r e f u l l y avoiding too great a heat, lest it grow thick beyond t h e first de gree.'' T h u s directs t h e London Pharma copoeia.

The directions given bY the Edinburg Phar macopoeia a r e some w ha t more e::x:plicit. Quincy co111men.ts OT'

the Ia t t e r in some detail.

:i Neither of the two pharmacopoeias c O·n sulted lists this title in the index. n e i t h e r could a corresponding preparation be found under M eta.Zlicm. The autl:).or of t h e Lititz Pharmacotioeia m u s t have taken it f r o m some other edition of

"he'll-stone" i n o 1d books) o-riginallY ap plied to fused potash" ("Chronicles of Phar macy" I, p. 424).

3 The title of the L o n d o n Pharma.co p o e ia is Mercurius ·corrosivus ruber. that o-f the Edinburg Phar macopoeia M ercurius corrosivus ruber. vul go praecipitatus ruber. In Quincy both names follow the monograph on M ercurius Praeci'lli tatus corrosivus ritber. Red corrosive Precipi tate of MercurY. No matter h o w named. the preparation is es sentially t h e same: solution of silver in nitrlc a c id and de composition by heat of t h e mercury nitrate resulting in the forma tion o-f mercuric oxide.

'Not o f f i c i a l in either London or Ed i n b ur g Pharmaco poeia. Neither is it indexed under s u c h title bY Quincy.

5 Neither -pharmaco poeia lists this prepa

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cataplasms ;-as an eye wash, in certain diseases of the eye ; and as an injection (to be used occasionally, but cautious ly) drop by drop.

3. *LUNAR CAUSTIC,' Pharm.

Lond.

4. *INFERNAL STONE,' Pharm. Lond.

5. *RED PRECIPITATE OF MERCURY,'

Pharm. Lond.

6. PREPARED LINT.4

Take of Blue Vitriol i drachm

Fiat folutio, cui immergatur linteum more the London Pharmaco I>Oeia. Concerning i Wootton m a k e s thr.

ration. Quincy does, but does not attribute it to the London Phar

Spring water i oz; Mix.

folito carptum, ·Ut de toto madefiat ; fe ponatur fuper mundam tabulam donec aridum fit ; deiri fervetur pro ufu.

7· "'' TIN CTU R A MY RR HlE et ALOES.

Phann. Land.

s. * EM-

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following statement : "Fused nitrate of sil ver or lu n a r caustic s e e m s to have suc ceeded to the reputa tion of fused caustic potash as a cautery, and also to have ac quired the n a m e of l a p i s i n f e r n a l i s (sometimes translated

macopoeia. "Take of myrrh, in powder, one o u n c e and a half : h e p a t i c aloes, one ounce: Il r o- o f spirit, two pints. Digest in a sand heat for six days ; and strain.

' ' T h is is designed for chirurgical dress ings.''

Let a solution be made, in which im merse the lint, plucked according to cus tom, until the whole is wet ; spread out upon a clean board until it becomes dry ; then let it be preserved for use.

7. *TINCTURE OF MYRRH and ALOES.5

Pharm. Lond.

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[ 31 ]

8. * EM PLAST RU M COM M U N E.

R E C. Lithargyri lib. iii.

lThe' directions giv en in the L o n d o n Pharmacopoeia a r e somewhat m o r e ex plicit than those giv en in t h e Edinburg Pharmacopoeia. T h e

Wax. W h i t e Resin. Lard, a n d Olive Oil. T h e London f ormula differs in several de tails. T h e l a t t e r Pharmacopoeia a l s o l i s t s an Ungirnn.tum BasiUcU'ni Nigrim and

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8. *COMMON PLASTER.'

Take of Litharge iii lb. "Oil-olive" vi lb.

Mix and boil so

1. olivarum lib. vi. Mifce et coque ut fiat emplil.ftrum, s. a.

9 lie EMPL AS TR U M AD H1ES IV U M.

Lititz formulary gives no directions w h a t - eve-r. T h e asterisk denotes that the :Plas ter is not to be made in the several dispen saries but in the gen eral l a b o r a t o r y . Quincy's comments on

an U. B. Viricle. "Yellow Wax. Pre-

pared Calamine, a n d Olive Oil are the in gredients. This oint ment was not official in the London Phar macopoeia of that pe riod. In t h e index.

that a plaster is formed, according to the art.

9. *AJJHESivE PLASTER. 2

Take of

R E C. Emplafr. communis lib. ii. Picis Burgu ndic::e lib. i.

Liquefiant fimul ut fiat emplafrrum.

this and other plas ters seem worth quot ing : "These plasters are the common ap plication in excoria t i o n s o f t h e skin. slight f r e s h wounds and the like. T h e y k e e p the part soft,

Quincy uses the liter ally' translated title, Ointn1ent of Calamine Stone, as prime. In the monograph, how ever, the English title is rendered Ointment of C a l a m i n e . the "Stone" being omitted.

Common plaster Burgundy pitch

Melt together so made.

11 lb. ilb.

that a plaster is

I O. *UNGU E N TU M BA SIL l C U M FL A

VU M , Phann. Edin.

I I. * UN GUE NTU M e LA PID E CAL'\.

MI N AR I, Phann. Edziz.

12. * U N GUE N TU M CER E U M.

R E C. Olei Olivarum li b. i. Cer::e flavre unc. iv. M. s. a.

13. * U N GUE N TU M e PR .1E C I P I TA T O

Ru BRo.

R E C. Unguenti bafilic. flav; lib. i. Mercurii pr::ecipitati rubri dmcbm.v.

Mifce s. a. ..p . * U ""

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and somewhat warm. and def end it f r on1 the' air. which is all that can be exPected in these cases f r o m any plaster."

:.: The t i t l e of the L o n d o n Pharmaco poeia is Emplastrii.in a o m m ii n. e A.dhaesi- 1nim, that of . the Ed in b u r g Pharmaco poeia Empla.strum .A.ct haesivuni, sive Oom- 1n it n e .A.clhaesivurn. The former directs the use of "Yellow Re sin", the latter that of ' ' W h i t e Resin". W h y the author of the Lititz Pharmaco poeia s h o u l d have gone out of his way to prescribe the u s e of Burgundy P it c h d o es n o t b e c o m e apparent.

3 The Edinburg f or mula calls for Yellow

5 Official in the Ed

in b u r g Pharmaco poeia as Unguentum Cereu1n. s i v e Album, and in the L o n d o n Pharmacopoeia as U. Album. Quincy trans lates t h e f ormer as White Ointment. b u t does not give an Eng lish title f or the lat ter. The Lititz for mula does not include the spermaceti of both European formulas.

6 The· London Phar macopoeia lists an Un guentu1n e Mer curio Praeci1litato but it is White Precipitate that e n t e r s th"e formula. Neither is t h e Lititz preparation listed in the Edinburg Pharma copoeia, n o r d o e s Quincy mention it.

10. *YELLOW BASILICUM OINTMENT,'

Pha,rm. E din.

11. *OINTMENT FROM CALAMINE STONE,4

Pharm. E din. 12. *WAX OINTMENT.'

Take of "Oil-olive" 1lb. Yellow wax iv oz. Mix according

to the art.

13. *RED PRECIPITATE OINTMENT.'

Take of Yellow basil. ointment 1lb. Red precipitate of mercury

v drachms. Mix according to the art.

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[ ..o..- ] [ 32 ]

I 4. * UN G UE N TUl'd :MER C UR I-A L E.

RE C. Hydrargyn lib; i. Sevi ovilli, ·vel bovilli, lib. i. Axungire porcinre lib. iii.

Mifce fimul tere1ido in mortario ut fiat un guentum creruleum, s. a.

15 . UN G UE N Tl!M S.il.TUR'N IN UM.

RE;C. Urrguenti .cerel lib. i. Sacchari faturni unc. i. M. s. a.

i 6. *UNG UE'N T UM SuLPHU R A TUM.

R EC. St1lphuris..triri' lib. i. A.'i:tmgf re porcinre ·'lib. ii. M. s. a.

F I N 1 S ,

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1Blue ointment, Un

_ouentum coeruleum, was official in the Ed in b u r g Pharmaco poeia, but not in the L o n d on Pharmaco poeia. Quincy not only g iv e s more detailed directions for its })re}) aration. b u t several alternatives as to com 'POSition and strength.

This ointment was official in both "Phar macopoeias. Whereas the Lititz Pharmaco })Oeia d i r e c t s t h o<o "P r e p a r a t i o n to be made secundwm artern. both European })harmaco})oeias g iv e somewhat m o r e de tailed directions.

The London Phar macopoeia title is Un-

_qi.entirni e· Sulphure which Quincy trans lates as Ointment of Sulphur. Whereas the Lititz f ormula c a 11s for trituratec1 sulphur, possibly comminuted roll sulphur, the Lan d o n Pharmacopoeia c a 11s f or flowers of suri:;hur b u t specifies t h a t t h e Y b e n o t washed. It m a y be t h a t any acidity of t h e non-washed sul phur, possibly a l s o a n y arsenic sulphide content m a y h a v e made the preparation m o r e effective as a cure for itch. It was not official in the Ed i n b u r g Pharmaco poeia.

14. *MERCURIAL OINTMENT.'

Take of Mercury i lb. Mutton tallow, or of beef suet, i lb. Lard iii lb.

Mix together by rubbing in a mortar so that a blue ointment is made, according to the art.

15. SATURNINE OINTMENT.'

Take of Wax ointment i lb. Sugar of Saturn i oz. Mix accord

ing to art. 16. *SULPHURATED OINTMENT.'

Take of Triturated sulphur i lb. Lard ii lb. Mix according to the

art.

THE END.

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T h e B a d g e r P h a r m a ci s t

Acknowledgment is herewith made to the f ollowing insti

tutions and individuals:

1. To the Historical Society of Wisconsin for a grant-in aid from its Hollister Pharmaceutical Library Fund which has made possible this facsimile reprint of the Lititz Pharma copoeia with translation thereof , comments and historical introduction.

2. To Sister Mary Francis Xavier of Mount Mary College, Milwaukee, for the translation of the Latin text.

3. To Dr. Edward Ireland for the generous loan of his valuable copy of the first edition of the Lititz Pharmacopoeia.

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