the basics of morphology - umass amherstpeople.umass.edu/scable/ling201-sp13/slides... · basic...
TRANSCRIPT
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Basics of Morphology
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Supplementary Readings
The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:
I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 115-127)
The following reading (on Moodle) is not essential, butmight be helpful:
I Language Instinct; Chapter 5 (119-152)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The System Thus FarThe Fundamental Question:What are the rules and mental representations thatunderlie our ability to speak and understand a language?
The Answer Thus Far:I Mental Representations:
I A memorized representation of the phonemes making upthe word.
I The Rules:I Phonology: Rules affecting how the word is pronounced.
I The Syllabification RuleI The Aspiration RuleI The V-Lengthening RuleI (...and a whole bunch more...)
Fact:There are also rules for forming words of a language.
I Morphology = Rules for forming words.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The System Thus FarThe Fundamental Question:What are the rules and mental representations thatunderlie our ability to speak and understand a language?
The Answer Thus Far:I Mental Representations:
I A memorized representation of the phonemes making upthe word.
I The Rules:I Phonology: Rules affecting how the word is pronounced.
I The Syllabification RuleI The Aspiration RuleI The V-Lengthening RuleI (...and a whole bunch more...)
Fact:There are also rules for forming words of a language.
I Morphology = Rules for forming words.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Mental Lexicon
Vocabulary:The (Mental) Lexicon = the information about words that youstore in memory.
I For each word, you memorize a ton of stuff:
I its phonemic representationI its meaningI its ‘part of speech’ (noun, verb, adjective, etc.)I ...etc....
I Part of our knowledge of English is a huge database ofwords (a mental lexicon).
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Picture of the Mental LexiconDog:
I Sound: /dAg/
I Part of Speech: NounI Meaning: canis familiaris
Cat:I Sound: /kæt/
I Part of Speech: NounI Meaning: felis domesticus
Love:I Sound: /l2v/
I Part of Speech: VerbI Meaning: To feel strong affection for
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Words and RulesKey Fact:
I The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.I Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’.
Illustration:I Imagine I told you this was a technical term in linguistics:
I ‘Blorking’ = to ask really long-winded questions atlinguistics talks
I Now suppose I said the following to you:I “Seth Cable is a notorious blorker.”
I You would understand the word blorker, even thoughyou’d never actually heard it before...
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Words and RulesKey Fact:
I The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.I Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’.
Illustration:I Imagine I told you this was a technical term in linguistics:
I ‘Blorking’ = to ask really long-winded questions atlinguistics talks
I Now suppose I said the following to you:I “Seth Cable is a notorious blorker.”
I You would understand the word blorker, even thoughyou’d never actually heard it before...
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Words and RulesKey Fact:
I The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.I Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’.
Illustration:I Imagine I told you this was a technical term in linguistics:
I ‘Blorking’ = to ask really long-winded questions atlinguistics talks
I Now suppose I said the following to you:I “Seth Cable is a notorious blorker.”
I You would understand the word blorker, even thoughyou’d never actually heard it before...
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Words and RulesKey Fact:
I The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.I Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’.
Conclusion:Since you’d never heard blorker before...
I It wasn’t memorized in your “mental lexicon”...I So, your knowledge of its meaning came from somewhere else...
The Rule:For any verb V, adding “er” to the end of V makes a noun thatmeans “one who Vs”(“blorker” = one who ‘blorks’)
Major Conclusion:English (and other languages) has rules for forming words.
I Morphology = Rules for forming words.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphologyThe Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Words and RulesKey Fact:
I The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.I Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’.
Conclusion:Since you’d never heard blorker before...
I It wasn’t memorized in your “mental lexicon”...I So, your knowledge of its meaning came from somewhere else...
The Rule:For any verb V, adding “er” to the end of V makes a noun thatmeans “one who Vs”(“blorker” = one who ‘blorks’)
Major Conclusion:English (and other languages) has rules for forming words.
I Morphology = Rules for forming words.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Vocabulary Time!Morpheme:A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned.
I /blOôk/ = to ask long-winded questions at linguistics talksI /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity
Free Morpheme:A morpheme that can ‘stand alone’ as a complete word.
I /blOôk/ “Seth Cable loves to blork.”I /plej/ “My cat loves to play.”
Bound Morpheme:Morpheme that can’t ‘stand alone’ as a complete word.
I /1ô/ “Seth is a real blorker / player / *er.”
Affix:A bound morpheme that can attach to a free morpheme
I /1ô/ “Seth is a real blorker / player / *er.”
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Vocabulary Time!Morpheme:A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned.
I /blOôk/ = to ask long-winded questions at linguistics talksI /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity
Free Morpheme:A morpheme that can ‘stand alone’ as a complete word.
I /blOôk/ “Seth Cable loves to blork.”I /plej/ “My cat loves to play.”
Bound Morpheme:Morpheme that can’t ‘stand alone’ as a complete word.
I /1ô/ “Seth is a real blorker / player / *er.”
Suffix:An affix that attaches to the end of a morpheme.
I /1ô/ “Seth is a real blorker / player / *er.”
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Towards Morphological RulesLet’s work towards the rule for suffix “-er” in English...
Observation 1:I Suffix “-er” can attach to verbs.
I blorker, player, baker, dancer, etc.
I Suffix “-er” can’t attach to other kinds of wordsI It can’t attach to nouns:
piano *pianoer (one who is a piano?)book *booker (one who is a book?)
I It can’t attach to adjectives:tall *taller (one who is tall?)angry *angrier (one who is angry?)
The Generalization, Part 1:Suffix “-er” can only attach to verbs.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Towards Morphological RulesLet’s work towards the rule for suffix “-er” in English...
Observation 1:I Suffix “-er” can attach to verbs.
I blorker, player, baker, dancer, etc.
I Suffix “-er” can’t attach to other kinds of wordsI It can’t attach to nouns:
piano *pianoer (one who is a piano?)book *booker (one who is a book?)
I It can’t attach to adjectives:tall *taller (one who is tall?)angry *angrier (one who is angry?)
The Generalization, Part 1:Suffix “-er” can only attach to verbs.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Towards Morphological RulesLet’s work towards the rule for suffix “-er” in English...
Observation 1:I Suffix “-er” can attach to verbs.
I blorker, player, baker, dancer, etc.
I Suffix “-er” can’t attach to other kinds of wordsI It can’t attach to nouns:
piano *pianoer (one who is a piano?)book *booker (one who is a book?)
I It can’t attach to adjectives:tall *taller (one who is tall?)angry *angrier (one who is angry?)
The Generalization, Part 1:Suffix “-er” can only attach to verbs.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Towards Morphological RulesLet’s work towards the rule for suffix “-er” in English...
Observation 1:I Suffix “-er” can attach to verbs.
I blorker, player, baker, dancer, etc.
I Suffix “-er” can’t attach to other kinds of wordsI It can’t attach to nouns:
piano *pianoer (one who is a piano?)book *booker (one who is a book?)
I It can’t attach to adjectives:tall *taller (one who is tall?)angry *angrier (one who is angry?)
The Generalization, Part 1:Suffix “-er” can only attach to verbs.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Towards Morphological RulesLet’s work towards the rule for suffix “-er” in English...
Observation 2:When “-er” attaches to a verb, the resulting word is a noun.
blork the blorker (the one who blorks)play the player (the one who plays)dance the dancer (the one who dances)bake the baker (the one who bakes)shoot the shooter (the one who shoots)
The Generalization, Part 2:Suffix “-er” attaches to verbs, and thereby creates nouns.
Stated as Rule:A noun (in English) can be created by affixing “er” to the end ofa verb.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Towards Morphological RulesLet’s work towards the rule for suffix “-er” in English...
Observation 2:When “-er” attaches to a verb, the resulting word is a noun.
blork the blorker (the one who blorks)play the player (the one who plays)dance the dancer (the one who dances)bake the baker (the one who bakes)shoot the shooter (the one who shoots)
The Generalization, Part 2:Suffix “-er” attaches to verbs, and thereby creates nouns.
Stated as Rule:A noun (in English) can be created by affixing “er” to the end ofa verb.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
A Formal Notation for Rules
The Rule (Informally Stated):A noun (in English) can be created by affixing “er” to the end ofa verb.
A Formal Notation for Morphological Rules:
N → V + /1ô/
I N = “a noun”I → = “can be created from”I V = “a verb”I + = “combined with”
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand NotationSome Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More SuffixationRules
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
A Notation for Morphological StructureThe morphological composition of a word can bediagrammed by a “tree structure”.
The Morphological Structure of “Player”
N
V /1ô/
/plej/
(“Player” is a noun formed from the V “play” and the suffix “1ô”)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ness”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happinesssad sadnessblue bluenessround roundness
Key Observations:I The words on the left are adjectives.I The words on the right are nouns.I The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except
that they end with “-ness”.I For each of these Adj/N pairs, the N means “state of being Adj”
Hypothesis: N → A + /nEs/(A noun can be formed from an adjective followed by the suffix /nEs/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ness”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happinesssad sadnessblue bluenessround roundness
Key Observations:I The words on the left are adjectives.I The words on the right are nouns.I The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except
that they end with “-ness”.I For each of these Adj/N pairs, the N means “state of being Adj”
Hypothesis: N → A + /nEs/(A noun can be formed from an adjective followed by the suffix /nEs/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ness”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happinesssad sadnessblue bluenessround roundness
Key Observations:I The words on the left are adjectives.I The words on the right are nouns.I The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except
that they end with “-ness”.I For each of these Adj/N pairs, the N means “state of being Adj”
Hypothesis: N → A + /nEs/(A noun can be formed from an adjective followed by the suffix /nEs/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ness”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happinesssad sadnessblue bluenessround roundness
Hypothesis: N → A + /nEs/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics, “grug” means lame.I You could probably understand this:
“The grugness of this talk is undeniable.”I You could only understand “grugness” if you had the rule
above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ness”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happinesssad sadnessblue bluenessround roundness
Hypothesis: N → A + /nEs/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics, “grug” means lame.
I You could probably understand this:“The grugness of this talk is undeniable.”
I You could only understand “grugness” if you had the ruleabove.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ness”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happinesssad sadnessblue bluenessround roundness
Hypothesis: N → A + /nEs/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics, “grug” means lame.I You could probably understand this:
“The grugness of this talk is undeniable.”
I You could only understand “grugness” if you had the ruleabove.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ness”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happinesssad sadnessblue bluenessround roundness
Hypothesis: N → A + /nEs/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics, “grug” means lame.I You could probably understand this:
“The grugness of this talk is undeniable.”I You could only understand “grugness” if you had the rule
above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ness”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happinesssad sadnessblue bluenessround roundness
Hypothesis: N → A + /nEs/
Confirmation, Part 2:If we put “-ness” after something that’s not an adjective, itdoesn’t sound right.
Verbs Nouns*walkness *chairness*stealness *treeness*scrapeness *hatness
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Able”Consider the following pairs of words...
ride rideabledo doablesee seeablelike likeable
Key Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-able”.I For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “able to be V-ed”
Hypothesis: A → V + /@bl"/
(An adjective can be formed from a verb followed by the suffix /@bl"/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Able”Consider the following pairs of words...
ride rideabledo doablesee seeablelike likeable
Key Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-able”.I For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “able to be V-ed”
Hypothesis: A → V + /@bl"/
(An adjective can be formed from a verb followed by the suffix /@bl"/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Able”Consider the following pairs of words...
ride rideabledo doablesee seeablelike likeable
Key Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-able”.I For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “able to be V-ed”
Hypothesis: A → V + /@bl"/
(An adjective can be formed from a verb followed by the suffix /@bl"/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Able”Consider the following pairs of words...
ride rideabledo doablesee seeablelike likeable
Hypothesis: A → V + /@bl"/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “croob” means ‘analyze’.I You could probably understand this:
“This language’s phonology is totally croobable.”I You could only understand “croobable” if you had the rule
above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Able”Consider the following pairs of words...
ride rideabledo doablesee seeablelike likeable
Hypothesis: A → V + /@bl"/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “croob” means ‘analyze’.
I You could probably understand this:“This language’s phonology is totally croobable.”
I You could only understand “croobable” if you had the ruleabove.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Able”Consider the following pairs of words...
ride rideabledo doablesee seeablelike likeable
Hypothesis: A → V + /@bl"/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “croob” means ‘analyze’.I You could probably understand this:
“This language’s phonology is totally croobable.”
I You could only understand “croobable” if you had the ruleabove.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Able”Consider the following pairs of words...
ride rideabledo doablesee seeablelike likeable
Hypothesis: A → V + /@bl"/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “croob” means ‘analyze’.I You could probably understand this:
“This language’s phonology is totally croobable.”I You could only understand “croobable” if you had the rule
above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Able”Consider the following pairs of words...
ride rideabledo doablesee seeablelike likeable
Hypothesis: A → V + /@bl"/
Confirmation, Part 2:If we put “-able” after something that’s not a verb, it doesn’tsound right.
Adjectives Nouns*happyable *chairable*sadable *treeable*blueable *hatable
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ing”Consider the following pairs of words...
bore boringtire tiringexcite excitingannoy annoying
Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-ing”.I For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “tends to V people”
Hypothesis: A → V + /iN/(An adjective can be formed from a verb followed by the suffix /iN/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ing”Consider the following pairs of words...
bore boringtire tiringexcite excitingannoy annoying
Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-ing”.I For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “tends to V people”
Hypothesis: A → V + /iN/(An adjective can be formed from a verb followed by the suffix /iN/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ing”Consider the following pairs of words...
bore boringtire tiringexcite excitingannoy annoying
Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-ing”.I For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “tends to V people”
Hypothesis: A → V + /iN/(An adjective can be formed from a verb followed by the suffix /iN/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ing”Consider the following pairs of words...
bore boringtire tiringexcite excitingannoy annoying
Hypothesis: A → V + /iN/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “drass” means to make
angry.I You could probably understand this:
“That comment on my paper was really drassing.”I You could only understand “drassing” if you had the rule
above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ing”Consider the following pairs of words...
bore boringtire tiringexcite excitingannoy annoying
Hypothesis: A → V + /iN/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “drass” means to make
angry.
I You could probably understand this:“That comment on my paper was really drassing.”
I You could only understand “drassing” if you had the ruleabove.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ing”Consider the following pairs of words...
bore boringtire tiringexcite excitingannoy annoying
Hypothesis: A → V + /iN/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “drass” means to make
angry.I You could probably understand this:
“That comment on my paper was really drassing.”
I You could only understand “drassing” if you had the ruleabove.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ing”Consider the following pairs of words...
bore boringtire tiringexcite excitingannoy annoying
Hypothesis: A → V + /iN/
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “drass” means to make
angry.I You could probably understand this:
“That comment on my paper was really drassing.”I You could only understand “drassing” if you had the rule
above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Suffix “-Ing”Consider the following pairs of words...
bore boringtire tiringexcite excitingannoy annoying
Hypothesis: A → V + /iN/
Confirmation, Part 2:If we put “-ing” after something that’s not an verb, it doesn’tsound right.
Adjectives Nouns*happying *chairing*sadding *treeing*blueing *hatting
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Another Suffix “-Er”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happiersad sadderblue bluerbad badder
Key Observations:I The words on the left are adjectives.I The words on the right are also adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-er”.I For each of these pairs, ‘Adj+er’ means “more Adj”
Hypothesis: A → A + /1ô/(An adjective can be formed from an adjective followed by suffix /1ô/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Another Suffix “-Er”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happiersad sadderblue bluerbad badder
Key Observations:I The words on the left are adjectives.I The words on the right are also adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-er”.I For each of these pairs, ‘Adj+er’ means “more Adj”
Hypothesis: A → A + /1ô/(An adjective can be formed from an adjective followed by suffix /1ô/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Another Suffix “-Er”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happiersad sadderblue bluerbad badder
Key Observations:I The words on the left are adjectives.I The words on the right are also adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they end with “-er”.I For each of these pairs, ‘Adj+er’ means “more Adj”
Hypothesis: A → A + /1ô/(An adjective can be formed from an adjective followed by suffix /1ô/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Another Suffix “-Er”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happiersad sadderblue bluerbad badder
But Wait!:Didn’t we already see that “-er” is a suffix that (i) combines withVs, (ii) produces Ns, and (iii) means “one who Vs”?
play playerdance dancerbake bakershoot shootercall caller
The Basics ofMorphology
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MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Another Suffix “-Er”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happiersad sadderblue bluerbad badder
Homophonous MorphemesI There are many pairs of words that (i) sound exactly the
same, but (ii) have totally different meanings:red readblue blewshed (hair) shed (a building)bank (river) bank (financial institution)
I Such pairs of words are called homophones.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRulesThe Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
The Suffix “-Ing”
Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Another Suffix “-Er”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy happiersad sadderblue bluerbad badder
The Conclusion:Just as with words (free morphemes), affixes (boundmorphemes) can be homophones.
I One “-er” suffix combines with Vs to make Ns.(N → V + /1ô/)
I Another, homophonous “-er” suffix combines with As tomake As.(A → A + /1ô/)
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PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Prefix:An affix that attaches to the beginning of a morpheme.
Consider the following pairs of words...do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Key Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are verbs.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they begin with “re-”.I For each of these pairs, ‘re+V’ means “to V again”
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V(A verb can be formed from a verb, preceded by the prefix /ôi/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Prefix:An affix that attaches to the beginning of a morpheme.
Consider the following pairs of words...do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Key Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are verbs.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they begin with “re-”.I For each of these pairs, ‘re+V’ means “to V again”
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V(A verb can be formed from a verb, preceded by the prefix /ôi/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Prefix:An affix that attaches to the beginning of a morpheme.
Consider the following pairs of words...do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Key Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are verbs.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they begin with “re-”.I For each of these pairs, ‘re+V’ means “to V again”
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V(A verb can be formed from a verb, preceded by the prefix /ôi/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Prefix:An affix that attaches to the beginning of a morpheme.
Consider the following pairs of words...do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Key Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are verbs.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they begin with “re-”.I For each of these pairs, ‘re+V’ means “to V again”
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V(A verb can be formed from a verb, preceded by the prefix /ôi/)
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Consider the following pairs of words...
do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “croob” means to
analyze.I You could probably understand this:
“We need to recroob this language’s phonology.”I You could only understand “recroob” if you had the rule
like above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Consider the following pairs of words...
do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “croob” means to
analyze.
I You could probably understand this:“We need to recroob this language’s phonology.”
I You could only understand “recroob” if you had the rulelike above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Consider the following pairs of words...
do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “croob” means to
analyze.I You could probably understand this:
“We need to recroob this language’s phonology.”
I You could only understand “recroob” if you had the rulelike above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Consider the following pairs of words...
do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V
Confirmation, Part 1:I Suppose I said that in linguistics “croob” means to
analyze.I You could probably understand this:
“We need to recroob this language’s phonology.”I You could only understand “recroob” if you had the rule
like above.
The Basics ofMorphology
SupplementaryReadings
MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Re-”Consider the following pairs of words...
do redotype retypezip rezipprint reprint
Hypothesis: V → /ôi/ + V
Confirmation, Part 2:If we put “re-” before something that’s not a verb, it doesn’tsound right.
Adjectives Nouns*rehappy *rechair*resad *retree*reblue *rehat
The Basics ofMorphology
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MotivatingMorphology
Basic Conceptsand Notation
More SuffixationRules
PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
The Prefix “Un-”Consider the following pairs of words...
happy unhappysound unsoundcool uncool
Key Observations:I The words on the left are adjectives.I The words on the right are adjectives.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they begin with “un-”.I For each of these pairs, ‘un+Adj’ means “not Adj”
Hypothesis: A → /2n/ + A(An adjective can be formed from an adjective, preceded by /2n/)
The Basics ofMorphology
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PrefixesThe Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Another Prefix “Un-”Important Fact:As with “-er”, there is another, homophonous prefix “un-”:
do undozip unzipdress undress
Key Observations:I The words on the left are verbs.I The words on the right are verbs.I The ones on the right are just like the ones on the left, except
they begin with “un-”.I For each of these pairs, ‘un+V’ means “to reverse V-ing”
Hypothesis: V → /2n/ + V(A verb can be formed from a verb, preceded by the prefix /2n/)
The Basics ofMorphology
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Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Summary of Our Morphological Rules
Morphological Rule Illustrative Word:
N → V + /1ô/ playerN → A + /nEs/ happinessA → V + /@bl
"/ doable
A → V + /iN/ sickeningA → A + /1ô/ tallerV → /ôi/ + V reinvestA → /2n/ + A uninterestingV → /2n/ + V unlock
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. . . . . .
Complex Morphological Structures
Key Fact: These morphological rules can iterate!
I The word output by one rule can be the input toanother rule.
Input Rule Outputdo A → V + /@bl
"/ doable (able to be done)
doable A → /2n/ + A undoable (not doable)
dress V → /2n/ + V undress (to reverse dressing)undress V → /ôi/ + V reundress (to undress again)
I By iterating the rules this way, we can make somereally complex words:
I Antidisestablishmentarianism(anti-dis-establish-ment-arian-ism)
The Basics ofMorphology
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. . . . . .
Morphological Ambiguity
Another Key Fact:Some words can be created in multiple ways, and thisaffects their meaning.
Illustration: ‘Unlockable’
I able to be unlocked(the door is unlockable; I can open it with my keys)
I not able to be locked(the door is unlockable; the lock is broken)
Observation:Our morphological rules predict this ambiguity!
I There are two ways our rules make ‘unlockable’I Each way of making the word will give a different meaning.
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. . . . . .
Two Ways of Creating ‘Unlockable’
Derivation One:
Input Rule Outputlock V → /2n/ + V unlock (to reverse locking)unlock A → V + /@bl
"/ unlockable (able to be unlocked)
Derivation Two:
Input Rule Outputlock A → V + /@bl
"/ lockable (able to locked)
lockable A → /2n/ + A unlockable (not lockable)
We can represent these two different methods for making‘unlockable’ by using two different ‘tree structures’.
The Basics ofMorphology
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MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Two Different Structures for ‘Unlockable’
Derivation One:
A
V /@bl"/
/2n/ V
/lAk/
I The V /lAk/ combines with the prefix /2n/, making the V /2nlAk/
(to reverse locking)
I The V /2nlAk/ combines with the suffix /@bl"/, making the A
/2nlAk@bl"/ (able to be unlocked)
The Basics ofMorphology
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MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Two Different Structures for ‘Unlockable’
Derivation Two:
A
/2n/ A
V /@bl"/
/lAk/
I The V /lAk/ combines with the suffix /@bl"/, making the A
/lAk@bl"/ (able to be locked)
I The A /lAk@bl"/ combines with the prefix /2n/, making the A
/2nlAk@bl"/ (not able to be locked)
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Prefixes
MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity
. . . . . .
Rules Determine StructureSometimes, our rules only allow a word to have one structure.
Example: The word ‘redoable’.
Possible Structure Not a Possible StructureA
V /@bl"/
/ôi/ V
/du/
A
/ôi/ A
V /@bl"/
/du/
I Our rules only allow /ôi/ to combine with Vs (not As)
I So, in ‘redoable’, /ôi/ can’t be combining with the A ‘doable’
I Instead, /ôi/ must be combining with the V ‘do’...
I And then ‘redo’ combines with ‘able’ (= able to be done again)