the basic unit of life copyright cmassengale1 introduction to cells cells are the basic units of...
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The Basic Unit of Life
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Introduction to Cells
• Cells are the basic units of organisms• Cells can only be observed under
microscope• Basic types of cells:
2Animal Cell Plant Cell
Bacterial Cell
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Number of Cells
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Organisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes include bacteria which lack of nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles.
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, protist & animals)
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Prokaryotes
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Nucleoid region contains the DNA
• Cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
• Nucleus• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
copyright cmassengale 7Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Cell Organelles• Very small size
• Can only be observed under a microscope
• Have specific functions
• Found throughout cytoplasm
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Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:
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Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) – canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins
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Cell Organelles
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Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened sacs
• Have a shipping side & a receiving side
• Receive & modify proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends
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Transport
vesicle
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Ribosome
• The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells.
• They serves as the primary site of biological protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes are the cell’s protein factories.
Ribosome
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Lysosome• Contain digestive
enzymes• Break down food and
worn out cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)
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Nucleolus• Cell may have 1 to 3
nucleoli• Inside nucleus• Disappears when
cell divides• Makes ribosomes that make proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Smooth SER lacks ribosomes process lipids and carbohydrates in the cell
Rough RER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
Transport materials through the cell
Known as the highway of the cell.
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Cell Powerhouse
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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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In Animal Cells
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP
Mitochondria
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Surrounding the Cell
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• Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
• Made of protein and phospholipids
• Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
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• Living layer• Controls the
movement of materials into and out of the cell
• Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
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Cytoplasm of a Cell
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• Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
• Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm
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More on Cytoplasm
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• Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs.
• Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion.
Cytoplasm
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Control Organelle
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• Controls the normal activities of the cell
• Contain the DNA• Bounded by a
nuclear membrane
• Contains chromosomes
Nucleus
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More on the Nucleus
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• Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
• Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
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Plant Cell Organelles
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• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
• Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
• Process called photosynthesis
Chloropla
st
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Plant Cell
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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeable
Cell wall
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Plant Cell
Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigidFound in plant cells
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Cell wall
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Plant Cell
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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to the cell
Cell wall
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Vacuole
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• Plants Have a large central vacuole
• Animals have a very small or none.
• Surrounded by tonoplast
• Contains cell sap• Sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & pigments
Vacuole
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Cytoskeleton
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• Maintains the shape of the animal cell.
• Maintains the 3 dimensional shape.
• Helps the cell moves
• Cytoskeleton is made out of 2 parts:• Microtubules• Microfilaments
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Different kinds of plant cells
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Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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Animal Cell Organelles
• Near the nucleus• Paired structures• Help cell divide
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Animal Cell
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm
No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
vacuole
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Different Kinds of Animal Cells
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white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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Similarities between plant cells and animal
cellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
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Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between plant cells and animal
cells
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Animal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
sizeIrregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shape
Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant Cells and Animal
Cells
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
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Any Questions
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Compound Microscope• Instrument for
observing small objects
• Magnify images up to 2000X their size
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Different parts of a microscope
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Eyepiece
Fine adjustmentArm
Stage
Condenser control knob
Base
Body tubeCoarse adjustment
Iris diaphragm
Revolving nosepiece
Objective
ClipCondenser
Mirror
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Basic Unit of Life• Cell is the smallest unit of living
organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions
– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption
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Levels of organization
• Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
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Tissue• A group of similar cells to
perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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Organ• Different tissues group
together to carry out specialized functions–Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood vessels–Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular tissue
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The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
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Stoma
Air Space
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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System• Several organs and tissues work
together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way–Human : digestive, respiratory,
excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Any Questions
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