the bantu people 2.feb 09, 2017 · africa. about 3,000 years language began to migrate south and...
TRANSCRIPT
The Bantu people
originally lived in West
Africa. About 3,000 years
ago, speakers of the Bantu
language began to migrate
south and east.
MIGRATIONS Bantu
1. The Bantu people
originally lived in West
Africa. About 3,000 years
ago, speakers of the Bantu
language began to migrate
south and east.
2. The first wave of Bantu
migration followed two
paths into the rainforest
around the Congo River.
There, many of them lived
in small villages and
farmed along the
riverbanks.
3. The dense rainforest
did not provide much
room for farming. Some
Bantu groups moved
toward the East coast of
Southern Africa, where
the land was more open
and better suited to
growing crops.
4. Other groups of Bantu
speakers migrated south into the
dry, grassy west coast of
Southern Africa. The land was
best suited for raising herds of
livestock such as sheep, goats,
and cattle.
SAHARA DESERT
The Bantu expansion or the Bantu Migration
was a millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of
the original Bantu language group. The primary
evidence for this great expansion, one of the largest in
human history, has been primarily linguistic, that is
that the languages spoken in sub-Equatorial Africa are
remarkably similar to each other, to the degree that it is
unlikely that they began diverging from each other more
than three thousand years ago. Attempts to trace the
exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with
archaeological evidence, and more recently, with
genetic evidence, have not been conclusive, and so
many aspects of the expansion remain in doubt or are
highly contested.
The linguistic core of the Bantu family of
languages, a branch of the Niger–Congo language
family, was located in the region of modern Cameroon
and Eastern Nigeria . From this core, expansion
began about three thousand years ago, with one stream
going more or less east into East Africa, and other
streams going south along the African coast of Gabon,
Democratic Congo and Angola, or inland along the
many south to north flowing rivers of the Congo River
system. The expansion eventually reached South Africa
probably as recently as 300 A.D.
Initially archaeologists believed that they could
find archaeological similarities in the ancient cultures of
the region that the Bantu were held to have traversed;
while linguists, classifying the languages and creating a
genetic table of relationships believed they could
reconstruct both material culture elements, new crops
and the like. They believed that the expansion was
caused by the development of agriculture, the making of
ceramics and the use of iron, which permitted new
ecological zones to be exploited.
In 1966 Roland Oliver published an influential article presenting these correlations as a reasonable
hypothesis. They pushed out or absorbed the hunter-forager Khoisan, who formerly inhabited these areas.
Meanwhile in Eastern and Southern Africa, Bantu-speakers adopted livestock husbandry from other peoples
they encountered, and in turn passed it to hunter-foragers. Herding practices reached the far south several
centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic and environmental
evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was one of the most significant human
migrations and cultural transformations within the past few thousand years.
THE EARLY MIGRATION/EXPANSION (1000 BCE-500 CE) It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in Cameroon
began around 1000 BC. Although early models posited that the early speakers were both iron using and
agricultural, archaeology has shown that they did not use iron until as late as 400 BC, though they were
agricultural. The western branch ,followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system
southward, reaching central Angola by around 500 BCE. Further west, Bantu-speaking communities had
reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 2500 years ago (500 BCE) pioneering groups had
emerged into the savannas to the south.
Another stream of migration, moving
east by 3000 years ago (1000 B.C.E.), was
creating a major new population center near
the Great Lakes of East Africa , where a rich
environment supported a dense population.
Movements by small groups to the southeast
from the Great Lakes region were more rapid,
with initial settlements widely dispersed near
the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively
harsh farming conditions in areas further from
water. Pioneering groups had reached modern
South Africa by 300 C.E. along the coast.
THE POST CLASSICAL
MIGRATION/EXPANSION (1200CE-1600 CE)
Between the 13th and 15th centuries,
the relatively powerful Bantu-speaking states
on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to
emerge, in the Great Lakes region, in the
savanna south of the Central African
rainforest, and on the Zambezi river where the
Monomatapa kings built the famous Great
Zimbabwe complex . Such processes
of state-formation occurred with increasing
frequency from the 16th century onward. They
were probably due to denser population, which
led to more specialized divisions of labor,
including military power, while making
outmigration more difficult. Other factors were
increased trade among African communities
and with European, Swahili and Arab traders
on the coasts; technological developments in
economic activity, and new techniques in the
political-spiritual ritualization of royalty as the
source of national strength and health.
GREAT ZIMBABWE Great Zimbabwe is a ruined city that was once the capital
of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, which existed from 1100 to 1450
CE. The monument, which first began to be constructed in the 11th
century and which continued to be built until the 14th century,
spanned an area of 1,784 acres and at its peak could have housed up
to 18,000 people. Great Zimbabwe acted as a royal palace for the
Zimbabwean monarch and would have been used as the seat of their
political power. One of its most prominent features was its walls,
some of which were over five meters high and which were
constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was largely
abandoned and fell into ruin.
Late 19th
and early 20th
century historians had trouble
attributing Great Zimbabwe to black Africans due to
Colonial/Racist ideologies. Below is the account of archaeologist
Paul Sinclair:
“I was the archaeologist stationed at Great Zimbabwe. I was told
by the then-director of the Museums and Monuments organisation
to be extremely careful about talking to the press about the origins
of the [Great] Zimbabwe state. I was told that the museum service
was in a difficult situation, that the government was pressurising
them to withhold the correct information. Censorship of
guidebooks, museum displays, school textbooks, radio programmes,
newspapers and films was a daily occurrence. Once a member of
the Museum Board of Trustees threatened me with losing my job if I
said publicly that blacks had built Zimbabwe. He said it was okay to
say the yellow people had built it, but I wasn't allowed to mention
radio carbon dates... It was the first time since Germany in the
thirties that archaeology has been so directly censored.”
Great Zimbabwe on the $50 Zimbabwe note
FEUDALISM JAPAN EUROPE
KING POWERFUL
LORDS
POWERFUL
LORDS
POWERFUL
LORDS
Lesser
Lords
Lesser
Lords
Lesser
Lords
Lesser
Lords
Lesser
Lords Lesser
Lords
Knights Knights Knights Knights Knights Knights
Knights Knights Knights Knights Knights Knights
Townspeople & Serfs
Emperor POWERFUL
Daimyo
POWERFUL
Daimyo
POWERFUL
Daimyo
Lesser
Daimyo
Lesser
Daimyo
Lesser
Daimyo
Lesser
Daimyo
Lesser Daimyo
Lesser
Daimyo
Samurai Samurai Samurai Samurai Samurai Samurai
Samurai Samurai Samurai Samurai Samurai Samurai
Townspeople, Genin (landless laborers), & Eta (hereditary slaves)
Eta Class of hereditary slaves
BushidoSamurai code of
ethics
ShoenJapanese Manor (tax exempt
farmland) usually several vilaages in
size
Manorate Vassal Subordinate
Serfs Slaves bound to
land
Chivalry Code of
ethics for knights
HanFIefs FiefLand granted
to people by the lord
in return for loyalty
F E U D A L I S M
W E S T E R N E U R O P E
J A P A N
Had example of Roman Imperialism
Could NOT
o Organize or afford necessary armies
o Agree on Standardized laws
Lacked means to support an independent bureaucracy
Had example of Chinese Imperialism
Attempted to use Confucianism to create a
bureaucracy
Centralized administration could not be
established
BOTH LATER DEVELOPED MORE CENTRALIZED POLITICAL SYSTEMS Japan drew on Confucian precedents
Western Europe built on Nation States
Each had to incorporate centuries of feudal heritage, therefore unable to replicate imperial political structures of China
and Rome
S I M I L A R I T I E S Experienced Long periods of semi-centralized rule
Claims of Central authorities are not matched by effective power
Regional leaders have own armies and administer own localities
Kings have to make deals with regional leaders
Political values embraced most participants
Aristocratic lords controlled the peasant masses
Idea of mutual ties and obligations
Both were HIGHLY militaristic:
o Frequent and Bitter internal warfare/military virtues impeded development of centralized gov’t
Military Feudalism survived the feudal eras
o Japan had trouble controlling the Samurai class
o West could not rid itself of the warrior ethic that the central purpose of the state was to make war
West emphasized contractual ideas more
strongly than the Japanese
Legacy= Parliamentary Institutions
Japan relied more heavily on group and individual
loyalties not confirmed by contractual agreements.
Legacy= Individuals functioning as part of
collective decision teams linked to the state
BOTH HAVE BEEN UNUSUALLY SUCCESSFUL IN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Adept at running capitalist economies 2. Propensity for imperialist expansion 3. Resort to war to solve conflicts with foreign powers
4. Feudalism was possibly a basis for later Economic Dynamism
The impact of the Hansa can be seen today all
over Northern Europe. The most visible example
is the German airline Lufthansa (“Air Hansa”).
It is the largest airline in all of Europe. There is
THE HANSA
also the Rostock soccer team F. C. Hansa. There is also a Hansa
brewery, a Hansa Bank, and a Hansa University.
HANSEATIC LEAGUE ALIAS:
Reason for forming:
RESULTS FOR THE MEMBERS:
Vikings are incredibly scary. Look at this guy!
But by 1159, the “Vikings” weren’t really a
problem anymore. Though part of the formation
was mutual security, it is more likely that they
formed for the mutual financial benefit of the
members; specifically, between the Hamburg Salt
Mines & the Lubeck Herring fisherman (see map).
Don’t think that this was an alliance between a
bunch of weird sounding European cities. It
actually began as a connection of the GUILDS
in those respective cities. The Hamburg-Lubeck
alliance served as a model for other alliances. At
its peak, the Hansa included 60+ members!
They even formed their own “Diet” or
Assembly to enforce its rules. It was a monopoly on
trade of goods in North Europe. The beginning of
the end for the Hansa was the rise of the Swedish
Empire in the north, the Ottomans in the South, and
the Holy Roman Empire in Germany. Only 9 people
attended its final meeting in 1669.
Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management.
NEW FORMS OF
LAB R M A N A G E M E N T
1 2 3 4 5 6
F R E E - P E A S A N T AGRICULTURE
NOMADIC PASTORIALISM
GUILDS
COERCED GOVERNMENT-IMPOSED
LABOR TAXES
MILITARY OBLIGATIONS
FREE PEASANT AGRICULTURE is what you probably think of when you think of peasants during
the POST-CLASSICAL PERIOD. They were the majority of the population. Peasant comes from the
French word Paisant meaning countryside. Peasants are typically small farm owning rural farmers. It
later took on a negative connotation by the upper classes (ex. “Bloody Peasant” –King Arthur)
Think of NOMADIC RANCHERs as PEASANTS without arable land. They follow their animals from
pasture to pasture depending on the season. These people are generally associated with warrior-based
cultures that became fearsome to settled people. They tend to move around 150 miles per year (in
rotation). Examples: Cattle, Yaks, Sheep, Goats, Reindeer, Horses, Donkeys, Nerfs
GUILDS are simply a collection of craftsmen of a similar trade. They were originally organized similarly to a trade union or secret society. The goal of these GUILDS is to regulate their industry. GUILD members would be experienced tradesmen or “masters”.
You enter the guild as an APPRENTICE, then becoming a JOURNEYMAN. Once you have created a MASTERPIECE, you then become a MASTER. GUILDS are a global entity from China, India, Persia, Africa, and Europe. The word GUILD comes from the
Old English “gegylde” meaning “payment”. By the 14th Century, for example, Paris had 350 guilds.
Let’s not dance around the issue: COERCED LABOR are different ways to force someone to do work for you…
SERFDOM
MITA
In both Europe and Japan, SERFS work a specific plot
of land for a LORD in return for protection. They are
the lowest class of Feudal society.
MITA was Incan CORVEE (unpaid, required labor).
It was tribute owed to the Inca. Generally, people did
large community projects.
TAXES aren’t new. Medieval taxes were paid to the ruling class (usually to the King). The tax was
often on land or came in the form of custom duties (taxes paid on moving from place to place). A
prime example is the GELD. It was raised in England starting in 1012 to pay for
MERCENANARIES. It was later replaced with taxes on personal income and property.
As a part of FEUDALISM, a PEASANT who worked the land of a LORD would owe military service for
that LORD in return for land usage. The VASSAL (someone who pledged loyalty to a LORD) using
whatever means they could attain, would have to defend the LORD’s territory. This was THE primary
reason why the LORD entered into these FEUDAL relationships.
T H R E E E X A M P L E S:
AGAINST THE (POSTCLASSICAL)
MACHINE
Free peasants resisted attempts to raise
dues and taxes by staging revolts
BYZANTINE
EUROPEAN
CHINESE
BASIL THE COPPER HAND Back in the 10
th Century, there lived a
man named Basil. Basil’s most notable
physical feature was his copper hand.
How did he get a copper hand? Well, he
tried to impersonate a dead general to
take power in Bithynia (North Anatolia).
His ruse was discovered and he was
quickly taken back to Constantinople and
given history’s most infamous slap on
the wrist. Sans-hand, he had it replaced
with a copper one. Hence the name.
Looking like a Super Villain, he
attempted to lead a peasant rebellion
against the Byzantine Empire. He
gathered the destitute and downtrodden
peasants of the region who were upset at
the Byzantine taxes they were forced to
pay. Noticing the lack of tax funds
coming in from Bithynia, the Emperor
sent in the Byzantine Army. Used to
fighting Persians and Arabs, the peasant
army of Basil the Copper Hand didn’t
stand a chance. He was caught, chained,
and returned to Constantinople. After a
quick trial, he was burned at the stake.
PEASANT REVOLT IN FLANDERS
In the 1320s, a series of small scale
peasant revolts joined forces into an
all-out rebellion that lasted for 5
years. What drove these otherwise
docile peasants to revolt? The
answer is simple: TAXES. The
people were mad at Louis I for
raising taxes. So, they proceeded to
revolt and take over the majority of
the Flanders region. They even
captured the Count of Flanders,
Louis I! This became such a
problem, that the King of France
had to step in and quell the
insurrection. A hastily agreed to
peace treaty was signed, but
quickly forgotten as the rebellion
continued. It wasn’t until the Battle
of Cassel that the rebel army and its
peasant leaders were defeated.
RED TURBAN REBELLION AKA White Lotus Rebellion
It’s difficult to find anyone who would
ever say anything bad about the
Mongols (sarcasm). But, there was a
group of Chinese peasants in the 1340s
that were fed up with the Yuan
(Mongol) rule. The Yellow River had
been constantly flooding (along with
other natural disasters). A Mahayana
Buddhist sect known as the White
Lotus Society (who worshipped a
Mother Goddess who would gather her
children at the millennium) started the
rebellion against Mongol rule. After
30 years of war, the rebellion was
successful. The Mongols were
constantly fighting themselves and
therefore couldn’t handle the rebellion.
In 1368, the Zhu Yuanzhang, former
beggar/Buddhist monk, claimed the Mandate of Heaven and declared
himself the Hongwu Emperor of the
new Ming Dynasty.
Illustrative Examples
Throughout the AP framework, possible examples of historical content are provided as an illustration of the key concept, but these illustrative
examples are not required features of the course or required knowledge for the exam. Instead, the illustrative examples are provided to offer teachers
a variety of optional instructional contexts that will help their students achieve deeper understanding. In this way the framework provides teachers
freedom to tailor instruction to the needs of their students and offers flexibility in building upon their own strengths as teachers.
NEW TRADING CITIES
ITEM/TERM DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION IMAGE SIGNIFICANCE
NOVOROGOD
TIMBUKTU
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VENICE
HANGZHOU
BAGHDAD
CALICUT
MALAKA
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TENOCHTITLAN
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CAHOKIA
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INTERREGIONAL LUXURY GOODS
CARAVAN ORGANIZATION
NEW CREDIT & MONETIZATION
STATE ECONOMIC PRACTICES
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CAMELSERAI
SILK
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ITEM/TERM DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION IMAGE SIGNIFICANCE
BILLS OF
EXCHANGE
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SPICES
COTTON/TEXTILES
PORCELAIN
SLAVES
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___________________________ A roadside inn where travelers
could rest and recover from the
day's journey.
Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of
trade routes covering Asia, North Africa, and
South-Eastern Europe, especially along the Silk
Road.
CAMEL SADDLE
CREDIT
CHECKING
BANKING
HOUSES
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MINTING
OF COINS
PAPER
MONEY
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TRADING ORGANIZATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE & TECH ADAPTATIONS
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HANSEATIC LEAGUE
VIKING
LONGSHIPS
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CH
INA
SUI
BYZANTINE
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ARAB/BERBER
CAMEL CARAVANS
Starting at Beijing, it passes through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei,
Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou. The oldest parts
of the canal date back to the 5th century BC, although the various sections
were finally combined during the Sui Dynasty
The total length of the Grand Canal is 1,776 km (1,104 mi). The canal's
size and grandeur won it the admiration of many throughout history,
including the Japanese monk Ennin, the Persian historian Rashid al-Din,
the Korean official Choe Bu and the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci
STATE SPONSORED COMMERCIAL VENTURES GRAND
CANAL
POST CLASSICAL EMPIRES
TANG
SONG
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CA
LIP
HA
TE
S
UMAYYAD
ABBASID
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MONGOLS
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___________________________ CENTRAL ASIAN
HORSE TRAVEL
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MIGRATIONS
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IBN BATTUTA
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ITEM/TERM DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION IMAGE SIGNIFICANCE
BANTU
The Bantu expansion or the Bantu Migration was
a millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of
the original Bantu language group.
The Bantu expansion or the Bantu Migration was
a millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of
the original Bantu language group.
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The main evidence of the Bantu migrations comes from the linguistic roots of the major
languages of Sub-Saharan Africa
One of the largest migrations in human history, the
Bantu spread language and knowledge of iron
working to sub-Saharan Africa
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POLYNESIAN
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DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGE
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DIASPORIC COMMUNITIES
BANTU (SWAHILI)
TURKIC
ARABIC
MUSLIMS IN
INDIAN OCEAN
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CHINESE IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA
JEWS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN
INTER-REGIONAL TRAVELLERS ________________________________________________________________________
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MARCO POLO
XUANZANG
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A famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. Born in Henan province of China in 602 or 603, from boyhood he took to reading sacred books, including the Chinese Classics and the writings of the ancient sages.
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Xuanzang's work, the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, is the longest and most detailed account of the countries of Central and South Asia that has been bestowed upon posterity by a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim. While his main purpose was to obtain Buddhist books and to receive instruction on Buddhism while in India, he ended up doing much more.
DIFFUSION OF CULTURAL TRADITIONS
HINDUISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
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BUDDHISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
ISLAM IN
SUBSAHARAN AFRICA
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Diaspora (n) - the
movement, migration,
or scattering of
people away from an
established or
ancestral homeland
DIFFUSION OF CULTURAL TRADITIONS
ISLAM IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA
DIFFUSION OF SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY
GREEK/INDIAN
MATH ON MUSLIM
SCHOLARS
GREEK SCIENCE IN WESTERN EUR VIA AL ANDALUS
SPREAD OF
GUNPOWDER
PRINTING FROM CHINA TO WEST
NEW FOOD & AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES
SYNTHESIZED & BORROWED TRADITIONS
TECHNOLOGICAL & CULTURAL TRANSFERS
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BANANAS IN
AFRICA
NEW VARIETIES
OF RICE IN ASIA
PERSIAN TRADITIONS
IN ISLAM
CHINESE TRADITIONS
IN JAPAN
TANG CHINA &
ABBASIDS
ACROSS THE MONGOL EMPIRE
DURING THE
CRUSADES
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The caliphs adopted many Sassanid administrative practices,
such as coinage, the office of vizier, or minister, and the
divan, a bureaucracy for collecting taxes and giving state
stipends. Indeed, Persians themselves largely became the
administrators.
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The need to raise, transport and supply large armies led to a
flourishing of trade throughout Europe. Roads largely unused
since the days of Rome saw significant increases in traffic as
local merchants began to expand their horizons.
"The Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not
need us Arabs even for a day. We have been ruling
them for one or two centuries and cannot do without
them for an hour."
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Increased trade brought many things to Europeans that were once unknown or extremely rare and costly. These goods included a
variety of spices, ivory, jade, diamonds, improved glass-
manufacturing techniques, early forms of gun powder, oranges, apples, and other Asian crops, and many other products.
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
DECLINE IN URBAN AREAS
REVIVAL IN URBAN AREAS
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
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Developed by the Quechuas before the Incas,
the system combines raised beds with
irrigation channels.
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Aided in irrigation and stopped
erosion. Helped especially in areas
prone to floods.
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A period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm
Period. It is conventionally defined as a period extending
from the 13th, 14th century to the 19th centuries and thus
beginning at the end of this era.
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It brought colder winters to Europe and
North America freezing rivers and canals.
It led to famines, bread riots, and the rise of
despotic rulers.
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CHINAMPAS
WARU WARU
TERRACING
TECHNIQUES
HORSE
COLLAR
DISEASE INVASIONS
DECLINE IN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY
LITTLE ICE
AGE
END OF INVASION
SAFE TRANSPORT
RISE OF COMMERCE
WARMER TEMPS
INCREASED AGRIC
& RISE OF POPUL.
GREATER AVAIL OF
LABOR
GUILD
PRODUCTION
INCREASE IN WOMEN’s POWER
NEW COERCED LABOR SYSTEMS
FREE PEASANT REVOLTS
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Mandatory public service used during the Incan empire. It was a form of tribute or
corvee.
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Incas used the Mita for their elaborate building projects including the
extensive road network.
AN SHI REBELLION- Led by General An Lushan, this rebellion coincided with the Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyad in Southwest Asia. General An
Lushan was a favorite of the emperor and used his ties to the throne to hide his plot to overthrow the Emperor. The rebellion lasted for three different emperors before being repressed at a high cost to all sides.
The Pyrrhic victory by the Tang Dynasty was solidified by the 36 million people who died during the conflict and following famine. Making this revolt the largest in all of history and the largest death
toll of any event until the Second World War.
MONGOLS
SE ASIA
SERFDOM EUROPE
SERFDOM JAPAN
MITA INCAN EMPIRE
CHINA
P OLYNESIAN
M IGRATIONS
FROM MALAY TO MAORI: LANGUAGE LINKS All Polynesian languages belong to the Austronesian language
family, now the most widely dispersed in the world – from Madagascar
to Easter Island. Words for outrigger canoes with sails and paddles can
be traced from near Oceania back through the ancestral languages of
island South-East Asia. The Māori words waka (canoe) and ra (sail) have
the same origin as the Malay words – wangka and layar.
RECENT VOYAGING INTO REMOTE OCEANIA Around 1200 BC migration into Remote Oceania began. Remote Oceania lies to the east and south of Near Oceania,
and consists of Melanesia south-east of the Solomons, Micronesia and Polynesia. The islands are generally smaller, with fewer
food resources, and were beyond the reach of simple water craft. However, the migrating people had Neolithic (New Stone
Age) technologies, and food-producing economies. Known as Lapita, they had learned to explore the open sea and survive.
After millennia of developments in boat building, and accumulated experience of seafaring in Near Oceania, skilled navigators
began to explore in sophisticated canoes. Migrants voyaged east across the tropical Pacific into Remote Oceania, carrying with
them domesticated plants and animals, to sustain settlement in their new island homes.
REACHING SOUTH
AMERICA Ultimately explorers arrived at South
America, and then returned to their
home islands in Remote Oceania with
the kūmara (sweet potato) and a
species of gourd. Radiocarbon dates
for kūmara found on Mangaia in the
southern Cook Islands show that
Polynesians had reached South
America and returned by 1000 AD.
VIKINGS & POLYNESIA According to Icelandic sagas,
Vikings from Greenland found
Labrador and briefly settled in
Newfoundland around the same time.
The circumstances in both North and
South America were similar for
Vikings and Polynesians. Both
travelled in small parties to the
extreme limits of their range,
encountering populated continents.
There is little archaeological evidence
of these contacts.
TO NEW ZEALAND & THE CHATHAM ISLANDS
Around 1300 AD Polynesian
settlers used subtropical weather
systems to navigate their way to New
Zealand. These migrants were the
ancestors of New Zealand’s Māori
people. At about the same time, they
reached the northern satellite islands
of Norfolk and the Kermadecs. Later
still, early Māori exploring eastward
from New Zealand discovered the
Chatham Islands, just a few centuries
before the first European expeditions
reached the Pacific.
EARLY THEORIES The first explorers had no maps
or navigational instruments, and there has
been spirited debate among sailors and
scholars as to how they settled the region.
Early theories ranged from mythical hero
navigators who discovered new lands and
returned home with sailing directions, to
accidental voyagers who drifted away
from islands to which they could not
return. Complicating the argument was
the myth of a South American origin,
advocated by some 19th-century scholars
and popularized in the 20th century by
the archaeologist Thor Heyerdahl.
RECENT
UNDERSTANDING We now know that
migrations were deliberate, because
they involved taking the people,
plants and animals needed to establish
sustainable colonies. There have been
many experimental voyages in replica
canoes and rafts, as well as other
‘computer voyages’. Computer
experiments using data for winds and
currents show that the major voyages
could not have occurred by drift.
SEARCH & RETURN Lapita navigators explored in
only one direction – south-east,
against the prevailing trade winds. All
island groups in island Melanesia and
West Polynesia that lie in a south-east
direction have Lapita settlements.
None of these settlements have been
found on other islands. At
predictable times each year the trade
winds would reverse from south-
easterly to westerly. At these times
canoes could set off with the wind
behind them, and explore to the east.
When the winds reverted to south-
easterly, a safe return could be made.
The exploration strategy was to
search and return. All the occupied
island groups acted as broad safety
nets for returning canoes.
SURVIVAL, NOT SPEED The human instinct for survival meant that exploration almost certainly occurred
in stages, using different sailing strategies: Against the wind – this was the initial search-and-return voyage, to find out whether there
were islands on the exposed side of the home island.
Across the wind – once navigators had found new islands, they could then begin to sail safely
across prevailing winds. They would know that on their return they could stop at these islands
if they could not make it all the way home
Downwind – this happened at a later stage. Sailing downwind usually requires returning by a
different route, and it took time for explorers to discover the intermediate islands that made these
routes possible. Sailing downwind also indicated that navigators understood how to use the various
weather systems.
In central and eastern Pacific is a large triangular area where the world known
"Islands of Wonders" live the happy and charming Polynesians. They inhabit the
Polynesian Triangle which includes such popular groups as Hawaii, New Zealand,
Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti (or Society), Cook and Marquesas Islands.
1. What are kumara?
2. How were Viking & Polynesian
migration experiences similar?
3. Were the Polynesian migration to
South America:
Accidental or Deliberate?
4. What sailing strategies did
Polynesians employ during their
voyages?
5. What is the Polynesian Triangle?
6. What were the 3 stages of
Polynesian Migration?
Post-Classical Cartography
600-1450
LABEL THE FOLLOWING ON THE MAP BELOW. THIS IS YOUR GUIDE TO THE POST-CLASSICAL ERA.
ONE-THIRD of the POST CLASSICAL ERA is devoted to EXPANSION of the existing TRADE NETWORKs.
NEW TRADE CITIES
Novgorod
Timbuktu
Hangzhou
Calicut
Baghdad
Melaka
Venice
Tenochtitlan
Cahokia
EXISTING TRADE ROUTES
SILK ROAD
MEDITERR.
TRANS-
SAHARAN
INDIAN
OCEAN
NEW TRADE ROUTES
MESO-
AMERICAN
ANDES
LUXURY GOODS
SILK
TEXTILES
PORCELAIN
SPICES
CARAVAN ORG.
CAMEL
SADDLES CARAVANSERAI
TECHNOLOGY
COMPASS
ASTROLABE
*LARGER
SHIPS
COMMERCIAL GROWTH
*Bills of
Exchange
*Credit
*Banks
STATE
SPONSORED
COMMERCE
*Coins
*Paper $$$
Grand Canal
Hanseatic
League
TRADE EMPIRES
China
Byzantine
Caliphates
Mongols
LONG DISTANCE
TRADERS
Vikings
Arabs
Berbers
C. Asian
CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGES
Bantu Migrations
Polynesian
Migrations
Spread of:
o Turkic Lang.
o Arabic Lang.
TRAVELERS
Ibn Battuta
Marco Polo
Xuanzong
DIFFUSION OF: CROPS o Bananas
In Dar-al-
Islam o *Cotton
o *Sugar
o *Spices PATHOGENS
o BLACK
DEATH
IDEAS
o Math
o Printing
o Gunpowder
* indicates ideas/transactions/etc. that need not be cartographed. These things are more-or-less going on in many different regions throughout the period.
The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of
increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
RISE OF THE OF THE
CITIES CITIES
While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious, and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities emerged to take on these established roles.
D I S E A S E S
A G R I C U L T U R A L D E C L I N E
L I T T L E I C E A G E
E N D O F I N V A S I O N S
R I S E I N C O M M E R C E / T E M P E R A T U R E
All of the classical societies (Rome- Visigoths, Ostrogoths,
Vandals. Gupta- White Huns, Han- Xiongnu) fell to invaders. In
their wake, the former foci of civilization were left in
pieces. Feudalism took root as the socio-political standard
of the era. The great Classical cities fell to disrepair.
I N V A S I O N S
S A F E/ R E L I A B L E T R A N S P O R T
INCREASED AGRICULTURE=INCREASED POPULAT
GREATER AVAILABILITY OF LABOR
Justinian’s Plague (Bubonic) of the late 6th Century killed as
many as ¼ of Europe’s population. A smallpox/measles
outbreak killed off huge chunks of the Han Chinese in 162, 221,
and 322. By 742, China had lost ¼ of its population. Increased
Classical trade led to the easy spread of these diseases.
With the lack of Political authority/safety, the agricultural output
of the major cultural centers decreased. The chaos that ensued
insured a lower crop yield. Along with the weather change
known as the “Little Ice Age”, there was simply not enough
food production to feed a large urban center.
OLD CITIES IN DECLINE
NEW CITIES ON THE RISE
ATHENS, ROME, ALEXANDRIA, CHANG’AN, PATALIPUTRA NOVGOROD, TIMBUKTU, HANGZHOU, CALICUT, BAGHDAD, MALACCA, VENICE
At the end of this era (roughly 1250-1850; different groups have different ideas as
to when this occurred), there was a period of cooling that directly
affected population and agricultural output. Winters were
colder. Glaciers encroached. Rivers/canals froze.
Generally it affected temperatures by only a few degrees
and was not a “true Ice Age” in the technical terms.
The invasions that ended the last era come to a close. Germans settled into
Europe. White Huns settled into the Caste System of India. The Xiongnu
integrated into Chinese society as well. There are invasions to come in this
era; Massive groups that change the shape of the planet forever (Mongols,
Vikings, Turks), but most of these occur later in the era.
Several large empires will form in this era. These large empires (like the Roman/Han
ones in the Classical Period) will control large amounts of land (including the largest-
MONGOL). Providing safety, including safe trade routes, allows for new centers of
trade/commerce to arise (cities). Every city listed at the bottom is a trade city. Safe
trade routes lead to economic prosperity & advancement (but also death/plague).
Although it doesn’t have as cool of a name; the Medieval Warm Period (AKA Medieval Climactic Anomaly... it
sounds cooler), preceded the Little Ice Age. This was from around 950 to 1250. Prior to the 20th Century, this
was the hottest era on record (so not as hot as today) according to Paleo-climatologists. Probably the most visual
example of this can be seen in the Viking colonization of Greenland (later wiped out by the Little Ice Age). This
was also a shift of about one degree (which sounds lame, but can have huge effects on crop yields, sea levels,
rainfall, etc.) Also, Commerce increased (see above).
Agriculture expanded greatly during this era. In Europe, they had the “Great Clearances” which vastly
increased the amount of arable land. Plus, formerly sparsely populated areas were populated with more
and more people. New technologies, techniques, lands, etc. aided in the increase. Plus, with raids from
nomadic groups ending (except the Mongols…), and the increase in temperature; Europe reached its
highest population that it will have for centuries. (Note: At the end of this era, with the Little Ice Age,
Black Death, Great Famine, etc. populations did decrease dramatically. But we are talking about
centuries of time…) Here’s a basic formula for human growth: FOOD + PEACE= POPUL. GROWTH
If you add up the above factors, you come to one conclusion: There is less invasion, more trade, more food, and more
people. So, there is also a greater availability of LABOR
(people to do work). As we will see, LABOR will take on many different forms in this era (most often remembered by
FEUDALISM & the GUILD SYSTEM).