The Beginnings of a The Beginnings of a Global AgeGlobal Age

Europe and the Americas from 1492-Europe and the Americas from 1492-1750: How did European Colonization 1750: How did European Colonization

of the Americas shape global of the Americas shape global economies and societies?economies and societies?

First EncountersFirst Encounters

West IndiesWest Indies– Columbus encountered the Taino peopleColumbus encountered the Taino people– Friendly toward SpanishFriendly toward Spanish– Spanish treated them badly (assault, Spanish treated them badly (assault,

claimed land, killed resistance, demanded claimed land, killed resistance, demanded gold)gold)

Conquistadors Conquistadors (conquerors)(conquerors)– Arrived in Haiti, Cuba, and the DRArrived in Haiti, Cuba, and the DR– Seized gold, forced conversion to Seized gold, forced conversion to

ChristianityChristianity

Spanish ConquistadorsSpanish Conquistadors

Guns, Horses and DiseaseGuns, Horses and Disease– Only 100’s of conquistadors versus millions Only 100’s of conquistadors versus millions

of natives…but they had the advantageof natives…but they had the advantage Superior guns/cannons to native arrows/spearsSuperior guns/cannons to native arrows/spears Horses (natives had never seen horses)Horses (natives had never seen horses)

– Carry supplies, useful in battle, scary to nativesCarry supplies, useful in battle, scary to natives Smallpox, Measles, InfluenzaSmallpox, Measles, Influenza

– Native Americans had no immunityNative Americans had no immunity– Spread rapidly and wiped out entire villagesSpread rapidly and wiped out entire villages– Native American population of the Carribbean Islands Native American population of the Carribbean Islands

declined by 90% in the 1500’s!!!!declined by 90% in the 1500’s!!!!– MillionsMillions more would die as Europeans made their more would die as Europeans made their

way inlandway inland

Cortez Conquers MexicoCortez Conquers Mexico Hernan CortezHernan Cortez landed on Mexican coast in landed on Mexican coast in

15191519– Went to Went to TenochtitlanTenochtitlan, the Aztec Empire’s capitol., the Aztec Empire’s capitol.

AztecsAztecs– Aztecs had gained power and built their empire by Aztecs had gained power and built their empire by

conquering others and sacrificing captives to the conquering others and sacrificing captives to the Aztec gods.Aztec gods.

The Takeover: Aztec EmpireThe Takeover: Aztec Empire– MoctezumaMoctezuma, the Aztec Emperor, welcomes Cortez and , the Aztec Emperor, welcomes Cortez and

sends religious gifts of gold, silver, turquoise and sends religious gifts of gold, silver, turquoise and feathers.feathers.

– Cortez persuades Moctezuma to sign over the land and Cortez persuades Moctezuma to sign over the land and treasure by forming treasure by forming alliancesalliances with the people that the with the people that the Aztecs had conquered.Aztecs had conquered.

– MORE Spanish conquistadors land on the coast and MORE Spanish conquistadors land on the coast and challenge Cortez! Aztecs drive Spanish out due to the challenge Cortez! Aztecs drive Spanish out due to the confusionconfusion

– Cortez retreats, plans assault. Cortez retreats, plans assault. – Smallpox has begun to spread.Smallpox has begun to spread.

In 1521, Cortez attacks and demolishes In 1521, Cortez attacks and demolishes Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan is the cite of modern Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan is the cite of modern day Mexico City, built by the Spanish on the ruins.day Mexico City, built by the Spanish on the ruins.

Pizarro take PeruPizarro take Peru Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro was inspired by was inspired by

Cortez’s successCortez’s success– Arrived in Peru in 1532Arrived in Peru in 1532– AtahualpaAtahualpa had just won the throne of had just won the throne of

the Incan Empire after a bloody the Incan Empire after a bloody civil civil war.war.

The Takeover: Incan EmpireThe Takeover: Incan Empire– Atahualpa refused to convert to Atahualpa refused to convert to

Christianity or be ruled by the Spanish. Christianity or be ruled by the Spanish. – Pizarro captured and killed the ruler Pizarro captured and killed the ruler

and slaughtered thousands of Incans.and slaughtered thousands of Incans.– Pizarro and Spanish forces took over Pizarro and Spanish forces took over

the Incan empire (Peru, Ecuador and the Incan empire (Peru, Ecuador and Chile)Chile) Superior weapons, diseaseSuperior weapons, disease

Effects of the Spanish Effects of the Spanish ConquistadorsConquistadors

A few hundred European Soldiers conquered A few hundred European Soldiers conquered millions of Native Americans (note: not Native millions of Native Americans (note: not Native NORTH Americans) in only a few decades.NORTH Americans) in only a few decades.

Spanish:Spanish:– Seized valuable goodsSeized valuable goods– Used N.A. labor to mine silverUsed N.A. labor to mine silver– Spain became Europe’s greatest powerSpain became Europe’s greatest power

Natives:Natives:– Tens of thousands diedTens of thousands died– Many converted to Christianity hoping suffering would Many converted to Christianity hoping suffering would

endend– Maya kept fighting the Spanish, revolts among Inca, Maya kept fighting the Spanish, revolts among Inca,

passive resistance through promoting native culturepassive resistance through promoting native culture

Colonies!Colonies!

What next?What next? Settlers and missionaries followed Settlers and missionaries followed

the conquistadors—established the conquistadors—established coloniescolonies..

New culture emerges:New culture emerges:– Reflected European, Native American, Reflected European, Native American,

and African traditionand African tradition

Ruling the New Spanish Ruling the New Spanish EmpireEmpire

By mid-1500, Spain By mid-1500, Spain claimed an empire claimed an empire stretching from California stretching from California to South America.to South America.

Governing:Governing:– ViceroysViceroys—representatives —representatives

to rule in the king’s name in to rule in the king’s name in each of the four new each of the four new provinces. provinces.

– Council of the IndiesCouncil of the Indies——passed laws for the coloniespassed laws for the colonies

Ruling the Empire Ruling the Empire (continued)(continued)

Catholic Church converted natives to Catholic Church converted natives to ChristianityChristianity

Controlled Economic Activity (Controlled Economic Activity (TradeTrade))– Silver and goldSilver and gold– Sugar caneSugar cane

EncomiendaEncomienda—a system of forced labor—a system of forced labor– Natives forced to work mines and plantations Natives forced to work mines and plantations – Brutality caused drastic declines in populationBrutality caused drastic declines in population– Workers brought from Africa to fill shortages Workers brought from Africa to fill shortages

(slaves!)(slaves!)

Colonial Society and CultureColonial Society and Culture

Mixing diverse people gave rise to a new Mixing diverse people gave rise to a new social structuresocial structure– Blending traditionsBlending traditions– Europeans learned:Europeans learned:

Native architecture, ate native foods, traveled in Native architecture, ate native foods, traveled in Indian-style canoes, new artistic stylesIndian-style canoes, new artistic styles

– Natives learned:Natives learned: New religion, new animal like the horseNew religion, new animal like the horse

– Africans contributed:Africans contributed: Farming methods, cooking styles, new crops, drama Farming methods, cooking styles, new crops, drama

dance and songs for Christian servicesdance and songs for Christian services

Society ContinuedSociety Continued

Peninsulars(people born in spain)

Filled highest level of gov’t

Creoles(American-born descendants of Spanish Settlers)

Owned most of the plantations, ranches and mines

Mixed Populations:Mestizos (mix of Native and European)

Mulattoes (mix of African and European)

Native Americans & Africans

Social Classes:

Beyond the Spanish EmpireBeyond the Spanish Empire

Treaty of Torsedillas (1494)Treaty of Torsedillas (1494)– Portugal claimed BrazilPortugal claimed Brazil

Tupian IndiansTupian Indians – Native Americans who lived in Brazil – Native Americans who lived in Brazil– Wiped out by diseaseWiped out by disease

Portuguese Colonies began in 1530sPortuguese Colonies began in 1530s– Grants of land given to nobles if they shared wealth with Grants of land given to nobles if they shared wealth with

kingking– Exported brazilwood (dye) -- very profitableExported brazilwood (dye) -- very profitable– (No gold or silver mining!)(No gold or silver mining!)– Raising cattleRaising cattle– Plantation agriculturePlantation agriculture– Slaves used to clear land (Native and African)Slaves used to clear land (Native and African)– New culture blending Euro, Native and African elementsNew culture blending Euro, Native and African elements

English, French & Dutch English, French & Dutch ChallengeChallenge

Other Euro powers jealous!Other Euro powers jealous!– Portugal and Spain have strict control Portugal and Spain have strict control

over trade.over trade. Dutch, English and French Dutch, English and French PiratesPirates

prey on treasure ships leaving the prey on treasure ships leaving the Americas. Americas. (Argh)(Argh)– PrivateersPrivateers -- Pirates operating with -- Pirates operating with

European gov’t approvalEuropean gov’t approval– Other explorers kept searching for gold, Other explorers kept searching for gold,

other treasure, and a northwest passage other treasure, and a northwest passage to Asia.to Asia.

Assignment Assignment

Using your notes from today and Using your notes from today and previous days, create a Venn previous days, create a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting Diagram comparing and contrasting the Portuguese Empire and the the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire.Spanish Empire.– You should have at least 5 significant You should have at least 5 significant

differences on each side, and 5 differences on each side, and 5 significant similarities in the center.significant similarities in the center.

– Complete this in your notebooks.Complete this in your notebooks.