the balkan economies c.1800–1914

Index

abaBulgarian, 55,70,74,188,193

output, 71,192character, 70demand, 72Macedonia, 347prices, 194Salonica, 76Thrace, 349

abadzhijas. See tailoringAbdulhamit, Sultan, 356Abdurahman Pasha, 132Accrington, 350acetone, 221acorns, 92,99,101,103,104,106,119agriculture. See cultivation

extension services, 111, 204,209technique

Bosnia, 206Bulgaria, 58-9,60,180,182,183E.Rumelia, 184Serbia, 92-3,101-2,118-19,

318-19Akarli,E.,7Akbal,R,5,6Albania

and Montenegro, 214communications, 346textile demand, 74

Albaniansin Macedonia, 342,343,345in Montenegro, 31,148,212

Aleko Pasha, 176Aleksand'r woollen mill, 246,250Aleksinac, 126Alexandria, 162AliBegofPirot,262AlibegofTr'n,37-8Ali Pasha Tepeleni, 37,40Alicic,A., 132,138,139Ambelakia,37,41,50

ammonia-soda, 221anarchy

Bosnia, 164Macedonia, 342,343,356

Anastasijevic, Misa, 87,166Anatolia

cotton supply, 354industries, 53woollen demand, 196,242

Anesti, Bogo, 347Anicic, merchant, 104aniline industry, 220animals, draft, 134annexation

Bosnia, 204,227Macedonia, 343Montenegro, 212

arable, wrecked, 182Arnaudov,M.,201Arnautluk, 129Aromunes, 61AsbothJ.de, 138,206Asenovo, Bulgaria, woollens, 83Ashworth,W.,313Association of Serbian Industrialists, 338Astardzhiev, Ivan & Co., 251Au Printemps, 267Austria

Balkan trade, 50trade relations with Serbia, 98,115,211

Austria-Hungaryand Balkan railways, 329finance ministry, 202,225trade

relations with Serbia, 303-5with Balkans, 327with Bosnia, 164,210

Austrian skilled labour, 126,294ayans,36-9,44,50,84

Bosnia, 132-3,138Azbukovac district, Serbia, 113

395

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396 Index

B'dashtnost company, 251B'lgarija company, 248bacija, 144-5Bairoch, P., 325BaliEffendi,81Balkan wars, 214,343,354Balkapanhan, 75Banac, I., 234Banat, l l lbanditry

Bulgaria, 38,40,178Macedonia, 77Montenegro, 142,148-50,214Ottoman Europe, 37

Banja Lukaironworks, 155metalwares, 154

bank assets, Balkans, 228bankers

Cairo, 162Galata, 162

banksAndrejevic, 333Austrian Landerbank, 333Bosnia, 228Bulgaria, 327Commerciale Italiana, 240Franco-serbe, 333Hungarian Kommercialbank, 333Italo-Serbian, 333Leipziger, 220Montenegro, 240-1Nis savings bank, 272Ottoman of Paris, 333Paribas, 335Raffaisen type, 228Ruse commercial, 247Srpska kreditna, 333Union general, 329Uverena banka, Prague, 334Viennese, 218,225

Bar, 212,240barrel staves, 92,219,226Bazias, 104beglik land, 205Begovic, B., 210,220,235Belgrade

commercial interests, 330cotton mills, 274-7,339food supply, 109High School, 166innkeepers, 345meat packing, 330,337merchants, 124pasaluk, 84sugar mill, 333textile mills, 289,355

weaving workshop, 275woollen mills, 259-60,266,269woollen warehouse, 269

Belica district, Serbia, 93Berend, I.T. and Ranki, Gy., 325Berkovsko, 47,158Berov and Horenik, 251Berov, L., 40,43,64-5,326Bicanic,R., 147Bichkinja, 245,283Bihac

coalmines, 155metalwares, 154

Bitola. See Monastirblankets

Bosnian, 127,153,231(iuprija, 167military, 266Topcider, 126

Bosnjastvo, 234,237Boas and Eser, 274,276,293Bobchev, Hristo, 246Bojadzhiev, Stevan, 263Bonchev, Tihol & Co., 247Bor copper mine, 337Bore, E., 6,9-10Bosanska krajina

province, 140uprisings, 207

Boue,A.,28,148,155Brcko, 140Braila, 188Brakalov firm, 47brandy, 60Brasov, 72brewing

Montenegro, 241Serbia, 327

Britishfitters, 291managers, 293,350

Brno, 258,292Brusa, 56,73Busa cattle, 215Budapest, 117buffaloes, 61builders, 68,122,148Bulajic,2.,215Bulgarian

atrocities, 173skilled labour in Serbia, 288

Burgas region, 47,61,181Burian, Istvan, 225-7

calicos, 69candlemaking, 190capitalism, development of, Bulgaria, 326-7




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Index 397

Caprivi, 305caravans, 75carbide, 221,227carding machines, 80,83,262,280,

348carpenters, 78,148carpets

Bulgaria, 188,200Chiprovtsi, 192,195,293Knjazevac, 166Kotel,284Pirot, 83,261-2Salonica, 55Smyrna, 55Zenica, 153

carts, peasant, construction, 178cattle

breeds, 184export

Bosnia, 142,211Bulgaria, 188Serbia, 94,106

numbers, 318cereals. See grainCetinje, 25,240Chakalov,A.,342charcoal

burning, 101smelting, 154,220

charks, 72,263,348Chaumette des Fosses, 7,28chemicals, Bosnia, 218,220-1,228Chepelare, 182chifliks

Bosnia, 133-7,206-7Bulgaria, 37-8,42-3,46,158,175,

180-1,225-6,311Macedonia, 36-7,42,342-3Ottoman, 35-7,40Serbia, 87Thrace, 36

Chiprovtsi, 261-2,293carpets, 192,195privileges, 38

chorbadzhijas, 61,67,182chrysanthemum, 217cifcijas, 342cifliks. See chiflikscitluk sahibijas. See landlords, Bosniacitluks. See chiflikscizye. See taxation, OttomanClark, G., 112clearings, Serbia, 109cloth, military

Bosnia, 153-4Bulgaria, 250-1,254Montenegro, 241

Ottoman, 54,78-82,256,282,347-8Serbia, 127,259,266-7,274-6

clothing. See tailoringdemand

Anatolia, 196Constantinople, 74-75

industry, Bosnia, 229Montenegro, 146ready-made, 230,244,255

coal. See miningcobblers, 126coffee, import to Bosnia, 140colonial goods, 140,188colonization

Italian in Montenegro, 240upward, 144

companiesfree-standing, 336promotion, Uzice, 273

comparative advantage, 165,188,352concessions

Bosnia, 218,225matches, 226mining, 155textiles, 231timber, 156,219,227

Bulgarialaws, 335railways, 335sugar, 320textiles, 272,339

Ottoman railways, 329Serbia

cottons, 271,274-7laws, 332-3meat packing, 337-9railways, 330sugar, 320woollens, 127,259-60,263,288

Constantinoplearsenal, 78Bulgarian schools, 161

carpets, 192clothing, 74-5foodstuffs, 39oxen, 61sheep, 61,67,94,182woollens, 257

industry, 75market gardens, 60rentiers, 177,354tailors, 74

Constitutional Defenders, 88corruption, 336

Bulgaria, 339Ottoman Bosnia, 155Serbia, 276,334




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398 Index

corvee, 87,89cottage industries

Bosnia, 153,231-2Bulgaria, 200,242^1

cottons, 200woollens, 69,188-90,192-6,

198-200,282E. Rumelia, woollens, 193Macedonia, 76-7,354

cottons, 77,352woollens, 346-8,353

Montenegro, 148Nispasaluk, 260-1

woollens, 84Ottoman Bulgaria, 34,37,52,66-9,73,

84,159-60cottons, 69,73woollens, 56,69-73,78-9,82. See

tailoringOttoman cotton spinning, 53Ottoman Europe, 50-1Rhodope, woollens, 348-9,353Serbia, 91

cottons, 127,273,275rope making, 287-8woollens, 258,261-3

Thessaly, cotton dyeing, 37, 50cotton

dyeing, 50export, 36growing

Bosnia, 136Macedonia, 343,354

import, 271prices, 354printing, 69,73,188wadding, 53,352,354

cotton cloth factoriesBulgaria, 272-3Macedonia, 352Serbia, 270-1,273-7

cotton millsBulgaria, 271,339Greece, 352,356Macedonia, 55,77,349-51,354,356Serbia, 272

cottonsimport

Balkans, 270Bosnia, 140Ottoman, 69

output, Macedonia, 351,354crafts. See urban crafts and craftsmenCrafts, N.F.R., 233credit, Serbia, 124Croatia-Slavonia, 226

Crompton and Zivkovic. See Crompton, A.and A.

Crompton, A. and A., 272,274-7,293,339

crop yieldsBosnia, 210Bulgaria, 183,186

wheat, 64, 319Macedonia, 343Montenegro, 215Ottoman Bulgaria

wheat, 59,64Serbia, 93,107

wheat, 59,318cultivation

areaBosnia, 210Bulgaria, 317Macedonia, 344Montenegro, 214Serbia, 91-2,96,301,317Vidin region, 38

Eastern Rumelia, 184expansion, Bulgaria, 182mechanized

Bulgaria, 180Macedonia, 343Ottoman Bulgaria, 59

Montenegro, 147Nispasaluk, 354Ottoman Bulgaria, 65per household


Cuprija, 167coal mine, 330sugar mill, 321,334weaving, 167,275

CvijicJ., 112Czech

labour, 288,293specialists, 291,294textiles, 196,230

dacija, 15. See taxation, Montenegrodairy products, 61-2,67,70,144-5dairying. See bacijadairymen, 346Dalmatia

food demand, 140livestock demand, 210

Danilo I, ruler of Montenegro, 142Danilovgrad woollen mill, 241Danube vilayet, reforms, 45de Serre, Auguste, 335Debar Albanians, 345




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Index 399

debasement, 39debt

agrarianBulgaria, 176,180-1Serbia, 88,114-15,118-19,121,309

default, 334-5peonage, 44,158

deforestationBosnia, 210,227Bulgaria, 68,182-3Montenegro, 215Serbia, 92,127,306

de-industrialization, 171,199dependency theory, 1, 52depopulation, 4,29,38Dermendere estate, 80Despinic firm, 90,104de-urbanization

Bosnia, 31Bulgaria, 198Montenegro, 29,212Serbia, 28-9

Devna cotton weavery, 272diet


Dimitrov, S., 42,65Diovo, 347

woollen mill, 355distaff, 72dividends, 271,274Divljanovic, D., 98Djordjevic, D., 166Djordjevic, Tihomir, 29Djordjevic, Trajko, 263Dobrljin,219Dobrudzha

division, 173flocks, 61,182

draft animals, 307,318-19Draganova, S., 64^5,158drapers, 197,256dressmaking, 255Drobnjakovic, B., 99drought

and soil erosion, 215and transhumance, 143in Montenegro, 146

Drvar,219Ducic,N.,146duallism, 237Dubravica, 104,330Dubrovnik, 149-50Durham, M.E., 214dyers, 292dyeworks,159,348,350

Eastern Rumelia, administration, 174Edhessa

cottons, 76,349ropeworks, 352silk, 77

Edip Aga, dyan of Kjustendil, 37Edirne

grazing, 60,66migration to, 161silk-raising, 185vilayet, 353wool price, 349

educationBosnia, 139,165,235-6Bulgaria, 160-2,199,315Macedonia, 168Montenegro, 316Serbia, 166,168,314-5

eggs, export, 62Egyptian market, 75,154Eisler and Ortlieb, 220Ekaterinoslav, 79electricity, power stations, 228electro-chemicals, 221Elena, 159,371employment. See labourenclosures, Serbia, 100-3,108-9engineers

Belgian, 291British, 293self-taught, 292

enterprise, immigrant, in Serbia,327

Erzerum, 79ethnography, 112,129,312,345exchange rates, 187-8explosives industry, 220exports

Bosnia, 139-40,227,233British, 41,196Bulgaria, 188Eastern Rumelia, 185Ottoman, 41-2,63Serbia, 116

licences, 88through Silistra, 188

expropriation of the peasantry, Bulgaria,180

factor endowments, Bulgaria and Serbia,329-31

factory legislation, Bulgaria, 290fairs

Balkan, 68,75Bulgaria, 73,190Serbia, 124,310




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400 Index

fallowsBulgaria, 58-9,61,183,318Serbia, 93,101

famineMontenegro, 146,150Serbia, 24

farmequipment, 319income, Bosnia, 209monetization, Serbia, 308-9output

Balkan states, 366Bosnia, 140,208-10,234Bulgaria, 58,186-7,340Montenegro, 216,242Ottoman Bulgaria, 61-5Serbia, 92,123,302-3,340

technology, 313-14Ferdinand I woollen mill, 246finance, industrial, 246,334First Royal Servian Privileged Weaving Co.

Ltd., 275fishing, lake Skadar, 143flax, 270Foca, 153-4Fojnica, ironworking, 154-5food-processing, Bosnia, 229forestry

Bosnia, 154conservation, 227,235laws, 209-10

Serbia, 101forests

Bosniaoak, 219state, 207,221

Bulgaria, 317state, 183

Serbia, 98-100area, 306-7oak, 22,101,165private, 102,119state, 89,100,102,306

freightcosts, 40,55policies, 330tariffs, 186,330volume, 228,327

fruit growing. See plumsfulling mills, 72,291

Gabrovocottage industry, 197crafts, 55education, 162gajtan, 73,82-3

ironwork, 50,190labour, 283reapers, 177skilled textile labour, 292wages, 194,286woollen mills, 245-7,281-2,291-2woollens, 56,76,195,289

gajtandisplaces cottons, 69,73export

Bulgaria, 188,196Serbia, 259,269

Gabrovo, 245-6Leskovac, 260-1,263-5,288linen, 68Macedonia, 347-8Ottoman Bulgaria, 70,73,82output

E.Rumelia, 192-3Ottoman Bulgaria, 71

Paracin, 264technology, 55,281-82Trjavna, 67-8

Galatz, 188Gandev,H., 160Georgiev, Evlogi, 251German foremen, 293Germany

demand, 343trade policy, 304

Gerschenkron, A., 221,232,238,325,335,340

Gewerkschaft Bosnia, 218Giannitsa, 352Gipsies, 16,148Gjumjushgerdan firm, 78,80-2glassworks, 333Gnjilane, 289goats

holdings, 143milking, 144numbers, 181raising, 92

goldinflow, Bulgaria, 190reserves, Bulgaria, 176

Gonsalves, P., 209-10,236Good, D., 234Gornji Milanovac, 124GornjiVakuf, 154gospodarl% 43,46government. See public sector, public

finance, Ottomanand infrastructure investment, 331Bosnia

assistance to industry, 225,231




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Index 401

finance, 225revenue demands, 164

Bulgariaassistance to industry, 185,254employment, 199finance for peasants, 176

Montenegro, emigration policy, 152Ottoman

and industry, 78assistance to industry, 79assistance to peasants, 52contracts, 54,79intervention, 34,77orders, 55,77-9

Serbiaand food supply, 24assistance to industry, 126-7,273peasant policy, 309-11

Gradascevic, Husein Kapetan, 132Gradets woollen trade, 200Grahovo, battle, 142,149grain

consumption, Serbia, 96export

Bosnia, 140Ottoman Bulgaria, 62,188Ottoman Europe, 36,39,41Serbia, 94,300-1,318

importMontenegro, 146Serbia, 109

marketOttoman, 39Serbia, 109-11,117,128,300

granaries, communal, 24,88Graz, 154grazing. See pasture

rights, 142struggles, 345

Grdelica woollen mill, 264-5growth

economic, 324-7,342industrial, 327

Grozev, Ivan, 83,292guilds. See urban crafts and craftsmen

Ottoman, 51,54Serbia, 125

Gulhane, rescript of, 44,133Guran,T.,46,59Gyor, 104-5

Hadzi Mustafa Pasha, 84,86,151Hadzhi Nencho, 162Hadzhi-Berov and Momerin weavery,

247hak,206

Hambarya, 74,79Hattersley, George and sons, 275Hatt-i-Humayun, 135Hauptmann, K, 218hay and transhumance, 143-4hemp processing, 270,287Hercegovina, demonstrations, 135Heuschling,X.,6,9holdings

Ottoman Bulgaria, 44,52,69Serbia, 23size

Bosnia, 206Montenegro, 142Ottoman Bulgaria, 42, 58Serbia, 108-9,302

homestead laws, 88-9,309Homolje district, Serbia, 122honey, 61,94horses

pack, 66,345wild, 22

horseshoes, 154hosiery

Bulgaria, 67,75,188Macedonia, 77,349,352Serbia, 264,290

housing, Montenegro, 146Houyet et Feston, Venders, 282Hr'stovich, 176Hrelja,K.,219,234Hristov,H.,43,158Hungary

commercial policy towards Bosnia,226-8

grain market, 116landowner interest, 304

hydroelectricity, 228

Ignjic,S., 114,127ikon painting, 68Ilic Mumdzija, Kosta, 264Ilic, Kosta and sons, 260,271,274,276,

294Iliev, Manuilo, 264iltizam, 46import

pricesBulgaria, 188Serbia, 120

tradeMontenegro, 147,239Ottoman, 42Serbia, 120-2

income. See national incomedistribution, Serbia, 112-14,120




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402 Index

industrial outputBosnia, 221-6,237Bulgaria and Serbia, 222,325

industrial revolution, Bulgaria, 327inflation

Bulgaria, 187,193,324-5Macedonia, 353

investment, foreign directBosnia, 228British, 271,336Czech. See Paracin woollen millGerman, 337

chemicals, 220cottons, 274

in Balkans, 332in Bosnia, 155in Bulgaria, 327in Serbia, 333Swiss, pulp mill, 220

invisible earnings, 239iron

exportBosnia, 140,154Bulgaria, 188

price, 154rolling, Zenica, 218smelting

Bosnia, 155,223,226Samokov, 157

workingBosnia, 154Bulgaria, 50,68,190

ishljem, 246-7,250Issawi, C , 53Istanbul. See ConstantinopleItaly and Montenegro, 240Ivanjica, 120

Jacic, priest, 337Jackson, M. R., 325Jagodina

crafts, 166meat packing, 338

Jajce, electrochemicals, 221Jaksic, Vladimir, 7,91-7,112,139Jambol cotton weavery, 272,339Janissaries, 35-6,39, 51

and Serbia, 84,86Bosnia, 132suppression of, 40,132

Jankovic, Dusan, merchant, 338Jankovic, Mihailo, 264,281Jasenica district, Serbia, 99Jecmenica, M., 355Jelaludin Pasha, 132Jeltets nr. Trjavna, 68

Jevtic, Mika, 338jewellery, 189Jews

Bulgaria, 200Salonica, 54-5,350

joinery, 220Jovanovic, Gligorije, 263Jovanovic, Josip, 264-5Jovanovic, Vladimir, 96jute mill, Salonica, 352

k'rdzhalyas, 36-8,40, 50, 55, 67,344Kacika, Kosta, 272Kalchev's weavery, Plovdiv, 272Kallay, Benjamin, 225-6,234Kalofer,159

commerce, 50gajtan factory, 280privileges, 37tailoring, 74,76woollens, 72,195-6

Kalpazanov, Ivan, 83,245-6,280-1,283,291-2

Kanitz,F.,81,167kapetans, 132-3Kara Mahmud Pasha, 132Karaburma, 260Karadjordje, 86Karadjordjevic, Aleksandar, Prince of

Serbia, 88,100Karafeiz of Tr'n, 37Karlovo, 73

cotton weaving, 69gajtan, 244Grozev's mill, 292skilled textile labour, 292tanning, 190woollen mill, 83,251woollens, 72

Karpat,K., 4^-7,11,13karst, 144-6Kaser,K., 129Kat'r chair, 179katuns, 144-5,215Katunska nahija, Montenegro, 144—5Kavalla, 343Kazanl'k

gajtan, 82land price, 45re-agrarianization, 199rose oil, 58woollen mill, 196,250,252

Keppel,G., 157Kinglake,A.,22Kjustendil,251Kleefisch and Scheuss, Jagodina, 338




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Index 403

Klisurade-industrialization, 199tailoring, 75woollens, 75

kmets, 133-4 See land tenure, Bosnianumbers, 136tax burden, 138

knitting, 76knives, 154,166Knjazevac

carpets, 166shajak, 258

Kolasin,212sawmill, 241

Kolarac, Ilija M., 166Kolberg and Weber, 337Koprivshtitsa, 66-7,159,161-2

land endowment, 69migration, 200privileges, 37sheep raising, 67tailoring, 74-6tithe farmers, 161woollens, 67,193

Kosovo vilayet,343Kostic,C, 313-4Kotel

carpets, 200,262de-industrialization, 199flocks, 61,182land endowment, 69privileges, 37prosperity, 159tailoring, 74-5woollens, 70,73,284

Kotor, 143,145Kovin,90,104Kozari woollen mills, 264Kragujevac arsenal, 89,102,330Kraljevo agricultural school, 315Kreka,218,220Krsmanovic-Paranos firm, 117Krusevac

crafts, 126district, 151

Krusevo, woollens, 77,353Kuci, Montenegro, 149

labour. See outworkbuilding, 345-6,349cheap, 32,288-9clerical, 294convict, 126disputes

Bosnia, 207Bulgaria, 181,195,285,290,339

Macedonia, 353-4Serbia, 276,289

factory, 80-1convict, 81forced, 81orphan, 81Ottoman, 80skilled, 126,281,286-7,289,

293-4female

Bulgaria, 68,70,75,160,195,200,278,282,284,290

gipsies, 81,284Macedonia, 77,342,347-8Montenegro, 147,151Muslim, 81,185,195Serbia, 113-14,263,273,293widows, 284

forceBosnia, 219Samokov, 287Sliven, 284woollens, 193,198,200

from Dalmatia, 136hired, 43,206militance, 289,294,339,354productivity, 194

weaving, 287seasonal, 50,151services

Bosnia, 133-5,137-8Bulgaria, 44-5Macedonia, 342Montenegro, 212Ottoman Europe, 35-6,40

shortage, Macedonia, 343strike-breaking, 285,288supply

cities, 289-90key workers, 291-4Varna, 290-1

urban, 199lace-making, 190Lampe, J. R. and Jackson, M. R., 45Lampe, J. R., 294,325-26,333,370land

endowment, 49,58,165fragmentation, 102,180grants


hungerBulgaria, 182Montenegro, 214

leasers, Bulgaria, 59market




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404 Index

land {COM.)Bulgaria,45,175,181E.Rumelia, 175Macedonia, 343,354

prices, 175,180seizures, 175state, settlement of, 45,175tenure

Bosnia, 133-9,204-8E.Rumelia, 176Macedonia, 342-3Ottoman Bulgaria, 42-8,159,175Ottoman Europe, 34-5,40Ottoman Montenegro, 212Serbia, 86-8,101

value, Ottoman Europe, 42Landesregierung, 205,209,217-19,223,

225,231,234,332landlords

Bosnia, 133-8,152,205-8Bulgaria, 177Macedonia, 342-3Ottoman Bulgaria, 45,47Ottoman Europe, 42

laurel leaves, 217laws

Bosnia, 135,137,205Montenegro, 149Ottoman, inheritance, 45Serbia, inheritance, 313-14

laziness, 111-13,147,164,178,312leather, Morocco, 50leeches, 92,94leisure, 178,312Lemoine firm, Venders, 282Leskovac

cottage industries, 287cotton weavery, 274gajtan, 264,271,281,288industrialists, 261labour force, 288rope-making, 260textiles, 32wages, 286,288weaving workshop, 275woollen mills, 264,281,294woollens, export, 269

liege, 282linen

Veles, 348Veroia, 76yarn, 270

literacyBosnia, 235Bulgaria, 162,200,236,316Serbia, 167,168,236,314

Litochoron, woollens, 76livadia, 76,352,356livestock

exportBosnia, 140Ottoman Bulgaria, 61Serbia, 84,94,106-8,120

fattening, 125health

Bosnia, 211Bulgaria, 182C. Europe, 304Serbia, 98

marketing, 110,113-14numbers, 97,209output

Bosnia, 139,210Montenegro, 143,215-16

prices, 187raising, 23

Bulgaria, 181-4Ottoman Bulgaria, 37, 59,61Serbia, 97,102

sales, 22Ljaskovets, 60looms

fly-shuttle, 80,249,280,291hand, 126,167Northrop, 277peasant, 70,275power, 270

Karlovo,251Kazanl'k, 250Nis, 274Paracin, 259Salonica, 348Samokov, 287Sliven,249Uzice, 274

power vs fly-shuttle, 286-7treadle, 275

Lovech, 185Lukavac,221Lukovit pastures, 61

Macva district, Serbia, 99machinery

Belgian, 79,281-2British, 281Czech, 81German, 245,281second-hand, 350

Mackenzie, G. G. M. and Irby, A., 168Magarevo

cottage industries, 347woollen mill, 355




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Index 405

Mahmud II, Sultan, 39maize

cultivationMacedonia, 354Serbia, 92-3,101,103

fodder demand, 104,114,119rotation, 59

Majadag, 347Majdanpek, 102Majdans, 154-5Malcolm, N., 130Malisori tribe, Albania, 214manufacturing. See cottage industries,

urban crafts and craftsmenmanure, 61,118,183market gardening, 60,316,343Markovic, Svetozar, 122Marseille, 70Marshall, Alfred, promoter, 337matches, 221,226Matuz,J., 52McGowan, B., 4^5,7,11,16meadows

Bulgaria, 59Montenegro, 142,215Serbia, 93,97,101,318

meatexport, Montenegro, 143packing, Serbia, 327,337-9

Meininger, T., 162Mendels,F.,83Menshevics, 284merchants

Balkan, 50Bulgarian in Egypt, 162consortia, 197foreign in Ottoman Empire, 51from Hungary, 123Galatz, 188Macedonia, 346putters-out, 70,194,201,347Sarajevo, 164Serbia, 118,124

metal chasing, 232methyl alcohol, 220Michel, Eugen, 259-60,266,269Michelsen, E., 6,10Midhat Pasha, 45migrant labour

Bulgaria, 49,161,200,284harvest, 38,49market gardening, 60to Bessarabia, 177to Romania, 45,177

Hercegovina, 148Macedonia, 77,345-6

harvest, 49,342to Bulgaria, 177

Montenegro, 238market gardening, 151to Constantinople, 152,238

Serbia, 290to Serbia, 122

migrationAustria to Bosnia, 206Bosnia to Serbia, 207Bulgaria

rural-urban, 161to Egypt, 162to Romania, 52,60

Circassians, 9Dinaric to Serbia, 86from Macedonia, 353from Montenegro, 150-2from Ottoman Serbia, 16from Serbia, 294Hungary to Bulgaria, 175,312internal, 38

Bulgaria, 68,199Serbia, 32

Macedoniarural-urban, 345to Bulgaria, 175,345

Montenegroto Bulgaria, 238to Hercegovina, 144to Serbia, 151-2,238to USA, 238-9

MuslimsBosnia to Macedonia, 346from Bosnia, 31,130from Bulgaria, 182,185,189,190,

192,195from Nis pasaluk to Macedonia,

346from Serbia, 31to Monastir, 345to Salonica, 345

Serbia to Bosnia, 130Tatars, 9,185Thrace to Bulgaria, 175to Montenegro, 148to Serbia, 9,16,22,88

Milic,D.,87Milicevic, M. Dj., 110,119-20milk output


millingBosnia, 226Bulgaria, 181Serbia, 327




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406 Index

Milosevic, S.Dj., 98mining

Bosnia, 218coal, 218,227iron, 155,218,223,226salt, 155

Bulgaria, coal, 327,335Serbia

coal, 327copper, 337dredging, 336

mirieh, 44,209Mirkovici, 146Mishajkov, D., 285Mokans, 61Momchilovtsi, 196Monastir

gajtan, 348tailors, 259woollens, 77,354-5

monopolies, Serbia, 331,333Montenegrin culture, 147Montenegro

diplomacy, 133expansion, 214territory, 212

More,RJ.,32,48Morpurgo and Parente firm, 219Mostar,218muhadzirs. See migration, Muslims

Munch, S., industrialist. See Paracin,woollen mill

munitions, 327Muslims

Bosnia, 129-32,135,141,164culture, 229education, 165

Bulgaria, 158displacement, 185harassment of, 184land abandonment, 182land rights, 158-9,174-5,177,185land sales, 180urban, 184,189,198

Montenegro, 29,148expropriation, 212harassment of, 29

Uzice, 29Mustafa Pasha Bairaktar, 39

Nachov,N.,75Naousa, textile mills, 77,348-9Napred'k company, 248-9,292National Cotton Spinning Company of

Bulgaria Ltd, 271

national incomeBosnia, 233-4Bulgaria, 323-5Montenegro, 242Serbia, 322-3,325

nationalization, 218Nis, 32

cotton mill, 272cotton weavery, 274enterprise culture, 261gajtan warehouse, 347meat packing, 337pasaluk, 125,173prices, 187savings bank, 272wages, 192

Niksic,212breweries, 241sawmill, 241

Nikola, Prince, later, King, of Montenegro,142,148,212,214,238,240

Nikolic, Atanasije, 126Nizam, 39,74Novi Sad, 166-7

Obradovic, Aleksa, 274Obrenovic dynasty, 96Obrenovic, Mihailo, Prince of Serbia, 89,

167Obrenovic, Milos, Prince of Serbia, 16,24,

86-9,121,151,167Odessa, 50,184officials. See corruption

Bosnia, 31Bulgaria, 198-9Ottoman, 78Serbia, 315,329

oil refining, 221olive oil, 241,352olives, 217Omer Pasha Latas, 133,135,138-9,142,

155,163opium, 343,355orphans estates, Serbia, 95Ottoman

city industries, 53debasement, 54de-industrialization, 52-4government, 34-6,39,164institutions, 342,356market, 196,257pensions, 40property rights, 40reforms, 39-40,78,163

in Bosnia, 131,133-5,138-9in Bulgaria, 44-5




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Index 407

in Macedonia, 349revenue, 39

Bulgaria, 47,177Danube vilayet, 47Plovdiv sanjak, 47

road building, 346,356statistics, 209trade

deficit, 41policy, 39with Britain, 41

outworkGabrovo, 283spinning, 263weaving, 77,200

Bulgaria, 280Serbia, 275

overwintering, 60,150-1,182,215oxen, export, 62

Pcinja, landownership, 45Pamuk,S.,41,52Panagjurishte, 162,173,201

carpets, 200,262privileges, 37sheep trade, 182tailoring, 73woollen mill, 83woollens, 70,75

Papazoglu, D. and B., 250paper mill, Bosnia, 226Paracin

glassworks, 333wool market, 259woollen mill, 127,245,258-60,264,

266-9,281,293-4Paris fashions, 255,267pastoral society, 149,312pasture

area, Ottoman Bulgaria, 59communal, 59,143,182-3open

Bosnia, 206Serbia, 91,92

stateE.Rumelia, 179Montenegro, 143Ottoman, 61

Pasvanoglu, 37,40,84patriarchal society, 112,164,232pecalbars, 77,345. See migrant labourpeasants

affluence, 178and markets, 116,119and taxation, 46as self-exploiters, 312

Catholic, 129collectives, 343culture, 313demand, 189enserfinent, 40free, Bosnia, 134government policy, Serbia, 309-11Orthodox, 129poverty, 312resettlement, 45Serbia, tutelage, 89,309-11textile demand, 73welfare, 95,157women, 122

pebrine, 185pedlars, 310Pejovic,Dj., 152Petrovic, Gligorije, 264phylloxera, 186pigs

export, 94Bosnia, 140-1,210-11,305Hungarian restrictions, 304,337Serbia, 103-7,303-6

fattening, 92,306-7merchants, 123numbers

Bosnia, 141,211Serbia, 303,307

output, Serbia, 307raising, Serbia, 92,98-101,103,127,

303,305-7Piraeus, 352Pirdop

carpets, 200gajtan.%2,160landownership, 199towels, 56,69,73wages, 194woollens, 195

Pirotcarpets, 260. See carpets, Pirotfairs, 261region, 312state carpet factory, 262woollen mill, 83woollens, 261-3,278

pitch, 101Pjesivci district, Montenegro, 144plague, Salonica, 55Pleven, pastures, 61ploughs, 118,319Plovdiv, 272

building boom, 178cotton weavery, 272district, 42,46, 58-9




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408 Index

Plovdiv (cont.)migration to, 161province, 179,185sanjak,48,61,70,173,181woollen mill, 80-1woollens, 55,71,73,78,190,192

plumsdistilling, 111,118,315drying, 117export, 117,140,300growing, 92,119jam export, 117

Pozarevacrailway project, 330region, Serbia, 122

Podgorica, 29,212Popov, K., 63-5,278,287,324-5Popovic, Antonije, 263,265Popovic, Stefan, industrialist, 126Popovic, Stojan, 273population

Aegean islands, 5Balkans, 20-1Bar, 29,31Belgrade, 28Belgrade pasaluk, 16Bosnia, 7,12,19,28,130,139Bulgaria, 20Cetinje,31Constantinople, 9Danube vilayet, 7,12Dobrudzha, 5Eastern Rumelia, 20,49Edirne vilayet, 9,12gipsies, 12Greece, 12,17-18Ionia, 18Kalofer,198,200Klisura, 200Koprivshtitsa, 67,200Kosovo vilayet, 14Lovech, 198Montenegro, 14-16,20,31Nis, Muslims, 31NovaZagora, 198Ottoman Europe, 6,12-13,20Panagjurishte, 199Pleven, 198Plovdiv, 32,198Podgorica, 31Prilep, 346Rumeli, 5-6Salonica, 28Salonica vilayet, 13Sarajevo, 31Serbia, 16-17,20

Silistra elayet, 5Skopje, 28Sofia, 32StaraZagora, 198Svishtov, 198Thessaly, 17Turks in Serbia, 16Uzice, 29urban, 198. See de-urbanizationBalkans, 32-3Bosnia-Hercegovina, 26Bulgaria, 26,32-3,198Eastern Rumelia, 25-6,32Greece, 25-6Macedonia, 25,345Montenegro, 25-6,239Nispasaluk,25Ottoman Europe, 27,28Salonica vilayet, 26Serbia, 26,31,91,125Valjevo, 29

population densityBalkans, 21-3,37Bosnia, 136Bulgaria, 60Serbia, 22-4,94

population growthBalkans, 21-4Bosnia, 7Bulgaria, 7Montenegro, 144Ottoman Europe, 7,12,14Serbia, 16,24,33,94,96,306

population parametersinfant mortality

Bosnia, 236Montenegro, 146

life expectation, Serbia, 94sex-ratios, 5,10,11

Posavina region, Bosnia, 134,136,140,206postal statistics, 233potatoes, 145poultry, 143poverty, Montenegro, 145-6Pranchov Bros., 162Preshlenova, R. 325,327priests, 336Prijedor, orefield, 155,223,226,228Prilep

fair, 69,77migrant workers, 346

Prince Boris coal mine, 335Prince Boris cotton mill, 271Prizren,214profits

agricultural, Macedonia, 343




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Index 409

expatriated, 48proto-industrial

community, 160transition, 197,283,295,352

proto-industrialization, 23,49-50,67,83,126,171,231,279. See de-industrialization

proto-industries. See cottage industriesProzor, 153public

financeBulgaria, 176Montenegro, 240Serbia, 333-4

health, Bosnia, 236sector

Bosnia, 218Bulgaria, 327,331Ottoman, 81Serbia, 327,331

worksBosnia, 227Montenegro, 241Serbia, 333

pyrethrum, 143

Quataert,D.,52,163,353quilt making, 68,125

Raca district, Serbia, 120railways

Austrian Sudbahn, 139Balkan branch networks, 329-33Banja luka-Novi, 139Bar-Virpazar, 240Bosnia, 217-18,220,225,227-8,233,

328Budapest-Constantinople, 304Bulgaria, 186,233,327,329-31Bulgarian State, 329Dalmatia, 227Danube-Adriatic, 240,331Hungarian Staatsbahn, 104investment in, 327Jambol-Burgas, 330Macedonia, 348nationalization, 329Ottoman, 329Ruse-Varna, 329Serbia, 90,233,300-1,327,329-31Serbian State, 335Sofia-Tatar Pazardzhik, 329strategic, 331Trans-Balkan, 32,331Trjavna mining, 335Velika Plana-Smederevo, 330

Ram, 104Ravenstein, E. G., 11reaping machines, 180reaya, 78,132remittances, 200,239,284renaissance

Bosnia, 164Bulgaria, 50,53,158,160,162-3,315Serbia, 119,165-6

rentiers, 198resin, 101Rhodope

flocks, 182-3woollens, 70,76,78-80

riceE. Rumelia, 58,185import, Bosnia, 140Macedonia, 343,355

Rijecka mz/w/a, 148Rijeka,142,218Rijeka Crnojevica, batde, 142Ristic, Mita, 274roads

Bosnia, 138Bulgaria, 55,68,178,312,329Macedonia, 346Montenegro, 241Serbia, 23,89-90,116

Romanialatifundia, 87livestock trade, 304

rope-making, 287ropeworks, Edhessa, 352rose oil, 50,58,186,199Rozova dolina woollen mill, 250Rwnanki, 111Ruse, 158,271Russia, 195

and Serbian uprising, 86industrialization, 232-3

S. A. Vervietoise pour la construction desmachines, 282

Sabac, 110saddlers, 126Safer law. See laws, BosniaSt Claire, S. G. B. and Brophy, C. A., 48,

58-9sajak (Serbia). SeeshajakSalaheddin Bey, 10Salonica

banking, 347carpets, 55cotton mills, 77,349-50cottons, 55,76

output, 351




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410 Index

Salonica (com.)industry, 352jute mill, 352labour disputes, 353textile region, 347trade, 355wadding mill, 354wages, 350woollen mill, 348woollens, 53-5,76,78

saltextraction, Bosnia, 221,223,227trade, 87,147,166,345

SamokovCompany, 251crafts, 190gajtan, 347iron industry, 157labour force, 287tailors, 74woollen mill, 251woollens, 55,70,82,159,196,244,287

sandal-makers, 126Sar'ivanov factory, Sliven, 285Sarajevo

assassination, 236-7assembly, 207,227match factory, 221,226merchants, 164riots, 237tobacco factory, 218woollen mill, 153,231woollen warehouse, 259

Sarajevski Cvjetnik, newspaper, 164scarves, 274Schmidt, A., E. Rumelia Director of

Finances, 248schools

agricultural, 326-7textiles, 273,292-3

seamstresses, 290self-government, upland Bulgaria, 60Selimin,Sultan,39,84Seres

cotton, 37,349textile mill, 348

Serif, H., 141servants, 283sesame, 343shajak

British, 196Bulgaria, 246

export, 188,257output, 71,192

character, 70demand, 72Klisura, 75

Macedonia, 347Pirot, 263Plovdiv, 73prices, 194Serbia, 267

export, 269Thrace, output, 349

sharecroppingBosnia, 133-35,137,205-6Macedonia, 342Montenegro, 212

Shaw, S., 13shawls, 274sheep. See transhumance

breeds, 184export, 61

Bulgaria, 182,188Serbia, 94

Karnobat, 184Koprivshtitsa, 66milking, 144Montenegro, 143numbers

Bulgaria, 181E. Rumelia, 181Macedonia, 355Serbia, 106,278

raising, 61,70,106,182,184,278,344-5traders, 162

sheepskins, 62shepherds, 67,182shirt making, Veroia, 76Shkoder,214

textiles, 53shoddy, 196shopkeeping, Montenegro, 148shops

Pirdop, 199urban, 121,125village, 110,117,121-2,128,178,

310-11Shumen region, 158Silistra

exports, 188kaza, 64region, 65,158

silkexport, 41raising, 118,185reeling, 55-6,67-8,77,159weaving, 190

Simone, Camille, 252Skadar lake, 143Skopje

gajtan, 348province, 343,355woollen warehouse, 259




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Index 411

Slade, Harry, 329slippers, 67Sliven

labour, 81,284,292outwork weaving, 249,256privileges, 37property, 199sanjak,70,173,181state factory, 79-80,247,252,282,285,

292,348. See Napred'k company,B'lgarija company

tailors, 248textile school, 249wages, 286woollen mills, 247-50,252,280,284,

291-3,349technology, 249

woollens, 70-1,78,83,192,196-7,230,256

export, 256-8Slivnitsa, batde, 174sljivovic, 145Slovenia, farming, 313-14Smederevo, pig trade, 104-6smuggling, 244Smyrna, 196soap-works, 221,352Societe d'exploitations minieres du Serbie,

336soda, 221Sofia

candle-making, 190pastures, 61sacked, 38weaving, 81,83woollen mill, 251,255,289

soil erosion, 183Solvay group, 320Sopot

cottage industries, 52cotton printing, 69,73gajtan, 244labour unrest, 195

Sotirja, 284sowing density, Bulgaria, 64spahijas. See spahiluksspahiluks, 34-7,39

Bosnia, 132-3,135-6Bulgaria, 37,40,43-4Serbia, 87suppression of, 40

Spencer, E., 163,167spicers, 124spindles

mule, 80,272number, Macedonia, 351ring, 272

spirits, 145Sredna Gora, 70,73,162,195

towns, 66Sremska Mitrovica, 104-5Stajnov brothers, 250Stanchev, Bjanov firm, 73,82Staneff,S.,81,285Stara Planina, 56

towns, 66-7Stara Zagora

district, 190province, 175-6,183-4,187-8wages, 177,192

Stavrianos, L. S., 4,41Steinbeis, Otto, firm, 219-20Steinbruck, livestock market, 104-5,305Sternberg, F. and Co., 274Stoianovich, T., 4strikes. See labour disputesStrojkovac woollen mill, 263,288subase, 342subsistence

animal products, 188economy, 202farming, 2,22,34,37,165,184,308,

311industry, 53,349-50reversion to, 188,198,201sector, 171textiles, 277-9wool, 184

sugar, 120beet

Balkan States, 332-3Bosnia, 320output, 321

import, 140mills

Belgrade, 320,333Bosnia, 226Cuprija,321,334Sofia, 320

Sugar, P., 160,225,231,234sukno, 263,267sumach, 92,143,217Sumadija, 101Sundhaussen, H., 314suvats3143-4Swiss skilled labour, 294Syria, 347Syros,352Szeged, 276

T'rnovo region, Bulgaria, 60,316Tahir Pasha, 133-6tailoring

apprentices, 75




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412 Index

tailoring (com.)Belgrade co-operative, 269Bosnia, 74Bulgaria, 188,196,255Edirne, 349French, 255Momchilovtsi, 196Monastir, 77Ottoman Bulgaria, 67-8,73-6,159,

161Ottoman military, 74,79Serbia, 125-6,264Tatar Pazardzhik, 200

Tamnava district, Serbia, 113tanning, 68,190Tanzimat, 44,48,133-5,139,342,356tapestry, 232tariffs

Austria-Hungary, 304Bosnia, 196,230,244Bulgaria, 252,254,256E.Rumelia, 193Germany, 227Ottoman, 51,196,244,256,347,355Serbia, 244,267,269,273

Tatar Pazardzhik, 58cottons, 200flocks, 182woollens, 76,192

Tatars, 159,185Tausanovic, Kosta, 337taverns, 111,121,178-9tax

piastre, 88registers

Bulgaria, 158Serbia, 108,124

tax farming, Ottoman, 46taxation

Bosnia, 138,141,154,202,206,225-6incidence, 134

Bulgaria, 176,180cadastral, 180,183double, 182

E.Rumelia, 176,180Montenegro, 142

dacija, 142on emigrants, 152

Ottoman. See tithes, Ottomancizye, 5-7,12,21,80-1hearth, 4privileges, 37specific, 39Tanzimat, 44

Serbia, 2,86-9,114,116,165,315capitation, 96

per capita, 306tax holidays, 22

teachers, 162,199immigrant, 167

technologyagricultural machines, 181change, textiles, 279-82diffusion, 292gajtan, 280intermediate, 275,291Paracin woollen mill, 269smuggling, 281spinning wheels, 72transfer, 72,280-2transitional, 280

Teokarevic, Mita, 263terms of trade, Serbia, 120Teslic, 220-1Tetovo, woollens, 348,355textiles. See woollens, cottons, clothTheodoric Company, 240Thessaloniki. See SalonicaThessaly, 37

agriculture, 38beet growing, 320cottage industry, 50

Thommel, G., 135,209Thrace, 161timber. See forestry

barrel staves, 155cartel, 227export

Bosnia, 140,155-6,226Montenegro, 241

for charcoal, Bosnia, 220-1industries, Bosnia, 219-21,227,235pulp mill, Bosnia, 220sawmilling

Bosnia, 155,219-20,226-7Bulgaria, 181Montenegro, 241

Tirnavos, 37,50,53tithes, Ottoman, 34,36-7,40,44

Bosnia, 132-5,137,202Bulgaria, 45-8,52,62,64,67,161,180E.Rumelia, 176-7Macedonia, 343Montenegro, 212Serbia, 96

tobaccoexport

Bosnia, 140Macedonia, 343,354,356Ottoman Europe, 36

factoriesBosnia, 218,229




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Index 413

Montenegro, 240growing

Bulgaria, 58,185Hercegovina, 140Macedonia, 343,353Montenegro, 217,240

monopolyBosnia, 218Montenegro, 217,240

output, Macedonia, 355Todorova, C , 326,342Todorova, M., 11Topcider woollen mill, 126,153Topal Osman Pasha, 138-9,164towels, 55-6,69,73,76

export, 188towns. See population:urban, de-

urbanizationBosnia, 140Bulgaria, 159,199Macedonia, 345-6Montenegro, 212,239Serbia, 116,123-6,166

Tr'n,38trade

barriers, Ottoman, 196internal

Ottoman, 40,50Serbia, 113

Trajkovic,D.,261,288transactions costs, 178,188transhumance, 60-1,143^1,159,182-3,

215,343-5. See overwinteringtransport. See railways

difficulties, 90,104,125,155,178,312,348

horse, 327Ottoman Europe, 40

treatiesAdrianople, 88Baltaliman, 41Berlin, 173,175,202,212Bucharest, 86Convention of Scutari, 142SanStefano, 173Svishtov, 84

Trebjesa brewery, 241tribute

Bulgarian, 177Egyptian, 42Serbian, 86

Trieste, 140Trjavna, 67-68,159

carpets, 200coal mine, 335land endowment, 69

migrants, 68woollen mills, 197,247,252,292woollens, 56,70

Trnovo, Macedonia, 347Trojan, 70Tsokev, P., 245tuberculosis, 146Turkey red, 76Turks

as farmers, 184in Macedonia, 342-3

Turn und Taxis group, 320Tuzla, saltworks, 155,221,223

Ubicini,A.,6,9-10,53Ulcinj, 212,240-1Ungarische Textil Industrie A.G., 276uprisings

Bosnia, 135,139,142,212Bulgaria, 158,173,201Macedonia, 356Serbia, 16

urban. See townsurban crafts and craftsmen

Bosnia, 154,228-32guilds, 152

Bulgaria, 190,199,201guilds, 80

Montenegro, 148Serbia, 121-2 ,12^5,310

rope-making, 288Urquhart,D., 157Uspeh company, 246Uzicanin, Muhamed Aga, 231Uzice

cattle trade, 120cotton industry, 273-4crafts, 126-7,166railway, 331region, 114,119-20woollen mill, 126-7,153,273

Uzundzhovo fair, 72

vak% 44-5Valjevo, merchants, 330Vardar valley, 343Vares, 220

iron smelting, 155ironworks, 155,218,220ore-fields, 226

Vareser Eisenindustrie A. G., 218Varna

cotton mill, 271,290-1,339district, 179labour market, 290sanjak, 42




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414 Index

Varna (com.)trade, 62,188

Vasseur,M.,338Vazovgrad. See SopotVeles

cottons, 348gajtan, 348schools, 168

Veli, son of Ali Pasha, 37Velika Plana, 330VelikoGradiste,104Veliko T'rnovo, weaving, 56Venice, 240Veroia, textiles, 76,349,354Venders, 80,282veterinary control, 211,304-5Vidin, 104

region, 38,185sanjak, 62silk, 190under Pasvanoglu, 37

ViennaBalkan business, 162demand, 50fashions, 255,267

Virpazar, 240Visoko, 153-5Vlachs,130,347Vladaja, textiles, 83Volpi, Giuseppe, 240Vracar district, Serbia, 102Vranje,260,287Vrattsa, cattle, 184Vucje woollen mill, 263-4,281,288Vuco,N., 100Vukosavljevic,S.,314

wagesagricultural, Bulgaria, 177,194Belgrade, 289Bosnia, 231Bulgaria and Serbia, 236,286industry, Bosnia, 236Leskovac, 288Macedonia, 353-4real

builders, 324Bulgaria, 192

rope-making, 287Samokov, 287textile

Bulgaria, 199,290Ottoman Bulgaria, 81,159Serbia, 259,294

women, Uzice, 273Wallerstein, I., 52

War Ministry, Serbia, 276,339water power, 68,80,126-7,291watermills, 259,263wax, 94wheat

cultivation, Serbia, 93export

Bosnia, 140Ottoman, 41Serbia, 93

home market, Serbia, 93prices, Bulgaria, 180,187soil erosion, Bulgaria, 183

Wilhelmy,H.,61wine

exportBulgaria, 60,186Serbia, 118

growingBulgaria, 58,186Montenegro, 142-3,217Serbia,92, 111

price, 179,186-7Wolf, Karl, 260wool

consumption, Bulgaria, 70-1,192Dobrudzha, 61Eastern Rumelia, 184export

Bulgaria, 70Ottoman, 54

import, Bulgaria, 184knitting, 264output

Bulgaria, 184Macedonia, 355

pre-emption right, Salonica, 54prices, 51,187,192,265quality deterioration, 184self-consumption, 189sorting machines, 83supply

Bulgaria, 193Serbia, 259

tariff, E. Rumelia, 193woolcombing, 262woollen mills

Bosnia, 153-4,231Bulgaria, 197,200,245-8,281-7,291-3

labour force, 282-7Macedonia, 347-8,354-5Ottoman Bulgaria, 79-81,83-4

labour supply, 81Serbia, 126-7,258-61,263-70,281,

288-9,293-5,355labour force, 287-9




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Index 415

woollensconsumption, Bulgaria, 278demand

Bosnia, 74,196,230Ottoman Bulgaria, 72-3

exportBulgaria, 230,256-8Macedonia, 347Serbia, 230,259,269

Hercegovina, 153import, 189,196

Bosnia, 230Bulgaria, 255Serbia, 267

outputBulgaria, 71,192-3,197,266,295E. Rumelia, 70,192Ottoman Bulgaria, 72Serbia, 265-6

prices, 194sales, Serbia, 269value added, 194

worstedsBosnia, 153-4Serbia, 263,267,269

Xanthi,343xenophobia, 276,333-40

yamahs y 36,37yarn

cottonBritish, 270-2,349coarse-count, 270-2,349-50Crompton, 274

dyeing, 76import, 270peasant demand, 270price, 270red dyed, 41

woollenadulteration, 195Belgian, 255carded, 70combed, 246,269-70homespun, 263import, 255shortage, 194,197,263^1

yaylaks, 61Yeni Kule cotton mill, 350yields. See crop yieldsYoung Bosnia, 237Young Turks, 214Yugoslav historiography, 225,234-5Yuriiks,61

zadrugas, 168Zemun, 268Zenica

carpets, 153rolling mill, 218-220

Zheljazkov, Dobri, 79-81,281Zheravna

cultivation, 69privileges, 37woollens, 284

Zihni,352Zivkovic, Bozidar, 275-6Zlataritsa, 283Zlatitsa district, Bulgaria, 177,183-5




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the balkan economies c.1800–1914

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