the beginnings of martial arts botswana (2 edition)
TRANSCRIPT
[I]N OUR WAY IT IS SAID, CHERISH THE WAYS OF THE PAST FOR
THOSE OF TOMORROW TO BECOME, FOR WE ARE BUT A SHADOW TO
WHAT WAS THERE IN THE BEGINNINGS.
OIKADO
MARTIAL ARTS SCHOOL, BOTSWANA
DEDICATION
THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO ALL THE MEN AND WOMEN THAT
WE HAVE KNOWN, AND THOSE THAT WE HAVE NOT MET IN THE
MARTIAL ARTS, THE WORLD ENTIRE.
COPYRIGHT
First published in Botswana by the Oikado Martial Arts School
(Botswana) 2011, in collaboration with Light House Publishers: This is
OIKADO….. Beginnings of Martial Arts, Botswana. Expanded Edition.
Copyright © Dr Patrick ‘Solomzi Makgabenyana (2011).
Dr Patrick ‘Solomzi Makgabenyana assert the moral right and legal
right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents ACT CAP 68:01 Laws of Botswana and
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights CAP. 68:02 Laws of Botswana.
CONDITIONS OF SALE
This book shall not be sold, hired, and or resold without the cover
which it was originally published in whatsoever manner, mechanically,
electronically, photocopying, recording and or otherwise without the
prior consent of the publishers and or the copyright holder.
ISBN -978-99912-939-7-4
Printed and bound in the Republic of Botswana by Drawtech (Pty) Ltd
t/a Master Print.
Concept Cover Design by: Dr Patrick ‘Solomzi Makgabenyana (2011).
Graphic Design and Production. Kabelo Thabeng: Thab Supplies (Pty)
Ltd. Editors: Mr. Gabaadzo Moseki and Mr. Benjamin Amandla
Mofokeng.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publishers and copy right holder.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author acknowledges the contributions and services made by the
individuals below mentioned, who dedicated their precious time and
effort in making this volume a success;
Ms Vivian Kedirile Sewacho Mothei.
Ms Sizakele Montoedi.
Ms Neo Sepotlo.
Ms Portia Kenosi.
Ms Edith G. Mokopi.
Ms Caroline B. Mokotedi.
Ms Kgomotso K. Mmolai.
Ma Angela N. Chidoda.
Ms Dipono M. Dihoro.
Ms Suzan R. Albertons.
I further extend my gratitude to;
Kyoshi Moses R. Kgosibodiba.
Kyoshi Samuel A. Ramaeba.
Kyoshi Michael L. Motlhabi.
Kyoshi Dr. Lekoko Kenosi.
Kyoshi Gabaadzo Moseki.
for the grand support given throughout all the phases of this work. I
further thank deeply Goitseone M. Podile-Kgalaeng and Dominic
Makgabenyana for the generous support they gave me and my family
throughout. Above all else, I further thank all my martial arts teachers
and students and all the sources that had been consulted when doing
this work. One continues to be indebted to all of them.
DR PATRICK ‘SOLOMZI MAKGABENYANA
MOLAPOWABOJANG
BOTSWANA
FIRST FOREWORD
Botswana is blessed with many sporting codes, however sport in
Botswana is going through growing pains. Front-page stories of any
weekly news paper depict a pattern of despair and hopelessness. Sport
is beset by incessant and continuing infighting. Sports articles and
news reflect a lack of confidence in those elected to run sport in the
country. The answer probably lies in the fact that sport is a true
reflection of society as a whole. It is time that our society began a
process of building its own heroes, home grown heroes who will become
role models for the children of Botswana. This book is a first step
towards achieving this goal.
The history of sport in Botswana is yet to be written as very little is
known about the efforts of many of the pioneers of our sports. Very few
people remember the exploits of athletes who were once household
names in their particular sport. This book is a tribute to the men and
women who made Martial Arts what it is today. It was through their
perseverance and dedication that Martial Arts became a sport with
international recognition in Botswana today as was proved by the
medals this country won at the 1999 All Africa Games held in
Johannesburg, South Africa.
This book provides a deep and comprehensive historical background to
the development of Martial Arts internationally and in Botswana and
how the neighbouring countries influenced its growth. It will also assist
all those who wish to study and understand the role of Martial Arts in
the total development of sport in Botswana. It will help practitioners in
this sport to window and understand many of the issues surrounding
their sport. The book outlines the role of women and the schools in the
development of sport in Botswana. This further attests the importance
of this book to those charged with the design and implementation of
sport and physical education in our schools.
This book clearly shows that for sport to improve it must start in the
classrooms and sport fields of this country. I am sure it will make a
valuable addition and contribution to improving the status of sport
especially the Martial Arts in Botswana.
Dr Martin M. Mokgwathi, PhD.
Director- Culture, Sports and Recreation,
University of Botswana.
(As he then was)
GABORONE, BOTSWANA 2001.
SECOND FOREWORD
Great ideas are most vulnerable at their birth for they can be misunderstood and shot down before they grow. The work of Grandmaster Dr Patrick ‘Solomzi Makgabenyana is ground breaking and
is the decisive watershed in the martial arts history nationally and regionally.
This very work should be understood and embraced as a significant tributary of information that is feeding the great river of knowledge
that flows across the entire SADC region. The life of this river of knowledge largely and greatly depends on its tributaries. Therefore, it is common cause that the SADC countries have a common destiny in
all spheres of existence. Conversely, they have common values, aspirations and visions. All these can only be acquired and crystallized
by pooling information from all the SADC countries into a single reference in every discipline. The case in point is this present work which explores the large dimensions of martial arts with conciseness
and intellectual wealth. Definitely, the work of Grandmaster Dr Makgabenyana provides a
priceless building block and window towards the creation of reposition of common values, aspirations and vision in the entire region.
Undoubtedly, it becomes a book and proud window that which alters fundamentally, our perception, perspectives and appreciation of martial arts. Practitioners across the SADC region are invited to come
to party and produce similar work. The works that would ultimately, serve as chapters to the great foundation and generations yet to come.
Botswana has been very fortunate to have one of its sons, a humble visionary and master who have seen the need and significance to plant
the seed of telling the martial arts story of Botswana and beyond. This being done candidly without upending the historical realities and beyond the point of bias. Thereby telling the very history with vantage
point that which is compelling, insightful, empowering and defining in its entirety. Consequently, providing a platform for other role players
to take up the challenge and add their voices too. At this very juncture my simple mind becomes flooded with the resonant voice of one of Africa’s greatest father and leader as thus;
[A]frica will write its own history, and it will be, to the North and to the South of Sahara, a history of glory and dignity”. PATRICE EMERY LUMUMBA, PRIME MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO, 1960.
It is given that for far too long the history of Botswana and many
African countries has been written by outsiders. But this work constitutes a dramatic detour from such trends, more so that it
detracts not from the calling of Patrice Emery Lumumba and of the feeling of renaissance amongst the African people.
The feeling and aptitude that the African must take charge of their own
destiny. In sufficient context, this book is but one such endeavour and direction to the accomplishment of potential of that very goal and ideal. Furthermore, and on the finer note, this work has the
tremendous potential of becoming a vital component in our education system. More so that it is empowering and enlightening beyond its original intended purpose.
Ordinarily, one would be questioning and searching to understand what
actually motivated and drove the intention and the desire to write this very work. Furthermore, what defined the very intention and desire to do so. Instead, these are not simple issues to be answered with a point
of naivety and intellectual arrogance as would normally be the tendency and latitude.
The actual answers to these issues are actually contained in the very text, but be what it may be, one must certainly take note of the fact
that this very book is certainly long overdue. Furthermore, it is both contemporary and historical in significance as a resource material and testament.
It is of contemporary significance because part of the history is still
unfolding and many of the characters portrayed within the book are still alive and will read about their role in martial arts in their lifetime. It is of further historical significance in that, it goes deeper into time
and extracting to the surface with considered points of veneration the great contributions of the past by many nations and masters many generations ago. Therefore, bringing into the forefront all that which
has been unknown to us or have been taken for granted by many of us. In the light of brilliance of this work, the past has been brought to us
with the substance of worth and remembrance today. I need to say something about the utility value of this book, which is
beyond what I have already said. In as much as the book acknowledges the role played by the schools in Botswana and other countries, it pays
a special tribute to all the martial artists in the world entire expressedly and or implicitly. This then is a clear manifestation of the dimension and aspect of mastership and oneness of our humankind.
It is further loaded with a unique dimension of tremendous significance in Botswana’s quest to create gender parity. In that the author has in a
large measure acknowledged the crucial role played by women of Botswana and elsewhere in martial arts, this is in keeping with
Botswana’s quest to create gender parity.
The crucial role played by women in the development and growth of
martial arts in Botswana and elsewhere in the world is very profound and cannot be sidelined and or minimized. This tribute and
dispensation is very humbling, refreshing and inspiring in our values as a nation and the world.
All in all, this book is priceless and absolutely empowering with rich
knowledge about martial arts, thus for want of better diction it is phenomenal and visionary. I emphatically say so, whether one argues its significance, substance of its motivation or debates its merit or not.
The crystal point and fact is that, it shall remain a compelling window of martial arts in our jurisdiction which has for many years being lacking a resource material such as this one thus making it a historical
journal that goes beyond the tomorrow. Furthermore, this very work will go all the way to become a splendid dimension of healing the divide
by breaking down the syndrome and barriers of misperceptions in our national martial arts. Consequently, new frontiers of understanding, appreciation and correction of the deficit view about martial arts has
become thus opening new faculties of corporation which would be outlasting for generations yet to come.
It will continue to inspire, motivate and guide all those who in their sincerity have the desire and intent to know and preserve this history
on martial arts, so that they may go far beyond their ordinary measures of visceral perceptions, expectations and achievements. Should they so choose.
The content of this work has very much persuaded me and I cannot
resist to say once more that, this book is a must read for all the students, teachers and parents in Botswana and elsewhere in the world. It is definitely resourceful and empowering. On a much finer note, I
also believe that once this had been done, our whole perception and perspective about the importance of sports in particular, the martial arts would certainly be changed. The process of such change will be on
the higher levels of awareness, understanding and appreciation of the vital role and significance of sports in our lives, societies and the great
role played by our indigenous heroes who went more often than not, unacknowledged.
It is further my humble assertion that when we are in an elevated point of view, the profound defining moment would arrive when we in
absolute sincerity honour all without bias in this discipline, and no one would be better pleased than I. Given the latitude, depth and significance of this work, I definitely say that it is a wonderful
monument, empowering journal and inspiring milestone in martial arts. It is an unparalleled accomplishment and signature in our national martial arts and sporting codes.
All that I can afford to say at this particular moment is simply this,
this work is a paragon, priceless and a profound signature in our national martial arts history and it’s the adroit evidence of true masterhood of the author. One thing is however certain, whether or not
you agree with the motivation, intention, desire and objective of this work. Whether you argue the significance of this very work or debate
its merit. This book is but for want of better diction, its august, and shall ultimately impact on the many dimensions of our thinking and
action in our sports. It will continue to influence many individuals and to reverberate around the world in its own ways, opening the new
frontiers unimagined before. It is no doubt therefore that, our country needed visionaries such as
these, to inspire other sportsmen and women, and generations yet to come. That they may go beyond the ordinary measures of visceral, expectations and achievements. And above all, to be proud of their
accomplishments as put in testament through this book. This is a powerful, persuasive and inspiring read for everyone now and in the
successful tomorrow.
LOT MOROKA REGIONAL MAGISTRATE (SOUTHERN)
(LLB UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA) (LLM UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN)
( As he then was)
BOTSWANA, SOUTHERN AFRICA. (2010)
PREFACE
Botswana shares with other nations in the region and beyond, the
martial arts culture which was inherited from the FAR EAST (Asia).
However, in the position of Botswana the uniqueness of this
inheritance is that it came about due to the country’s long association
with South Africa. South Africa has over the years contributed
extensively in the founding, development and growth of martial arts in
Botswana. Consequently and overtime, martial arts in our country has
undergone major changes in the past forty two years, more particularly
on the international dimension the causa for such a dramatic and
impactful change was the rapid socio-economic and stable democracy
of the country. Therefore in this background, it is evident and
undeniable that Botswana’s martial art is by far and large influenced by
the regional and international dynamics. For these reasons therefore,
the author was ignited and motivated to compile and produce this work
being a synopsis of issues and events that can help the students and
the readers to appreciate the context and content of our martial arts
history in Botswana.
Unfortunately, up until recently our national history on martial arts
has not been easily accessible to the students of martial arts.
Essentially it has been oral, scattered and adhoc and susceptible to
distortions and undue editing for the convenience of those who are
unscrupulous in our domain. It may therefore be as it is, the author
realized that the chronic deficit of documented history in our country
has the potential to lead to unnecessary upending and misperception of
facts and reality, confrontationality, and misapprehensions that which
were baseless at the end of the day. Furthermore, that the martial
students (s) and instructors very much lacked adequate exposure to the
international dimensions of martial arts. Thus causing the fact of
skewed interrelationship, interactions and connectivity that which
ultimately compromised their balanced growth in all the spheres of
martial arts. Another impetus was sourced from the realization that
some of our indigenous martial art instructors had for a long time been
making unwanted and irresponsible claims, which in fact distorted the
actual historical context and reality of Botswana’s martial arts. These
claims and assertions had overtime become so grave as to discount the
immense contributions of many individuals in the fraternity of martial
arts.
It was from these insensitive responses and sentiments that the author
became crucially aware that our future martial art generations, will
ultimately inherit a hollow legacy of martial arts. A legacy that which is
premised on the punctuated and distorted reality of facts and truth.
Therefore, that then becoming an unfortunate moment and a shameful
episode in our history and nation. Last but not least, the author further
noted that our national martial arts history will some day in the future,
be recorded by outsiders who were actually not there when all things
began. That alone would have been the presentations of facts void of
the substance of experience and empathy.
As it stands today, someone may unknowingly assume that our martial
arts in Botswana has no past to be proud of. They would assume that it
all started in the void. It is on this position that apostolically one
becomes minded to reflect on the following which was aptly stated as
thus;
We were taught, sometimes in a very positive way, to despise ourselves
and our ways of life. We were made to believe that we had no past to
speak of, no history to boast of. The past so far we were concerned was
just a blank and nothing more. Only the present mattered and we had
very little control over it. It seems we were in for a definite period of
foreign tutelage, without any hope for ever again becoming our own
masters. The end result of all this was that our self-pride and our self-
confidence was badly undermined.
It should be our intention to try to retrieve what we can of our past.
We should write our own history books, to prove that we did have a
past, and that it was a past that was just as worth writing and learning
about as any other……ABRIDGED SOURCE: SIR SERETSE KHAMA, 1ST PRESIDENT OF
THE REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA- BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, MAY 19, 1970.
Wherefore, the totality of the abovementioned factors ultimately
crystalized into an intellectual calling, force and momentum that led to
this very work. The fundamental objective being, the fact of removing
the legacy of misperceptions and misapprehensions among the martial
artists of sundry and those outside it. In these intimations and
intentions, it is hoped that this work shall be considered with
sufficient context to be a humble window and token of guidance for the
future and to the masters of tomorrow.
On a different angle, the author noted further that many instructors in
our jurisdictions, seldom paid any attention to the details of martial
arts history, to the extent of not teaching it altogether to their
students. The entirety of this history would be put in the strong room
closed, but with absolute focus on stylism.
The reasons for such an aptitude and or turpitude can be attributed to
various factors and facts such as the following;
Firstly, they are ignorant and or were never instructed adequately
and eloquently in the significance and dynamics of such a history.
Secondly, if they were so instructed, it then means that the issue of
phobia to produce students whose perceptions and intellectuality is
beyond the concept, circumstance and boundness of stylism become
the controlling, restraining factor or phobia.
Thirdly, it is far much convenient and cheaper to produce, control
and exploit students(s) who are ignorant of the fundamental sources
and origins of martial arts since they could be contained in the
myopic concept and context of stylism.
Fourthly, it may be attributed to the limited faculty of the
particular instructor in the detailed matters of martial arts history.
Therefore, one does confess that this approach and tendency has done
much harm than good. The harm was surfaced in the context that
many progenies came out myopic and deficit of the material facts
about the historical dynamics and evolution of martial arts.
Consequently, the landscape of conflictive, confrontations, mistrust
and outright ignorance emerged and prevailed throughout. It is the
author’s believe and postulation that, the entirety of martial art history
is very much profound and vital in the holistic development of the high
concept and connectivity in the martial art science. That without this
very knowledge, a critical void and shallowness will always be assumed
to exist in the intellectual granary and advancement of students in
martial arts and at a cost.
Certainly, such students will always be limited to the politics and the
parapherneliases of stylisms and traditions. Given the above and
without going into the pervarsity of details, merits and de-merits, our
strong view and latitude is this, the martial art history is very much
empowering, interesting and profounding the entire culture, essence
and value system of martial arts. Therefore, it should not be construed
and be accorded the simplistic second hand treatment and or
undertaking as a faculty.
On the higher note, the author entreats all the students of martial arts
and the reader(s), to appreciate that this present work is not designed,
substanced and postulated to be polarizing, polemic and or adversary
but rather to achieve the five intellectual, historical and artistic
paragons which are:
The celebration of our achievements as a nation, and the world entire
in the martial arts in the context of the now and tomorrow.
To achieve a broader and deeper appreciation, understanding,
preservation and relation with the dynamics of martial arts. Above all,
to obtain a position and purview of how same had impacted, defined,
shaped and guided our human, social, cultural and spiritual visions and
aspirations as the dynamic social estate.
To inspire, encourage and above all, to guide our selves, future
generations of martial artists and the world entire. The forum upon
which the connectivity of mankind can be rediscovered, enhanced and
bonded in oneness.
That we all empathize and accord the appropriate appreciation,
veracity and gratitude, to the experiences and contributions of all
martial artist, the world entire. For their making and bequeathing this
magnificent and beyond compare martial arts legacy to us all.
Finally, to emanate honour and validate the oneness of our martial art
and mind, spirit, vision and, discipline in the World.
However, even though the primordial intentions are as above, the
author does not stand oblivious to the fact that, in our jurisdiction
some would not take pleasure and delight in this exercise, for whatever
reasons. Equally so and without being apologetic and polemic, the
author avers that the tenure or and tenacity of this work is outrightly
to state facts as they are. This is important in order to expand our
knowledge, our minds and hearts, to address any of our shortcomings
and nothing more or less. This is done so that all can in their lifetime
reach a point of being accomplished.
Whether or not some intellectual ordeal, haemorrhage and downing of
status occurs those shall be collateral and were not originally intended.
The truth is this, it is no longer permitting and appealing any more, to
leave our students in ignorance, with intellectual deficits and
ambiguity. It is therefore our considered duty, view and position that
this work is very much appropriate in order to overcome such
syndromes.
However, on the direct and compelling note, the martial artists who
hold a strong and contrary view about the issues herein are augustly
indicted to produce similar works that may augment, contradict and
outlast this present one. Certainly this is the unyielding calling which
to that end they must answer.
It must be noted by the student(s) and the reader(s) alike that, this
present work does not make the ambitious claim of being the panacea.
That being the case, all are persuaded and urged that through their own
research they should supplement the deficiencies that are observed by
them.
Notwithstanding the above, the author sounds the fact that, this
present work could not have existed had it not been through the much
encouragement, contributions and assistance from the many
individuals who are detailed in the acknowledgement of this work. To
all these individuals, I am heavily indebted and my gratitude goes to
them all. My special gratitude and humility goes to my disciple who is
Kyoshi Kgosibodiba Moses Racana who helped me throughout the
whole enterprise. I further sound my gratitude to all my martial art
students, past, present and future, for having honored me to be their
teacher and guide in the martial arts. And I also extend my gratitude
and veracity to the teachers and grandmasters who taught and guided
me in the martial arts in the past forty three years. I must confess
that, without all of them I would not be what I am today.
The author hopes therefore that, through this humble enterprise the
future martial artists who are the masters of tomorrow, shall stand out
ignited, inspired and guided. They be so guided in the provinces of
hope, faith, worth, trust and connectitude in the stature of
unquestioned dignity in martial arts. This be so in our Way, domain (s)
and beyond thus creating an everlasting legacy for those yet to come,
the masters tomorrow.
Grandmaster Dr Makgabenyana Patrick ‘Solomzi, PhD. MA
8th Dan, Oikiru-Ryu Karate Jitsu Do.
Chartered Member and Instructor of the International Society of Martial Artists.
National College of Martial Arts, Int’l. Science of Strategy Institute, Oikado
Martial Arts School (Botswana).
(ISMA) (NCMA) (SSI) (OMSB).
Molapowabojang, Botswana.
(Southern Africa)
30th April 2011.
Molapowabojang.
INTRODUCTION
After thirty three years in the discipline of martial arts I finally realized that, sometimes the obligations of martial arts does exceed the fundamental scope of the basic dojo, techniques and the style. This became evidently true when Grandmaster Dr Makgabenyana obliged me with the solemn task of assisting him with the research and preparation of this book on martial arts history. This assignment was embraced with exceptional enthusiasm and gratitude because it was one of those rarest privileges that anyone can be accorded by his own master. With charged confidence, I undertook this very task which ultimately proved to be highly illuminating, inspiring, exhilarating and congruent when discoveries of great martial artists of our times and our past were made. The above background provided a depth of sensitive stimulation and profound awareness that created the propensity of realizing that, our local martial arts cannot be distanced, insulated, immune or even be developed outside the international context and parameters. It cannot be nurtured, fulfilled and understood without reference to the events and achievements of other martial artists elsewhere and all over the world. This was the ultimate poignance and a compelling watershed in my experience and learnership in that, I discovered that history and traditions are essentially the starting point even though not always the ending point. From this very crucial standpoint and perspective, we can decisively be able to measure and evaluate our achievements and future potentials, destinations and goals without the complexities of dilemma or doubt, uncertainty or ambiquity, contradictions and contestations. It has been conceded through various endeavours and assertions within the context of our martial arts and been proved again and again, that we are indeed part of the global martial arts community. Therefore, the compelling reason, desire and the need to know much more about what took place outside our domain and in the past stands out crucial and urgent. Thereby subsuming the vital aptitude of integrating all that has been discerned, acquired and discovered into our own defined goals, aspirations and direction within the fraternity of martial arts in Botswana. Another special consideration which is ingrained in this book is the fact of meeting the special intellectual need(s) of our local martial artists. These practitioners constantly experienced severe shortage of martial arts literature and international exposures. Therefore becoming deficient or wanting in their broader scope of knowledge of history of the martial arts which entails the origins of martial art systems that which they devotedly practice. The imperative therefore, was to address this gnawing deficit and to make provision in order to secure the ambit of being totally rounded up by exposing ourselves to the entire historical embroidery and dynamics of martial arts in the world. Thereby balancing same with our knowledge of techniques of martial arts styles and our own martial art culture and evolution as a country. The kind of wisdom found in this work will actually emancipate, motivate and make us transcend the limitations of our martial arts environment in the context of stylism. The other basic tenancy of this book is to portray the deeds, achievements, challenges and other factors that which impacted on our
martial arts predecessors and current ones within Botswana and in other countries in the world. Furthermore, to assess, observe and ascertain how these had remotely, directly or indirectly impacted our scope of development and perceptions of martial arts. This is crucial because to continue to gloss over and even to maintain a position of denial of such facts, dynamics and achievements of such men and women seems wholly not to be justified and not appealing anymore. This very knowledge will inevitably result in our dynamic resourcement, pragmatic approaches, redefinitions and innovations within the context and ambit of our training schools, styles, associations and federations or unions of martial arts. The pervasiveness of such perceptions will penultimately remove the immature and skewed beliefs, aptitudes and illusions about the superiority, purity and effectiveness of any single style(s) over others. Therefore, the very status quo being grounded in the aptitude of ignorance and distortion of true facts, and misperceptions. And above all, impugning on the core of self interests that eventuate into becoming the source of confrontations, conflictive dispensations and contestation rather than in the progressive harmonization and intellectual advancement of all in the martial arts fraternity. It is on the strength of the above postulation that everyone will essentially begin to realize that, the logic of advocating and nurturing martial arts brotherhood and sisterhood become more compelling and of greater substance than ever before as we are becoming but one village of martial arts. Therefore, the mention of martial arts champions, instructors, masters and grandmasters will be detailed in this text and commented upon wherever possible and necessary. Thus, all those who had not been directly and or specifically mentioned, need not feel and consider that their outstanding contributions, achievements and status had been discounted, on the contrary their work has implicitly been embraced and celebrated through this very book. I must point out further that, I had the wider advantage of teaching and holding many clinics and gradings of martial art in the Secondary School and Tertiary Institutions in Botswana. In these institutions what was quite apparent and observable was essentially the fact that, there was too much stylistic mindedness, ignorance, arrogance, myopicness and selfishment that which ultimately and immensely impacted compromised and retarded progressive exchange of knowledge and view points on martial science. These aptitudes ultimately impacted adversely on the qualitative development of many capable practitioners. In many instances it was sadly discovered that, the source of such skewed aptitudes, misperceptions and intellectual wanting was from the instructors themselves who were over focused with the physical techniques, their positions and the entire paradigm of stylism. However, and without ignoring the apparent inconsistencies and not being blamable and polemic, the whole point and objective of this book is to minimize and remove such inherent and distorted perceptions and perspectives about the ultimate goal of martial arts. The ultimate objective being to pursue same as a form of education, science and philosophy that which is empowering, emancipating, guiding and prompting the lifelong acquisition of informed personal virtue rather than banal sentimentalism and stylism. It is through the process of self development in and through martial arts, and comparative training and analysis of historical developments and backgrounds elsewhere in the world, that our local martial arts can
attain a comfortable position, dispensation and articulation of maturity and profound immensity that which can meet the anticipations of the international community of martial arts. The most revered Father of Karate, Grandmaster Gichin Fukanoshi once said: Do not hope that you can learn karate from the dojo alone-“(twenty principles of karate). This salutary advice and direction we reaffirm it today through this modest work. Once more, it is on the basis of the above that one is persuaded further to point out this, the most appropriate course of action and attitude is to take martial arts as a form of discipline, education and science in entirety. This approached should be compounded with the broader mind of thinking and comprehensivity so that it can beneficiate our character, humility, knowledge and enlightment thereby expanding and transcending one’s potentials. These then can ensure the fullest benefit to the development of our sporting code(s) in Botswana. In the same platitude, it is also hoped that this work having come at an opportune time, will serve as a litmus, catalyst and barometer for future reference and guidance to all the martial arts schools, secondary schools, tertiary institutions and universities, associations, and to individuals in our country, and elsewhere in world. Finally, it must be noted that images had been used in that the actual names of living people had be used and that these individuals can be outsourced and consulted as resource persons in the local and international context. Thereby the significance being this, their wisdom could be siphoned and used to improve the standard quality and exponentiality of our martial arts and in whatever capacity and context that is desired. In Botswana, some of the individuals who are named or mentioned are now in senior positions both in government, corporate world and other institutions. Some have retired and even advanced in age but nonetheless the simple fact that remains is this, they are hereby acknowledged and revered, and this homage extends to other countries in the world entire, through this humble book. Special gratitude is also permeated to the grandmasters and masters, instructors and champions all over the world, for the magnificent and luminary work that they have done for this and future generations of martial artists. Their great work and achievement(s) having/had ignited such great inspiration in us all. Conversely, they bequeathed to all such a profound and unequalled legacy of knowledge, wisdom and achievement to mankind. Wherefore, with the greatest respect and humility this modest work is presented to the respective practitioner of martial arts and to the reader at large so that all of us can benefit from it. Further to that everyone can then see, measure and reflect on our past endeavors and future aspirations and visions. On the whole, I do not fail to constantly ponder, how fortunate we have been, to have stood on the shoulders of such a doyen and worthy master. The doyen whose life and teachings defined and guided our lives in martial arts. In that context and score, be transformed in placid disposition and dispensations, and to acquire the magnificent and immense dimension of potential and worth in the great future of martial arts the world entire.
Kyoshi Kgosibodiba Racana Moses. 6th Dan, Oikiru Ryu Karate Jitsu Do.
Member of International Society of
Martial Artists, National College of Martial Arts Intl.
KwaZulu/Natal Martial Arts Academy,
Oikado Martial Arts School (Botswana),
(I.S.M.A.) (N.C.M.A.) (O.M.S.B.)
Tlokweng-Botswana.
SOUTHERN AFRICA.
30th April 2011,
Tlokweng, Botswana.
DEDICATION..............................................................................................iii COPYRIGHT................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................v FIRST FOREWORD.....................................................................................vi SECOND FOREWORD.................................................................................viii PREFACE....................................................................................................xii INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................xix
CONTENTS
DEDICATION..............................................................................................iii
COPYRIGHT................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................v
FIRST FOREWORD.....................................................................................vi
SECOND FOREWORD.................................................................................viii
PREFACE....................................................................................................xii
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................xix
CHAPTER ONE
(GENESIS OF MARTIAL ARTS IN BOTSWANA)
THE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:OVERVIEW .................................................................... 1
THE WORLD WAR TWO IMPACTS (1939 – 1945) ............................................................................ 5
THE WINDS OF INDEPENDENCE IN BOTSWANA (1966) .................................................................. 6
THE NEW DISPENSATION IN BOTSWANA ...................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO
(THE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITIES IN MARTIAL ARTS)
THE MARTIAL ARTS:PARADIGM AND DIALECTICS ...................................................................... 11
THE ENDURABILITY OF STYLES AND SYSTEMS ............................................................................. 13
THE IMPERATIVES OF INNOVATION AND CHANGE ...................................................................... 14
THE TRADITIONALISM AND SPECIATION IN MARTIAL ARTS .................................................... 14- 15
THE COMMON DENOMINATOR IN MARTIAL ARTS SYSTEMS................................................... 16- 17
THE UNIVERSAL CONCEPT OF HARMONIZATION ......................................................................... 17
THE EMBRACING PERCEPTION AND VISION: MARTIAL ARTS ................................................... 18- 19
CHAPTER THREE
(THE FOUNDATION OF MARTIAL ARTS IN BOTSWANA)
THE POLITICAL QUAGMIRE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA ................................................................. 20-23
THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF MARTIAL ARTS IN BOTSWANA .................................................. 23-24
THE MARTIAL ARTS PIONEERS IN BOTSWANA ........................................................................ 26-28
THE AWAKENING OF LOBATSE (MARTIAL ARTS) ..................................................................... 28-30
THE RISING OF MARTIAL ARTS IN BOTSWANA ............................................................................ 32
THE FOUNDING OF TSOSAMOTSE KARATE SCHOOL ..................................................................... 32
THE FOUNDING OF SAILONG KUNG-FU SCHOOL .......................................................................... 32
THE 1ST ALL STYLES KARATE CHAMPIONSHIPS (BOTSWANA) 1978) .............................................. 33
THE CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES IN MARTIAL ARTS (1970-1980) .......................................... 34
THE SHIHON KYOKUSHINKAI COLLEGE (DURBAN) AND LOBATSE (BOTSWANA) ............................ 35
CHAPTER FOUR
(ANTIQUITY OF MARTIAL ARTS)
THE BEGINNING OF MARTIAL ARTS, ANCIENT AFRICA: OVERVIEW……………………………………………...37
THE KINGDOM OF NUBIA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
THE KINDOM OF KERMA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….38
THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
THE MARTIAL COMBAT IN EGYPT, AHA KEMET……………………………………………………………………………40
THE DECLINE OF THE EGYPTIAN EMPIRE…………………………………………………………………………………….42
THE INVASION AND FALL OF EGYPT……………………………………………………………………………………………43
THE AFRICAN HOLOCAUST OF ENSLAVEMENT……………………………………………………………………………..44
INDIA AND MARTIAL ARTS (3000 BC) BEYOND:OVERVIEW .......................................................... 45
THE INTEGRATION AND IMPACT OF ZEN BUDDHISM ................................................................... 48
CHAPTER FIVE
(THE MARTIAL ARTS BEGINNING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOTSWANA)
THE INITIATIVES OF ST JOSEPH’S COLLEGE ................................................................................. 51
THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD OF MARTIAL ARTS (BOTSWANA) ........................................................... 54
THE MOEDING COLLEGE AND SEEPAPITSO SECONDARY SCHOOL (1970 -89) ................................. 55
THE PROLIFERATION OF MARTIAL ARTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS .............................................. 56
THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND MARTIAL ARTS ............................................................................. 58
THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS HOSTING THE KARATE CHAMPIONSHIPS ........................................... 59
THE 1ST NATIONAL ALL STYLES KARATE CHAMPIONSHIPS (1978) .................................................. 62
THE STATUS OF FUKAYAMA KUNG FU SCHOOL (1975-1987) ....................................................... 63
THE PUBLIC AWARENESS ABOUT MARTIAL ARTS (1973-1979) ..................................................... 67
THE WUSHU TEAM FROM CHINA (1976) ..................................................................................... 67
CHAPTER SIX
(CHINA AND MARTIAL ARTS)
THE BUDDHA DHARMA IN CHINA:OVERVIEW ............................................................................. 69
THE SHAOLIN TEMPLES AND OTHER COUNTRIES ......................................................................... 71
THE ANCIENT MARTIAL ART STATUS IN CHINA ............................................................................ 73
THE SHAOLIN MARTIAL ARTS AND OFF SHOOT SYSTEMS ............................................................. 75
THE CODIFICATION AND SCIENTIFICATION OF MARTIAL ARTS IN CHINA ...................................... 77
THE KINGDOMS OF KOREA ........................................................................................................ 78
THE BIRTH OF TAE KWON DO MARTIAL ARTS .............................................................................. 79
THE UNIVERSAL IMPACTS OF KOREAN MARTIAL ARTS ................................................................ 82
CHAPTER SEVEN
(THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF MARTIAL ARTS BOTSWANA)
THE BOTSWANA NATIONAL SPORTS COUNCIL (1982) .................................................................. 84
THE FORMATION OF BOTSWANA KARATE ASSOCIATION ............................................................. 84
THE ADVENT OF SHITO-RYU AND HAYASHI HA KARATE DO (BOTSWANA) .................................... 86
THE SELEBI PHIKWE KARATE CONVENTION (1989) ...................................................................... 87
THE 1ST NATIONAL KARATE ALL STYLES CHAMPIONSHIPS (1990) ................................................. 89
THE ASSOCIATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS KARATE CHAMPIONSHIPS (1992) ........................... 92
THE BOTSWANA SECONDARY SCHOOLS KARATE CHAMPIONSHIPS (1992) .................................. 96
THE OUTCOME OF TOURNAMENT (1992) .................................................................................... 98
CHAPTER EIGHT
(THE FOUNDATION OF INTERNAL MARTIAL ARTS)
THE PAQUA CHANG AND TAICHI CHUAN:OVERVIEW ................................................................. 102
THE NATURE OF I-CHING .......................................................................................................... 104
CHAPTER NINE
(THE UNIVERSITIES AND MARTIAL ARTS)
THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN MARTIAL ARTS .......................................................................... 108
THE UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA KARATE SCHOOL (1980-2000) ................................................. 109
THE INTERVASITY GAMES ......................................................................................................... 110
THE SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES KARATE TOURNAMENT (1990) ........................................... 110
THE GREAT BRITAIN AND JAPAN TOURNAMENT (1990) ............................................................. 110
THE UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO (1991) ............................................................................. 111
THE S.A.D.C. AND MARTIAL ARTS ............................................................................................. 112
CHAPTER TEN
(THE RYUKYU ISLANDS)
THE DYNAMICS OF OKINAWA ISLANDS:OVERVIEW .................................................................. .114
THE KINGDOMS OF RYUKYU ISLANDS ....................................................................................... 115
THE PROVINCE OF KARA IN CHINA ........................................................................................... 116
THE AGE OF DISTINCTIONS (1507 AD) ....................................................................................... 117
THE EMERGENCE OF OKINAWATE ............................................................................................. 117
THE INVASION OF OKINAWA (1609 AD) ................................................................................... 118
THE EMERGENCE OF KOBUJUTSU-DO ....................................................................................... 118
THE CHINA AND OKINAWA INTERACTIONS ............................................................................... 119
THE PRE-LEAD TO MODERN MARTIAL ARTS .............................................................................. 121
THE FOUNDATIONS OF NINJU-TSU DO ...................................................................................... 123
THE TOGAKURE-RYU NINJU-TSU ORDER ................................................................................... 125
CHAPTER ELEVEN
(THE 10TH
ANNIVERSARY OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS KARATE)
THE CHAMPIONSHIPS, LOBATSE (BOTSWANA) (1999) ............................................................... 126
THE TOURNAMENT COMMISSIONERS ....................................................................................... 127
THE OUTCOME OF THE EVENT (1999) ........................................................................................ 129
THE CORPORATE ENTITIES AND SPONSORSHIPS ........................................................................ 132
THE MARTIAL ARTS AND DESCIPLINED FORCES IN BOTSWANA .................................................. 134
CHAPER TWELVE
(THE FOUNDATIONS OF MARTIAL ARTS, JAPAN)
THE ANCIENT MARTIAL ARTS POSITION IN JAPAN:OVERVIEW ................................................... 138
THE BIRTH OF JUI-JUTSU DO MARTIAL ARTS ............................................................................. 138
THE EMERGENCE OF OIKIRU RYU MARTIAL ARTS ...................................................................... 140
CHAPER THIRTEEN
(INTERNAL DYNAMICS IN MARTIAL ARTS BOTSWANA)
THE ACQUISITIONS OF PROSPECTIVE SYSTEMS OF MARTIAL ARTS ............................................. 143
THE EROSION OF INDIVERSITY IN MARTIAL ARTS ...................................................................... 144
THE DIVERSIFICATION OF MARTIAL ARTS IN BOTSWANA .......................................................... 145
THE WOMEN AND MARTIAL ARTS (BOTSWANA) ...................................................................... 146
THE SHIFTINGS OF STUDENTRY IN THE STYLES .......................................................................... 148
THE BOTSWANA KUNG FU WUSHU FEDERATION ...................................................................... 149
THE IMPACTS OF MARGINALIZATION AND INFIGHTS (MARTIAL ARTS) ....................................... 150
THE PROLIFERATION OF MARTIAL ART FEDERATIONS (BOTSWANA) .......................................... 152
THE FUTURE VISION AND PENDULATION .................................................................................. 154
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
(THE ISLANDS OF JAPAN 10,000 BC)
THE JOMON ERA:OVERVIEW .................................................................................................... 156
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD ............................................................................................................ 156
THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI AND SHUGUN ERA .......................................................................... 157
THE EDO (TOKUGAWA) PERIOD ................................................................................................ 158
THE SAMURAI PERIOD .............................................................................................................. 159
THE YEARS OF PEACE IN JAPAN ................................................................................................ 160
THE DECLINE OF THE SAMURAI ERA .......................................................................................... 161
THE PERIOD OF THE NIGHT CLANS ............................................................................................ 163
THE END OF THE SAMURAI CASTE ........................................................................................... 164
THE BEGINNING OF THE OPENING OF JAPAN ............................................................................ 165
THE DECLINE OF THE SHOGUNATE ............................................................................................ 166
THE ADVENT OF THE MEIJI ERA ................................................................................................ 166
THE OLD AND NEW WAYS COLLISION ....................................................................................... 167
THE RISE OF MODERN JAPAN ................................................................................................... 168
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 171
BIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................. 181
CHAPTER ONE
THE GENESIS OF MARTIAL ART IN
BOTSWANA
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: OVERVIEW
otswana is found in Southern Africa and its neighbouring countries are;
SOUTH AFRICA
NAMIBIA ANGOLA
ZIMBABWE Thereby causing same to be a landlocked country. She is the headquarters
of the;
B
SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
(SADC)
Over the last forty three years she had enjoyed the blessings of stability, politically, economically and socially with a vibrant democracy. On the economic definements she has performed very well over the years
considering the fact that on the attainment of independence she was the poorest country in the world;
[B]otswana is a poor country at present is unable to stand on its own feet and develop its resources without the assistance from its friends in
the outside world. There is no reason why we should be ashamed of this because first, the fault is not our own and secondly, very few countries in the world and especially in Africa would manage without the
assistance they receive from other nations ……” ABRIDGED SOURCE:
PARLIMENTARY ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT SIR SERETSE KHAMA ON THE 1ST NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SESSION 6TH OCTOBER 1966, REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA.
Over the years Botswana became one of the worlds leading producers of diamonds. Given this dispensation she then experience the process of rapid
economic growth and development. She eventually got upgraded to the status of being one of the middle income countries in the world. She was the founding partner in the Kimberly Process Certification of Diamond by virtue
of being the leading producer of diamonds. The Kimberly Process Certification was critical to Botswana because the world was standing up
against conflict diamonds that sponsored civil wars in the various countries particularly in Africa. It must be pointed out that the developments, peace and democratic system
in Botswana was acknowledged and applauded by many in the world, cases in point are:
THE WORLD BANK ON THE ECONOMIC FREEDOM OF THE WORLD.
THE FRASERS INSTITUTE OF MINING COMPANIES SURVEY (PPI). THE TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL.
Botswana’s infrastructure developed with great significance and remarkability and became more in keeping with the standards of
modernization. She then became classified as one of the fastest growing young economies in the world. On the dimensions of natural heritage Botswana is blessed with the diversities of fauna and flora, natural sites of
beauty and wildlife in the context of;
THE MOREMI GAME RESERVE.
THE CHOBE NATIONAL PARK. THE OKAVANGO DELTA (WORLD HERITAGE).
THE CENTRAL KGALAGADI GAME RESERVE. THE TSODILO HILLS (WORLD HERITAGE). THE KGALAGADI TRANSFRONTIER PARK.
The Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is shared by the countries of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. On the mining dimension, Botswana is much
blessed with various minerals apart from the diamonds, and much exploration and exploitation of these resources is still ongoing. Socially and
culturally, the country is very rich in cultural diversity, harmony and dynamism and above all, the people are peaceful, polite and of nurtured welcome.
The significance and relevancy of the above background is on the fact that, Martial Arts developed and became sustained in the context of this
background because Martial Arts is a component of the social estate.
In flash back and synopsis, in the era of 1880 this very country was known as the;
BECHUANALAND
And was very much dependent on agriculture and cattle farming. Its male
population dependent much on the South African mines for income as they provided labour to the mining industry. The inhabitants of Bechuanaland were known as Bechuana, much of their government was from the Chiefs
according to their tribal territories. However, Bechuanaland got caught up in the political and military wrangles between the;
BOER REPUBLIC IN TRANSVAAL (SOUTH AFRICA). GERMANS IN SOUTH WEST AFRICA (NAMIBIA).
These two camps were persuing their policies of expansionism of territories. Conversely, Bechuanaland became the prime target to both sides which
wanted to annex it. The Bechuana’s when faced with this dilemma resolved that they should not accede to annexation but rather seek help from Great Britain. The British Missionary John Mackenzie spearhead the dialogue
between Great Britain and Bechuana Chiefs. The outcome of this dialogue was the passing of the;
ORDER-IN-COUNCIL (27th January 1885)
which factored that Great Britain extended her power and jurisdiction over
Bechuanaland. This order impacted adversely and thwarted the intensions of the Boer Republics in Transvaal and Germans in South West Africa. It
saved Bechuanaland from annexation. In Cape Town, the British High Commissioner;
SIR HERCULES ROBINSON made a special proclamation which declared HER MAJESTY’S
GOVERNMENT interests in the Bechuanaland territory. In 1889, Great Britain established a company which was called;
THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICAN COMPANY.
and was given the Royal Charter on the 29th October 1889. Cecil John Rhodes became the prominent driver in this company. The objective of this
company was inter-alia to administer all the British Colonies and Territories which included the;
MATEBELELAND (SOUTH RHODESIA).
BAROTSELAND (NORTHERN RHODESIA).
In total effect the British Government had taken charge of Bechuanaland
(now Botswana) Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Rhodesia was named after Cecil John Rhodes.
One of the greatest ambitions of Cecil John Rhodes was to build a railway line that commenced from Cape Town and to reach Cairo, Egypt. The
impacts of this project necessitated that the Bechuana’s to part with their land for the construction of the railway line. In 1894, an Order-In-Council was passed which empowered the British South African Company to
administer all the British Colonies and Territories in Southern Africa.
In 1894 the Order-In-Council did not augur well with the Bechuana Chiefs. In fact it precipitated their desire and intensions to directly meet with;
HER MAJESTY GOVERNMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN.
The catalyst behind this design and dialogue became the missionary called;
W.C. WILLOUGHBY.
This missionary did all the ground work that resulted in the fact that the three;
CHIEF KHAMA III OF THE BANGWATO. CHIEF BATHOEN I OF THE BANGWAKETSE.
CHIEF SEBELE I OF THE BAKWENA.
go to Great Britain in 1895. The focus of their mission in Great Britain was to meet Her Majesty’s Government and secure the status of being a protectorate of Great Britain. They were welcomed by the Colonial Secretary
namely;
SIR JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN.
in London. This journey was of great political and historical significance to
both London and Bechuanaland. On the 6th November 1895, the vital agreement was reached and concluded between the Chiefs and Her Majesty’s Government in that Bechuanaland was recognised and protected
by Great Britain. As a bond to the above transaction, the Chiefs were honoured with the fact and opportunity of meeting the actual monarch
namely;
HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA
at Windsor Castle. After the end of their business tour, the three Chief’s returned to Bechuanaland. In the same year, on the 16th November 1895,
the Cape Colony Government was ordered to take over the full administration of Bechuanaland as a recognised;
BRITISH PROTECTORATE.
However, and prior to that, on the 10th June 1895 the British Commissioner in Cape Town (South Africa) issued a proclamation that caused the application of English Laws in the Colony, to equally apply to Bechuanaland
Protectorate. During this epoch it must be impressed and appreciated that, the whole of Africa was undergoing the adverse momentum and pressures of
colonialism which culminated in the partition of Africa into colonies for the European countries in the Berlin Conference, Germany (1895). At this point one must pause but advise the student(s) to read;
HOW EUROPE UNDERDEVELOPED AFRICA.
Africa was now completely colonized and the colonies were under the control of the European Nations who had absolute authority over the,
POLITICAL, SOCIAL,
CULTURAL, ECONOMICAL
life and viability of the continent and this process and condition colonial domination and exploitation of resources prevailed for many decades.
THE WORLD WAR TWO IMPACTS (1939 – 1945).
After the Second World War (1939 – 1945) the nations of the World collectively made a declaration called The United Nations Charter and The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (10th December 1948). Pursuant to this declaration many of the colonies began the vital process of demanding their right to self determination under the United Nations Declaration on the
Granting of Independence to the Colonial Countries and Peoples (14th December 1960). This very point was eloquently clarion by Dr. Kwame Nkuruma as thus;
[A]frica wants her freedom. Africa must be free. It is a simple call but is
also a signal, a red warning to those who will tend to ignore it….” Abridged
Source: Dr. Kwame Nkuruma’s address at the United Nations 1960.
However as early as by the 1950’s this demand was very intense and
pervasive globally. In the Sub-Sahara Africa, on the 6th March 1957 Ghana became the first country to attain its independence under the stewardship of
Dr. Kwame Nkuruma who was an impeccable voice of freedom for the African Continent. The precedent having been set, many African colonies agitated for their independence, and this momentum, pressure and
assertions was aptly ventilated and inter-alia captioned by the British Prime Minister Sir Harold McMillan (Famous Speech 1960) in Cape Town as
follows;
[T]HE WINDS OF CHANGE ARE BLOWING IN AFRICA….”
The Bechuanaland Protectorate was not whatsoever immune from these winds of political change in the African continent. It was such that by the
1960’s the agitation for self determination was beginning to take strong root, momentum and in the long run resulted in the creation of several political
parties that were geared towards spearheading and van guarding Bechuanaland Protectorate to its independence. These parties were;
THE FEDERAL PARTY (1959). THE PEOPLE’S PARTY (1961).
THE BECHUANALAND DEMOCRATIC PARTY (1962). THE BECHUANALAND NATIONAL FRONT (1965).
The progression towards independence was in the high stages and intensities in 1965. Consequently on the 1st March 1965, the first general election took place in Bechuanaland Protectorate, which was thus under the
guidance and administration of the Queen’s Commissioner in Gaborone who was,
SIR PETER FAWCUS,
and who thereafter was succeeded on account of retirement on the 16th July 1965, by Sir Hugh Norman Walker. The outcome of the election was
remarkably outstanding and was of greatest significance for the territory in
that the Bechuanaland Democratic Party won and became the next government. On the 3rd March 1965 its leader;
SIR SERETSE KHAMA
became the first Prime Minister and his Deputy was,
DR. KETUMILE Q.J. MASIRE. On the 19th February 1966 in Great Britain, a special conference took place
in London at the Marlborough House. Those who participated in this Marlborough House Conference were;
LORD LONGFORD, THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR
COLONIES.
MRS EIRENE WHITE, MP PARLIAMENTARY UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES.
PRIME MINISTER SIR SERETSE KHAMA. DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER DR. Q.K.J. MASIRE. CHIEF BATHOEN II, FOR THE HOUSE OF CHIEFS.
MR PHILLIP MATANTE, FOR THE OPPOSITIONS PARTIES. The final outcome from this conference was the agreement that on the 30th
September 1966, Bechuanaland Protectorate should attain her independence from Great Britain.
THE WINDS OF INDEPENDENCE IN BOTSWANA (1966).
On the independence eve, a cold dusty wind raced across the capital Gaborone and in the morning a down pour of rain occurred and in that space of time, a remarkable miracle took place in the annals of history in
that, a new modern state was being born and named the;
REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA. During this significant occasion, the international community welcomed and
acknowledged this miracle, and as for Great Britain, Her Majesty the Queen was represented by,
PRINCESS MARINA OF KENT.
However on the economic and development front, the newly born state was one of the poorest in the World, there was virtually no infrastructural development(s), no mining and industrial sectors, the fact of poverty and
unemployment was painfully rampant, and this deplorable condition was initially clarioned by Sir Seretse Khama in the Presidential Address to the;
THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BECHUANALAND
DEMOCRATIC PARTY (1964).
Sir Seretse Khama in his special address to his party he inter-alia stated thus;
[O]n the otherhand we must recognize that we are a part of the re-
awakening giant of Africa, whose countries have all, except very few, became independent States, and which are quite rightly, endevouring to make themselves heard on World Councils…
As Bechuanaland steadily moves towards the top of her constitutional ladder and attaining her freedom, there are two immediate problems
that we have observed besetting almost all emergent States in Africa, first of all the interpretation of freedom and independence, secondly,
the harassing economic problem… Our economic position is known to you all, Bechuanaland is a country
of few and undeveloped economic resources requiring a great deal of capital injection to make the country viable…”
Furthermore on the 6th October 1966, in the First National Assembly Session of the Republic of Botswana, Sir Seretse Khama in his address
inter-alia and aptly stated thus; [B]otswana is a poor country and at present is unable to stand on its
own feet and develop its resources without the assistance from its friends in the outside world. There is no reason why we should be
ashamed of this because first, the fault is not our own and secondly, very few countries in the world and especially in Africa, would manage without the assistance they receive from other nations…”
There abovementioned address clearly depicted and graphiced the prevalence of the condition of poverty and undevelopment in the new nation.
When the First National Assembly of Botswana was dissolved by Sir Seretse Khama in 1966, inter-alia he made a profound statement that was loaded
with political anguish, courage, calling and determination as thus; [W]e are in the humiliating but essentially challenging position, of not
knowing the basic facts on which to found our plans for the future… Sir Seretse Khama 1st National Assembly 6th OCTOBER 1966. ”
It must be noted and impressed that the development and progressive achievements of Botswana’s:
MINING SECTOR. INDUSTRIAL SECTOR.
HEALTH SECTOR. EDUCATION SECTOR.
SERVICE PROVIDING SECTOR. PUBLIC SERVICE SECTOR. TELECOMMUNICATION
SECTOR. AGRICULTURAL SECTOR.
TOURISM SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURAL SECTOR.
ECONOMIC VIABILLTY. FINANCIAL SECTOR.
SPORTS, ARTS AND CULTURE SECTOR.
TRADE AND TOURISM SECTOR
LEGAL SECTOR.
should be construed, analysed, understood and prismed against this
colonial, political and social background because these sectors and others, did not blossom from the vacuum or in the abstract but against this backdrop. They are an integral component of the dynamics of
history, colonialism, decolonization, political emancipation and the evolution to modern nationhood. Thence bringing about a true sense of
worth and pride to all the people who had in diversed ways and capacities made Botswana to achieve what otherwise would have been considered the impossible. All these people, who were intimately involved
in the past, present and future are through this humble work, honoured and acknowledged for having positively impacted the present day sporting codes, precisely the martial arts directly and/or vicariously.
THE NEW DISPENSATION IN BOTSWANA
After the acquisition of independence a new dispensation and impetus of economical, social, and developmental growth emerged. Thereby
precipitating the placid modernization of the country, and this momentum and commitment was under the prudent stewardship and the leadership of the;
BOTSWANA DEMOCRATIC PARTY
Thus the beginning of National transformation took place, and such developments became pervasively impacting and permeating the core of the culture of sports, arts and cultural activities and in this particular
focus and context, the Martial Arts. On the other hand, in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Angola and Mozambique the liberation wars were
ongoing and consequently caused many people to be displaced and some of them took refuge in Botswana, and this process and development caused Botswana to receive some Martial Artists who contributed
significantly in the Martial Arts enterprise of the country. Furthermore, the United Nations Embargo Against South African Apartheid Regime, on Sports and Culture (1970) which was precedented by the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (20th November, 1963) and thereon buttressed by the International Convention
on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (1973),
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38
precipitated that those Martial Artist who were in South Africa should acquire ventilation of their talents, and conversely they privately visited
Botswana and contributed their knowledge to the Martial Arts fraternity in Botswana. Therefore, the end result was that the country benefited
from the martial arts inputs from such individuals. And these individuals are herein remembered and acknowledged. Wherefore, given the ambit of this background and developments, the appropriate approach,
perception and appreciation of Botswana’s Martial Arts should be construed and perceived along the contours and landscapes of progression and merit as depicted below;
The period before the attainment of independence, when many of
the people in Bechuanaland sought employment in South Africa and subsequently some acquiring the Martial Arts knowledge and skills (1950 – 1966).
The period when some of the individuals who were in South Africa,
came back into Botswana and began the task of teaching and propagating Martial Arts in the country (1966 – 1980).
The period when within Botswana, the Martial Arts began to evolve, be established and propagated by all the individuals who had remained in the country. Hence the period of
institutionalization and domestication Martial Arts (1969 – 2000).
The period when the domestic Martial Arts acquired the potential and capacity to participate on the international dimension of Martial Arts (1980 – 2000).
In the light of the above it must however, be pointed out that such phases are not distinct but rather interphasing. Wherefore in order to
acquire the latitude of clarity and structural convenience in this very work, the academic distinction is adopted and such approach is
recommended thus attaining and giving out a better framework or methodology of presenting this Martial Arts history. It is also believed that out of this endevour and structural layout, the general intentions of
making all of us to empathize with the achievements of all our people past, present and future would be made much easier and more direct.
Therefore, once the coherent and appriciating focus, momentum and placement has been achieved in this work some common understanding would be collectively gained with the ultimate attention on the starting
point which has been the epicenter of Martial Arts, and that is Gaborone (Botswana), through the Black Arrow Karate Dojo.
Given above postulation, the fundamental imperative at this moment is to show that the Martial Arts as found in Botswana is not an isolated,
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immune event and condition, or even very peculiar to her environment. Therefore, the point of tremendeous importance is that our present day
and future Martial Artists should transcend their circumferenced minds, stylism, associationism and environment. They must go deeper and back
into the years 653 BC because the entirety of the truth lies somewhere in the beginnings of time.
The significance of this quantum leap into the past and beginnings is to ensure that all those who are in the honest pursuit of this legacy, should acquire the deeper measure of comfortable depth and placement, with
this dispensation that which crystallizes into being sustained in new perceptions and appreciation of the present Martial Arts. In these
premises and context, one becomes more minded, persuaded and oblidged to cite the words of one of the Founding Fathers of Karate as thus;
[T]O SEARCH FOR THE OLD IS TO UNDERSTAND THE NEW.
THE OLD, THE NEW
IS A MATTER OF TIME..” GRANDMASTER GICHIN FUKANOSHI It is through this telescope, dimension, awareness and understanding
that the gravitation of intellectual inquiry should be directed into the past. This is important and significant in order to avoid the aspect of
bondaged thinking, perception and perspectives as is common cause today due to the concept of stylism. Therefore to this very end, our telescope, enquiry and navigation should be adverted and focused on
Nubia, Egypt, India, Our Land, China and Japan who are the root source of all Martial Arts in the world.
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CHAPTER TWO
THE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITIES OF MARTIAL ARTS
THE NATURE OF MARTIAL ARTS: PARADIGM
he Martial Art science is fundamentally not static but rather quite dynamic and fluid in its nature, character and pervacity. Thence it
is constantly changing and adapting to the new conditions, needs and aptitudes of each generation and time. It is this unique
transcendent nature that makes Martial Arts profound and wonderous as a legacy that is beneficial to each generation inheriting it.
Oikiru-Ryu Karate Jitsu Do (Oikado) has long recognized and subscribed to the cogent view and philosophy that portends and considers Martial Arts to be as it is. Regardless of name and technical preferences, which
are but only a creature of innovative minds and spirit of various Martial Artist. Furthermore, that styles are basically products and hybrid
composition and function of borrowed and invented techniques which are then, infused with personal interpretations, adaptations or modifications of the various;
TECHNIQUES. STRATEGIES.
CONCEPTS. THEORIES.
PHILOSOPHIES. INTERPRETATIONS.
Once such modifications and adaptation had been completed, then the aspect of naming and propagandazation becomes the final and ultimate
concern. It is the philosophy inherent in these new creations that makes each to be distinct and worthy of the primodial essence of,
PRESERVATION. PROMOTION. PROPAGATION.
hence invoking the momentum and aptitude of style justification and
identification as is prevalent in the Martial Arts to this day. It is believed that once the above premise is understood, it then becomes
an apparent and logical reasoning and conclusion that in the final analysis no style can in whatsoever terms, claim the immutable fact that
is a “pure” style and/or “traditional style”. More precisely in the context
T
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of technical substantiveness and creative originality. Should such a claim be advanced and advocated, that would certainly be defying the
paradox of logic, and historical truth because and more so that nothing can actually originate from a vacuum. When the Martial Arts is
holistically considered and analysed, one would fathom the ineluctable conclusion that the intrinsic dynamics of Martial Arts are prompted and grounded on the fact of transformations based on the ingenuity,
inspiration, vision and the fundamental desire for innovation and technical growth of the many Martial Artists. These being the Martial Artists who were involved and concerned in the past and present. Once
the new systems have been created and put into place they would then certainly serve their purpose, and in time they would further undergo the
natural process of mutation, innovation, speciation and adaptability. Such a point of transformation will be engineered as a natural and inevitable process by some of the individuals (Practitioners) who are
greatly gifted with the qualities of;
THINKING. VISIONING. INGENUITY.
INNOVATION. CREATIVITY.
in their Martial Arts. Thereby transcending the frontiers of conventionality and stagnant comformances. This point of view and
conclusion is substantially evidenced in the history of Martial Arts. Therefore in order to realize this position, some styles would be prismed in order to determine their scope and sources of origin. This approach
which shall be exploited in the cause of this exposition in order to point out the golden link in all martial arts styles. Furthermore, it is also vital to emphasize and point out that the dynamic process of Martial Arts
transformation will never cease. Consequently, new styles will continue to emerge or evolve in the future and the old ones becoming more
redundant, out of place and time. In essence, the aspect of transformation in the Martial Arts is very important because it provides a conducive and dynamic environment that precipitates the quality and
ability of avoiding the conditions of congealment and complacency within the endemic form and substance of style(s). Therefore, ensuring the ever
presence of creative vision and innovation, mind(s) and spirit(s). In the overall, the penultimate impact and effect of this process has advantaged mankind with many Martial Arts styles (system) in the excess of one
hundred Martial Arts Systems. Taking the above scenario further, the fundamental impetus then
becomes the basic fact that respective Martial Artists, in the pursuit of their goals in Martial Arts should not discard the essence of historical
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background and development of their own styles. They should not be ignorant or conviniently stand blind towards the existing asymmetry
inherent in all Martial Arts styles. Should they ignore this important dimension and platitude, that would certainly be a diversion without
merit or a pursuit of matters that are obviously wanting in their bane essence. The history of martial arts (styles) is an integral aspect of each technique found in the style hence giving out the vital re-compensate of;
ORIGINALITY, PLACEMENT AND,
PHILOSOPHY,
that is intimately connected and indispensable to all Martial Arts. It must further be stated and appreciated that, without overstating
matters and being inappropriately critical. It is important that a holistic view, understanding and practice of the Martial Arts should be adhered
to in order to gain the full progressive realization and ability that engages our compassion and empathization to the fullest. Rather than to engage in the dividing philosophies of stylisms and aptitudes that are grounded
and formulated on skewed perceptions, understandings, upended and distorted view of the essential nature of the Martial Arts in entirety.
THE ENDURABILITY OF STYLES AND SYSTEMS
Wherefore, when considering the above terrain, the resilient and the salient points to embrace are that all Martial Arts styles are basically
useful for the specific individuals and for the specific periods of time. Once these two dynamic factors had been reached and exhausted, then without the conditions of negotiation and compromise, the process of
inevitable innovation, adaptation, modification, speciation and transformation come into full focus and play. And as such these cannot
be resisted at all. Otherwise a cruel point of concealment and atrophy become the ultimate inevitability.
Generally this primordial condition and state of development is glaringly manifested and clear in the historical developments of the many modern
Martial Arts styles, as shall be surfed and elaborated from hereon. Once the conscious and critical impetus and momentum of change has been ignited and projected, it becomes an ultimate choice on the respective
system to go along with the changes in order to survive and to maintain its validity and identity or to become redundant and absolute. However, the major problem and challenge that emanated from this critical phase
of development and change(s) is found and lies on the core of two important fronts which are that;
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The respective practitioners would certainly see, anticipated and
agitate for the essential need for change, modification, innovation within the system. More so that they would have outgrown the
basic concept, purpose and ground of such a system.
On the otherhand, there would be the fact that the mentors would
be dogmatic, restrictive, rigid and unembracing of the inevitability of change and innovation within their own system. Underneath such resistance there would be the endemic fear of having the
emaciation of the identity of their own creation, stature and powerful influence of their philosophy on the system.
Consequently, the characteristics of bias and self preservation become manifested and dominant.
Other reasons that justified the momentum for change or innovation are
basically the inevitable realization that the conditions of congealment, atrophy, monotony and retardment should be avoided alternately be overcomed within the main system with the point of immediacy because
of exponentiality. The culminating point of these divergent views and perceptions was the
ultimate emergence of conflictive and confrontational fronts in the realm of Martial Arts. That which in most cases caused the break aways from
the main stream of the style. Once this disassociation has been effected from the main style, the ceded faction would undergo a process of revolutionization being the core upon which the innovations will be
effected. Until such a point that the new exponential nature and identity is attained, validated and impressed on others. When all the changes had been accommodated including the naming, branding propagation
and advertising of the new system as the main task then a new entity exist. It is through this dynamic process that the many present day
Martial Arts system came into their existence. THE IMPERATIVES OF INNOVATION AND CHANGE
It must also be pointed out that some mentors did have an intelligent
vision of realizing the need for innovations and thus permitted their implementations through their own initiatives and those of their students. Basically, the overall advantage of the martial arts
transformations was the acquisition of diversity of styles and the avoidance of mono- cultured styles which had the effects of dwarfing or retarding the technical exponentiality, artistic versality, comprehensivity
and progressive realization of potentials and wealth of Martial Arts.
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THE TRADITONALISM AND SPECIATION IN MARTIAL ARTS.
Inherent to the concept of the evolution and speciation of Martial Arts is the basic consideration that some Martial Arts systems are designated
with the status of being “traditional” and “non traditional” in character, origin, and nature. Should the view be spawned that some martial Arts styles are as abovementioned, the intent therefore to obtain precedence
over any other style becomes the compelling, and impelling momentum that eventually brings about the aptitudes of fragmentations rather than unifications of the techniques, with concepts and the philosophy.
Conversely, such a state of fragmentation will inevitably impact on the
various angles of dispensation of Martial Arts in the contexts of;
TEACHING.
PRACTICE. TRAINING.
ORGANIZATION. INSTITUTIONS. INDIVIDUALIZATION.
In Oikado, the perception and view point grounded on the aspect of traditional and non-traditional is considered as romantic, and utopian
and fundamentally, all styles are a derivative of another style. This is so because knowledge in its true nature does not conform to the sentiments
and barriers constituted by the notions of traditions and non traditions. Our view and postulation is that because at the end and depth of all things, Martial Arts is Martial Arts as it is, and nothing more. Therefore,
the absence of such artificial rigidity and fragmentation constitutes the premodial source of fluid, cohesive and wholesome knowledge. Therefore, when adhering to the platitude and perception of
“traditionalism” certain critical questions emerges and beget intellectual inquiry and sounding in that;
What is tradition, and whose tradition should be given precedent
or used as a benchmark or standard, and on what merits?
Are other traditions not deserving or wanting so as to negate their
contextual capability, capacity and potentiality to be used as such albeit, to be an integral part of that special knowledge of Martial Arts. Finally, are the merits so negative as to warrant non
consideration and potential inclusion or infusion?
Is the tradition preferred static or stagnant, insusceptible to the
characteristic of changes, integration, individual preference and
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diversed intellectual and practical outlooks of the respective or collective Martial Artists?
To what extent is such a tradition compatible with the traditions,
values, aspirations, cultural and social aspirations of all the recipients of Martial Arts. (Globally). And what criteria and merit has been used to determine that contextual extent and how?
What is the penultimate evidential and technical value of the
concept of traditional and non traditional on the overall nature,
character and merit of the Martial Arts and the personal development goal?
What is the exponential intrinsic value and comprehensive quality
on the individuals potentials; physically, intellectually, spiritually,
morally, socially and culturally. Does the concept and adherence to the norm of traditional and non traditional styles bring forth to
all the recipients of Martial Arts a pervasive benefit, common understanding without the inclination of monopoly and down grading of others.
It is pointed out that all the issues that had been raised in the above ambit are basically intended to stimulate and motivate a renewed
thinking, inquiry, mooting and evaluation into some of the beliefs and impression held within the Martial Arts. This inquiry is important in
order to arrive at a holistic view and common understanding that some of those beliefs and concepts do not hold true for the present age and time. Furthermore, to point out that some of these upheld notions ultimately
create and result in a state of subtle distortions that inevitably constitutes inhibitions and fragmentations unnecessarily. They thwart the quality to enhance the progressive realization of the essence and
substance of Martial Arts harmonization globally and scientifically when given the present day global parameters, mindset and setup of systems of
martial arts. It is conceded however that, usually the fact of time and depth of
awareness of the respective Martial Artists would determine and distil the fundamental essence, difference and impacts. Thereby affording a
proper dispensation without the elements of distortions based on the concepts of traditional and non-traditional Martial Arts. Therefore the acquisition of the potential of attaining the immense aptitude of persuing
the Martial Arts without the presence of limiting bias, prejudice and path become fulfilled in the essence of a profound mind.
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THE COMMON DENOMINATOR IN MARTIAL ARTS SYSTEMS.
It must be made abundantly clear that all styles of Martial Arts are a progency or derivative of some other style. The so called tradition become
somehow diluted in its absolute essence and claim of originality, Thence, each style contains the intrinsic and inherent genetic fabrics which had been derived from the preceding style or system, being the parent or
grandparent style or system. It is out this observation, contention, inheritance and innovations incurred into, that a new style or system emerges. The contentious point and fact herein is this, it can never be
said that a style has emerged or originated from a vacuumed condition or environment. The position averred above, stands out as uncontroversial
or uncontroverted and of universality in nature and character regardless of the fact that one system or another is of African, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Malaysian or European origins. In all these systems the
immutable fact and truth is that they do have common characteristics, techniques, theories, concepts, strategies and philosophies that are
essentially the same, adopted from other systems or styles, modified to customize the individual needs and preferences. Further to make same unique and dynamic within the preferred point of view context and
functionality. Therefore, the significance of this view, point and argument is to show and achieve the following;
TO DISPEL THE CHRONIC MYTH AND DISTORTED VIEW AND NOTION THAT SOME STYLES OR SYSTEMS ARE SUPERIOR
FROM OTHERS.
THAT ONE STYLE IS “PURE STYLE” FROM OTHER STYLES, A
BLANTED MISDIRECTION OR MISEDUCATION MISCONCEPTION THAT IS DELIBERATELY AND CONVENIENTLY PERPETUATED AND UTILIZED TO EXPLOIT
THE IGNORANCE OF OTHERS AND TO WIDEN THE POINT OF FRAGMENTATIONS.
TO DETERMINE AND ALIGN THE CORRECT PERCEPTION,
PERSPECTIVE AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTRINSIC AND
PATENT RELATIONSHIP EXISTING IN ALL THE STYLES OR SYSTEM REGARDLESS OF NAMES.
THE UNIVERSAL CONCEPT OF HARMONISATION IN MARTIAL ARTS. It is undisputed that once the corrections and understanding of these
things has been done without prejudice, self interest and bias. That would certainly be the beginning of an immense leap of news transformations and tremendous benefit to all. In that all the illusions,
fallacies and bondaged minds would be abrogated, pacified, rehabilitated
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and altogether removed. Then that would lead to the profound landscape and vortex of;
HARMONIZATION
INTEGRATION. HOLISTIC PARTICIPATION WHOLESTIC PERCEPTIONS
UNIVERSALITY of all the different styles (system) in the contextual framework of;
TECHNIQUES.
PHILOSOPHY. HISTORY.
THEORY.
STRATEGY. PRACTICE.
TRAINING.
INTELLECTUALITY. CREATIVITY.
without abandoning the core or actual form and substance within the system concerned. The fundamental focus will be based and congruented
entirely on the principles and truths of;
ACCOMMODATION AND MUTUALITIES,
COMMONALITIES RATHER THAN DIFFERENCES, GOALS OF THE HOLISTIC DISCIPLINE OF MARTIAL ARTS, SYNERGISM AND THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANCE.
UNCONDITIONALITY AND HARMONISATION.
Once all the abovementioned had been aptly articulated, distilled, crystalized, appreciated, and implemented without reference and preference of bias then the correct alignment to the right objective will be
acquired with unparalled outcome. Such acquisition will come with profoundness of worth, tremendous benefit to the whole of mankind rather than to serve individualistic goals, aspirations and customized
paths.
In the same token, an achievement such as the above will ensure that the Martial Artists participation in their diversed context, potentials and capacities will certainly approach, acquire, embrace and use Martial Arts
as a living and dynamic entity. An entity that which is constantly changing with times and widely, immensely being beneficial to the whole
of mankind. In this very approach and understanding, the illusion of innocence and bias will be removed thus overcoming the difficulties created by the prejudices and the dilemma caused and imposed upon by
the rigid and myopic concepts of stylism.
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THE EMBRACING PERCEPTION AND VISION: MARTIAL ARTS.
In order to create a balanced, conducive and tolerant environment for the Martial Arts, it must be noted strongly that the starting point though not
always being the ending point, is the history and tradition that is inherent because these two planes of articulation gives out the challenging dynamics that which must be met and over-comed. Above
all, they offer the vantage point upon which the entrenched convictions can be challenged, adapted and overturned in order to realize the progressive participation and harvesting in the wealth and universality of
the Martial Arts. It must be highlighted further that, one must consistently canoe in the Martial Arts realm with an open mind. The
mind that is complemented with the purpose of the heart and inquisitive mind. A critical and sensitive mind in order to avoid the prejudice, misconceptions, biases and skewed perceptions and understandings
which often become created by the belief and acceptances of entrenched conventions that ultimately become deemed to be traditions. Thence,
causing the fact denial of these facts and assertion as aforesaid, would certainly not be appealing anymore. This is so because the nature of such an assumption and disposition will consistently be creating and
producing skewed and distorted;
VISIONS.
INGENUITY. CREATIVENESS.
PARTICIPATION. INTEGRATIONS.
within the realms of Martial Arts without the fundamental flexibility of tolerance and diversity. It must be emphasized once more that, such a challenge is poignantly special and demanding now, and has thrusted
itself into the forefront of our Martial Arts discourses, anticipation and aspirations globally. However, and assuming for the moment that we all
agree to disagree, without ignoring any of the apparent inconsistencies and being not blamable, all Martial Arts are the same at the apex of their best goals regardless of the names and brands. This is so unless one is
constituted otherwise. It is of course acknowledged that some of the Martial Artists will vehemently argue otherwise, and if it be so, then no
one can make crab to walk straight. In the light of the aforegoing, it would be appropriate and as of
tremendous significance and value that several styles of martial arts should be taken and looked into with the main purpose of determining the basis of their origins in order to illustrate and buttress the point and
fact of martial arts evolution and diversity(s). In order to achieve this goal and end a concise account will be presented and made affordable for
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the comprehension of the aspirant without defeating the main objective of this work.
Penultimately, the aspirants must appreciate and accept the fact that the
development and mutation of martial arts styles and systems was fundamentally motivated, precipitated and impelled by individual practitioners who had great vision, creativity, passion and ingenuity.
Thus having the power and the potential, ability to change the face, nature, character, image and direction of the Martial Arts forever, all over the World.
It is on the above submission that we advocate that, a true Martial Artist
must have the tremendeous potential, capacity and intellectuality to take up a perspective that combines different ways of seeing into the one coherent vision, a totality of reflections and actions found in the true
masters of Martial Arts, thence one would be a splendid gift to the world forever.
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CHAPTER THREE
THE FOUNDATION OF MARTIAL ARTS IN
BOTSWANA (1969)
THE POLITICAL QUAGMIRE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA (1960-1994)
he Southern African region was in the quagmire of liberation struggle which emanated from the countries of:
ANGOLA. NAMIBIA (SOUTH-WEST AFRICA). MOZAMBIQUE.
ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA). SOUTH AFRICA.
Which impacted on the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia and Tanzania. The core of this turmoil was on the point of self
determination, when the colonial and white regimes refused to comply with the wishes of the majority of the colonized. Thus liberation
movements were formed which engaged the respective colonial governments, as was warned by the prophesy of Dr. Kwame Nkuruma.... [A]frica wants her freedom. Africa must be free. It is a simple call
but is also a signal, a red warning to those who will tend to ignore it….” Abridged Source: Dr. Kwame Nkuruma’s address at the United Nations 1960.
This umbrage made many people to be displaced to the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia and Tanzania. The displaced sought political asylum in the host countries. Conversely, in their
numbers some of them were martial arts practitioners of great standing. These martial artists, overtime contributed significantly in the
development and growth of martial arts in the host countries. A case in point involves the following individuals;
SENSEI VUSIMUZI NDLOVU, who came from Rhodesia and when in Botswana, he founded the Tsosamotse Shukokai Karate Club
Bontleng, Gaborone.
SENSEI JAMES THORNE, who came from South Africa and when
in Botswana, he founded the Sailong Kung Fu School in Gaborone.
T
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SENSEI CHARLES MTHOMBENI who came from Orlando, South Africa and instructed the Fukayama Kung Fu School in Lobatse,
Botswana.
SENSEI CLYFFE MOLEFE who came from Leeupardsvlei, South Africa and instructed in the Fukayama Kung Fu School in Lobatse, Botswana.
SENSEI HENRY MABOE who came from Mabopane, South Africa
and instructed in the Fukayama Kung Fu School in Lobatse,
Botswana.
The input of the above mentioned individuals was great and magnificent, same spiraled the quality development and output in Botswana’s martial arts. These individuals complemented and supplemented the scare
resources of qualified martial arts instructors at the time, thereby causing a historic phase in Botswana which was entitled the rising of
martial arts in Botswana. On the other dimension, the United Nations Embargo Against South
African Apartheid Regime On Sports and Culture (1970), caused that South Africa become internationally isolated in the context of sport interaction with other countries. The above embargo was precedented by
the International Convention on Eliminated of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (20th November 1963) which impacted on the Sport
Culture in South Africa. When South Africa was put under pressure, especially when the resolutions of the International Community were sounded, particularly that of the;
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE SUPPRESSION AND
PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF APARTHEID (1973).
The quagmire intensified internally and externally causing the arm struggle for political independence to be a critical issue internationally,
this was sounded as follows; THE OPPRESSED NOW ANSWER WITH GUNS: the President Sir
Seretse Khama has said wars of liberation are raging in Southern Africa because the oppressed people of this region can no longer
endure in stoic silence, daily humiliations and depriviation of freedom and justice. For many milllions of our fellow men in this troubled world, this solemn declaration remains a mere statement of
intent. The conscience of mankind continues to be outraged by various acts of injustice… If we are to have peace in the world, we must reaffirm our believe
that all human beings are born equal in dignity and rights…”. ABBRIDGE
SOURCE: PRESIDENT SIR SERETSE KHAMA OF THE REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA ADDRESSING THE
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UNITED NATION ASSEMBLY DURING THE HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 10TH DECEMBER 1977. DAILY NEWS MONDAY DECEMBER 12TH, 1977 NO 234. The above political environment made many sportsmen and women of South Africa to be isolated from the world but crazing for international
participation. Conversely, the internal dynamic motivated the inception of the;
SHIHON KYOKUSHINKAI KARATE COLLEGE (DURBAN)
which then promoted the multi racial and the unique tournament of the;
ALL STYLES KARATE CHAMPIONSHIP (BLOODY-RING)
wherein the people of all colour participated thus defying the gravitations of apartheid. On the same tone and wave, some of the South African
martial arts instructors came to Botswana to render their technical expertise that they have in martial arts. Their contribution enhanced the progress and development of martial arts in Botswana. Some of these
prominent instructors were;
GRANDMASTER KOOS CHAKA. GRANDMASTER SAKIE LOW. GRANDMASTER DAVIE MAAS.
GRANDMASTER LIONEL MARRINUS. Given the light and background of isolation of South Africa in the context
of sports and culture, many other individuals went to train martial arts in their private capacities in South Africa especially in the well
established martial arts institutions or schools such as the Shihon Kyokushinkai Karate College, Durban under the guidance of Grandmaster Abduk Kader Ismail.
Therefore, given the above background the appropriate perception,
approach and appreciation of Botswana martial arts beginning could be done with better clarity and truth. Conversely, it is crucial to construe and appreciate Botswana’s martial arts within the social and political
contours that prevail through out to the present day. In compliance to the above-mentioned, the treatment and development of this work will be frameworked along these lines;
The period prior to the attainment of independence when some of
the people in Bechuanaland were in employment in South Africa. Due to this factor they acquired the knowledge and the skills of
This is Oikado… The Beginnings of Martial Arts, Botswana
53
martial arts (1950-1966). A few of these individuals will be identified.
The post independence period when the returnees from South
Africa commenced to impart their martial arts in the country from 1966-1980.
The period wherein the indigenous people, schools and clubs began to get involved in the aspect of institutionalizing and/or domestification of Martial Arts in the country.
The period when the domestic martial arts achievements got
upsurged and spiraled into international dimension (1985 -2010).
The period of internal diversification and proliferation of martial
arts systems and associations (1995-2010).
Of great significance is that one must observe that these periods do interphase and can not clinically be separated or compartilized. Notwithstanding this fact, one should bear in mind that the period
ascribed to will be backgrounded by the external and international historical events and achievements of other countries so as to create a comprehensive parallel view, progression and conceptualization. The
international perspective on martial arts will ultimately converge with that of the Botswana’s landscape.
Therefore, having pointed out that a clear cut format of the periods in question is not possible, all endeavour has been made to ensure a
systematic flow of the vital issues in order to give a better framework and point of quality reference.
On a salient and finer note, it must be understood that the general intension of this treatise is to capture as much as is possible the past
and present events, and to empathise with them. The significance thereto, being that a common understanding, collective appreciation and sense of direction and worth can be achieved with dynamic dignity and
inspiration.
THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF MARTIAL ARTS IN BOTSWANA. (THE BLAKADO MARTIAL ARTS SCHOOL)
(1969)
After independence in 1966 Botswana needed a University. In order to achieve this objective, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland came into a
collective enterprise and established the;
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UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA, LESOTHO AND SWAZILAND (UBLS)
Each country had a main campus as following:
BOTSWANA – GABORONE CAMPUS. LESOTHO – ROMA CAMPUS.
SWAZILAND – KWALUSENI CAMPUS. In the context of sport culture these campuses interacted through the
intervarsity games on the alternative basis. On the 1st October 1969 the students who were interested in the discipline of martial arts came
together and formed the first Shukokai Karate School (dojo) in the country, the Shukokai Karate School which was named;
THE BLACK ARROW KARATE DOJO (BLAKADO)
all the members of this school did overtime, came to be recognised and revered as the founding fathers of Martial Arts in Botswana and their
membership grew exponentially and as shown below:
THABO FAKO.
TEFO O. MOKAILA. LIZO NGCONGCO.
FRANK RAMSDEN. ABRAM SPUNA
KESUPILE.
GABOTSHWANE KAMODI
SAM LEBOTSE.
CECIL MAINE. MARX MOPHUTING.
MMOSHE MOOKODI. BALANG BALANG. MASISI MASISI.
PHILLIP TSUMAKE. MICHAEL MZWINILA.
GILBERT SEKGOMA. ALBERT SCHEFFERS. CHIPPO GAOBAKWE.
OLEKOTSE KOMA. ITUMELENG I. LUBINDA. MOGREY MABILE.
THABO MAILO. BAFANA MALABA.
M.K. MARUPING.
MODIRI MATTHEWS. THABANE NDUNGE.
LESLIE MOATSWE. SNOWIE MODISANYANE. MONAGENG
MOGALAKWE. K. MOLAPONG. WILFRED MOKETO.
SEBETSO MOLEFE. DAVID MONNAKGOSI.
MOSES MOTSWAGAE. LOUIS FISHER. KATANE SITHOLE.
BAPASI MPHUSU. THEBEYAME CHAOKA.
BRENDA KEBONANG. RAPHAEL CHEPETE. SETHONI MADIKWE.
JOHN MAPHANYANE. SAM MORAKE. GREGORY MOLOMO.
JOHN LEBOTSE. SKIPPER J. KESUPILE.
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VICTOR RANTSHABENG. SYLVESTER SELEKA.
SENTSETSA PILANE. EPHRAIM MASHIANE.
ABDUL KADER. ANDERSON JELE. KESIAMETSWE JELE.
SAMUEL LEBODI. MASEGO
MPOTOKWANE.
ENOCK BASIMOLODI. BATSALEWANG I.S.
DICK BAYFORD. TEBOGO BOTLHOLE. SENIKWE CHIMELA.
HOSIA CHOKWE. DAVID DINTWA.
LETLHOGONOLO DIMBUNGU.
CASSIUS LOSHOPE.
PETER MASIE. THEKO T. FAKO LAWRENCE MATSOGA.
JOHANNES MOABELO. JOEL MOEPI.
GILBERT MOKGABISI. ISHMAEL MOLOI. MOSIENYANE M.
BAKGATLA MOLEFE. FURY MBONGWE. ELIJAH MODIAKGOTLA.
MMOLOTSI MOGAPI. LOKWALO
MOSIENYANE. GAOFENGWE MOOKA. KILLER MUKUNO.
MOMPATI NDONJE. MOEMEDI
MODISENYANA JEFFREY MZWINILA. P. MATANTE.
G. KERAANG. OAGILE MOLEBELEDI.
AGGREY PEBA. SEEBA FRANK.
KEGODILE SAKAIO. ALBERT SEFETANE. ELLENOR SCHEFFERS.
SIMON SEISA. GILBERT SEKGOMA. DITHEBE SEJOE.
ANTHONY SIBIYA. SITHOLE SONKE.
SHATHISO TAMBULE. VICTOR SIBIYA. MOLEBATSI
TJADZIMULA. BALEFI TSIE.
EMMANUEL SABOKONE. K. NTSEKE. R. MASOLE.
I.B. MATSHIDISO. E. GIBBS. P. MATITING.
BARUDILE OTUMILE. CLEMENT PHELEFU.
KELETSO RAKHUDU. EMMANUEL SABOKONE. RICHARD SEGODI.
EAGILE SEGOSEBE. CHARLES SCHEFFERS. DAVID SETLHONO.
GILBERT SIMELA. KHEHLE SIBIYA.
MASHINGO THIPE. ERNEST TIROYAKGOSI. BOBBY TLHABIWE.
BUTTER TUMOTUMO WILLIAM
KGABOETSILE. MOSES MOTSWAGAE.
The above and in their collective work and vision began the process of progating and uplifting martial arts in Botswana.
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The BLAKADO School proceeded to outsource the South African Martial ArtS instructors of prominence namely;
GRANDMASTER KOOS CHAKA.
GRANDMASTER SAKIE LOW. who were experts in the martial arts systems of;
SHUKOKAI KARATE DO.
The BLAKADO prospered and became the powerhouse of martial arts in Botswana, inter alia it utilized the Kutlwano magazine to spread its
message. Many of its members became experts in the field of martial arts. Overtime, they entered the Secondary Schools in Botswana and began establishing martial artS clubs, a case in point is the;
GABORONE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MOEDING COLLEGE. SEEPAPITSO SECONDARY SCHOOL.
The uniqueness about the BLAKADO school was that it interacted with other different systems of martial arts participated in their clinics, gradings and tournaments. They encouraged and helped other martial
arts schools of different systems to grow, develop and to be rooted in the country. In substantiating this position, this must be discerned below;
[B]LAKADO is also proud of its respectable and cordial relationships with other clubs, BLAKADO contends that, when all is said and
done, Karate is Karate irrespective of the style. Furthermore, if an individual is good he is good no matter where he trains…” ABRIDGE
SOURCE: BLAKADO: A HANDBOOK OF KARATE. PUBLISHED MARCH, GABORONE, 1980.
It must be pointed out that the conditions of training were difficult in that many martial arts clubs/schools of the 1970 decade lacked financial
and material resources. The issues of sponsorships from any sector were out of the question given the socio-economic standards of the country at
the time. This status quo was clarion eloquently by the BLAKADO Martial Arts School as thus;
[W]hile the main difficulty faced by all Karate clubs in Botswana is the non-availability of high graded professional instructors, as well as lack of proper training facilities. The existing few clubs are well
established and determined towards the advancement of Karate not only within clubs but in the country as a whole. With frequent and
well planned tournaments karate can be proved to be a popular sport.
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BLAKADO does not have a fancy gymnasium as much as this
desirable. Its humble gym has acted as a stimulus for the club to work harder. BLAKADO is proud of those individual(s) members who
have applied its principles to life in general. Many of those are successful students who do well in School and employed adults ….” ABRIDGE SOURCE: BLAKADO: A HANDBOOK OF KARATE: PUBLISHED MARCH, GABORONE 1980.
Clearly the above put into perspective the hardships, need, aspirations and visions upheld by the martial artists during this era. On a different
and crucial note, the reader is persuaded to parallel this period with that of the 1990 decade as shall be discussed. Notwithstanding the above, it must be pointed out that the BLAKADO martial arts school rose to great
height in the 1970 decade. However, when each individual therein responded to the calling of life and careers; the school declined in the 1980s. Given that situation, many of its membership rose to prominent
positions in the society, government and corporate world as leaders and role models to the next generations of martial artists.
THE MARTIAL ARTS PIONEERS IN BOTSWANA
(1950-1975) In 1950 the present day country was known as Bechuanaland Protectorate.
Many Bechuana’s sought employment in South Africa precisely in the mines. Conversely, some took interest in the study of martial arts and
even emerged with some great measure of prominence. Overtime when they retired from work in South Africa, they return to their home which was by now Botswana. They began to teach martial artS to the locals and
set up martial artS schools. These individual then got recognition as the veteranS and pioneers in the martial arts of Botswana. Given this dispensation the ones identified herein below shall demonstrate the
status of these facts.
SENSEI HUSSAIN GATOGANG PANDOR: He was born in 1942 at Phitshane Molopo village and went to
South Africa wherein he began the study and training of martial arts. The system he pursued was SHUKOKAI KARATE DO. In
1961 he became a team member of the South African Karate Squad that went to represent South Africa in Japan. The same feat was repeated when he went to Mozambique in 1965. On or
about the 15th March 1970 Sensei Pandor returned to Botswana and settled at Lobatse. Overtime, he opened the martial art school which was called the;
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DRAGON SHUKOKAI KARATE DOJO:
Also he was the first and only man who built a cinema called
Yours and Mine in Lobatse. Historically he is the 1st Motswana to acquire a Black Belt in Shukokai Karate Do from South Africa.
SENSEI FISHER TUELO MASILO: He was born in 1936 at Tshidilamolomo village and worked in South Africa from 1950s. He worked in Cape Town, Johannesburg and Kimberly. On the
tour of his work he studied Boxing and Mrtial Arts of SHOTOKAN KARATE DO. On the 27th October 1976 he returned
to Botswana being the First Dan Black Belt in Martial Arts. He settled at Lobatse and thereon opened,
THE LOBATSE SHOTOKAN KARATE DOJO.
SENSEI SHEILAR MOTHOFELA: He was born in 1945 at Pitsane village and went to work in Braamfontein, Johannesburg. During his stay in South Africa he studied the martial arts of
JUDO. He attained his 1st Black Belt in 1965. On the 20th April 1973 he returned to Botswana and settled at Lobatse. In Lobatse he secured employment with the Botswana Meat Commission
whereat he opened the BMC JUDO in 1975, in 1979, this JUDO club merged with Fukayama Kung Fu School.
SENSEI DANIEL LETSIBOGO MONCHO: He was born at
Setlhareseleele village in 1938. He then went to South Africa and
worked at Kimberly, Johannesburg and Mafikeng. During this period he trained the martial arts of JUI-JUTSU-DO, and he attained his 1st Black Belt in 1963. In March 1974, he came to
Botswana a whereat he secured employment with the Lobatse Town Council, then later on with BCL in Selebi Phikwe. He
interacted very much with the Fukayama Kung Fu School, Lobatse.
The uniqueness about the above mentioned individuals was that even though they reached the ages sixty and above, they continued teaching,
grading students in martial arts. Furthermore, they worked as a team in their concerted effort to martialized Botswana. They interacted with many of the existing martial arts schools in the country.
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SEMPAI MAKGABENYANA PATRICK S: He was born in
Alexander Township, Johannesburg in 1954. He attended his Primary Education at Montobello, Pietermaritzburg (Natal
Province) then at St. Matthews Catholic School (Rockville), Soweto. When he was 14 years (1968) he began the study of martial arts in Kliptown and Tladi where he lived. In Tladi he was
instructed by Sensei Koos Chaka. On the 15th December 1969 he came to Botswana and settled at Lobatse. He then attended St. Theresa’s Primary School then went to St. Joseph’s College
(1972). When at St. Joseph’s College he established the martial art club for the students and by 1975 he established the martial
artS school at Lobatse which was named the;
FUKAYAMA KUNG FU SCHOOL
THE AWAKENING OF LOBATSE (MARTIAL ARTS).
Lobatse began to emerge as a power house in martial arts because of the existence of these clubs and their students:
THE DRAGON SHUKOKAI KARATE DO.
CHARLES PANDOR. PRO BOY GEORGE MAUCO.
KABELO LESEDI. THAPELO GATOGANG. JOSEPH PHAFO.
MOSIMANE MOGAMI. PHILIMON NARE. PERCIVAL MONTY
MTHETHWA. ANDREW MOKULA.
ISHO ABDULA. MOSALA MOSALA.
BATMAN MOSIMANEGAPE. BUKIE GEORGE. PEPE S. MOSIMANEGAPE.
ANDY MOYO. JOSEPH SHARRIF PANDOR. WILLIAM NKWE.
and others.
THE FUKAYAMA KUNG FU SCHOOL
This school was founded by Sensei Patrick Makgabenyana in 1975, it
was situated at the Peleng Community Centre, Lobatse. Some of its founding students were;
SAMUEL RAMAEBA (MAHALAPYE).
MAKANA TIZAR
TYIBILIKA (RAMOTSWA).
THABO KEREKANG (LOBATSE).
LEBBEOUS
PELOEWETSE (MOGOBANE).
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THULAGANYO MOGOBE (KANYE).
MICHAEL LEOGANG MOTLHABI(LOBATSE).
CHRISTINUS RAMULA (LOBATSE).
REEVES LESIGE
(LOBATSE). DOMINIC
MAKGABENYANA
(LOBATSE). SYLVESTER SELEKA
(GABANE). SIOUX KGOMETHA
MOTLALEKGOSI
(MOLEPOLOLE). PHINDA KEEBINE
(MOCHUDI). GARVIN MOLEBODI
(MOCHUDI).
MARX NGWAKO (MMADINARE).
NUNU LESETEDI
(MAHALAPYE). MICHAEL VAN WYK
(WERDA). ZICKY SELETLO
(LOBATSE).
PATRICK MASOKWANE (GABANE).
GECKO KOLE
(LOBATSE). CREASURE TLHONG
(GOODHOPE).
SOPHISTO NTHOBATSANG
(MAHALAPYE). JACKY PHUREGO
(GABANE). CARTHAGE
SORRINYANE
(RAMOTSWA). LESEGO BARUTI
(MAHALAPYE).
TOLLY MOSHASHO (LOBATSE).
SHADRACK KGOSIEMANG (GOODHOPE).
JIMMY KRUGER (WERDA).
ALBERT KGENGWENYANE (LOBATSE).
PENA SUZAN KOLE (LOBATSE).
MADUO CATHERINE
MONGALO (LOBATSE). EDNA MOTHEO
(LOBATSE). GREGORY NTEMI
MAKGABENYANA
(LOBATSE). ALEC TIRO (LOBATSE). MOSES MATHUMO
(LOBATSE). COLLEN
NYATSHANE(LOBATSE). and many others.
This school became famous for its pugilistic skills and it interacted with all other martial arts schools in Botswana. The consequence of its
reputation caused its members to establish satellite clubs in the various secondary schools such as Kgari Sechele Secondary School, Shashe River Secondary School, Molefi Secondary School, Swaneng Hill
Secondary School and least but not all, the Mater Spei College. In 1980, the teaching and trainings of the school was rooted at the University of Botswana.
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THE RISING OF MARTIAL ARTS IN BOTSWANA (1975 – 1980)
THE EXTERNAL FORCES IN THE REGION.
The intensification of the liberation struggle caused the displacement of many individual who came to Botswana as refugees. The climax of this process came after the 16th June 1976 Soweto Uprising when
unprecendeted numbers of refugees fled the white regime in South Africa. In this context those who were martial artist joined the local
martial arts schools while others founded their own. THE FOUNDING OF TSOSAMOTSE KARATE SCHOOL
This martial arts school was founded by Sensei Vusimuzi Ndlovu who came from Harare Rhodesia in 1976. He was then a 2nd Dan Black Belt
in the system of Shukokai Karate Do. The school was at Bontleng and using the Lesedi Community Hall. Some of the Founding Students were;
MADALA MPALE. MARTIN TSHUKUDU.
PEASANT NYONI. SOCCA ALEXANDER MORUAKGOMO.
SIMON TLHONG. LOUIS KHUPE. LEVY MRAZA RAMEDUPE.
NUNU LESETEDI. CHIPPO GAOBAKWE.
And others.
THE FOUNDING OF SAILONG KUNG FU SCHOOL This martial arts school was founded in 1975 by Kyoshi James Thorne
(7th Dan Black Belt) who was from South Africa. The school offered the system of Jeet Kune Do. Some of the founding students were;
WILLIAM RATSHIPA. JOEL MOEPI.
CARTHAGE TONY KENOSI.
NTHUE SEIPUBI.
LAZARUS MOKGWERE. CHOPPER
KGOMANYANE.
ANDREW RAMMIKA. RUSSIA MOLAKE.
NATHAN KGABI. PHANUEL KGATHE. LEDIRETSE MOLAKE.
TOM TLADI. AGGREY MOSES.
MANTIS LEKWAPE.
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and others.
The school was training at the Cathedral Gaborone. It must be noted that, given the number of the martial arts schools in existence overtime, the
BLAKADO martial arts school in 1978 hosted a special tournament which was termed;
THE 1ST ALL STYLES KARATE CHAMPIONSHIP (BOTSWANA) 1978. This tournament was held at the University (UBLS), Gaborone and the clubs
that participated were;
SAILONG KUNGFU SCHOOL (GABORONE). FUKAYAMA KUNGFU SCHOOL (LOBATSE). BLAKADO SCHOOL (GABORONE).
SHOTOKAN KARATE SCHOOL (GABORONE). TSOSAMOTSE KARATE SCHOOL (GABORONE).
SHUKOKAI KARATE SCHOOL (LOBATSE). SANKUKAI KARATE SCHOOL (GABORONE).
This tournament was a great success and a special factor that encouraged everyone. The positions gained by the winners was as thus;
BLAKADO MARTIAL ART SCHOOL (GABORONE). TSOSAMOTSE MARTIAL ART SCHOOL (GABORONE).
FUKAYAMA KUNG FU SCHOOL (LOBATSE). SAILONG KUNGFU SCHOOL (GABORONE). SHOTOKAN MARTIAL ARTS SCHOOL (GABORONE).
SANKUKAI MARTIAL ARTS SCHOOL (GABORONE) In this tournament, the instructors present being;
SENSEI FISHER TUELO MASILO.
SENSEI VUSIMUZI NDLOVU. SENSEI HUSSAIN G. PANDOR. SENSEI PATRICK S. MAKGABENYANA.
SENSEI SHEILLAR MOTHOFELA. KYOSHI JAMES THORNE.
Entered into a conference whereby it was resolved that a National Body should be formed which would be the overall organ for all martial arts schools and
styles in Botswana.However, the intensions of this meeting did not materialized soon thereafter due to many intervensions, challenges and constraints at the time. For the record, since 1978 there has never been the All Styles Karate
Championship in Botswana to this date, and one wonders why?
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THE CONTRAINTS AND CHALLEGES IN MARTIAL ARTS
(1970 – 1980)
The Botswana martial arts were faced with many constraints and challenges in
the 1970-1980 decade. These were dimensioned as following;
The infrastructure in the country was poor and there was lack of training facilities, centres and venues. Even where they were found, these were far below the suitable training standards.
The martial arts schools were not financially empowered, there were no
sponsorships from any quatters. This condition was also exasperated
by the fact that at the time, sport was not viewed with the point of viable and beneficial enterprise, financial and otherwise.
There was lack of qualified and professional martial arts instructors
save those that had been identified in the treatize. The few that were
available were overstretched in that they had to cover wide regions of the country with meager resources.
The Headmasters of many Secondary Schools were very much reluctant
to embrace and permit the establishment of martial arts clubs in their
schools. Overtime, some eventually yielded and participated in the developments of these clubs.
The instructors who came to Botswana due to political reasons, had to live the country for various reasons and destinations internationally.
The instructors who continued with the work of teaching martial arts,
entirely used their personal resources to travel, organize tournaments,
gradings and clinics for the students.
The personal lives, careers and family commitments, constrained many matured martial artists of the time to be fully committed in the martial arts enterprise as a full time career or profession.
The level of awareness about the value of martial arts was very poor
and low. Martial arts then suffered much negative perception and
comprehension until the advent of 1980-2009 decades.
Notwithstanding the above, it is conceded that these adverse conditions ultimately and to a larger extent became the driving forces that enlivened, sustained and powered the culture and legacy of martial arts to this present
day. The above postulation was eloquently outlined as thus:
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[W]hile the main difficulty faced by all Karate clubs in Botswana is the non-availability of high graded professional instructors as well as lack of
proper training facilities, the existing few clubs are well established and determined towards the advancement of karate, not only within clubs but
in the country as a whole…….”ABRIDGED SOURCE: BLAKADO A HANDBOOK OF KARATE,
PUBLISHED MARCH, GABORONE 1980.
THE SHIHON KYOKUSHINKAI COLLEGE (DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA) AND LOBATSE BOTSWANA (1970-1980).
In March 1975, Sensei Gatogang Hussain Pandor and Sensei Makgabenyana ’Solomzi Patrick (now Black Belt) were commissioned by Grandmaster Abdul Kader Ismail of the Shihon Karate College of South Africa (Durban) to find out
and lay ground for the full introduction of Kyokushinkai Karate Do in Botswana.
The other aim was to encouraged and observe that Botswana does become a fully fledged and versatile martial arts community. This was considered crucial
because Botswana’s environment was more conducive for attracting the transplantation and existence of other different martial arts styles. The
fundamental interest of the Shihon Karate College was to introduce Kyokushinkai in Botswana, as it did in Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho and Mozambique. In Swaziland this was done through the late Sensei Thabo
Thwala and in Namibia it was through Sensei Katjira Hambira. In 1979, the Shihon Karate College Team visited Botswana with the aim of
engaging BLAKADO and Fukayama Kung Fu Schools. Unfortunately, due to technical reasons which were prevalent then, the action did not take place. On
the fast track, Sensei Makgabenyana in 1996, sent Sensei Vusimuzi Matthews Setlhare to Durban. Whereon Sensei Setlhare underwent intensive training under Shihan Alpheous Mbuzeni Sabela (4th Dan Black Belt) owner of the Kwa
Zulu-Natal Martial Art Academy. Out of this process Sensei Setlhare came out with a 1st Dan Black Belt in Kyokushinkai Karate Do thus being the first native
to acquire same in Botswana. Sensei Matthews Vusimuzi Setlhare originated at Matsiloje village Francistown and a graduate of the University of Botswana and University of South Africa.
Overtime, it became evident that Botswana was gradually acquiring new forms of Martial Arts styles (systems) due to two important dynamics which were the
migration and external scholarship of students internationally. On the point of immigration, Botswana experienced a great influx of people from South Africa
seeking political asylum and others on transit to Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. This period of movement of the people was during the apartheid era in South Africa.
For the record, it be noted that Grandmaster Abdul Kader Ismail through his Shihon Karate College has done great work and contribution in the landscape
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of martial arts development in the country and the Southern Africa region. This very fact should not be ignored nor minimized, due to his work great
martial art exponents were found such as;
GRANDMASTER RAYMOND MKHIZE.
GRANDMASTER SELBY MKHWANAZI.
GRANDMASTER HOOSAIN NARKER.
GRANDMASTER BOY NTSHANGASE.
GRANDMASTER ALPHEOUS SABELA.
GRANDMASTER BIGBOY GUMEDE.
GRANDMASTER EZRON DLOMO
GRANDMASTER CATHERINA MTHWANA.
GRANDMASTER NEVILLE PAULSEN.
GRANDMASTER WILLIAM QUANTOI.
GRANDMASTER ISAAC MASHININI.
GRANDMASTER SONTO MAZIBUKO.
Who took everything to the highest level and scales of mastership. In
recognition of the work of Grandmaster Abul Kader Ismail, the Supreme Grandmaster of Kyokushinkai Karate Do, the founder of same, being;
GRANDMASTER MASUTATSU OYAMA (1981)
Visited South Africa (Durban) wherein many martial artists were honoured and enlivened by such a grand visit and presence of the world’s greatest martial
artists.
On the closing note, it be recorded that the introduction of Kyokushin Kai Karate Do in Botswana came in 2010 when same was b being done by;
KYOSHI SAMUEL AMIGO RAMAEBA.
At Mahalapye village Botswana, and same experienced the constraints and
challenges of stylism in the country.
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CHAPTER FOUR
ANTIQUITY OF MARTIAL ARTS (ANCIENT BEGINNINGS)
EVERY CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE HAS SOME INCREDIBLE THINGS, IF
ONLY WE ARE WILLING AND READY TO LOOK AT IT, ON ITS OWN TERMS, MERIT, SINCERITY AND HUMILITY. THEN SOMETHING OF INCREDIBLE
ESSENCE WILL ALWAYS BE FOUND…. BEGINNING OF MARTIAL ARTS, ANCIENT AFRICA: OVERVIEW
It is common cause that Africa is the birthplace of humanity, sciences and
Martial Arts. The overview herein is to make a scholarly attempt to discover the great role
that Africa has played in the evolution, development and application of the Martial Arts science. Therefore in order to attain that very goal, a historical analysis, synopsis and argument becomes a crucial ground to work upon. It is
through this process that two ancient Kingdoms had be identified as our models and these are the;
KINGDOM OF NUBIA KINGDOM OF EGYPT
THE KINGDOM OF NUBIA
The Kingdom of Nubia was in ancient times divided into the Lower and Upper Nubia, along the Nile Valley. The Upper Nubia was nearest to the South of
Egypt, and in modern time same is found in the Central Sudan. The ancient Egyptians referred to the Kingdom of Nubia as the;
TA – SETI
The Nubians were of Negro origion and were called the Noba people and fundamentally were experts of great repute in the arts of archery and wrestling. It is noted most importantly that the Nubians participated in the;
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
(5th Millenium BC)
and this resulted in the Neothilic Society that also influenced the Old Kingdom
of Egypt. Around 3800 BC, the Nubian Culture blossomed and influenced all the surrounding societies including Egypt thereby Nubia became the mother of civilization to Egypt. This took place after the process of the unification of the
Lower and Upper Nubia into a Kingdom. Nubia subsequently became a trade corridor between Egypt and the Tropical Africa whereon ivory, minerals, ebony
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wood were in great demand in Egypt. The Nubians were distinguished wrestlers and of religious adherence to their martial arts because the same also gave
great social status. The champions were also recruited to join and serve in the Egyptian military, and more prominently as the;
MEDJAY
Wherein they served as garrison troops, and patrolled the desert policing or gendarmerie. They ultimately made Egypt to become a great military power. The Medjays were further used to protect valuable areas, palaces and temples
or religious complex as the elite force. One must see the visualmaterial called the,
EXODUS Gods and Kings
Given the above overview, it is apparent that the Martial Arts of Nubia
contributed greatly to the development of fighting skills, techniques and archery of the Egyptians especially during the period of the;
KINGDOM OF KERMA
The martial art of Nubia dates as far back as the years 2800 BC, before the birth of Christ. Therefore making same, the oldest martial art system known to date. In this context the present day martial arts benefited and acquired its
interpretation and tradition from this ancient martial art. The Martial Art aforementioned was in the Nuba Kingdom (Sudan) and same reached its apex
of refinement, sophistry and expression in the Kingdom of Egypt during 11th and 12th dynasty. The Nubian practiced the Martial Arts of wrestling, empty hand or bare hand combat/self defence and weaponry. It is on record that
there is no record in the world that can contradict or extinguish this claim about the ancient ways of combat by the Nubians.
The Nubia Martial Arts is the original source of all Martial Arts in Africa, Asia and Europe as they benefited from it. ABRIDGED SOURCE: NUBA WRESTLING BY GRANDMASTER
BPG NIGEL (NUBA ARCHIVES STUDY ON THE ANCIENT MARTIAL ARTS OF AFRICA KEMET-EGYPT). The Nuba Martial Arts spread throughout and the panacea thereof was in
Egypt because the Kingdom of Nubia became the mother of civilization to the Kingdom of Egypt. When the Egyptian power revived under the New Kingdom, the Egyptian armies invaded the Kerma Kingdom. This process was more
pronounced under the rule of;
PHAROAH SENUSVET III PHAROAH AMEMHAT
Whereafter new boundaries were formalized. Overtime, the Egyptian withdrew from Nubia and a native (Nubian) dynasty emerged under;
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PHAROAH PIYE
(25TH DYNASTY)
The new king expanded his kingdom to the far parameters of Memphis and
Libya. Pharoah Piye was then succeeded by the two sons who were called;
PHAROAH SEBITKU PHAROAH TAHARQA
Pharaoh Taharqa through expansionism created the largest empire which united both the North and South of Egypt, he was succedded by Pharoah Tanutamun.
Overtime and decades, the Nubian became Christians, subsequently converted to Islam and Arabization to this present day.
THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT
In the year(s) 3300 BC, Egypt was divided into two autonomous kingdoms which were called the;
UPPER KINGDOM
(TA – SHEMAU)
LOWER KINGDOM (TA – MEHU)
Around 3150 BC, the process of the unification of both kingdoms was initiated
by and thereafter the first ruler emerged being,
PHAROAH NARMER It is emphasized that out that at the end of fourth millennium, the dynastic
period began when Egypt was ruled by royalties and this period was called the;
PHAROAH DYNASTIES Over the epochs of time Egypt underwent changes politically and otherwise
which resulted in having the;
OLD KINGDOM
NEW KINGDOM MIDDLE KINGDOM
INTERMEDIATE PERIOD After the unification of Egypt the country underwent a great process of
urbanization, which process made her to emerge as a very rich and powerful kingdom. This New Kingdom covered huge areas including but not limited to the Kingdom of Nubia, Kingdom of Kush, Kingdom of Wawat, Somalia, Ethopia
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and Libya. The expansionism of Egypt resulted in her becoming an empire that also touched the regions of Asia. In the process thereof, she made tremendous
gains in the context of;
RESOURCE MINERALS AND OTHERWISE. AGRICULTURAL LAND(S). INTELLECTUAL CULTURE AND ADVANCEMENT.
Given her stature as an imperial power, Egyptians navigated the seas and visited other civilizations such as the;
MACEDONIAN PTOLEMICS.
HELENISTIC KINGDOMS. ROMAN EMPIRE.
On reverting to the issue of trade, Egypt conducted trade with the interior of Africa whereby she acquired exotic goods, animals, minerals, wood and slaves.
In this process of trade, Egypt used Nubia as the corridor with the Tropical Africa. It must be pointed out that the interaction between Egypt and Nubia went as far back as at the period of the Old Kingdom up to the Persian
Conquest of Egypt in 525 BC. Then Egypt subsequently effected a policy of formal imperial exploitation of the territories under her control and power, in particular Nubia. The Egyptians
expected annual tributes from the conquered territories, when these tributes were given to the Pharaoh at the Royal Court there would be celebration which
inter-alia included the;
TRIBUTE GAMES (COMPETITION)
which involved wrestling, archery and so on. In these games the Nubia champions participated. It be stated that the Egyptian recruited the best of
Nubian wrestlers and archers into the army, even made special elite forces out of them. It is through this elite incorporation into the military that the Nubia
ways of combat got introduced to up the sophistication of the Egyptian Martial Science. The Martial Science was long introduced in Egypt as pointed out below;
[H]Erodotus the father of Greek history categorically stated that, long
before REMESES II ruled both Egypt and Ethiopia perhaps as far as 8000 BC, boxing and wrestling was introduced to Egypt from Ethiopia. The martial science of Egypt was to a large and greater extent a derivative from
the Nubian martial arts of wrestling. Egyptians’ viewed martial art science with superb, sophistication definement and classified the martial combat of ancient Egypt and called it the;
AHA KEMET
(MARTIAL COMBAT OF ANCIENT EGYPT)
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Aha Kemet was a highly developed system and was categorized and designed as follows;
Aha Wesir – which contained maneuvers of all techniques of ancient
(Egypt). Aha Selesh – which was to push the opponent away in order to get
their weapon.
Aha Mentjw – which was used in urban environment and close quarter combat and disarming the defences of the opponent.
Aha Tahtib – which was the styles of stick fighting or weaponry.
The Nubian and Egyptian martial arts focused their spectrum of teachings and
training on the dynamics of;
MEDITATION.
CONCENTRATION. BREATHING.
CORRECT APPLICATION. This was crucial in order to unleash the inner power of the inner forces and
spirituality. The definements of these martial arts was constituted as following; KA: which means the vital force or energy of the soul, and also meaning the
body. RA: which means to keep awake or on watch.
TE: which means the hand. ABRIDGED SOURCE: JOHN GROMBACH –THE SAGA OF THE FIST – RS. BARNESS AND CO. PUBLISHING
It is obvious from the above definement that the original sense of the word
KARATE in the Egyptian language (kemetic) was the following,
[T]he way to Bring Forth and Draw out the Power or Essence of the Spirit. The ancient Nubians and Egyptians fundamentally knew and perfectly
understood that the spiritual body was much more powerful than the physical body with the ultimate outcome of true enlightenment. The outcome of training
this martial arts was the production of Egyptian warriors that were;
MOST EFFICIENT.
MOST FEARED. MOST BRUTAL. MOST DISCIPLINED.
This unique militaristic discipline caused that in the entire kingdom they
acquire great respect, tribute and fame. The Egyptian documented their martial art in the Papyri and was entitled the;
BOOK OF MARTIAL COMBAT
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(IN THE ANCIENCT EDFU TEMPLE)
The proposition advanced that Africa is the source of martial arts is acknowledged and confirmed by one of the greatest Grandmaster of modern Karate being;
SOSAI MASUTATSU OYAMA
[T]he oldest known records concerning combat techniques, hieroglyphic scrolls from Egypt tombs date as far back as 4000 year BC describing
military training fights similar to boxing (Ngumi) and wrestling (MKAZO NCHA SHIKANA). Making ancient Egypt (Kemet) the first record of martial arts in general and making martial art as a part of the Curriculum of the
Ancient Egypt Mysteries. ABRIDGED SOURCE: MASUTATSU OYAMA – ADVANCED KARATE –
PUBLISHED BY JAPAN PUBLICATION, TOKYO 1969.
It noted that Egypt became the epicenter of civilization, conducted international trade, conducted diplomatic ties with other nations such as in,
EUROPE ASIA
FAR EAST Thereby through these vibrant interrelationships and activities, the Egyptian
martial arts began to spread out into the world whereby speciation adaptation, additions and integration was done in order to meet the local needs and environment.
THE DECLINE OF THE EGYPTIAN EMPIRE
The Egyptian empire in its apex was ruled by many dynasties of Pharaohs and some of the greatest ones are mentioned below (without discounting others);
PHAROAH MENTUHOTEP II
PHAROAH INTEF I PHAROAH INTEF II PHAROAR SENUSRET III
PHAROAH HATSHEPSUT PHAROAH SNEFERU PHAROAH REMESSES I
PHAROAH REMESSES, THE GREAT II PHAROAH REMESSES III
PHAROAH KUFU PHAROAH KAMOSE PHAROAH AMENEMHART III
PHAROAH THUTMOSE III PHAROAH AMENHOTEP PHAROAH USERKAF
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PHAROAH SETI I PHAROAH PSAMTIK I
PHAROAH TUTANKHAMEN PHAROAH MENKAURA
PHAROAH TAHARQA PHAROAH CLEOPATRA
The Pharaoh(s) wielded an immense political, social, religious and cultural power and image. He was a demigod. Some of them commissioned the building of temples and pyramids. It is common cause that the greatest enemy to
civilization, empires and kingdoms its time. It is an axiomatic factor that every civilization or empire has its moment of troubles, downfall and extinction. One
such problem became the revolts, that took place in Nubia, and these revolts or uprisings caused that an army to be marched into Sudan under;
PHAROAH SESOSTRIS II
The uprisings were crashed and replaced with order. THE INVASION AND FALL OF EGYPT
Overtime the Egyptian Empire had to face a much more threat from the Persians. Then in 525 BC the Persian King Cambyses invaded and conquered
Egypt and he declared himself to be pharaoh under the name;
PHAROAH MESUTI-RE (ACHAEMENID EMPIRE)
And he ruled an empire called the;
ACHAEMENID EMPIRE
some of the successor to Mesuti-Re, Pharoah were;
DARIUS I, THE GREAT. ARTEXERXES I.
XERXES. DARIUS II. ARTAXERXES III.
In 332 BC, Pharoah Mazaces had an unfortunate position of having to confront
the Macedonian Armies, given the sizes and the might of these invaders under;
ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
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He surrendered and gave up Egypt to Alexander the Great. These developments were highly welcomed by native Egyptians and they considered Alexander the
Great to be a liberator, and also marked the end of the;
ACHAEMENID EMPIRE. Alexander the Great proceeded to found the great city of Alexandria. He then gave control of Egypt to his friend called Ptolemy as he went to Asia. When
news reach him (Ptolemy) that Alexander the Great was dead in Asia, he quickly proclaimed himself pharaoh and founded the;
PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY One is requested to view a visual material called,
ALEXANDER THE GREAT. The Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt for three hundred years. The last native
king to rule Egypt was;
PHAROAH NECTANEBO II At the apex of the Roman Empire, Egypt eventually became a Roman province
more pronouncedly during the reign of;
CLEOPATRA’S DYNASTY
Wherein the statesman of Rome, Julius Ceaser, Mark Anthony and many
others acted in the political and military landscape of Egypt. When the Roman Empire disintegrated and died, Egypt was then conquered and become a province of the;
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
On the recent times and note, the martial art of Capoeira was developed by the Africans during the;
TRANS ANTLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
(AFRICAN HOLOCAUST OF ENSLAVEMENT)
which saw many Africans being shipped to the America to become slaves. In the slave quarters the slaves created a rudimentary fighting style as a system
of fighting back against the cruel slave drivers. These Africa slaves would then be practicing their martial arts under the guise that it was a song, drum dance enterprice but in actual fact training one of the most dynamic martial arts
called;
CAPOEIRA The African slaves in other regions also developed their unique martial arts
such as;
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AFRICAN AMERICAN MARTIAL (YA OR KWA).
ASILIA AVITA SANAA. AFRICAN BRAZILIAN MARTIAL ART (CAPOEIRA).
AFRICAN-CUBA MARTIAL ARTS (MANI). AFRICAN HATIAN MARTIAL ARTS (PINGE). AFRICAN-JAMACAN MARTIAL ARTS (MACHETE).
Concerning the issues of enslavement in the America one is persuaded to watch the visual material of;
ROOTS
DJANGO UNCHAINED TWELVE YEARS A SLAVE ROSEWOOD MASSACRE
AMISTAD
It is quite clear from the synopsys herein that the African continent has contributed greatly in the birth and evolution of the martial arts, the very martial arts that got speciated overtime, the world entire. The contribution of
the African continent in various fields was in recent time aptly louded and affirmed as thus:
[A]frican descent people to American shores for many generations, black people like all diverse cultural people have contributed to the origins and
evolution of what has become the historical and mosaic American society. So why not consider and respect the homeland places where people of African descent came from and would have such profound influences in
building and transforming America in all areas of life; literature, cuisine, religion, business, education, politics, architecture, music, sciences, technology, you name it! Abridged Source: John H. Stanfield II, President of the Africans-
Americas- Exchange Partnerships and Former interim Distingushed Professor and Founding Director of the Mogae International Development and Governance Research Institute. Mmegi, Volume 32 No. 8 of Friday 16 January 2015: Musings Of A Post Cold War Pan Africanist In Botswana.
INDIA AND MARTIAL ARTS (3000BC) BEYOND: OVERVIEW
Martial arts in India is very antique and could be traced beyond 3000 BC as was practiced in different ages. In the present work, the synopsis is to make a
window that can facilitate the broader perspective and appreciation of martial arts. It is common cause that India has contributed greatly and significantly in the upsurge, spiral development and growth of martial arts in Asia. She is
regarded as the mother of the two important systems in the world which are:
BUDDHISM
BAREHANDED MARTIAL ARTS
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And these two systems impacted the entire world and civilizations. She is one of the oldest world civilizations that contributed much to mankind. Around
3000 BC, the Hindu Warrior Class practiced the martial art system called the Sanskirt for the maintenance of social order and military defences. Also to
protect the Hindu Royalist and the country from foreign invasions. Overtime the Sanskirt martial arts became complex and sophisticated, through
this transformation emerged the most powerful and dynamic system called:
KALARIPAYAT – KERELA
This was around the 4th century AD. The very system was infused with yoga
and further produced the complexity of body movements and techniques. It is within this period of the;
GUPTA EMPIRE (240 -480 AD)
That the Indian martial arts experienced their greatest heights of development and excellence, which also resulted in the final identification of the one
hundred and seven vital points on the human body. This was in the Sushruta Samhita. Subsequently, this knowledge was used in the medical discipline called;
AYURVEDA
And in every martial arts learning and institution. This teaching and training approach was very much common in the martial arts systems of;
VARMA KALAI
The significance of martial arts in India was enhanced when King Narasimhavarman during the;
PALLAVA DYNASTY
(630 AD)
Decreed that granite sculptures of warriors in unarmed combat be made throughout the kingdom, same depicting various martial arts such as the;
AGNI PURAMA
It has been averred that these systems were so advance in that, within its teachings the speciality in the muscular and nuerological science, which was termed Marma was integral, and provided the unique definements of the nodal
points of the human body that were also used in Indian Surgeries. At this juncture, the student(s) are persuaded to watch the visual material named;
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KUNGFU VS YOGA
In order to window the intrinsic sophistication, complexity and aesthetic nature of these Indian systems. The diversity of martial arts in India was prevalent,
numerous systems existed and herein below, some are windowed which are:
VAJRA MUSHTI
THANG –TA GATKA MEITEI
MUKNA MALLA – YUDDHA
INBUAN SILAMBAM VARMA ATI
KUTTU VARISAI SARIT SARAK
MUKTI YUDDHA PEHLWANI KALAPIPPAYATTU
AGNI PURAMA VERMA KALAI
When we take one of these systems being the;
AGNI PURAMA Its dissection reveals that the richness of the system contained the following
five dimensions:
YANTRA – MUKTA: which uses projectile weapons.
MUKTA – SANDHARITA: which use both hurling and
projectile weapons.
PAI – MUKTA: which uses hurling weapons.
HASTA – SASTRA: which uses swordship. BAHU – YUDDHA: use bare hands combat.
The aforesaid diversity within the style produced exceptional warrior students and scholars. It was common cause that, only the Brahmin were recognized
teachers of these martial arts. Around the 13th Century AD, the two great dynasties of;
CHERA DYNASTY CHOLA DYNASTY
Were engaged in prolonged warfare, and during these periods the styles of Verma Kalai and Kalaripayat were utilized intensively and these then caused
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the dynamic transformations within the context of the respective system. Thereby resulting in the emergence of the two powerful systems of martial arts
which were called;
KALARIPPAYATTU MALLA – YUDDHA
In the same vein, Northern India was invaded and conquered in 1526 -1857 AD by the Persians of Mongol descent and these were great experts and masters in their martial arts of wrestling and mounted archery. This period was
historically referred to as;
THE MOGHALS ERA During the era aforesaid, the Mongol masters and experts took the various
styles found in India which were the;
MALLA – YUDDHA AGNI PURAMA VARMA KALAI
Integrated them with their own version of martial arts. They ultimately produced one of the most dynamic martial arts system ever which was named;
PEHLWANI
Which system prevailed in popularity and best practice to this present day. For point of slight deviation, in 1804 the British Colonial Government banned
the martial arts system of Kalaripayat and others being one of the ways of controlling the riots and anti-colonialism activities.
THE INTEGRATION AND IMPACT OF ZEN BUDDHISM ON MARTIAL ARTS
Around the 6th century AD, Zen Buddhism was a very strong religion in India. It was followed by many of the Warrior Class groups who some were the monks. One such individual who was himself, a distinguished champion in
the martial arts of wrestling, swordplay, archery and marma was;
SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA He was born a Prince of Kanchipura (483 AD) in Southern India, to the Royal
Sardilli Family. His half brother was called Prince Nanda. He was the third son of King Sugandha. Prince Siddhartha Gautama belonged to the special caste of the;
KSHATRIYA WARRIOR CASTE
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Latter on, he went to Madres for further education and training. This was in his preparation to take over the Kingship of his father. This was around 500
AD. However, at Madres an extraordinary development occurred to Siddhartha Gautama in that, he was exposed to the original teachings of Bhuddhist which
forever transformed his original adventure and life. Consequently, he forfeited his inheritance, princely position and became a monk.
He went to study with a Hindu teacher called Prajnatra, who specialize in Hindu religious teachings. He remained with his teacher Prajnatra, until the death of same. Overtime, Siddhartha Gautama became more gifted, wise
enlightened and more spiritually powered in the ways of Buddhism. The more he advanced, the more he was spiritually empowered and ultimately he gained
the enlightenment that caused him to become referred to as the;
DUDDHA DHARMA
After the death of his teacher, Buddha Dharma (Tamo) heard that China was
undergoing transformations in Buddhism but in a different way and form. Given this situation, he gave himself a personal mission to go to China and when in China he taught the authentic Buddhism.
It must be noted that India, China, Korea, Japan and Europe had long standing trade and political relations since ancient times. Thus it was not a
stranger thing that Buddha Dharma knew of same and had to go there as a personal mission. This relationship through trade and other matters was often
referred to as;
THE SILK ROAD
These relationship went far beyond the years of 600 BC wherein the;
DIPLOMATS, MERCHANTS,
MONKS, SCHOLARS, WARRIORS
Were interacting at highest levels. It was be pointed out that when one views
the martial arts in India, should do so with the understanding and or appreaciation that same was divided into two and according to the regions of the country. There was the martial arts which were classified as the;
NORTHERN MARTIAL ARTS: which systems of martial arts got
influence by social and cultural interaction with other nations thence
impacting on the context and diversity of martial arts therein. This was so because the Northern region was easily accessible because of the Silk
Road.
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SOUTHERN MARTIAL ARTS: Which were preserved intact because they
did not get exposed to the foreign influence, thence they remained medieval in their nature and context.
Wherefore, when the above spectrum is held in place it will make the appreciation of India’ martial arts more clearly and appropriately.
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CHAPTER FIVE
THE MARTIAL ARTS BEGINNINGS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
(BOTSWANA)
(THE FIRST EXPANSIONARY PERIOD, 1972-1979)
THE INITIATIVES OF ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (KGALE)
he St. Joseph’s College was founded in 1947 in the Gaborone
Administrative District, and it’s the oldest Catholic Mission School in
the country. The general position of the college administration was
conservative, despite this fact, the College produced exceptional students
academically and otherwise. The College was adequate in the context of extra-
mural activities which included,
WEIGHTLIFTING
BOXING
BALLROOM DANCE
SOFTBALL
NETBALL
SQUASH
ATHLETICS
FOOTBALL
MUSIC
TENNIS
However as regarding the martial arts of Karate, Kungfu, Judo and Jui Jutsu
there was absolutely none. In 1970-1972 St Joseph’s College had two
prominent martial artists who specialized in the systems of Kungfu and Jui-
Jutsu and these were;
SENSEI JOSEPH “BOSSY” SEKETE AND,
SENSEI CLEMENT MASE
each originating from Lobatse and Mahalapye respectively. They were not
permitted to teach these martial arts to anyone in the college because the
administration viewed same with disdain. Then they were joined by Sempai
Patrick ‘Solomzi’ Makgabenyana in 1972. The trio began to train and practiced
T
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in seclusion amongst themselves, and this very activity attracted the attention
and interest of other students in the college. Towards the end of 1972, a
sizeable number of students openly approach Sempai Makgabenyana for
instructions in martial arts and these then were taught secretly in the bush for
fear of the administration under Rev.Fr. John Corrighan. The students
concerned were:
SEMPAI LINCOLN MOLEFE
SEMPAI CEASAR MBUYA
SEMPAI KGABUNG SPEAR TLALE
SEMPAI NDUME MARIPE
SEMPAI WILLIAM PHOLOKO
SEMPAI RAPHAEL CHEPETE
SEMPAI CREASURE TLHONG
SEMPAI AUBREY PONO VAN
VUUREN
SEMPAI NYAKALE PILANE
SEMPAI EDGAR MOKGOSI
SEMPAI THOMAS FOX MOOKETSE
SEMPAI AUBREY MOLATLHWE
SEMPAI ZACHARIA GALEBOE
SEMPAI HANGERO KAPEKO
SEMPAI HERBERT MOLEFE
SEMPAI REBAONE KGOPO
SEMPAI JOHANNES TSUMAKE
SEMPAI BEAVER KUBOYATAU
SEMPAI PHILLIP MOEPENG
The above named became the founders of the St. Joseph’s Martial Arts School,
and overtime the membership increased dramatically to include:
SEMPAI RONALD MOGALAKWE
KHUMO.
SEMPAI MOAGI SENOMBE.
SEMPAI MICHAEL VAN WYK.
SEMPAI PATRICK MASOKWANE.
SEMPAI TITUS MABENA.
SEMPAI CONRAD MABEO.
SEMPAI VICTOR GUNDA.
SEMPAI MOTHUSI THONG.
SEMPAI WILLIAM MOSEKI.
SEMPAI THULAGANYO MOGOBE.
SEMPAI BUSHY LENLY HIRCHFELT.
SEMPAI SEJAMAFHOKO
MATHEATAU.
SEMPAI MICHAEL LEBOGANG
MOTLHABI.
SEMPAI OTLHABANE MASIRE.
SEMPAI LESEDI MATLHARE.
SEMPAI JOSEPH BONOLO.
SEMPAI KENETH TAU.
SEMPAI SEFAKO MOTSAMAI.
SEMPAI MOLEMOGENG PITSO.
SEMPAI ROBERT MOLEFABANGWE.
SEMPAI GILBERT SEKGOMA.
SEMPAI PELONTLE MPOTOKWANE.
SEMPAI JOSEPH DINTWE.
SEMPAI MICHAEL MASUNGA.
SEMPAI MATHEWS WIGGET.
SEMPAI PHILLIMON BROWN
MMOKELE.
SEMPAI DONALD SEBOKO.
SEMPAI TUMMIE MOTSUMI.
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SEMPAI JOSEPH THUPE
SEMPAI BUSHY MOLAYABATHO.
SEMPAI GAOLEBALE
MOTLHANKANA.
When Sempai Makgabenyana noted the large numbers under his
instructorship, he approached the principal of the college Rev. Fr. John
Corrighan for permission to use the school hall for training martial arts. The
principal refused and when the students were informed about the refusal to
use the hall they resolved to continue training in the bush, and at convenient
time in the weightlifting hall. The Boarding Master Mr. Tshepe who was from
Francistown, a former boxer who had worked in South Africa supported the
martial arts club and continued to persuade the principal but to no avail.
Then Rev. Fr. John Corrighan was transferred from the college, a new
headmaster took over being Rev. Fr. Arthur. The new Headmaster openly
embraced martial arts and he acceded to the representations of the St.
Joseph’s martial arts club. He gave them full use of the Hall for their training
and went on to secure some basic training equipments. Six weeks after the
relocation into the college hall, the martial arts club then conducted its first
martial arts demonstration in the school. This act won the appreciation of the
students and the teachers in the college. From this very point the club secured
the patronage of Mr. Patrick Mphakalatsi, a Lesotho National and teacher at St.
Joseph’s College. Other teachers who also supported the club were Mr.
Kgomotso Mogapi and Mr. Vincent Paulos.
The intensification of training and the support given to the club ensured that
the St Joseph’s College martial arts became strong, and eventually began to
engage itself with counterparts such as the;
GABORONE SECONDARY SCHOOL KARATE CLUB.
SEEPAPITSO SECONDARY SCHOOL KARATE CLUB.
MOEDING SECONDARY SCHOOL KARATE CLUB.
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which were under the directorship of the BLAKADO Karate Dojo of the
University of Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland-Gaborone Campus.
THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD OF MARTIAL ARTS (Botswana).
The martial arts activities were widespread and very much involved in that
Sensei Hussain Gatogang Pandor, Sensei Vusimuzi Ndlovu, Sensei James
Thorne, Sensei Fish Tuelo Masilo, Sensei Daniel Moncho and Sensei Shiellar
Mothofela were all over the country teaching the young aspirants martial arts,
with the point of establishing clubs and followership. This was follow up to the
efforts of BLAKADO Karate School (UBLS) which was well established in the
Gaborone Secondary School, Moeding College and Seepapitso Secondary
School. In the same measure, Sempai Makgabenyana extended his teachings to
other Secondary Schools such as;
KGARI SECHELE SECONDARY SCHOOL, UNDER SEMPAI
MAKANA TIZZA TYIBILIKA AND SEMPAI CARTHAGE
MOTLHABANE SORINYANE.
MOLEFI SECONDARY SCHOOL, UNDER SEMPAI LEBEOUS
PELOEWETSE, SEMPAI PHINDA KEEBINE AND SEMAPI GARVIN
MOREBODI.
SHASHE RIVER SECONDARY SCHOOL, UNDER SEMPAI SHARIFF
JOSEPH PANDOR AND SEMPAI MOSES SEEPA.
Eventually, a network of cross tournaments among the secondary schools
emerged and got sustained for many years thereafter. This then resulted in the
annual event known as the Inter Secondary Schools All Karate Championship
during the 1980-1990 decade. This period of intensed interaction was amongst
the students romanticized as the apostolic period because each martial arts
school (club) was under the urge of winning many followers to its system of
martial arts.
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THE MOEDING COLLEGE AND SEEPAPITSO SECONDARY SCHOOL (1970 -
1980)
The Moeding College was founded in 1962 by the UCCSA Mission, and it is
situated in Otse village. The College is now a neighbour to the Botswana’s
International Police Academy which is at Mogobane. In complete contrast to St
Joseph’s College, the Moeding College martial arts club did not experience
negativity from the administration. The college was then under the Headship of
Rev.Fr. Maltus Smith. From the onset Rev. Fr Smith supported the
introduction of martial arts which was made under the patronage of the
teacher named Mr Cox.
Given this dispensation, the Moeding College Martial Arts Club prospered in
many ways and got assistance from the BLAKADO Karate Dojo through the
individuals such as;
THABO FAKO SENSEI.
SKIPPER KESUPILE SENSEI.
KOOS CHAKA SENSEI.
TEFO MOKAILA SENSEI.
SPUNA KESUPILE SENSEI.
LOUIS FISCHER SENSEI.
SAKIE LOW SENSEI.
MAGANA CHAUKA SENSEI.
This was possible and tangible because the Moeding College was the satelite of
the BLAKADO Karate Dojo. The consequence of this technical support caused
that the Moeding College become a powerful force to contend with in the
Secondary Schools martial arts contests. She was seconded by the Seepapitso
Secondary School which was under the guidance of;
SENSEI MAGANA CHAUKA
SENSEI CHICKEN KUKU KESUPILE
SENSEI ABRAM SPUNA KESUPILE
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The Seepapitso Secondary School was founded in 1950 and likewise, she was
the BLAKADO Karate Dojo satellite. Reverting to Moeding College, the college
ultimately produced distinguished exponents who were;
ANTHONY SIBIYA SENSEI.
SYLVESTER DIFAKO SELEKA
SENSEI.
SEBOTSO MOLEFE SENSEI.
LETA LOKWALO MOSIENYANE
SENSEI.
TIKOLOGO OLEHILE SENSEI.
EMMANUEL SEBOKONE SENSEI.
CARLMOND MOGALAKWE SENSEI.
MOSIENYANE MOSIENYANE SENSEI.
The Moeding College, Seepapitso Secondary School and Gaborone Secondary
School were doing the Shukokai Karate Do. The Gaborone Secondary School
was dualistic in martial arts in that some persued the Shukokai Karate Do and
Jeet Kune Do. Those in Jeet Kune Do were exponents such as;
SENSEI JOHN SETILO.
SENSEI TOM TLADI.
SENSEI NATHAN KGABI.
And their martial arts instructor was Kyoshi James Thorne who was a 7th Dan
Black Belt at the time.
THE PROLIFERATION OF MARTIAL ARTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
The martial arts entered many secondary schools in the 1980 decade. The
driving forces behind these developments was the fact that students were
changing schools, especially after the completion of their Junior Certificate.
Secondly, due to the inter-secondary schools martial arts tournaments. The
overall impact and output was the fact that martial arts was now found in
many of these schools:
SHASHE RIVER SCHOOL.
MATER SPEI COLLEGE.
SELEBI PHIKWE SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
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TUTUME MC CONNELL’S COLLEGE.
FRANCISTOWN SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
MADIBA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
LOTSANE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
LOTLHAKANE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
SWANENG HILL SCHOOL.
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
MAUN SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MACHA SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
KGARI SECHELE SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
MOLEFHI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
LOBATSE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
KAGISO SECONDARY SCHOOL.
NALEDI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MOSHUPA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
GANTSI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
Therefore, the ultimate meaning of these developments was that martial arts
was now well rooted and established in the country. Thus giving credence to
the fact that the Secondary Schools in Botswana actually became the cradle of
martial arts. It is note worthy to mention that, many special individuals
contributed greatly in the effective rooting and development of martial arts in
the Secondary Schools in Botswana. Some of these are mentioned in
acknowledgement of the huge effort and sacrifices that they have made towards
the very process;
SENSEI TOM TLADI.
SENSEI JOHN SETILO.
SENSEI LESEGO BARUTI.
SENSEI NATHAN KGABI.
SENSEI THABO FAKO.
SENSEI SOPHISTO
NTHOBATSANG.
SENSEI JACKY PHUREGO.
SENSEI SPUNA KESUPILE.
SENSEI RAYMOND NYONI.
SENSEI SKIPPER KESUPILE.
SENSEI MARTIN TSHUKUDU.
SENSEI JOSEPH SHARIFF
PANDOR.
SENSEI TEFO MOKAILA.
SENSEI PHINDA KEEBINE.
SENSEI NUNU LESETEDI
SENSEI GARVIN MOREBODI.
SENSEI LEBBEOUS
PELOEWETSE.
SENSEI MAGANA CHAUKA.
SENSEI RON CHAUKA.
SENSEI CHIPPO GAOBAKWE.
SENSEI SYLVESTER SELEKA.
SENSEI MARX NGWAKO.
SENSEI LETA L. MOSIENYANE.
SENSEI PATRICK MOKULA.
SENSEI MARX MOPHUTING.
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SENSEI PERCIVAL M.
MTHETHWA.
SENSEI MOTHUSI TLHONG.
SENSEI THABO KEREKANG.
SENSEI TIZZAR M. TYIBILIKA.
SENSEI MADALA MPALE.
SENSEI LOUIS FISHER.
SENSEI THAPELO GATOGANG.
SENSEI MOSALA MOSALA.
SENSEI MMOSHE MOOKODI.
SENSEI PHILLIP TSUMAKE.
SENSEI JOSEPH PATLO.
SENSEI PEPE SCREW
MOSIMANEGAPE.
SENSEI EDMOND MOYO.
SENSEI MICHAEL LEBOGANG
MOTLHABI.
SENSEI REEVES LESIGE.
SENSEI SAMUEL RAMAEBA.
SENSEI ALEC TIRO.
SENSEI ALBERT
KGENGWENYANE.
SENSEI EDMUND DLADLA.
SENSEI MONTY MOKETSANE.
SENSEI SIMON TLHONG.
SENSEI CREASURE TLHONG.
SENSEI COLLIN NYATSHANE.
and many more. The above is intended to be a window of the outstanding
contributions of martial artist of the past.
THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND MARTIAL ARTS.
On the different note, martial arts in the Primary Schools in Botswana is not
well established and prevalent. However is it found in the English Medium
Schools. In the Government Schools (Primary Schools) it is not found save that
some pupils have the advantage of parents and or relatives who do sponsor
them to martial arts dojos. This deficit is chronic in the remote parts of the
country than in the city areas. However, the Oikado Martial Arts School,
Strategic Committee developed the concept and programme aimed at out-
reaching and assisting the remote areas with the implementation of martial
arts discipline in the primary schools. This initiative was prompted by the
research findings which pointed out the following;
The majority of the Batswana Primary School going children do love
the Martial Arts but do not have access to the books, coaches and
formal dojo’s and finally cannot afford fees for expert’s attention.
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The Primary Schools are the reservoirs and resources of raw
materials for future Martial Artists, and this resource is unexploited
for the optimum benefit of Martial Arts fraternity.
The cycle between the Secondary Schools, Tertiary and Primary
Schools must be completed in order to achieve a holistic national
framework of Martial Arts development for the country’s citizens and
future.
That the Oikado Senior students should be resourced to conduct
preliminary coaching clinics that can cultivate better ground for
further development, and that the Primary School Teachers inclined
towards Martial Arts be motivated and resourced with technical and
administrative skills inorder to gain effective potential, capacity and
viability in the schools.
It must however, be pointed out that the major constraints are the lack of
financial resources to the Oikado Martial Arts School, as thus the programmes
are self sponsored. In that there is no financial assistance from the
Government and or the Botswana National Sports Council. Above all, it is now
incumbent on the Botswana Primary Schools Sports Association (BOPSSA) to
motivate and advocate for the full introduction of martial arts in their schools.
THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS HOSTING THE KARATE CHAMPIONSHIPS
The All Secondary Schools Karate Championships had been hosted by several
Secondary Schools in the 1980-1999 decade. They are mentioned below as a
special tribute for their dedication in martial arts. These schools are:
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MOEDING COLLEGE.
ST. JOSEPHS COLLEGE.
NALEDI SEC SCHOOL.
MOSHUPA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
SELEBI PHIKWE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MASUNGA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
SHASHE R. SECONDARY SCHOOL.
GABORONE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
KGARI SECHELE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MOLEFI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MADIBA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
FRANCISTOWN SECONDARY SCHOOL.
LOBATSE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MC CONNELL’S COLLEGE.
SEEPAPITSO SECONDARY SCHOOL.
Furthermore, it is important to mention that in all these occasions the
participants and spectators were most satisfied about the management and
quality of the events. However on the side note, the following must be pointed
out;
The leaders of the Secondary Schools Martial Arts Clubs were
ordinary students in the and were from the big clubs such as:
BLAKADO KARATE DOJO.
SAILONG KUNGFU SCHOOL.
TSOSAMOTSE KARATE DOJO.
SHUKOKAI DRAGON DOJO.
SHOTOKAN KARATE DOJO.
FUKAYAMA KUNG FU SCHOOL.
OIKADO MARTIAL ARTS SCHOOL.
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That through these Secondary Schools Martial Arts Clubs, the culture of
martial arts began to spread, to be acknowledged and pervacive in
Botswana.
That all these clubs initially were not welcomed by the Administration of
their Schools (save a few). Consequently, they were never afforded the
opportunity of having basic training equipments. Thus the students
pooled their resources, efforts and forged ahead. However the exception
existed among the teachers who strongly gave support to these embronic
Clubs.
That all the schools concerned, concerted with each other, forged an
interactive strategy, planning and sharing of their technical knowledge
and strategies in order to overcome their inherent problems.
That the students who ultimate qualified at Tertiary and University levels
as teachers came back into these Secondary Schools, and thereat
improved and advanced the cause of martial arts in the secondary
schools in Botswana.
On the finer note, it must be pointed out that the BLAKADO Karate Dojo,
Sensei Gatogang Hussain Pandor, Sensei Fish Masilo, Sensei Vuzimuzi Ndlovu,
Sensei James Thorne, Sensei Daniel Moncho, Sensei Sheillar Mothofela they
cultivated, grounded and uplifted martial arts in Botswana consequently no
one can lay any better claim to this historic fact and reality, than them.
Through their audacity, hard work and sacrifices martial arts entered the 1980
decade with a profound drive and vision. Given this validation and
dispensation no single individual can ever lay a better claim to these
achievements and developments than these men, whatsoever.
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THE BOTSWANA’S FIRST NATIONAL ALL STYLES KARATE
CHAMPIONSHIPS (1978).
In October 1978, the BLAKADO Martial Arts School through the efforts of
prominent individuals such as, Sensei Thabo Fako, Sensei Tefo Mokaila, Sensei
Simon Seisa and Sensei Spuna Abram Kesupile caused that the Botswana’s
First All Styles Martial Arts National Tournament be held at Gaborone. This
tournament was referred to as The All Styles National Karate Tournament,
which was hosted in the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland-
Gaborone Campus, and the Clubs that participated were the following:
BLAKADO KARATE SCHOOL.
THE TSOSAMOTSE KARATE SCHOOL.
THE SAILONG KUNG FU SCHOOL.
THE DRAGON SHUKOKAI SCHOOL.
THE SHOTOKAN KARATE SCHOOL (LOBATSE/GABORONE).
THE FUKUYAMA KUNG FU SCHOOL (LOBATSE).
This event was the first ever to be held in Botswana, and it proved to have been
a great success in terms of crowd attendance, technical functions and
experience to all the Martial Artists involved. Ever since this time, no School of
Martial Arts to date has ever called for a similar tournament in Botswana. It
was during this occasion that the organizers of the event and the instructors
present namely;
SENSEI FISH TUELO MASILO.
KYOSHI JAMES THORNE.
SENSEI HUSSAIN PANDOR.
SENSEI VUSIMUZI NDLOVU.
SENSEI PATRICK MAKGABENYANA.
SENSEI MOSIMANEGAPE MOTHOFELA.
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convened a special meeting and deliberated on the aspect of creating an
umbrella organization that was to cater and make provisions for all Martial
Arts Styles and Schools in Botswana in the context of a National Organization
or Association. Thereon, to facilitate the occurrence of similar events in the
future in Botswana.
Pursuant to the above occasion and thereafter, several meetings were proposed
at inter club levels in order to further the objective of formation and
mechanism of the association but these couldn’t materialize. In this regard, the
concept was put at abeyance. However, in 1982, the remaining Martial Artists
adopted the concept, carried the action forward and consequently came up
with the formation of the Botswana Karate Association (BOKA) 1982.
THE STATUS OF FUKAYAMA KUNG FU SCHOOL (1975-1987).
The Fukayama Kung Fu School had graded many students in Martial Arts
through the advent participation of Sensei Hussain Pandor, Sensei Vusimuzi
Ndlovu, Kyoshi James Thorne and Sensei Fish Masilo and of those graded
were;
CARTHAGE MOTLHABANE SORINYANA.
GARVIN MOREBODI.
MAKANA TIZZAR TYIBILIKA.
SHARIFF JOSEPH PANDOR.
SIOUX KGOMETHA MOTLALEKGOSI
THULAGANYO MOGOBE.
MOSES SEBINA.
JACOB RALERU.
ALBERT KGENGWENYANA.
ZICKY SELETLHO.
RICHARD PHELEFU.
DOMINIC MAKGABENYANA.
STEPHEN SEBINA.
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TIMOTHY NGWENYA.
MANGY LOABILE.
MAC’ DONALD SEBINA.
GECKO KOLE MOLEFI.
PHINDA KEEBINE.
THABO KEREKANG.
SUZAN PENA KOLE.
OLBEN THOBEGA.
OTLHABANE MASIRE.
SHADRACK KGOSIEMANG.
CATHERINA MADUO MONGALA.
MONTY MOOKETSANE.
REEVES LESIGE.
SAMUEL RAMAEBA.
RAYMOND MATSAKE.
CHRISTINUS RAMULA.
MOTLHABI MICHAEL.
ELIAS NKALA.
ARTHUR MOGALE.
GILBERT MORERI.
EDWARD KEBARENG.
Some of these individuals went to the University of Botswana and established
their own section of Kung Fu School under the auspices of Fukuyana Kung Fu
School. The result of this move was the fact that Fukayama Kung Fu School
eventually acquired a stronghold in the University of Botswana. The individuals
who were fully charged with this exercise were;
SENSEI PHINDA KEEBINE.
SENSEI LEBBEOUS PELOEWETSE.
SENSEI GARVIN MOREBODI.
SENSEI MONTY MOOKETSANA.
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Sensei Peloewetse subsequently joined the sporting code of Softball, he
ultimately proved and acquired the stature of being the Botswana’s Best
Softball Pitcher. It is in this context that, when Sensei Patrick Makgabenyana
rejoined the University of Botswana, he consolidated this school and other
students and thereafter formerly introduced and established the Oikiru Ryu
Karate Jitsu Do (Oikado) Martial Arts System and School (1987). However,
some students continued to provide technical support to the Karate Clubs in
the Secondary Schools in Botswana, and thus propagated the fundamentals of
Oikado martial arts nationwide.
The Fukayama Kung Fu School had enjoyed, experienced the presence and
participation of exceptional Martial Arts Instructors since (1976) and some of
these were:
SENSEI CLYFFE MOLEFE FROM KGRUGERSDORP
(LEEUPARDSVLEI) SOUTH AFRICA (SHOTOKAN),
SENSEI CHARLES MTHOMBENI FROM ORLANDO (SOWETO)
SOUTH AFRICA (SHOTOKAN),
SENSEI HENRY MABOE (MAMELODI) SOUTH AFRICA
(KYOKUSHINKAI),
and these Martial Artists transformed the capacity of the School and made
Fukayama Kung Fu School to be one of the best and strongest martial arts
school in Southern Botswana . This status, correspondingly caused the said
school to have branches in Serowe, Francistown, Palapye, Gaborone, Mochudi,
Molepolole and Kanye. It is on this trend of expansion that the Fukayama Kung
Fu School increased in membership even after its conversion into the Oikado
Martial Arts School.
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The Fukayama Kung Fu School had the tradition of communion which is
basically an annual event whereby all the students and the instructors
assembled under one roof. Through this assemblage the students knew each
other, technical skills were exchanged, grading and tournaments were done.
This proved very successful and beneficial to all the concerned in this activity.
This tradition was introduced in 1976 and had been continued by the
succeeding instructors and students alike at different venues in the country
and when resources permitting.
However in the course of time, the School then experience the departures of
Sensei Clyffe Molefe for West German and that of Sensei Charles Mthombeni,
and Sensei Makgabenyana for Swaziland, and later to Kwa Zulu-Natal in South
Africa. Consequently the Fukayama Kung Fu School remained under the
principal stewardship of;
SENSEI FISH TUELO MASILO.
SENSEI ALBERT KGENGWENYANE.
SENSEI MOSIMANEGAPE SHEILLAR MOTHOFELA.
SENSEI THABO KEREKANG.
SENSEI GECKO MOLEFE KOLE.
SENSEI ALEC TIRO.
Many years thereafter, Sensei Mthombeni and Sensei Molefe returned overseas
and relocated in South Africa (1994).
It must be pointed out that, in 1979 Sensei Vusimuzi Ndlovu also left
Botswana for Nigeria and later on passed away in Zimbabwe. Kyoshi James
Thorne also returned to South Africa whereon he subsequently passed away.
The effort and diligent contributions of Sensei Phinda Keebine, Sensei
Lebbeous Peloewetse, Sensei Reeves Lesige (Late) Sensei Albert Kgengwenyane,
Sensei Samuel Ramaeba, Sensei Alec Tiro, Sensei Makana Tyibilika and Sensei
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Thabo Kerekang made the Fukanyama Kung Fu School to flourish significantly
and with vibrancy for many years.
THE PUBLIC AWARENESS ABOUT MARTIAL ARTS (1973-1979)
The public at large was being made aware about Martial Arts through several
means and approaches which included public demonstrations. One such
demonstrations was held in Mochudi Civic Hall near Molefi Senior Secondary
School (1979), by the Fukayama Kung Fu School, whereby the occasion was
graced by the presence and acknowledgement of Paramount Chief Lentswe II of
the Bakgatla people. On the other hand, the BLAKADO Karate Club made
publications in the Kutlwano Magazine. On similar note, the Shihon Dragon
Magazine of Durban, South Africa (1975) made an international story about the
efforts of Sensei Makgabenyana and was captioned as Botswana Goes Karate.
Thus adding an international dimension to the local Martial Arts because this
very magazine was of international circulation.
One must also point out this, the movies of the late Grandmaster Bruce Lee
such as the Enter the Dragon, The Big Boss. The Green Hornet, The Fist of
Furry, The Game of Death, and also The Eighteen Bronzemen (Shaolin Temple)
contributed greatly by increasing and sharpened the public awareness and
defined some acceptable enthusiasm of Martial Arts in Botswana.
THE WUSHU TEAM FROM THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (1976)
However, the most historical and direct experience of the Martial Arts in
Botswana occurred in 1976 when Botswana celebrated her 10th Anniversary of
Independence. During this period, our then President Sir. Seretse Khama
welcomed The People’s Republic of China Wushu Team (Squad) which gave
Batswana the first hand experience of Wushu Martial Arts. When the Chinese
Wushu Martial Arts Squad performed in Gaborone, Lobatse and other centres
in Botswana, many were exposed to the first hand quality of the Chinese
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Martial Arts, as a result the household name became that of Masuping. These
events and others not mentioned herein, ultimately sharpened the public
awareness and attention about the Martial Arts in Botswana. However, one
must point out that, this diplomatic relationship between Botswana and the
People Republic of China which commenced as far back as 1975, became a
definite precursor for the future international cooperation between these two
countries in decade yet to come.
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CHAPTER SIX
CHINA AND MARTIAL ARTS
(527 AD)
THE BUDDHA DHARMA IN CHINA (527 AD): OVERVIEW
n arrival in China, Buddha Dharma went to live in the capital city of
Liang which was in the Canton Province. He met with;
EMPEROR LIANG WU
(During the Liang Dynasty) after some years the two parted company on
grounds that they drastically differed in the theories of Buddhism. There was a
great difference between the;
EMPERORS BUDDHIST THEORY AND
BUDDHA DHARMA BUDDHIST THEORY
and these had ensued from 502-550AD. The Buddha, (Tamo) left the capital
Liang for Human Province. Human Province was the home of the;
SHAOLIN TEMPLE OF SONGSHAN.
When he got admitted into the Shaolin Temple he observed that the practicing
monks were meditating for long periods, and this caused them to be physically
weak due to prolonged meditation. He then complemented this meditation with
vigorous physical training activity from this training regiment he introduced
the Indian physical training system which he named the;
EIGHTEEN HANDS OF THE ENLIGHTENED MAN.
O
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He further combined all these with the unique method of meditation which was
called;
CHAN
and the Japanese subsequently called it Zen. When he realized that the monks
were transformed he then showed them how to translate these techniques into
combat. Thence the;
DHARMA MUSHTI SYSTEM
Of fighting was born for the monks. The translation of the above was as
thus;
DAHRMA MEANT THE TRUTH OF BUDDHISM
MUSHTI MEANT THE FIST
In the Chinese context the above translated into HO (DHARMA) and Chuan
(Mushti) Thus the new arts of the monks was named the;
CHUAN FA KUNG FU
Therefore Chuan Fa Kung Fu meant on broader context the Law of the First.
The above process went on to the extent that the animals fighting methods
were studied, then incorporated and coded into the scientific fighting systems
of;
THE DRAGON.
THE PHOENIX.
THE TIGER.
THE EAGLE.
THE CRANE.
THE SNAKE.
THE MANTIS.
THE HORSE
And so on. The refinement of these fighting systems eventually became the
most owerful and complex, sophisticated fight method ever produced that
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catapulted the monks to great reputations and respected in China and Asia as
a whole.
This then marked the genesis of the famous martial arts of the;
SHAOLIN KUNG FU
Inside the Shaolin temples the monks and the nuns were concentrated on the
refinement and various aspects of martial arts in the context of being;
PHILOSOPHICALLY.
SCIENTIFICALLY.
TECHNICALLY.
Practically and as such these system became distinctly Shaolin.
Consequently, the monks and nuns in the Shaolin Temple were able to defend
their fort against any attacks, and even some emperors acknowledged them
and sought their support whenever it was necessary. It is out of these intra-
transformations in the Shaolin Temple’s that the new breed of monks emerged
and these were classified as the;
FIGHTING MONKS OF THE SHAOLIN TEMPLE.
These were of great distinction and mostly revered to the extent that they were
often sourced for political and military purposes, when and if necessary. They
also went as far as Korea, Japan and Asia as a whole teaching same.
THE SHAOLIN TEMPLES AND OTHER COUNTRIES
In this period China was a great nation and power, it had allies such as Korea,
Japan, Okinawa and others in Asia. Trade, Education, Cultural exchange and
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other vital activities were ongoing amongst these nations. Buddhism was all
over and the Shaolin monks were highly sought after, revered and were pivotal
in the spread of Shaolin fighting system. Many Koreans, Japanese and
Okinawa’s came to study same in the various Shaolin Temples in China. After
gaining these vital skills and knowledge, they would go back to their homes
(countries) redefine, improve and incorporate local techniques thus coming up
with different but related versions of fighting arts. Conversely, martial arts
Kung Fu became translated into local version styles or languages as following;
THE OIKINAWANS AND THE JAPANESE TRANSLATED
SAME INTO KENPO. THUS MEANING THE SAME THING.
Another dimension that caused the spread of Shaolin Kung Fu was the role of
Buddhist priests who went to Korea, Japan, Oikinawa and in the cause of time
they imparted the fighting skills to the locals who were worthy of this
knowledge. This was prominent during the periods of political strife in China.
For the record, it must be pointed out that long before the arrival of Buddha
Dharma in China, from India, China had its martial arts systems which went
as far back as in the Neolithic Period, during the era of the Yellow Emperor.
What then DAMO (Buddha Dharma) did was to act as a catalyst towards the
invigoration, transformation and spreading of these ancient fighting systems.
On a different note, it is important to show that, the Shaolin Temples were not
entirely combat schools but rather a community based institution that which
provided various sciences in the areas of Painting, Music, Art, Medicine,
Writing, Pottery, Agriculture, Cooking, Shelter, Education, Philosophy,
Artisanship, Maths, History and so on. It was a special community composed
of Abbots, Monks, Nuns, Grandmasters, Masters, Desciples, Students and
Ordinary people. It had rules, regulations and laws that held it more intact and
systemically organized.
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THE ANCIENT MARTIAL ARTS STATUS IN CHINA (221-210 BC)
Martial Arts in China had existed as far back as in the Neolithic period during
the era of the great;
YELLOW EMPEROR CH’IN SHIH HUANG TI
The first emperor of China, who unified the Kingdoms and built the Great Wall
of China. This was about five thousand years ago before the arrival of Buddha
Dharma in China. In order to conserve the full details, a short chronology of
dynasty’s that were congruently involved with the martial arts development and
growth over the various ages are below mentioned;
THE SHANG DYNASTY (1523-1027 BC)
THE CHOU DYNASTY (1027- 256 BC)
THE CHOU DYNASTY (770-221 BC)
THE MING DYNASTY (1368-1644 AD)
In the above list one is compelled to add the era of the great teachers and
philosophers who were:
CONFUCIOUS AND SUN TSU (500 BC)
SHAOLIN ORDER (540 BC)
The above window is considered sufficing to validate the fact that China, our
Land, has a very long history on the science of Martial Arts and of great
significance is to mention the great;
EMPEROR XIO WEN (495 BC)
Who built the 1st Shaolin Temple in Shing Shan Mountains. This development
became the watershed that integrated Martial Arts and Buddhism. This then
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caused a new dimension of spiritual activity in Martial Arts. Thereby
propounding Martial Arts as a science of which impacts immensely on the
dimensions of
BODY
MIND
SPIRIT
This very approach was inherited and adopted by all the Martial Arts systems
found in Korea, Japan, Oikinawa and the world entire to this present day. The
premise for adopting the triad dimension of Martial Arts was grounded on the
fact that, one must through Martial Arts attain the highest and greatest heights
and dimension of human development, hence the found foundation of the
fundamental ideals of Martial Arts.
After the first Shaolin Temple was built, other provinces followed suit such as
in the;
KWANTUNG PROVINCE
WUTANG PROVINCE
FUKIEN PROVINCE
HENAN PROVINCE
OMEI SHAN PROVINCE
It is imperative to point out that whenever these institutions are discussed, it
must be noted that they attracted many scholars and practitioners in their
rank from Korea, Japan, Okinawa. These then after their study duration ended
they would return to their indigenous homelands, whereat they would integrate
the acquired knowledge and skills with indigenous ones. On the side note, the
students and the readers are persuaded to watch the visual material named.
THE EIGHTEEN BRONZEMEN
THE SHAOLIN TEMPLE
THE 36TH CHAMBER OF SHAOLIN
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THE FIVE FINGERS OF DEATH
MARCO POLO
In order to acquire gainful insights about some of the Shaolin Temple activities
and immensity (Depicting the saga of Shaolin Temples). The long and short of it
is this, the Shaolin Temples were the great institution of par excellence in
education and Martial Arts thence the reasons that many Japanese, Koreans
and Okinawa’s had to travel to China for their Martial Arts knowledge and
training.
THE SHAOLIN MARTIAL ARTS AND THE OFF SHOOT SYSTEMS.
The study of Martial Arts in the Shaolin Temples entailed two significant
dimensions which were;
THE TRAINING OF TECHNIQUES AND SKILLS
THE STUDY OF THE TEACHINGS AND
PHILOSOPHY
and these were mandatory. They were the essential components of the law of
the fist which was known as;
CHUAN/KENPO
Consequently, all those who had come to study in China were exposed to this
integral training and went back in that context. It is through to this specialized
education and training that overtime new systems emerged as the offshoots of
Shaolin training namely;
Karate, Ju Jutsu, Kendo, Judo, Ninjutsu and others, as they were products of
adaptation and various modifications in order to meet the indigenous needs
and environment. This then extended to the creations of Shatoryn, Seidokan,
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Sankukai, Shukokai, Seidokan, Kyokushinkai which were extended forms of
adaptation and speciation in the 1940 Decade.
On the political note and dimension, many Chinese ex-patriots fled from China
due to political reasons and they settled in places such as Japan, Korea,
Okinawa (Ryukyu Islands). Thereafter, they began imparting their knowledge to
the locals who then incorporated same with indegeneous knowledge and skill
to form new system of martial arts. A case in point was that of;
GRANDMASTER KASANKU
GRANDMASTER CHEN YUAN YUN
GRANDMASTER HSING-YI-TODE AND,
GRANDMASTER TUNG GEE HSING
Who taught many Okinawa’s martial arts and those who were distinct were;
GRANDMASTER ANKO AZTO
GRANDMASTER GICHIN FUKANOSHI
GRANDMASTER ANKO ITOSU
The ex-patriots who came to these new places were composed of exceptional
individuals who were;
Scholars, Teachers, Doctors, Artisans, Warriors, Monks, Philosophers, Traders
and some were exceptional geniuses of martial arts. Many of them settled in
various places such as the provinces of Ise and Kii which were on the outside
(South) of the capital NARA. On the overall, the indigenous people benefited
from the presence of these arrivals, who imparted a great deal of knowledge
and wisdom. The very wisdom that was made up of the sources and
contributions of the Shaolin Temple and,
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India, China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, Eastern Europe and South East
Asia.
THE CODIFICATION AND SCIENTIFICATION OF MARTIAL ARTS IN CHINA
(512 BC)
On a different dimension, in 512 BC General Sun Wu (Commonly known Sun
Tsu) wrote a comprehensive and scientific warfare book on the strategy of
warfare. This was known as Bing Fa (Commonly known as: The Art of War).
The main thrust of this study was to stress the vital components of training,
strategy and study in the martial arts.
This book expounded the triad dimension and context of warfare and martial
arts as,
INTELLECTUALLY
PHYSICALLY
SPIRITUALLY
As a dynamic and comprehensive activity. The knowledge of Bing Fa was kept
very secret and was passed almost secretly by ways of martial arts from
disciples. Until recently, this knowledge has been made available to the serious
students of martial arts and one of the greatest teachers of this knowledge in
modern times is Grandmaster Gary Gagliard. In 133BC, a special decree was
issued in China by;
EMPEROR WU
Of the Han Dynasty to the effect that martial arts must be vigorously studied
and spread throughout the entire kingdom of China. The basis for this was to
make martial arts a speciality of sword and barehanded technique.
The impact of this decree spread on the allies of China at the time being;
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Japan and Korea and other nations in Asia.
This decree became instrumental in the spread of Chinese martial arts beyond
her borders in Asia. These countries were thus able to benefit in the context of
knowledge and ultimately to transform their indegeneous fighting arts.
THE KINGDOMS OF KOREA
(50 BC)
At this time, Korea was made up of kingdoms, and she had her own indigenous
martial arts which dated as far back from 50BC. This indigenous martial arts
were not immune from the influence and impacts of Chinese martial arts and
Buddhism. The kingdoms were structured along these lines;
THE KOGORYO KINGDOM (37BC-668 AD)
THE PACKJE KINGDOM (18BC-600AD)
THE SILLA KINGDOM (57 BC-935 AD)
The vital and golden thread that went through these kingdoms was the
following;
The kingdoms were well organized with advanced military organs and
organization.
The kingdoms were totally committed to the study and practice of
martial arts which was known as;
TAE KYON
Overtime a new form of Martial Arts emerged; this had great impact and
transformation on philosophy that being;
HWA RANG DO
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The peculiarity about this martial art system was that it was exclusively for the
elite class and it contained a special code of honour. Though it be so, in 936
AD the Kyoro Dynasty (Kogu Ryo) was founded by;
EMPEROR WANG KEN
It was from this dynasty that the name of Korea was coined or emerged to the
present day. Among other things gained from this dynasty was the founding of
a new martial arts system which was intensive and popular thus named;
SOO BAKH DO
Overtime, political changes took place and a new dynasty was founded by King
Taejo and this dynasty was known as the;
JESEEN DYNASTY (1392 -1910 AD)
In this dynasty Buddhism was replaced with Confucianism as the state
religion. For the record after 1910 AD to 1945 AD Korea became occupied by
Japan. During this period of Japanese occupation, the Korean Martial Arts got
influenced by the Japanese Martial Arts. These Korean Martial Arts adopted
the linear movements which are commonly found in the systems of Marital Arts
of Japanese such as Shotokan Karate Do and others.
THE BIRTH OF TAE KWON DO MARTIAL ARTS (1945 AD): OVERVIEW
However, after the Second World War (1945) Korea was once more an
independent nation. During this period much focus and refinement was
indulged in the local martial arts, the Korean Nation took up the study and
training of Martial Arts seriously. The Korean Government demonstrated its
full participation through resources, guidelines and other facilities thereby
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ultimately making Korea a powerful Nation in Martials Arts. Some of the
Martial Arts that were grandly refined were;
CHUNG DO KWAN
CHANG MOO KWAN
SONG MOO KWAN
SUN MOO KWAN
CHOON MOO SUL
KUL SOOL
HAPKIDO
TUK GONG MOO SOOL
HWA RANG DO
MOO DUK KWAN
YUN MOO KWAN
IZ DO KWAN
OH DO KWAN
YAN WOO KWAN
YOO KWAN SUL
HOSHIDO
BUL KYO MOO DOOL
SOO BAKH DO
Overtime, these systems were extremely refined, defined in quality and some
were integrated which then produced a new product of the system named;
TAE SOO DO
Through intensive research, analysis, refinement and consultations with other
local experts on Martial Arts, a consensus was reached that Tae Soo Do should
be converted to mean and reflect in recognition of the Tae Kyon, the
consequence was that the name of;
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TAE KWON DO
Was born as a national name of the new system of Martial Arts.
It became essential and mandatory that this new system be integrated into the
structures of the society and in the persuit of this national vision and goal;
GENERAL CHOI HONG HI
Prescribed Tae Kwon Do for the police, army, airforce and other state
structures and organs. Therefore, this was crucially instrumental in making
Tae Kwon Do the national arts of Korea to this present day.
However, due to political turmoil that prevailed then in Korea, General Choi
Hong Hi left the country (1961) to settle in the United States of America. In
America he continued with his good work in martial arts and ultimately he
established the,
INTERNATIONAL TAE KWON DO
FEDERATION
Back home, the Government of Korea (1963) officially recognized Tae Kwon Do
as the National Martial Arts. Same being overseen by the national body called
the;
KOREAN KI DO
This national body embraced all other martial arts found in Korea. Given this
dispensation, all developing countries should emulate this aptitude in order to
develop all different systems of martial arts equitably and as a national
resource.
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THE UNIVERSAL IMPACTS OF KOREAN MARTIAL ARTS
(1960 – 2000 AD)
It is common cause that Korean martial arts spread throughout the world, and
were very exceptional and dynamic. Given this dispensation many teachers and
experts went to Korea to study martial arts in order to develop their experience
and technical diversity. A case in point is that of the Grandmaster of Karate in
Japan namely;
GRANDMASTER MASUTATSU OYAMA
Who went to Korea to study Tae Kwon Do before he developed his own and
most powerful style called;
KYOKUSHINKAI KARATE DO
On the Western hemisphere many people from America, Europe and Africa did
go to Korea to study these martial arts, thence the process of transplantation
was effected. Even then, many of the Korean masters and grandmaster had
migrated to settle in many of these countries thus brought greater benefit to
the local environment. On a pausing note, it is necessary to mention some of
the greatest grandmasters of Tae Kwon Do and other systems (without
discounting others) and these are;
GRANDMASTER HEC 11 CHO
GRANDMASTER JHOON RHEE
GRANDMASTER SO NEI CHU
GRANDMASTER IN SU SEO
GRANDMASTER PAI KIMM YUK
GRANDMASTER MYUNG SOO
GRANDMSTER DR. T. WILLIAM
GRANDMASTER RALPH SHUELER
GRANDMASTER DR. JOHN SMITH
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GRANDMSTER YEUNG SOO WOO
GRANDMASTER DANIEL ROGERS
GRANDMASTER DON MEYER
GRANDMASTER DR. JOHN M. CRUDUP
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CHAPTER SEVEN
THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF MARTIAL ARTS
(BOTSWANA)
(Second Expansionary Period 1980-1990)
THE BOTSWANA NATIONAL SPORTS COUNCIL (1982)
very country in the world has an institution that is responsible for the
development and management of sports. Botswana was not immune
from this organizational requirement.
Consequently this body was established on the 1st July 1982 and was called
the;
BOTSWANA NATIONAL SPORTS COUNCIL (BNSC).
It’s main objective was to enhance the development of all sporting codes in
Botswana, and to promote same to the international dimensions. In this
regard, Botswana’s Martial Arts was a beneficiary to this state organ, and the
progress of Martial Arts locally and internationally eventually gave this body an
immense aptitude of national pride, especially when the realization came that
their investments had paid dividend and raised the image of the country.
THE FORMATION OF BOTSWANA KARATE ASSOCIATION (1982)
The Martial Arts entities of Blackado Shukokai School, Tsosamotse Shukokai
School, Dragon Shukokai School and Gaborone Shukokai School convened and
thereon formed The Botswana Karate Association (BOKA), which organization
was officially launched by the then Director of Sports Mr Segopolo at the
University of Botswana and Swaziland (Gaborone Campus), in 1982. However,
it must be realized that the said move meant that the Martial Arts Schools
such as,
SAILONG KUNG FU SCHOOL
E
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FUKAYAMA KUNG FU SCHOOL
LOBATSE JUDO SCHOOL
LOBATSE SHOTOKAN SCHOOL
OIKADO MARTIAL ARTS SCHOOL
Were excluded or sidelined despite their long-standing contribution to the
Martial Arts of Botswana. Unfortunately, the new organization became the
Shukokai Karate Do Enterprise and this was the position until such a time
that,
TSOSAMOTSE SHOKOKAI SCHOOL
BLAKADO SHOKOKAI SCHOOL
DRAGON SHUKOKAI SCHOOL
All became dysfunctional and demised. Thus leaving the strings of control to
the few who augustly guarded their positions against other Martial Arts Clubs
and systems of Martial Arts to this present day. However, with the advent of
Shito Ryu Karate Do it was anticipated that this very body (BOKA) would be
diversified but then due to some internal strife the Shito Ryu Karate Do didn’t
enjoy any blessings from the union for too long. It broke away and formed its
own union which was called the Kofukan Federation.
KOFUKAN FEDERATION.
Subsequent to the formation of the Botswana Karate Association, same became
a member of the Botswana National Sports Council and through this affiliation
the Botswana Karate Association flourished and began to represent Botswana
internationally through its Karate National Team(s).
Sensei Sello Socca Alexander Moruakgomo from Mahalapye Village and former
member of the Tsosamotse Shukokai School, then became a Black Belt 1982
and later on the Chief Instructor of the Botswana Karate Association. Through
his principal guidance and the immense assistance from other members, the
Botswana Karate Teams began to emerge strongly and partook in the
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international events and brought home triumphs in medals. However, there
were other Martial Artist who significantly complimented the efforts of Sensei
Socca Allexander Moruakgomo and these were Sensei Marx Ngwako (Late),
Sensei Thuto Thuto, Sensei Gift Nkwe, Sensei Union Kgafela, Sensei Thupa
Thupa, Sensei Million Masumbika, Sensei Geoff Thembo and Sensei Mpho
Bakwadi to name but a few.
Due to the collective and distinguished work of these men and further of the
committed and ability of Sensei Moruakgomo, these cumulatively caused that
he be awarded 4th Dan Black Belt in Shukokai Karate (1996). This however,
meant that he became the highest ranking martial artist in the Botswana’s
Shukokai Karate System. The achievements of the Botswana Karate
Association became an eye opener to the government especially the Botswana
National Sports Council because of the effective realization that martial arts
was indeed an internationally viable enterprise thereby contrasting the archaic
view of the 1970 decade.
THE ADVENT OF SHITO-RYU KARATE SCHOOLS AND HAYASHI– HA
KARATE DO
(BOTSWANA)
Within the year 1986, internal conflicts emerged and raged within the
Shukokai Karate circles in that, Sensei Union Kgafela and Marx Ngwako ended
up establishing their own school called The KUTLWANO SHUKOKAI CLUB. In
subsequent years, Sensei Thuto Thuto and Sensei Thupa Thupa opted for the
new martial arts system called Shito-Ryu Karate Do. The Shito-Ryu eventually
formed its own federation which was called the KOFUKAN FEDERATION in
1990. This therefore meant that Botswana had by now the following
organizations, Botswana Karate Association and Kofukan Federation (without
excluding the Botswana Judo Association).
However in 1998, Sensei Thuto Thuto (3rd Dan) formed another new
organization which he called the BOTSWANA HAYASHI-HA KARATE UNION.
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In the same vein others also formed different associations which therefore
meant that Botswana had over time acquired the following bodies;
JAPAN KARATE ASSOCIATION, BOTSWANA.
BOTSWANA KOFUKAN FEDERATION.
BOTSWANA SHUKOKAI KARATE FEDERATION.
BOTSWANA HAYASHI HA-SHITO RYU KARATE UNION.
BOTSWANA JUDO ASSOCIATION.
JKA BOTSWANA WORLD FEDERATION.
In the course of time, the Botswana Karate Association eventually got visited by
the reknowned Sensei Shigeru Kimura (8th Dan Chief Instructor). The Kofukan
Federation by Sensei Keiji Tomiyama, while Hashiya-Ha Association by Sensei
Nikki Pillay. All these visitors were some of the world’s rated martial art
instructors. Despite these separations from and within the Shukokai Karate
System, the three organizations worked significantly well towards the
promotion of the image of Botswana in the martial arts as would be evidenced
in the subsequent deliberations. However and overtime Sensei Thuto Thuto
once more broke away from BOTSWANA HAYASHI – HA KARATE UNION in
2005.
THE SELIBE PHIKWE KARATE CONVENTION (1989-1999).
(Botswana Secondary Schools)
THE SELEBI PHIKWE SECONDARY SCHOOL
One the 17th June 1989 several Secondary Schools assembled at Selebi
Phikwe Secondary School for their Annual All Style Karate Tournament which
lasted two days. After this tournament all the senior students and their martial
art club coordinators convened a special convention. They had realized the
urgent need for the formation of a body that would consolidate, coordinate and
progress the interests of the Secondary School Martial Arts regardless of style
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orientation. It was then resolved that and the terms of reference were as
follows;
That a Secondary School’s Martial Arts Association should be formed
and that the annual martial arts tournaments of the secondary
schools be confirmed and that all schools be encouraged to
participate.
That the association be registered and notification of its existence be
given to the relevant sporting authorities and that all Headmasters of
Secondary Schools be informed that this body has become the bases
of national framework and institution in Botswana.
That the headmasters and sports masters be conscientised and be
persuaded to give the sports of martial arts an opportunity to
entrench itself as a recreational activity in the schools and be
supported materially. Thereby creating the recreational diversity in
the schools.
That the local and other experts be consulted and be urged to render
voluntary assistance in the areas of consultancy, coaching and
grading of all the concerned students in their respective schools and
villages.
That clinics be periodically conducted to promote cooperation,
efficiency, technical awareness and integrated framework in all the
Secondary Schools.
The impact of this convention became apparent in the subsequent years
whereby many Secondary Schools began to participate in these national
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tournaments and even the headmasters became more willing to allow their
respective schools to host same.
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
The Selibe Phikwe Convention (1989) also decide to choose and appoint Sensei
Kgosibodiba Moses (Then a student at the University of Botswana) to become
interim Chairman and to constitute a steering committee which would consist
of the teachers who were present and who concurred. However, the exercise of
implementation took the whole year due to limited resources and bureaucratic
constraints.
Despite these rudimentary problems the interim committee managed to
organize a huge National Martial Arts Tournament consisting of nineteen
Secondary School (1990). The said tournament resulted in the selection of the
executive committee of the Botswana Secondary School All Style Karate
Association (B.O.S.K.A). The report reproduced hereunder will disclose the finer
details of the participants and the overall outcome:
THE 1ST NATIONAL KARATE ALL STYLES CHAMPIONSHIP BOTSWANA
SECONDARY SCHOOLS 29TH JUNE 1990, TONOTA
The 1990 National Karate Championships Tournament for Secondary Schools
was held at Tonota College of Education, because of the special request by the
host Shashe River School. The Dean of Students Affairs of Tonota College
Education Mr Dube, welcomed all the Karate students and the Teachers who
came with their teams. This tournament proved to be a huge success by any
measure at the time.
THE ZONE LEVEL PARTICIPANTS TO QUALIFY FOR NATIONAL FINALS:
25TH MAY 1990 DIVISION ONE
SOUTHERN ZONE
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MACHA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MOLEFI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MOSHUPA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
LOBATSE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
ST. JOSEPHS COLLEGE.
MOEDING COLLEGE.
KGARI SECHELE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
NALEDI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
GABORONE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
NORTHERN ZONE
TUTUME MCCONNEL’S COLLEGE.
MATERSPEI COLLEGE.
FRANCISTOWN SECONDARY SCHOOL.
SHASHE RIVER SCHOOL.
MADIBA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MATSHEKE HILL SCHOOL.
SWANENG HILL SCHOOL.
LETLHAKANE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL.
SELEBI PHIKWE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
WINNING ZONE TEAMS FOR NATIONAL 1990
SOUTHERN ZONE POSITION
LOBATSE SEC. SCHOOL ONE.
MOEDING COLLEGE TWO.
KGARI SECHELE SECONDARY THREE.
NALEDI SECONDARY SCHOOL FOUR.
NORTHERN ZONE POSITION
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SHASHE SEC. SCHOOL ONE.
TUTUME MCCONNEL TWO.
MOENG COLLEGE THREE.
MADIBA SECONDARY SCHOOL FOUR.
THE METHOD OF FIGHTING AT NATIONAL FINALS
A team in its position fought a team in the same position having been attained
in the Zone Level in that Position One will eliminate Position One to remain the
winner at nationals.
The National Karate Champion (1990) was won by the Lobatse Secondary
Schools Karate Club because they took position one. In the subsequent year
the Lobatse Secondary School Karate team was made up of;
SEMPAI LETLOGETSWE MOGOROSI.
SEMPAI GODFREY RADIJENG.
SEMPAI MOLEFE RANTSUDU.
SEMPAI THAPELO MOLEFE.
SEMPAI ARABANG MTYALE.
SEMPAI MOSES MASILO AND,
SEMPAI OREBOTSE MPHO MOPHUTING.
The said karate team was very exceptional in its technical prowesss and
brilliance, it was under the instructorship and guidance of Sensei (Miss) Rolang
Senwelo who was also the sportsmaster. Furthermore, the team, succeeded
due to the distinguish support and assistance from the Lobatse Secondary
Headmaster Mr Segomotso Basiamang. Sensei Rolang Senwelo was under the
mentorship of Kyoshi Patrick Makgabenyana.
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Other Secondary Schools that eventually snatched the position one from
Lobatse Secondary School were the;
NALEDI SECONDARY SCHOOL (GABORONE).
SHASHE RIVER SECONDARY SCHOOL (TONOTA).
MC CONNEL’S COLLEGE (TUTUME).
LETLHAKANE SECONDARY SCHOOL (ORAPA) AND,
KGARI SECHELE SECONDARY SCHOOL (MOLEPOLOLE).
It was observable that between the 1990-1995 the Southern Zone Secondary
Schools then dominated these tournaments by virtue of acquiring position one
to three but towards the end of 1999 the Northern Zone School dominated
these tournaments especially the McConnel’s College, Letlhakane Senior
Secondary School, Masunga Senior Secondary School and the Francistown
Senior Secondary School. Immediately after the championships (1990)
tournament, an executive committee for the Botswana Secondary School’s
Karate Association was chosen, as evidenced by the report reproduced below:
THE ASSOCIATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS KARATE CHAMPIONSHIP:
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1990)
Teachers who acted as Karate Club Coordinators held a meeting at Tonota
College of Education before the commencement of the Tournament and the
following transpired;
The first interim Executive Committee was elected to steer the
association until the General Election pursuant to the resolution of
the 17th June 1989 at Selebi Phikwe Secondary School.
To seek Registration and Recognition with BISA (Botswana Integrated
Sports Association).
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THE MEMBERS PRESENT AT AFORESAID MEETING
MR CHANDRA SEKHAR-MOSHUPA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MR I.K. BASUPI- NALEDI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MR S. KISSONNDOYAL – SELIBE PHIKWE SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
MR T.O KAASANG- SHASHE RIVER SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MR G.O RADIJENG-LOBATSE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MR J MADIBELA – MADIBA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MR M. MOLEPOLOLE- KGARI SECHELE SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
MR A. BHELLA- SHASHE RIVER SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MR M. DIW- MOENG COLLEGE.
MR S.C KANSHIK-MOSHUPA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MR B.G.S SETILO-MOLEFI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
MR P.S. MAKGABENYANA- LOBATSE/PERSONAL CAPACITY.
MR M.R KGOSIBODIBA- TUTUME MCCONNEL COLLEGE.
MR CARNEY-MOEDING COLLEGE, OTSE.
THE INTERIM EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF
SECONADRY SCHOOL’S (MARTIAL ARTS).
MR M.R. KGOSIBODIBA, TUTUME MCCONNEL COMMUNITY
COLLEGE, CHAIRMAN.
MR J. MADIBELA, MADIBA SEC SCHOOL, VICE CHAIRMAN.
MR V.C. SAKHAR, MOSHUPA SEC. SCHOOL, TREASURER.
MR T.O. KAANG, SHASHE RIVER SCHOOL, ADD MEMBER.
MR M. MOLEPOLOLE, KGARI SECHELE SCHOOL, ADD MEMBER.
MR B.G.S. SETILO, MOLEFI SEC. SCHOOL, ADD MEMBER.
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Wherefore, the abovementioned persons were duly assigned look after the
affairs of Secondary School Martial Arts by virtue of the mandate given in this
convention.
THE TOURNAMENT AWARDS
Each Team that won was given a Floating Trophy to retain until the next
season whereby they were to defend it in that season. The trophy was the joint
property of said association and schools concerned.
THE OVERALL POINTS AT NATIONAL LEVEL
SOUTH ZONE NORTH ZONE
20.5 (1991) 25.5 (1991)
20.5 (1990) 23.5 (1990)
WHEREFORE, THE NORTH HAS IMPROVED WHILE THE SOUTH HAS
SHOWN IT HAS DROPPED DOWN BY 5% (FIVE PERCENT) POINTS
The Association should also consider arranging International Tournaments
with one or any of the following countries, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and
Zambia for the winning teams at National Level and to join the Botswana
Integrated Sports Association (BISA) and Confederation of School Sports
Association (COSASSA) in the future.
CONCLUSION AND SPECIAL THANKS
On behalf of all Karatekas, Schools and Teachers, everyone who participated
and contributed to the worthy conclusion of this 1991 Karate Championship
are thanked with special gratitude from the host Shashe River Secondary
School and Tonota College of Education.
Thank you.
Prepared by:
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INTERIM SECRETARY G.O. RADIJENG
1ST Dan Black Belt Oikado
APPROVED BY: P.S Makgabenyana 6th Dan Black Belt Oikado
And Club Coordinator for Lobatse Secondary School and to:
INSTRUCTORS OF OIKADO SCHOOL (BOTSWANA)
DATED AT LOBATSE ON THIS 2ND DAY OF JULY 1991.
AND TO: SPORTSMASTER, CLUB COORDINATORS AND CAPTAINS OF ALL
SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN BOTSWANA AND THE SENSEIS.
It must be noted that though the alleged executive functioned for a short time
(practical) because many of the teachers concerned were expatriates thus some
of their duties and goal were adopted and carried forward by the Oikado
Martial Arts School. Since 1991 the OIKADO MARTIAL ARTS SCHOOL took
over the organization, grading and running of these National Tournaments and
this position was evidenced by the hosting of the tenth anniversary of these
events which was held at Lobatse on the 11th July 1998.
It is very important to state that the teachers who were assigned to look after
the Karate Clubs in the secondary schools in Botswana contributed greatly in
making these tournaments a success and were always assisted by Kyoshi
Makgabenyana. Sensei Tizza Tyibilika, Sensei Samuel Ramaeba. Sensei Moses
Kgosibodiba and Sensei Fisher Masilo. In subsequent events, many other
Martial Artists began to appear and gave hand where ever necessary and
possible. Basically, what transpired from these tournaments of such magnitude
in attendance and participation was the following:
That many Secondary Schools in Botswana had Martial Arts talent and
that this sporting activity was widespread and intensely popular contrary
to the old view that it was a violent recreational activity. The students
who were not Martial Arts practitioners actually enjoy the spectacular
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action from these tournaments as was/could be measured by the full
house attendances in the respective host school.
That respective students of martial arts were given a once in a lifetime
opportunity to engage in a wide range of exponents and to display their
skills, technical prowess, ability and natural talent in this field.
Martial arts students from extreme remote corners of the country were
apportuned to once in a year meet with others and to exchange their
technical skill, problems and achievements thereby promoting inter-
personal relationship and national integration of Martial Arts.
Martial arts students then were accorded an opportunity to see, meet
and discuss with some experts in the Martial Arts. And as a consequence
of this, some of these students were given specialized training programs
which eventually led them to become excellent Black Belt holders, and
distinguished exponents in Botswana National Martial Arts Teams.
Upon noticing the magnitude of appreciation, attendance and tournaments, it
was resolved that the country should be divided into two regions namely; the
Northern Zone and Southern Zone (Mahalapye being the dividing line) and
further that each zone should host its own regional tournament and acquire
their positions one to five and thereon these will meet their counterpart at
National level. An indication of the said method and programme can be
discerned by observation in the report dated 13th June 1992 about the
Southern Zone Championship (reproduced):
THE BOTSWANA SECONDARY SCHOOLS KARATE CHAMPIONSHIP:
SOUTH ZONE – HELD ON THE 6TH JUNE 1992 AT MOEDING
COLLEGE, OTSE.
To: All Secondary Schools (South).
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Participants: Seepaitso Sec, Moshupa Sec, Letsopa Jnr, Lobatse Sec, Moeding
College (host), Naledi Sec, Macha Sec, Gaborone Sec, Kgari Sechele Sec, Molefi
Sec, School (s).
Absent: St Joseph’s College and Ipelegeng Jnr Sec School.
COMMENCEMENT
Tournament commenced at 10 am and concluded at 8.35 pm.
FORM OF TOURNAMENT
The tournament was conducted on elimination basis for the division one (A),
two (B) then at third (C) division on point accumulation for determination of
position one to five.
DIVISION ONE SCHEDULE OF PARTICIPATION
All teams started herein then the winning teams proceeded to division two, and
the winning teams at this division proceeded to division three as a finalist and
to gain points for its position. Teams disqualified on their second chance were
Seepapitso Sec. School, Matsha Sec. School and Letsopa Jnr Sec. School.
Visible problems regarding these teams were lack of adequate preparation
because of no coaching from people versed in the art so as to help them in the
skill of scoring effectively. Moeding College exhibited tremendous force and
effectiveness seconded by the Gaborone Sec. School and reason for not
attaining higher position was due to failure to score since some of their fighting
bouts brought zero thus favoring their opponent. Another team which evoked
concern was Moshupa Secondary School in that, it gradually emerged as a
force to reckon with since it quickly pushed to the finalist division and the
marginal difference between itself and Moeding College and, Gaborone
Secondary was half point. It must be pointed out that the Moshupa Sec School
was under the guidance of Sensei Julian Matthews, a teacher there at and who
had been mentored by Kyoshi Patrick Makgabenyana to the status of 1st Black
Belt.
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THE BEST FIGHTING TEAMS
Naledi Secondary School, Molefi Secondary School and Gaborone Secondary
School. Their bouts wee characterized by technical prowess and accuracy and
scoring power.
THE MASTER TEAM
At the finalist level, Lobatse Secondary School as the defending champion
became the master team by facing four schools namely:
GABORONE SECONDARY SCHOOL
MOEDING COLLEGE
NALEDI SECONDARY SCHOOL AND
MOSHUPA SECONDARY SCHOOL
This team was seconded by Gaborone Secondary School which also became a
master-team against Moeding College, Naledi Secondary School.
THE OUTCOME OF TOURNAMENT
The Board of Scorekeepers provided the total result as follows:
POSITION 1 – NALEDI SECONDARY SCHOOL (12.5 POINTS).
POSITION 2 – LOBATSE SECONDARY SCHOOL (11.5 POINTS).
POSITION 3 – MOEDING COLLEGE (9.5 POINTS).
POSITION 4 – GABORONE SECONDARY SCHOOL (9.0 POINTS).
POSITION 5 – MOSHUPA SECONDARY SCHOOL (8.5 POINTS).
THE TECHNICAL CHANGES: COMPARATIVE BALANCE
1990/91 South Zone Champions, School in position one was Lobatse
Seconadry School. In 1992 it was held by Naledi Secondary School.
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1991 South Zone position two was Moeding College, in 1992 it was
Lobatse Secondary School.
1991 South Zone position three was Kgari Sechele Secondary School
in 1992 it was Moeding College.
THE NATIONAL TOURNAMENTS FINAL CHAMPIONSHIP (1992).
Held on 27th June at Kgari Sechele Secondary School, Molepolole overall
results:
POSITION 1 NALEDI SEC SCHOOL VS SHASHE SEC SCHOOL (12.5)(13.5).
POSITION 2 LOBATSE SEC SCHOOL VS TUTUME MCCONNEL COLLEGE
(11.5)(9.0).
POSITION 3 MOEDING COLLEGE VS LOTLHAKANE SEC SCHOOL (11.5)
(7.5).
POSITION 4 GABORONE SEC SCHOOL VS MADIBA SEC SCHOOL (9.5)
(6.0).
POSITION 5 MOSHUPA SEC SCHOOL VS FRANCISTOWN SEC SCHOOL (8.5)
(5.0).
All these teams are to compete on the 27th June 1992 at Kgari Sechele
Secondary School in the final National championship in Molepolole.
THE GENERAL OBSERVATION
Standard of fighting and tournament has improved significantly and
spectators appreciated the occasion. The standard performance had
great quality.
Clubs should have constant interschool visits and exchange visits to
share their problems and skills.
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Clinics are required for teachers who act as club co-coordinators, to be
assisted with the knowledge of organization and management of clubs
and tournaments, refereeing and coaching, the aim being to enhance the
appreciation and aware of the technical structure of martial arts
techniques.
THE TROPHIES
The Southern Zone School should form their sub committee which would
be responsible for Southern Zone tournaments and organize trophies for
position 1,2,3,4,5 for their zone (similar position should apply to the
North).
THE CONCLUSION
All participants, hosting school administration, teachers and spectors are
thanked for making the 6th June 1992, South Zone Championship, a
memorable and successful occasion.
Yours faithfully
(V.C. Sekhar)
(S.K.A. Treasurer)
Moshupa Sec. School
Dated at Moshupa Secondary School this 12th Day of June 1992.
Cc to: All Secondary Schools of Southern Zone, Botswana.
THE REMARKS:
The method of dividing the country into the North Zone and the South Zone
eased the task of having to run a tournament within two days due to the large
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number of the participants. It was further considered advantageous that the
hosting of these Zonal and National tournaments be rotated among the schools
that which expressed the desire to host any of the two.
In orbiter it be noted that towards the end of the 1990 decade, the Martial Arts
training and participation in the national events became evidently widespread
as it included schools such as Mogale Community Jnr Sec School at Maokane
Village (Jwaneng), Macha Senior Secondary School(Kang), Ghantsi Secondary
School, Shakawe and Maun Secondary Schools.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNAL MARTIAL ARTS (PAQUA-CHANG
TAI – CHI CHUAN AND I – CHI): OVERVIEW
Going deeper into time, it becomes vital and significant to mention some of the
most antique and very powerful Kung Fu systems being the;
PAQUA CHANG.
TAI CHI CHUAN. The Paqua Chang is a very deep, intensed and dynamic system that is grounded
in concept of the eight diagram palm boxing art. Thus this very concept being found in the dynamics of the;
I-CHING.
The historical facts point out that this system of martial art was founded by one;
GRANDMASTER TUNG HAI CHUAN
Who at the age of 83 years passed away. It is also stated that this system
proprietarily uses the fundamental principle of walking in the circle and with the single palm change, has been practiced for over five thousand years by the Taoist Monks in the form of the;
TAOIST CHI KUNG FU.
And this systems was fully premised and grounded, in tandem with the mother
diagram of the; I – CHING.
It must also be pointed out to the student (s) that one of the greatest internal boxer and school of Paqua Chang was;
GRANDMASTER SUN LU – TANG
Who was of the lineage of Grandmaster Tung Hai Chuan, founder (1861 – 1932). Grandmaster Sun Lu-Tang had learnt this unique Martial Arts from;
GRANDMASTER CHENG TING – HUA
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Who was a direct student of the founder of Pa Qua Chang.
Grandmaster Sun Lu – Tang was also a profound peacemaker and brilliant technician in that overtime, he infused several innovations in the system which
dynamically impacted the context of; CHING-KUNG EXERCISES.
MARTIAL ARTS STRATEGY. PHILOSOPHICAL DYNAMICS INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE.
RESEARCH AND APPLICATION. SELF KNOWLEDGE AND MASTERY.
All these changes and innovations were premised on the fundamentals of I – Ching. Some of the greatest grandmasters of Paqua Chang system were;
GRANDMASTER MADAM FU-YU SHUN (76).
GRANDMASTER LU HUNG-BIN (80). GRANDMASTER LI LOONG-DAO. GRANDMASTER JING HAO QUAN.
GRANDMASTER LI CHING YUEN. GRANDMASTER DR JOHN P. PAINTER.
This form of Martial Arts is one of the rarest in the world and it is under the general guidance and monitoring by the institutes of the;
UNITED STATES CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS COUNCIL. IN CONJUCTION WITH THE AAU.
The student (s) should note that, the import of the synopsis above is to demonstrate that a style can undergo the process of internal innovation and
speciation over a period of time due to contributions of different masters within the system. By way of extension, the student(s) is adverted to the dynamic
systems of; TAI CHI CHUAN.
The said martial arts system was originally not a fighting system but rather a dynamic process and technique of developing the fact of exercises that
promoted the aspects of circulation and digestion in the human body, thence it was termed
TAI CHI. However, over a period of years the animal movements as was discovered in the
Shaolin Temples were added thereby giving Tai Chi the most effective and dynamic edge and angle of being a fighting art thereby being known as the;
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TAI – CHI CHUAN.
which means the supreme ultimate fist.
The student (s) is made alive to the fact that there is a definite, intimate and profound relationship within the systems of;
PAQUA CHANG. TAI CHI CHUAN. HSING-I.
In that the root and substance of their nature is founded and grounded on the fundamental principles of I-Ching. The student(s) is adverted to the fact that
Hsing – I Chuan was founded by Chinese General Yu Fei during the Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644 AD) and Grandmaster Ching Lu Feng perfected the
discipline to its highest level. In this present era, the system has twelve animal forms to be mastered by the students of the system.
THE NATURE OF I-CHING The nature of I-Ching is vast but nonetheless it is constantly referred to as the;
BOOK OF CHANGES.
This is an ancient Chinese text which laid down the foundations of the culture’s thinking and ideology. It is similar to the Old Testament. It provided
the powerful and profound source of;
CULTURAL EXPERIENCE
PHILOSOPHICAL EXPERIENCE.
WHOLENESS OF REALITY.
And from which the profound concepts of Ying-Yang emerged, thereby
influencing the dynamics of all Martial Arts and its application in life. Essentially, the infusion of the I-Ching bonded the fundamentals of Tai Chi
Chuan, Hsing – I and Paqua Chang which inter-alia provided the crucial principles of;
BALANCING IN MOVEMENTS. KEEPING IN MOTION AND HARMONY.
MANAGEMENT AND VARIATION OF ENERGY. IN KEEPING WITH TIMING AND SENSITIVITY. ADHERENCE TO CIRCULAR PATTERNS.
MAINTENANCE OF THE POINT OF CENTEREDNESS.
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It must be mentioned once more that intrinsically and central to all these martial arts system was the fundamental appreciation and significance of;
QI-GONG
which was embedded in the traditional Chinese medical view and also in the martial arts. This development was very crucial in the internal arts. This was very crucial in the internal training martial arts whereby through QI-Qong
dimensions of body strength and fitness were being enhanced and the aging processes being slowed down. And above all, the promotion of protectiveness of
the body against injury (wei-qi) and other functions were inclusive. Furthermore, the practice of QI-Gong has great impacts on the aspects of inner balance, calm and serenity which aspects are very crucial and pivotal in the
training of martial arts. Some martial arts systems such as those of;
CHIN NA.
Derived their knowledge of the body, joints bone joints, ligaments, muscles and
vital points from the traditional Chinese medicine theory. Thence it came out that, it was not adequate to merely understand the techniques and application of such technique but to know as well, the dimensions of message, revival and
affected area restoration over the area affected. Conversely, these principles permeated many of the Kung Fu Martial Arts
systems and all those of Karate. It is imperative that the students of Martial Arts if he is sincere in the pursuit of deeper knowledge about martial arts,
should study the I-Ching so that one can emerge as a fulfilled and accomplished martial artist.
The Shaolin Martial Arts reached its apex of development in the various periods mentioned below;
THE MING DYNASTY (1368 – 1644).
THE SHUNG ZHI (1644 -1661).
THE KANG XI (1661 – 1722).
THE QIAN LONG (1736 – 1796).
However during the Ming Dynasty great Chinese Generals being;
GENERAL QI JIGUANG.
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GENERAL YU DAYOU.
Vigorously and totally advocated the practical approach to the training of
Martial Arts. It was during this epoch that one of the greatest masters in the art of Chinese grappling and throwing being the systems of Chin Na, respectfully went to Japan. His name was;
GRANDMASTER CHEN YUAN YUN.
When in Japan Grandmaster Chen Yuan Yun taught the inhabitants the Chinese skills and art of;
CHIN NA.
And it was well received and encouraged by the Government. Overtime, these very arts were named.
JI JUTSU.
JU DO.
and were indigenously redefined in order to need(meet) the local needs and environment. It must be pointed out that in the overall; the Shaolin Martial Arts ultimately produced the most dynamic and outlasting methods of training
which were named;
THE TRAINING METHODS OF 72
ARTS OF SHAOLIN.
The student(s) must be made aware that one of such famous method and system is that of the;
SOUTHERN SHAOLIN HUNG GAR KUNG FU.
And one of its greatest exponent and master was;
GRANDMASTER LAM SAI WING.
On the same wave and note, one of the greatest and best ever Shaolin fighter of all times was the Head of the Shaolin Monastery being the most revered;
GRANDMASTER REV. MIAO XING.
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At this juncture, the student(s) is made alive to the fact that there are many great legends and venerated grandmasters of these martial arts who had lived
and took these arts to the highest levels of exceptional manifestations and some of them were;
GRANDMASTER WONG FEI HUNG.
GRANDMASTER TID KIU SAM.
GRANDMASTER LEI SAI FAI.
GRANDMASTER LEUNG KWAN.
GRANDMASTER WONG KAI MAN.
GRANDMASTER JUNG WAI MING.
GRANDMASTER WU GUM SIN.
GRANDMASTER JYU GA YU.
GRANDMASTER LAM FOOK SING.
GRANDMASTER GWOK YAN.
GRANDMASTER YUN SHEN (NUN).
GRANDMASTER LIU JIN SHENG.
GRANDMASTER SHA BAO XING.
GRANDMASTER YANG HONG XU.
GRANDMASTER WANG Z PING.
GRANDMASTER MA YUN LONG.
GRANDMASTER WU LAP FUNG.
It must be emphasized that the above mentioned does not mean that the names are limited to them, there are many grandmasters equal to these
mentioned but for the content of this work the few mentioned were a window about the immensity of such masters and grandmasters. Once more, it is emphasized to the student(s) that the source of all martial arts was the Shaolin
Temples, who derived much of their inspiration and spiritual source from the Chan Zong (Buddhist Schools).
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CHAPTER NINE
UNIVERSITIES AND MARTIAL ARTS
THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN MARTIAL ARTS: OVERVIEW
any countries have distinguished Universities and within their
sporting structures and even in their curriculum Martial Art
science is found and venerated as a discipline. The role that these
Universities play in the practice of Martial Arts is varied and diversed, most
often it is in the context of teaching, training, research and development of the
Martial Arts science. Furthermore, many of these Universities do interact with
each other through the premise of the;
INTERVASITY GAMES
At national, regional and international dimensions. This position and
interaction will be substantiated by windowing the various institutions being
the;
UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA.
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (GREAT BRITIAN).
UNIVERSITY OF KEIO (JAPAN).
UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO (USA).
It must be pointed that, it is in these institutions that the best environment of
learning, development and refinement of one’s martial arts (including
intellectual refinement) can be found and acquired.
M
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THE UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA KARATE SCHOOLS (1980-2000)
The University of Botswana had several Martial Arts Schools such as the
Shukokai Club, Shotokan Club, Shito-Ryu Club and the Oikado Club. Each of
these clubs advanced their own style interests and also propagated their
respective styles to many secondary schools. Due to this premise, the
University of Botswana Martial Arts teams played a significant role in
enhancing the Martial Arts practice in the secondary schools in that they
participated in their tournaments, coaching and gradings. This tradition was
started by the BLAKADO Karate School in 1970-1980. Furthermore, some of
the secondary schools leavers (form five) who practiced Martial Arts at college
level and got admitted at the University of Botswana and continued with their
styles and allegiance to the Secondary Schools they had attended. It is also
important to note that some of these college graduates even went overseas for
studies and thereat continued their martial arts under different instructors and
systems. On their return to the country they invested such knowledge locally.
On the other hand, all the University of Botswana Martial Arts Clubs annually
selected a Karate team that which would represent the University of Botswana
during their inter-varsity games. This team would compete against the Karate
teams from the University of Lesotho, University of Swaziland and or University
of Zimbabwe and University of Zambia whichever is the case.
In the same breath in the 1988 - 1990 the University Karate Team proceeded to
compete against the Botswana Police College Karate Club, Sebele Agricultural
College (as it was then) and the Polytechnic College (VTC). Such confrontations
resulted in the organization of a mini-league called the Premier
Championships. Some of the University of Botswana Martial Artists after
completing their studies joined the secondary schools as teachers. On service
therein they began to teach Martial Arts and supervised their martial arts
teams. In the same breath, several of the University of Botswana lectures did
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train Martial Arts whilst studying in the University of Botswana and eventually
they graduated to Black –Belt status holders.
THE INTERVARSITY GAMES
In a synopsis and different dimensions it is important to window the fact that
the aspect of Intervarsity Martial Arts Games (Competition) is not a peculiar
and or new phenomina to Botswana. On the international scale two good
instances can be isolated in order to demonstrate such common disapensation,
which are:
THE SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES KARATE TOURNAMENT
(1990).
In this tournament eight universities had assembled at the University of
Pretoria. The sponsor of the event was SAAMBOU, as thus the occasion was
named;
THE SAMBOU, SAU KARATE TOURNAMENT, 1990
The universities that which excelled were the University of Witwatersrand,
University of Pretoria, University of Cape Town and University of Orange Free
State.
GREAT BRITAIN AND JAPAN, 1990 TOURNAMENT.
On the overseas dimension we window the, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
(ENGLAND) AND KEIO UNIVERSITY (JAPAN) 1990
The Japan Keio University was on tour in England, and the two institutions
competed in various skills, Kata and Kumite. Great masters of martial arts
were present some of them being;
GRANDMASTER MONABE (KEIO UNIVERSITY).
GRANDMASTER KEINOSUKE ENOEDA (ENGLAND).
GRANDMASTER ERICH PICH.
GRANDMASTER STEVE MANNION.
GRANDMASTER MICK STRACHAM.
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GRANDMASTER STEVE CATTLE.
GRANDMASTER GARY HARFORD.
The overall position and outcome was that England won Japan. Both teams or
institutions fielded the best exponents ever who some of them were:
MASTER KENJI SAKOH.
MASTER RICHARD
MACKMAN.
MASTER KEN HORI.
MASTER MASAHIKO
SATOH.
MASTER JOHN MURPHY.
MASTER KEITARO FUKUDA.
MASTER CAROLINE
QUANSAH.
MASTER HAZEL MOORE.
MASTER JASON PURCELL.
MASTER HAJIME
MIYAZAKI.
MASTER EDWARD NG.
MASTER NICK WHITE.
MASTER SEIICHIRO ASANO.
MASTER GETHIN REES.
MASTER KOJI UEHARA.
MASTER MARKUS FLAVELL.
It must be commented that this was a very big and great event, that which
added more value and quality on the goodwill of these institutions and nations.
THE INTERNATIONAL CHINESE
MARTIAL ARTS CHAMPIONSHIPS AND MASTERS EXHIBITION
(1991)
(UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO)
This event was held at the University of San Francisco CA, USA in June 1991.
Great and exceptional Grandmasters were in attendance that being;
GRANDMASTER LI JIN-HENG.
GRANDMSTER DOC FAI WONG.
GRANDMASTER DOUGLAS WONG.
GRANDMASTER Y.C. WONG.
GRANDMASTER LILY LAU.
GRANDMASTER TAI YIM.
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GRANDMASTER ANTHONY CHAN.
GRANDMASTER LEE KOON
HUNG.
GRANDMASTER ARHTAR LEE.
GRANDMASTER GINI LAU.
GRANDMASTER CHEE KIM
THONG.
GRANDMASTER TAT MAU WONG.
And some of the countries that attended this occasion were:
SOUTH AFRICA.
MEXICO.
KOREA.
AUSTRALIA.
GREAT BRITAIN.
HONG KONG.
CANADA.
BRAZIL.
UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA.
CHINA.
MALAYSIA.
THE S.A.D.C. AND MARTIAL ARTS.
Wherefore, it is sounded that all the SADC Universities could collectively
host the Regional Intervarsity Games All Styles Karate Tournament, and
under the auspices of the;
CONFEDERATION OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES SPORTS ASSOCIATION
(CUCSA)
to uplift the goodwill and talents of the concerned Martial Artists. This
very enterprise could ultimately produce new career opportunities
particularly, when it extends to the entire African continent, under the
auspices of the Union of Africa Karate Federation. In the next
millennium, the University of Botswana will play a significant role
towards the teaching of Martial Arts as a formal subject to those who
would be taking up the Physical Education Diplomas or Degrees as is the
case in Japan, China and United States of America wherein Martial Arts
is a full time academic program in their Universities. The University of
Botswana does provide help to Martial Arts in many ways such as in the
holding of gradings and selection of national teams for the Zone Six and
All Africa Games.
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On the whole, what was observed from these Secondary Schools Karate
Championships was the fact that exceptionally good talent was identified,
moulded and made available. However and of great significance was that
these were not exploited for the international purposes and competitions.
Finally, after these National Championships that virtually meant the end
of everything until the next season.
At this juncture, it could be persuaded and prudently so, that the
Botswana National Sports Council, the Botswana Integrated Sports
Association and the Botswana Secondary Schools Education Department
could come together and harness these events and presented
opportunities. They could definitely select the best fighters, kata
performers and make a formidable national team of Secondary Schools
and send same to other countries such as Zimbabwe, Lesotho,
Swaziland, Zambia and Namibia to represent Botswana at regional level
and beyond.
It is without doubt that Martial Arts in Secondary Schools and
Universities in the Botswana context is now a reality to live with as a
sporting activity. An activity that which is supported by the
administration of respective schools and as a complementary aspect to
Sports and Physical Education. In these Secondary Schools constant
clinics, coaching and interaction was deemed vital so that the technical,
professional and ranking standards could be enhanced and harmonized.
Furthermore that sponsorship be accorded the capable young Martial
Artists in Botswana especially for the Africa Games and other
International Martial Arts Organizations and Games.
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CHAPTER TEN
THE RYUKYU ISLANDS
(OKINAWA 1372 AD)
THE DYNAMICS OF OKINAWA ISLANDS: OVERVIEW.
t is common cause that nearby Japan a chain of Islands existed and were known as the;
RYUKYU ISLANDS
and the largest of these Islands was called the Island of;
OKINAWA
These Islands were first discovered by Japan and over the years they
became the epicenter of trade amongst the neighbouring countries of;
JAPAN
PHILIPPINES THAILAND
INDONESIA
MALAYSIA CHINA
KOREA
These islands had political institutions and were governed by Kings. Our focus will be adverted to one such great King who was called;
KING SAITO OF OKINAWA
(1372 AD)
Who became a strong allay of China during the Ming Dynasty, and this association caused and precipitated the influx of Chinese settlers in the
Islands. By 1392 AD, many Chinese families had settled in the surrounding villages of;
NARA
Nara had another name which was Kume.
The impact that emanated from these new settlers were huge in that, many of them were exceptional in the context of education, cultural
skills, medicine, religion and so forth. However, one great exceptionality was the superb skill and knowledge of the martial arts system called;
CHUAN FA
I
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Which had root in the Shaolin Temples in China. The islanders in the Okinawa were taught Chuan Fa and over some time, the local people
called this new skill of martial arts;
KEN PO. Over generations many Okinawans studied the art of Chuan Fa in the
form of Kenpo. In recent decades some studied under grandmasters such as;
GRANDMASTER HSING-YI – TODE
GRANDMASTER TUNG-GEE HSING
Who were Chinese. These grandmasters taught individuals such as;
GRANDMASTER CHOKI MOTOBU
GRANDMASTER YASUTUME ANKO ITOSU GRANDMASTER ANKORO AZATO
GRANDMASTER SEKO MATSUMURA GRANDMASTER GICHIN FUKANOSHI
The imperative is to analyse the meaning of Kenpo, which is as following;
KEN MEANS THE FIST
PO MEANS THE LAW
Given the above, the inherent teachings skills and techniques founded in China were indigeneoused and overtime were renamed Karate.
THE KINGDOMS OF RYUKYU ISLANDS. The Ryukyu Islands were socially and politically vibrant, and there were
three great kingdoms which were;
THE NORTH KINGDOM CALLED HOKUZAN. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM CALLED CHUZAN. THE SOUTH KINGDOM CALLED NANZAN.
THE POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OKINAWA
In 1492 dramatic political events occurred when an Okinawan man called;
SHO HASHI
United the three kingdoms and declared that the city of; SHURU
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become his capital after his death his son succeeded him and his name
was; SHO – SHI
this was in 1477 AD. When Sho-Shi took power he immediately banned all feudalism and the feudal lords who were called the;
ANJI
Were caused to come to the capital of SHURU to be under his constant vigilance. Furthermore, the new king banned the carrying and use of any
weapons save for the army. This then meant that the ordinary citizens had no weapons to use in the context of self defence. After these decrees the ordinary man became more focused on developing his Kenpo thus
using their bare hands and feet. Chuan Fa/Kenpo became intensely practiced and this ultimately led to the coining of the word;
KARATE
The meaning of Karate was contexted in the following;
KARA – EMPTY.
TE – HAND.
THE PROVINCE OF KARA IN CHINA The Province of Kara in China was very famous and distinguished in the
martial arts science. This Kingdom was revered through martial arts and the very knowledged leaked to Japan, Korea and Okinawa. Hence, this province was referred to as the source of barehand fighting systems and
the actual system was referred to as the;
EMPTY HAND OF KARA OR THE CHINESE HAND However, overtime the first interpretation gained notoriety and
momentum, thus the fact of common usage of the word;
KARA
to the present day. It must be noted that the Japanese subsequently
changed the Chinese Kanji that which read and meant the “Chinese Hands” to the one that read and meant “Empty Hands”. Notwithstanding this alteration it is agreed among the concerned that the original
meaning of Karate was definitely the;
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CHINESE FIST.
THE AGE OF DISTINCTIONS (1507 AD)
Reverting to Okinawa and King Sho-Shin, in 1507 AD he was celebrating his 30th Anniversary as a Ruler in Okinawa (1477 – 1626 AD). He
brought many good and great works in his reign and was revered as;
SHOSHIN O.
The works and achievements that he engineered were beyond compare and this thirty years of reign was referred to as;
THE AGE OF THE ELEVEN DISTINCTIONS.
THE EMERGENCE OF OKINAWATE
When the banning of weapons in Okinawa got effected, the ordinary man
resorted to the use of barehands and feet hence sophisticated methods of fighting were developed which became known as;
NAHATE. SHURITE. TOMARITE.
Each method as above shown took the city of which it were developed as
its name. The city of its origin became the root name of the style or method of such fighting. Collectively, these new styles or methods were called;
OKINAWATE
Another name for these styles was TODE. Conversely overtime, major innovations, refinements and additions were added into these styles and through such configurations the systems of Shurite and Tomarite
became known as the; SHORIN-RYU.
On the other hand, the transformation in the Nahate caused the renaming of the system to become;
SHOREI-RYU.
It must be noted that the present day Karate such as Shito Ryu, Shotokan, Kyokushinkai and others, derived their fundamental existence
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from Shorei-Ryu and Shorin Ryu because these two systems became their primary source.
THE INVASION OF OKINAWA
(1609 AD)
Okinawa Island was invaded twice but on the first invasion they
succeeded in defending the Island. In Japan there was the Satsuma clan which was led by;
DAIAMO SHIMAZU. This clan initiated the first invasion of Okinawa but got defeated because
the Okinawans gave a great resistance. However, this victory was short lived because a surprise invasion was relaunched and Japan became
victorious and ruled Okinawa. The Japanese immediately decreed that all weapons are banned. This
decree caused the local people to once more, resort to barehanded fighting art, secret societies and resistance movements. Given this
dispensation three great developments happened which were;
CHINA AND OKINAWA: Many Okiwanans were secretly sent out of
Okinawa to China. In China they studied Chinese Combat Arts. The most preferred province was that of Fukien Province. In this province the Chinese Kenpo was dominant.
MARTIAL ARTS: The martial arts knowledge that had been
acquired in China was transplanted into the systems of Shorin-Ryu and Shorei-Ryu. The dynamic impact of this process caused that these local system become beyond compare in exponentiality.
CULTURE: The Okinawans culture and martial arts of Shorei-Ryu
and Shorin-Ryu influenced that of the Japanese martial arts particularly the karate.
THE EMERGENCE OF KOBUJUTSU-DO
There were many people who did not go to China during the period of occupation. However, they nonetheless remained in Okinawa and
renovated, refined and trained martial arts. Prominently, they utilized the domestic implements and transformed these into a powerful and sophisticated science of fighting. They used ropes, chains, forks, bamboo
sickles and chains as the components and instruments of self defence. Outlastingly, a new science of martial arts was born and named;
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KOBUJUTSU-DO.
The science of Kobujutsu-Do became very unique in that it was versatile, popular, efficacious and dynamic. This was so because it viewed
everything to be a potential weapon and the mechanism of self defence. Given these pragmatic dimensions Kobujutsu-Do got sustained to this present day. Conversely, some of its greatest Grandmasters (without
excluding others) are windowed below:
GRANDMASTER MATEYOSHI SHIMPO.
GRANDMASTER SHINJO MASANOBU. GRANDMASTER TOMOYORI RYUKO.
GRANDMASTER YOBIKU MODEN. GRANDMASTER MIYAHIRA KATSUYA. GRANDMASTER NAKAZATO SHUGORO.
GRANDMASTER NAGAMINE SHOYSHIN. GRANDMASTER HIGA YUCHOKU.
GRANDMASTER UEHARA SEIKICHI. GRANDMASTER HIGA SEIKICHI.
THE KUBUJUTSU INTERNATIONAL JAPAN. The system of Kobujutsu-Do is all over the world and its international
body is as above mentioned. In Botswana it was introduced in 2005 by Sensei Thuto Thuto.
CHINA AND OKINAWA EXPANDED INTERACTIONS
During the occupation of Okinawa the Chinese people did not abandon the Okinawans. As earlier on indicated, they extended various forms of assistance. However, it must be pointed out that during the occupation,
the Okinawans enjoyed huge economic benefits. These came especially through the Province of Fukien, China.
Secondly, China extended a lot of military support and furthermore provided the military attaches.
These attaches were permitted in Okinawa. Out of these interactions the
Okinawans martial arts experts benefited. An instance is when they had occasion to meet the Chinese Military Officer named Kasanku. This officer was the envoy to the Okinawans Palace. Therein, he be friended a
palace guard called Sakugawa. He taught Sakugawa the system of Chuan-fa. Kasanku was an expert of great accomplishment(s) in martial arts. These teaching resulted in the dynamic transformations of
Okinawate and in evidence of this dispensation the following should be noted:
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Two distinct forms or kata were created in honour of Kasanku
(some called him Kushanku)
These two Katas were named;
KASANKU-SHO.
KASANKU-DAI.
However, the Japanese changed these names into KWANKU. On broader view, Okinawate martial arts was greatly influenced and
resourced from the various systems of;
CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS.
JAPANESE MARTIAL ARTS. BHUDDHISM/TAOSISM AND SHINTO.
MILITARY SKILLS. INGENUITY OF LOCAL PEOPLE. TECHNIQUES FROM OTHER NATIONS.
All the above mentioned, were integrated, compounded and defined the
intrinsic substance and nature of these martial arts. Overtime, Okinawate was transplanted into Japan and the prominent figure in this process was none other than;
GRANDMASTER GICHIN FUKANOSHI.
Who then renamed Okinawate as Karate then subsequently as;
SHOTOKAN KARATE DO.
It is from this system that other present day Karate styles emerged
through the process of speciation.
In Okinawa during the dynamic transformation in martial arts, many styles did emerge some of these martial arts styles were such as the following;
SEITO SHONAN. SHINDO JINEN.
SHIRIN MOTOBU-HA. MOTOBU RYU.
AND OTHERS.
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This development then caused much concern to the extent that the aspect of classification became urgent. It was found that the majority of
these new styles utilized the modified techniques of the original Shuri-Ryu Karate Do. Given this position, Grandmaster Seko Matumuka was
tasked to find a method of regulation and the classification emerged which was that;
SHURI-TE: THESE BEING THE SYSTEMS THAT KEPT AND PRESERVED THE AUTHENTICITY OF SHURI-RYU KARATE DO.
NAHA-TE: THESE BEING THE SYSTEMS THAT MODIFIED THE AUTHENTICITY OF SHURI RYU KARATE DO,
In the category of Naha-Te fell in these grandmasters;
Grandmaster Ankoro Azato. Grandmaster Yasutsume Anko Itosu.
Grandmaster Gichin Fukanoshi.
THE PRE-LEAD TO MODERN MARTIAL ARTS
It is common cause that modern martial arts are the offshoots of;
THE SHAOLIN TEMPLE CHUAN-FA.
Which overtime had underwent many dynamic transformations. It is also the common cause that the Okinawa Islands became the dynamic vortex, point of diversification and the source of the emergence of;
NAHATE. SHURITE.
SHORIN RYU.
SHOREI-RYU.
Then the overall collective systems of;
OKINAWATE.
This Okinawate was transplanted into Japan as of 1922. What is of significance is to note that, in Okinawa Island two prominent Chinese Masters of Martial Arts being;
GRANDMASTER HSING – YI-TODE GRANDMASTER TUNG-GEE-HSING
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Trained many Okinawan experts the martial arts and some of these prominent individuals were;
GRANDMASTER CHOKI MOTUBO.
GRANDMASTER YASUTUME ANKO ITOSU. GRANDMASTER ANKOKO AZATO. GRANDMASTER GICHIN FUKANOSHI.
These Chinese grandmaster at this point in time, were living at;
KUME-MURA.
Overtime, they developed a dynamic marital arts system which they called;
SHURI-RYU KARATE DO.
Given the fact of time and changes, Grandmaster Hsing-Yi-Tode and Tu-Gee-Hsing migrated and settled in Japan. Also Grandmaster Gichin Fukanoshi left Okinawa Islands and settled in Japan in 1922. In this
period the great transformation in martial arts occurred in Japan which ended up with the development of;
SHOTOKAN KARATE DO.
Which subsequently speciated into several new styles of martial arts especially in the period 1945 – 1950. It must be added that, in 1944 Grandmaster Choki Motobu passed away. He was then succeeded by
Grandmaster Yashuri Konichi, while his nephew, James Matosi went and lived in Hawaii. The crucial point to understand and appreciate is that after the;
SECOND WORLD WAR (1939-1945)
Martial arts in Japan exponentiated and got transplanted in the countries (continents) of;
AMERICA. ASIA.
AFRICA. EUROPE.
In fact that became a global phenomenah.
A point in focus is that of the American who learnt and mastered the martial arts of Shuri-Ryu Karate Do from Grandmaster Hsing-Yi-Tode
and Tu-Gee-Hsing being;
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GRANDMASTER ROBERT TRIAS
Who returned to America and began teaching Shuri Ryu Karate Do. On the fine note and end, the process of speciation in martial arts was at its
apex during these decades. Being on a different dimension and special consideration, it is a historical fact and truth that Okinawa hold the honour of being the birthplace of all modern karate styles. Conversely,
Japan holds the honour of having internationalized the karate systems throughout the whole world. On the otherhand, China is holding the special honour of being the craddle and mother of all martial arts in the
world.
THE FOUNDATIONS OF NINJU-TSU-DO (JAPAN)
But on a different dimension, it is on record that the Chinese Expatriots
who fled China in the political and social upheaval of the country and went to settle in the Islands of Japan. They found secure haven in the location of;
ISE.
KII.
Which were South of Nara, then the Province of Kyoto. The majority of
these expatriots were scholars, monks, traders, physicians, warriors and grand experts of martial arts. Consequently, they brought with them great wealth of knowledge;
RELIGIOUS
PHILOSOPHIES CULTURAL CONCEPTS
MEDICAL PRACTICES.
MILITARY STRATEGIES MARTIAL ARTS SCIENCE
All the above and were derived from the accumulated wisdom of China, India, Eastern Europe, Tibet and South East Asia. Of great significance
was the fact that this wealth of knowledge and wisdom was closely guarded and selectively taught to a few individuals. Then such a process became the source for the formation of secret societies in the era.
On further dimension and latitude, the Samurai Elite (class of warriors) within Japan took control of everything. Their rule was absolute in all
spheres. It is in the context of this absolute rule and control that the many people who were not content with this absolute dominance, began
to form the secret and subversive societies and association. These societies and associations trained its membership in the most effective and candlestine skills, techniques and whatsoever in the context of
intelligence. In essence, these societies and associations became and
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created a new martial Art system and culture the counter culture of the Samurai rule and power which was eventually named;
NINJUTSU DO.
The science of Ninjutsu became so expert, refined, highly specialized and sophisticated skill of its followers who were called the;
NINJAS, SONJAS;
This was the position in the greater region of;
IGA. KOGA.
in Japan, What is crucial to appreciate was the fact that these societies
and associations operated in absolute and or total secrecy. The nature and scope of their operation were swift, discreet and very thorough in execution. Consequently, due to their efficiency and anonymity they
became so much feared and revered throughout Japan and the world. The student(s) is persuaded to view the material of;
THE DOMINATION, NINJA. NINJA ASSASINS.
It is crucial to window some of their unique attributes and skills which were of notorious facts, and these are:
STEALTH. CONCEALMENT. SPEED.
DECISIVENESS. CUNNINGNESS. ESPIONAGE.
There were many skills that they had to master and utilized. Ultimately the
became a thoroughly trained breed of warriors. They became a unique land of their own, belonging only to their families of Ninjas such as for instance that of the;
TOGAKURE-RYU
Given the overall dispensation they lived in close clans in total secrecy. In this way, their teachings, techniques and skills were selectively passed from father
to son. It is in this context that they became the most powerful and feared power behind the scenes in the social structures of;
JAPAN
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This powerful status then prevailed for many centuries and a case in point is
that of the;
TOGAKURE-RYU NINJUTSU ORDER Which is more than eight hundred years old in Japan. This family today, is in
the 34th generation. Presently, much of its focus and role has been on these dimensions;
THE METHODS OF SELF PROTECTION. THE METHODS OF SELF DEVELOPMENT.
THE METHODS OF PRESERVATION OF THE CULTURE AND TRADITION OF NINJUTSU.
On the modern angle, the fathers of Ninjutsu are but few. However, the most distinguished one is;
Grandmaster Dr. Masaki Hatsumi who was taught Ninjutsu by the most revered and famous,
GRANDMASTER TOSHITSUGU TAKAMATSU. Who had spent many years in China perfecting the science of Ninjutsu. This
grandmaster ultimately gained the reputation of being known as the Mongolian Tiger. Currently, some of the greatest Grandmasters in modern times are
Grandmaster Richard Van Donk and Grandmaster Ashida Kimm.
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CHAPTER ELEVEN
THE 10TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS KARATE
CHAMPIONSHIP, LOBATSE (BOTSWANA) (1999)
he Oikado Martial Arts School had been organizing and managing the
secondary schools karate championships from 1989 to 1999, which
tournaments involved many secondary schools in Botswana. The
hosting of these events was rotational and the finals were alternating between
the North and the South of the country. The North and the South would hold
its regional championships and the winners would then meet their
counterparts at the finals. Prior to the National finals at Lobatse in 1999, the
North region held its championship as evidenced by the reproduced report.
This event penultimately matured and got manifested in the 10th Anniversary of
the Secondary School Karate Championship. For the record and in orbiter,
after 1999 these events were taken over by the Botswana Integrated Sports
Association in collaboration or association with the Botswana Karate
Association.
THE BOTSWANA SECONDARY SCHOOLS ANNUAL
KARATE CHAMPIONSHIPS
NORTH ZONE
HELD ON THE 19TH JUNE 1999 AT McCONNEL’S COLLEGE TUTUME
REPORT
On the 19th June 1999 the McConnel’s College situate at Tutume hosted the
North Zone Karate Championship. This tournament commenced at 10:00 am
and was concluded at 5: 00pm
1. THE PARTICIPANTS (TEAMS)
The Secondary Schools that participated were as following:
T
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1. LOTSANE SECONDARY SCHOOL.
2. MADIBA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
3. LOTLHAKANE SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
4. MOENG COLLEGE SCHOOL.
5. MAUN SECONDARY SCHOOL.
6. MATSHEKGE HILL SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
7. MASUNGA SECONDARY SCHOOL.
8. FRANCISTOWN SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL.
9. MATER SPEI SECONDARY SCHOOL.
10. SELEBI PHIKWE SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
11. MCCONNEL’S COLLEGE
2. THE TOURNAMENT COMMISSIONERS
The instructors present to assist and supervise the event were the following:
SENSEI MOSES RACANA KGOSIBODIBA.
SENSEI BONIFACE MOTLALEKGOSI.
SENSEI JONAH MADIBELA.
SENSEI TIZZA FESTUS TYIBILIKA.
SENSEI ABRAHIM THUSO MOSA.
SENSEI SAMUEL RAMAEBA.
SENSEI MICHAEL ODUETSE.
SENSEI DISANG CHA MONKGE.
SENSEI MODIRI MOOKETSI TAGWA.
SENSEI GAABADZO MOSEKI.
SENSEI MBINGANI MAGINA.
SENSEI GILBERT NKWE.
SENSEI VUSIMUZI SETLHARE.
KYOSHI PATRICK MAKGABENYANA.
3. OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS
a. The majority of team fighters did not have scoring power in relation to
the kick and punching technique.
b. The majority of placed fighters were novices (white belts) and therefore
lacked the necessary experience as fighters.
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c. Many points were failed because of lack of abrupt attack and
neutralization of the opponent in order to secure the advantage of
scoring.
d. When kicking, balance was the biggest problem but nonetheless there
was about 70% (seventy per cent) of kicking techniques.
e. Lack of punching and kicking pads for and during their/club training
contributed to lack of accuracy and power punch.
f. Though contest was full contact very few injuries were experienced and
this demonstrated the degree of carefulness of the exponents.
g. There was evidence of lack of footwork and rhythm which suggest that
majority of the contestants did not practice footwork techniques,
candence and sporadic foot attacks.
h. Many of the contestants showed that there was need for experienced
instructors who can polish them before these tournaments, nonetheless
the pugilistic exertion was very high and proved their effort in
preparation for the final tournament.
i. The spectators did express their appreciation of the event and did
encourage, applauded and enjoyed the main events.
j. There is need for North Zone clinic at least twice a year, this clinic to be
composed by representatives of concerned schools and teams.
4. OUTCOME OF THE EVENT
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Many of the teams were eliminated on the second division knock-out, the ones
that managed to reach the finalist division were the Mater Spei College,
Matshekge Hill Secondary School, McConnel’s College and, Madiba Secondary
School who therein had to fight for position one, two, three and four. The
overall result was as the following:
NAME OF SCHOOL TEAM POINTS POSITION
MATSHEKGE HILL SECONDARY SCHOOL 10.5 1
MCCONNEL’S COLLEGE 9.5 2
MATER SPEI COLLEGE 8.5 3
MADIBA SECONDARY SCHOOL 4.0 4
RUNNER: MASUNGA SECONDARY SCHOOL 3.0 5
5. CONCLUSION
The winners in this competition will meet their counter part (South Zone
Teams) in July 1999. The venue and date will be confirmed by the officials
concerned, all schools will be notified accordingly.
6. SPECIAL REMARKS
This year is the 10th Anniversary of the Secondary School Karate
Championship (1989-1999).
All the teachers responsible for the preparation of their Karate Teams, the
administers and head of schools which participated and spectators are duly
thanked on behalf of the Martial Arts Community in Botswana.
________________________________ _______________________________
PREPARED BY: SENSEI TYIBILIKA APPROVED BY: SENSEI RAMAEBA.
DATED AT LOBATSE ON THIS 26th DAY OF JUNE 1999.
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CC TO ALL THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS MENTIONED HEREIN AND TO
THE COMMISIONERS IN ATTENDANCE.
(117/OKD/TSS/TUTUME)
CELEBRATION OF KARATE TOURNAMENT
THE 10TH ANNIVESARY (1989-1999)
LOBATSE
The Secondary Schools All Style Karate championship celebrated its 10th
Anniversary (1989-1999) on the 11th July 1999. This occasion was held at
Lobatse, the venue being the St Mary’s Roman Catholic Hall (Tsopeng). Many
Secondary Schools were present including the dignitaries such as:
MR KITSO KEMOENG FROM BOTSWANA NATIONAL SPORTS
COUNCIL.
MR DICKSON GABANAKGOSI FROM DIRECTOR OF SPORTS AND
RECREATION.
MR EDMUND DLADLA FORMER PRESIDENT OF BOTSWANA
INTEGRATED SPORTS ASSOCIATION AND DIRECTOR OF SPORTS
AND RECREATION.
THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE MAYOR’S OFFICE AND
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT IN LOBATSE.
THE KWAZULU NATAL MLAZI KYOKUSHINKAI KARATE SCHOOL
WAS REPRESENTED BY SENSEI DUMISILE GILBERT NHLAPO (3RD
DAN BLACK BELT).
The Ramotswa Choral Choir was present in the occasion with
their distinguished melodies.
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The sponsors of his occasion were the following business entities in Lobatse
and elsewhere;
WAYSIDE SUPERMARKET (LOBATSE).
EVERGREEN WHOLESALES (LOBATSE).
L.M. SUPERMARKET (LOBATSE).
KOBELA (PTY) LIMITED (LOBATSE).
BASHANKA ENTERPRISES (MOLAPOWABOJANG).
KGALAGADI BREWERIES (BOTSWANA) LOBATSE BRANCH.
J.B SPORTS (GABORONE).
SILFESTUS EXPORTS AND IMPORTS (PTY) LTD (GABORONE).
On the overall, the ultimate champions of this occasion were the following
schools;
MCCONNEL’S COLLEGE POSITION ONE (1).
MASUNGA SENIOR SEC. SCHOOL POSITION TWO (2).
FRANCISTOWN SENIOR SEC. SCHOOL POSITION THREE (3).
This occasion was attended by many people from the vicinity of Lobtase.
However, it is important to mention that in the year 2000 the Oikado Martial
Arts school ceased the task of organizing such events and in proof of this
position the following is substantiated as thus;
BISA HOLDS KARATE NATIONAL FINALS
Botswana Integrated Sports Association (BISA) is scheduled for the
National Finals For Karate this SATURDAY 16th August 2003 at Naresereto
Junior Secondary School in Gaborone. The tournament involves schools
selected in kata and Kumite from four different Zones…’ABRIDGED SOURCE:
MMEGI 15-21 AUGUST 2003.
It is envisioned that in the coming years, the baner of martial arts in the
schools would be vigorously embraced and supported through the contect of
organization such as the;
BOTSWANA TERTIARY SCHOOLS SPORTS ASSOCIATION.
(BOTESSA)
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THE CORPORATE ENTITIES AND SPONSORSHIP(S)
Martial Arts sporting codes in Botswana are now receiving some sponsorships
and contributions in kind from various business communities (companies).
This venture has encouraged the Martial Arts fraternity and is also assisting
the Botswana Government in its goal to make all sporting codes viable
financially and otherwise. This move by these companies clearly proved their
corporate social responsibilities, a condition that which was not existing in the
1970 decade due to the standard of economic development and perception
about sports then.
The Government is seriously advocating sports and she is bent on meeting the
goals of 2016 Vision. She is building wherever possible, sporting facilities,
sending sportsmen and women abroad for training and for various
international competitions and careers. One prominent sports patron in the
Government was the Vice President Lt. General Seretse Khama Ian Khama,
whose contribution towards the Sports Development was immense and
generous. Consequently and due to his significant contribution and Martial
Arts knowledge he was awarded status of Black Belt in Martial Arts.
Some of the many companies that helped directly and vicariously the Martial
Arts development and growth in Botswana, and with material and or financial
resources are companies such as the;
STANBIC BANK BOTSWANA.
KGALAGADI BREWERIES
(BOTSWANA).
FEDICS GROUP (BOTSWANA).
EVERGREEN WHOLESALERS
(LOBATSE).
WAYSIDE SUPERMARKET
(LOBATSE).
CHOPPIES (BOTSWANA).
HOME CORP (GABORONE).
L.M STORE (LOBATSE).
LESEDI SUPERMARKET
(LOBATSE).
BARLOWORLD GROUP
(BOTSWANA).
FIRST NATIONAL BANK
(BOTSWANA).
ORANGE WIRELESS BOTSWANA).
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162
MASTER PRINT (LOBATSE).
BOTSWANA LIFE (GABORONE).
RIVERWALK (GABORONE).
FIDELITY PRINT MARK
GABORONE).
MACK BAHUMA ATTORNEYS
(GABORONE).
STANDARD BANK CHARTERED
(BOTSWANA).
BASHANKA ENTERPRISES
(MOLAPOWABOJANG)
SILFESTUS EXPORT/IMPORT
(GABORONE).
DEBSWANA (BOTSWANA)
J.B SPORTS SHOP (BOTSWANA).
VISION PRESS (MMABATHO).
ITEKANELE MEDICAL AID
SCHEME (GABORONE).
SEGWANA BREWERIES
(LOBATSE).
RAYNOLDS AND YOUNG,
(BOTSWANA).
WESTERN UNION (BOTSWANA).
MASCOM WIRELESS
(BOTSWANA).
KGALAGADI BREWERIES TRUST.
BARCLAYS BANK (BOTSWANA).
BAYFORD & ASSOCIATES
(GABORONE).
SHELL OIL (BOTSWANA).
MAFUSI STORES(LOBATSE)
ITEKANELE MEDICAL AID
SCHEME (GABORONE)
and at most through the contributions and sponsorship made to Botswana
National Sports Council. This picture and trend is very much appreciated and
it has marked a sharp contrast to the 1970 and 1980 decade when the then
existing companies were closed handed towards the sporting code and the
economic growth of the country not permitting such indulgences.
MARTIAL ARTS AND THE DESCIPLINED FORCES IN BOTSWANA
The Martial Arts system of Shito-Ryu, Shotokan-Ryu are well entrenched in the
army, police and the prisons more so that these institutions are the major
employers of school leavers and specialist personnel. The individuals who
joined these institutions had trained their martial arts from their junior, senior
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secondary schools and tertiary education. In the Botswana Defence Force there
are several distinguished Martial Arts Clubs such as the;
THEBEPHATSHWA KARATE CLUB.
SIR SERETSE KHAMA BARRACKS KARATE CLUB.
SHUKOKAI KARATE CLUB.
FRANCISTOWN THEBE KARATE CLUB.
GLEN VALLEY SHUKOKAI KARATE CLUB.
SAMURAI KARATE CLUB.
S.S.G KARATE CLUB.
AND OTHER ASSOCIATIONS OF STYLE PREFERENCE.
These clubs inter-alia, are members of the Botswana Karate Association. The
army is therefore, the best module of distributing the Martial Arts knowledge
since it is covering the whole country and has the best resources and training
facilities than any other institution in the Country. Conversely, the Army has
produced some of the best Martial Arts Practitioners over the past thirty years.
These very clubs participated in the Zone Six Games and in the International
Military Games which are controlled by the International Military Sport Council
(I.M.S.C) and where in Botswana teams excelled with good impression. The
oldest Martial Artist in the Botswana Defence Force was Sensei Louis
Matshwenyego Fisher who commenced his Martial Arts career in the early 1970
-1980 under the then BLAKADO Shukokai Club. Today he is the patron of the
Shukokai Martial Arts. There are other many young martial arts practitioners
in the army who will in the future acquire lucrative and beneficial careers
through martial arts especially if they integrate same with Physical Education
programmes from the University of Botswana or elsewhere. On the other hand,
in the Botswana Police Force, Martial Arts is very much old encouraged and
prevalent especially at the Botswana Police College. Same has its own Karate
Clubs which are aligned along the prevailing styles of Martial Arts and they
relate well with other Clubs. In the Botswana Police Force some of the most
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prominent and veteran Martial Artists are the respected, Sensei Nunu Lesetedi
and Sensei Lesego Baruti. These men had commenced their Martial Arts
careers in the 1970 decade in the Tsosamotse Karate Do and were trained by
various oriental instructions later on were under the guidance and mentorship
of Kyoshi Makgabenyana. Their unique and vast experience and exponentiality
has advantaged many Martial Arts aspirants and exponents in this institution.
Consequently, some of the best and seasoned progenies and practitioners
found in these institutions were:
SENSEI K.L GABAAKE.
SENSEI M. RADIPODI.
SENSEI M. SEJWE.
SENSEI K. KETSHAJWANG.
SENSEI O. MORUTLWA.
SENSEI S. SEEDI.
SENSEI A.K BOBEBE.
SENSEI V.B PALEDI.
Who continued maintaining and enhancing the Martial Arts capability
and integrity in this force. In the Prison Institution there are prominent
Martial Artists of similar stature and who are committed to Martial Arts.
Martial Arts are very important to these institutions because the science
relates squarely to the prerequisites of physical fitness, discipline and
nourishment of the spirit of total dedication to ones duty. The
abovementioned Martial Arts schools in the army, police and prisons do
hold tournaments and even select national teams under the auspices of
the Botswana Karate Association, Botswana Kofukan Federation thus
under the umbrella of the Botswana National Sports Council. This
position and fact could be supported and evidenced by the reproduced
and summarized report:
THE BOTSWANA KARATE ASSOCIATION KARATE CHAMPIONSHIPS
TOURNAMENT, HELD PELENG COMMUNITY CENTRE, LOBATSE ON
THE 8TH MAY 1999 (ABRIDGED).
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Objective: Selection of Team for the Zone Six Games in Namibia (1999).
TEAMS PRESENT
SIR SERETSE KHAMA BARRACKS KARATE CLUB.
GLENVALLEY KARATE CLUB.
SHOTOKAN KARATE CLUB.
SHOKOKAI KARATE CLUB.
FRANCISTOWN THEBE KARATE CLUB.
SELEBI PHIKWE KARATE CLUB.
SAMURAI KARATE CLUB.
S.S.G KARATE CLUB AND,
THEBEPHATSHWA KARATE CLUB.
TOURNAMENT OFFICIALS (On Diverse Capacities)
SENSEI UNION KGAFELA.
SENSEI GAVEY KGATHI.
SENSEI CHRIS MOSHAOKE.
SENSEI MOMPATI KWATI.
SENSEI MILLION MASUMBIKA (MC).
CONTENTS OF TOURNAMENTS
Kata and Kumite for male and female divisions.
Conclusion: The winners will proceed to the next selection process to
determine a team to represent Botswana in the 7th All Africa Games
(1999) in South Africa.
Therefore, once these teams have been selected, they would participate in
the Zone Six Games, All Africa Games and other International Martial
Arts Competitions which are overseas and this would be amplified in the
subsequent discussions.
In order to appreciate and as a matter of fact, in future it is important to
accelerate the quality of martial arts, to produce national champions
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from many inter styles, the all styles martial artS championships are
vital and of urgent need. The imperative is to hold them every year under
the thematic nature of:
THE ALL STYLES MARTIAL ARTS TOURNAMENTS
rather than to continue with the system of closed styles tournaments,
which has been the case in past twenty eight years. To substance this
persuasion and point of view, one is obliged to cite Grandmaster
Masatoshi Nakayama:
[T]he greatest improvement is the worldwide support I have received
everywhere, including that from Sensei Enoeda KUGB, and its has
been most helpful towards world karate expansions.
My two worries are: 1. A lot of people only use one style of fighting
and there is not enough competition with other styles of fighting to
learn some of their ways. 2. The winner or looser of a competition
now requires much greater skills because it has become more
difficult to be able to judge the subtle differences between
competitors; improved techniques and skills” ABRIDGED SOURCE: OFFICIAL
PROGRAMME OF WORLD SHOTOKAN CUP 1990: ORGANIZED BY THE KARATE UNION OF GREAT
BRITAIN: (INTERVIEW).
In context to the above expressed sentiments, Martial Art diversity as
opposed indiversity can be of great benefit to the quality of Martial Arts
in Botswana when skills are shared, evaluated and compared through
such tournaments.
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CHAPTER TWELVE
THE FOUNDATION OF MARTIAL ARTS IN JAPAN: OVERVIEW
(1185 AD)
THE ANCIENT MARTIAL ARTS POSITION IN JAPAN
he significance of this synopsis is to provide a window and
overview of the martial arts in Japan, from the point of antiquity.
For the record, martial arts in Japan dates as far as 50BC but for
the present essay academic convenience the year of 1185AD has been
chosen as the starting point. The purpose of the analysis is to
demonstrate the issue of style speciation and that it has been a common
feature and phenomena through out the ages.
Conversely, our focus will commence with the style of Jui Jutsu which
ultimately became the vital source of all the present day martial arts
including karate. The concise of its nature and progression will be
detailed below with the hope of making the practitioners of martial arts
aware of the dynamic relationship within styles or systems of martial
arts.
THE BIRTH OF JUI JUTSU MARTIAL ARTS
In ancient days before the word Jui Jutsu was coined most the typical
and traditional form and format of close range combat especially for the
horseman was called;
THE ART OF KUMI UCHI RYU
This form of training and engagement was very crucial to be acquired
and mastered, it involved the horseman in the battlefield who when
T
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dismounted by design or accident, could be able to wrestle and defeat the
enemy at very close range. Sometimes this was so when the horseman or
warrior has lost his weapon in the course of such confrontation.
Overtime, this system became known as;
YAWARA:
The warrior class called the Samurai were very good and the best
masters ever of this unique art and on this point the student is
persuaded to see the visual material called the Last Samurai.
Consequently, other forms of Yawara began to emerge and with impactful
dynamics, and these were the Kogusoku Ryu, Koshi Mawari Ryu to
mention but a few. When Kumi Uchi Ryu (Yawara) gained more
sophistication, the inevitability became that it was renamed Jui Jutsu
Do.
THE ART OF JUI JUTSU DO.
After the birth of Jui Jutsu the concept became the generic or general
name for all similar Arts. The definement, nature and characteristics of
Jui Jutsu Do became the fundamental aspect of;
Yielding and manipulating the opponent or enemy with dramatic
finesse, ease and sophistry.
The essential linkage to the skills and aspects of the techniques of
war (Buge).
Achieving the objective of effective engagement at very close range
with expert efficiency and resilience in the shortest time possible.
Given the above quality and mandatory dispensation many modern
Martial Arts made it a fundamental arterial objective and preference that
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such knowledge be incorporated into the core of their main style.
Especially for those styles which are ninety percent dependant on the
long range engagement through kicking and punching. Consequently,
the system of Jui Jutsu Do became the second vital component of the
main style so that the practioner can engage with the dimension of
roundedness, comprehensively and accomplishment more precisely in
the formats of Kata.
THE EMERGENCE OF OIKIRU RYU MARTIAL ARTS
It is important and profound to point out this, the bulk of the Jui Jutsu
techniques were actually sourced from the Shaolin Temple (China) as far
back as in the period of 495 BC. They were modified in order to suite the
appropriate international and local needs. Thus the indigenous wisdom,
skills and preferences became the absolute determining factor of
adaptability and exponentially.
As a matter of fact, through the process of continuous adaptability
modification, much of Jui Jutsu styles that are practiced today in the
whole world are numerous and profoundly unique. Some of these
systems have their own grandmasters who are of great repute skill and
wisdom.
THE ART OF DAITO RYU AIKI JUI JUTSU
(1185-133AD)
This martial arts was founded in Japan by General Shinka Saburo
Yoshimitsu. This was further transformed in another tradition who was
called the Take No Uchi Ryu.
THE ART OF TAKE NO UCHI RYU
(1532 AD)
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This martial arts was founded by Prince Toichiro Hisamori Takeuchi. On
the same vain grandmaster Mosatari Yanani founded the traditional style
of Tenji Shinyo Ryu.
THE ART OF TENJI SHINYO RYU
For the record and clarity to the reader and student, Grandmaster
Miyamoto Mushashi was the greatest swordsman ever in Japan. Given
the overall position and dispensation of the above, the final dimensional
outcome became the fact that two Ancient Jui- Jutsu Schools emerged
being;
THE YOISHIN RYU THE SHIN NO SHINTO RYU
Overtime, greater sophistication was ingrained in these of Jui Jutsu
systems and the ultimate product became the emergence of the profound
systems that became known as the, Oikiru Ryu Jui Jutsu Do.
THE ART OF OIKIRU RYU JUI JUTSU DO
This profound system underwent the spectrum of speciation and infusion
with other martial arts by the relevant student/ members and masters
thus then the emergence of the unique systems known as;
OIKIRU RYU NINJUTSU
OIKIRU RYU KEMPO KARATE DO
OIKIRU RYU KARATE JITSU DO
OIKIRU RYU JU JUJITSU DO
OIKIRU RYU TAI JITSU DO
OIKIRU RYU GOJU KEMPO KARATE DO
OIKIRU RYU JUJUTSU BUGEI DO
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The above systems were classically classified as of the Kodokan School or
Traditional and based in Osaka. In the pursuit of the style excellence and
case in the point was that of Professor John Dewey of Colombia
University who went to Japan in 1919. In Japan he was under the
Kodokan School (Ryu) where he studied the dynamic aspects of Jui
Jutsu, Judo and the entire Oikiru Ryu Jui- Jutsu Do.
In 1935 Professor H. Olsers, a disciple of Grandmaster. Prof John Dewey,
carried on the work and in New Jersey (USA) he founded the Oikiru Ryu
Martial Arts Systems which at that, time were almost non-existent.
Grandmaster Rod Sachamoski eventually formed the Juko Ryu.
Currently, the head of all the Oikiru Ryu Systems in the Western
Hemisphere is the aforementioned Grandmaster Rod Sachamos
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
THE INTERNAL DYNAMICS IN MARTIAL ARTS (BOTSWANA)
THE ACQUISITION OF PROSPECTIVE SYSTEMS OF MARTIAL ARTS.
vertime, it became evident that Botswana was gradually
acquiring news forms of Martial Arts styles (systems) due to
two important dynamics, which were the immigration and
external scholarship of students. On the point of immigration Botswana
experienced a great influx of people who came into the country because
of many reasons. The result became the emergence of new martial arts
systems that added on the diversity of styles. On the other hand, the
Ministry of Education and Skills Development sent local students to
various international academic institutions (Universities) wherein some
of them acquired new exposure and learning in different martial arts
systems. The overall impact was that all these styles converged in the
country. The findings of the Oikado Strategic Committee found that due
to the rapid economic developments, immigration, international
scholarship of Batswana students, the international exposures of current
martial artists in Botswana, by the year 2016 -2020 Botswana will have
the following new styles of martial arts as below mentioned, thus
breaking the aspect of indiversity in Botswana’s martial arts culture:
MUGENDO.
GOJU RYU KARATE DO.
YOISHIN- JUTSU DO.
RYUSHIN KAN KARATE DO.
SHURI – KEMPO RYU
PAQUA - CHANG
SMALL CIRCLE JU JUTSU
DO.
SHINJI RYU KARATE DO.
TENSHIN RYU KARATE DO.
RYOBO KAI KARATE DO.
GAVEN JU- JUTSU DO.
O
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SEIDO KAN KARATE DO.
JU JU TSU DO.
TAI CHI KUNG FU.
TAEKWON DO.
KENDO.
KOBOKAN KARATE DO.
KYOKUSHINKAI KARATE
DO.
TENSHIKAN KARATE DO.
CHOI KWAN – DO.
YOISHINKAI KARATE DO.
NINJUTSU.
TANG SOO DO.
KOBUJITSU KEMPO.
IAIDO
YOISHINKAN KOBUJUTSU
DO.
KEMPO KARATE DO.
GOJU KAI KARATE DO.
KOKONDO KARATE DO.
SHAOLIN WUSHU MARTIAL
ART
WADO RYU KARATE DO.
UECHI KARATE DO.
ABRIDGED SOURCE: REPORT OF THE 8TH OIKADO STRATEGIC STUDIES COMMITTEE, MAHALAPYE,
BOTSWANA 1993.
The forecast was landmarked for the period from 2000-2020 AD, and its
intensification was going to be influenced substantively by the rapid
industrialization and foreign investment in the country. Conversely, the
martial arts diversity will be huge, precipitated and providing optimal
benefit to all the students of martial arts. Other countries will reach a
dynamic point of offering scholarship of martial arts to the Batswana
aspirants and provide financial resources for the development of their
careers in martial arts. Consequently, all these dynamics will overtime,
ultimately change and redefine the future landscape and complexion of
martial arts in Botswana.
THE EROSION OF INDEVERSITY IN MARTIAL ARTS
These developments and trends shall and will be having the overall and
extended impacts in that, more students will have ample choice and
access to different martial arts mentors, clubs, schools and thus
reducing the prevalent Mono-Culture and indiversity of current styles in
the country.
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However on the other hand, such development will deflate and shatter
the long misconceived aptitude and view that Botswana was basically
and entirely a country of Shukokai Ryu, Shito- Ryu and Shotokan Ryu.
Another factor that which complements the above postulation on
diversity is the fact that, many young Martial Artists are currently
pursuing their undergraduate programme outside Botswana. Once these
students become exposed to new ideas, new styles and new instructors
that would transform their mindsets, outlooks, understanding and
preferences. On being transformed, in the long term they would gain
international perspectives and embracing new martial arts styles and
viewpoint.
THE DIVERSIFICATION OF MARTIAL ARTS (BOTSWANA)
The concept of martial arts diversification in Botswana is not new, it is
only that some do actually deny its existence and beneficiality for
reasons best known to them and convenience to their self-interests.
Whatever the future position and conditions in the country would be, the
Sports Authority should endeavor as much as is possible to consider the
point of equity and interest and needs of the many Martial Arts Schools
and Styles in Botswana.No school, association and federatin should have
the ultimate monopoly of resources and opportunities. This postulation
is rendered imperative, urgent and vital in that some martial artists and
schools had been greatly prejudiced and disadvantages for more than
twenty seven (27) years and are still being marginalized in terms of
resources and benefits from the Botswana National Sports Council to
this present day. This fact comes about because the Botswana Karate
Association opinionated and stanced itself, in that anything that which is
not termed Shito Ryu, Shotokan, Shukokai is anathema, it is not Karate
nor Martial Arts. Let alone the fact that Karate per-se has more than one
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hundred different versions or systems. This aptitude does not take into
full account the dynamics of Martial Arts diversity and veracity. This
point is stated as an alert signal to the relevant authorities and future
sporting codes which will also undergo and experience such deprivation,
prejudice and bias, as others have endured for so many years. Currently,
Botswana has got these bodies;
BOTSWANA KARATE ASSOCIATION.
KOFUKAN FEDERATION.
MABONI SHITO RYU FEDERATION.
BOTSWANA JUDO ASSOCIATION.
HAYASHI-HA SHITO RYU ASSOCIATION.
JAPAN KARATE ASSOCIATION.
And through these bodies Botswana was able to prepare and send her
National Karate Teams to compete and represent her in the international
forum of Asia, Europe, America and Africa.
THE WOMEN AND MARTIAL ARTS (BOTSWANA)
Since the beginning of time women have been the driving force in the
achievement of men and society. Women in Botswana contributed
significantly and pervasively towards the development, growth and the
achievements of Martial Arts in the country. The participation of women
was direct and indirect overtime. When their contribution is not
acknowledged that would be the evidence of moral deficit and delinquent
ingratitude on the Martial Artists. When we are sincere and owning this
very crucial point and contributions, our gratitude would be out flowing
without hesitation. In all the dimensions and spheres of martial arts
development in the country, women had proved to have been the
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essential strong and silent pillars of our martial arts especially behind
the scenes. Even then, some women were directly involved in the;
Administration of martial arts.
Tournaments and grading activities.
Fund raising activities.
Management of resources for the martial arts school.
Preparations of tournaments.
The majority of the women unselfishly gave all their support and
participation in various spheres, portfolios and capacities which were
beneficial to the martial artists in the country. It was through these
shared vision, efforts and contributions by these special people that our
local Martial Arts began to rise and excel in their various abilities and
specialization in Martial Arts. Given the above, this chapter is adroitly
dedicated to the woman in our country, and it becomes special tribute
from our martial arts fraternity unless otherwise minded. They are fully
and implicitly acknowledged by virtue of these proceedings. It is without
doubt that our women in Botswana, with their very special dedication
and devotion were motivated, stimulated, and invigorated by the sense of
gratitude and of the love of sports and in particular the Martial arts. In
the context of Oikado Martial Arts School, many women helped the
school to survive and sustain itself and as tribute for that, a roll has
been made in their honour and as empirical evidence and representation
of some of the women who contracted themselves into the spheres and
aspects of management, teaching, organization and propagation of
martial arts in Botswana. This position is demonstrated in the structural
systems of;
Female Kata Competition
Female Kumite Competition
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Female Refereees Courses
Female Coaching Seminars.
On a finer note, it is important to motivate young women to effectively
participate and engage in the learning and training of the Martial Arts.
This persuasion is underscored because of the high rate of crime and
violence against women in our society. If women are armed with the
superior knowledge and skills of self defence, their condition and position
of vulnerability will be reduced quantumly. On the whole having
observed the progression as above mentioned, it is hoped that in the near
future ( next millennium) there would be dojos schools of martial arts
owned and manned by female martial artists as in other countries in the
world. That then, would be a huge breakthrough and development that
would be most welcomed and aspired for our fraternity.
THE SHIFTINGS OF STUDENTRY IN THE STYLES.
The Oikado Strategic Committee Studies (15th December 1991) done at Gaborone, Maun, Francistown, Serowe, Selebi Phikwe and Lobatse
pointed out the following shifting of membership trends precisely after the advent of Shito Ryu Karate Do.
SHUKOKAI KARATE SYSTEM – 35% SHITO RYU KARATE SYSTEM – 10%
SHOTOKAN KARATE SYSTEM – 20% OIKIRU RYU KARATE JITSU DO. – 30% OTHER SYSTEMS – 5%
The above indicated that the scope and measure of practice and studentry attached to the systems was not stable due to several variants
in martial arts. However, the abovementioned baseline got disturbed and varied with the advent of new systems such as the;
Yoishinkai Kobujutsu Do. Ryushin Kan Karate Do.
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Which then took a sizeable number of students into their mainstream. This trend and development will continue to exist in the future and a
case in point is in the context of the Oikado Martial Arts School.
The Oikado Martial Arts School has been offering three dimensions of martial arts system which were;
KARATE KUNG FU. JUI-JUTSU.
Given the fact of diversification of martial arts many students had an
optimal opportunity of choice and specialization. Therefore, the Oikado Strategic Committee (2006) resolved that the area of Kung fu martial arts should be expanded as that of Karate. Then overtime the Kung Fu and
Jui-Jutsu Do dimension shall be attentioned too.
On this motion Kyoshi Racana Moses Kgosibodiba was commissioned and mandated to establish the links with other Kung Fu institutions. He then got connected with;
GRANDMASTER RIQUILER BANTHOUND
Of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This linkage was vital because Grandmaster Banthound stewarded the main body of;
THE AFRICAN KUNG FU WUSHU FEDERATION
which body was under the overall governance of the mother body being;
THE CHINA INTERNATIONAL WUSHU FEDERATION (IWUF/IWF)
Consequently, this development resulted in the creation of the;
BOTSWANA KUNG FU WUSHU FEDERATION.
The Botswana Kungfu Wushu Federation became guided by Kyoshi Kgosibodiba Moses Racana, who also represented Botswana in Libya (9th
– 15th September 2009). It is hoped that the Karate wing of Oikado Martial Art School will forge stronger links with the Koshiki Karate Do
Federation in the coming years. On similar stream the Jui-Jutsu dimension of Oikado Martial Art School will forge ties with the International Ju Jutsuans Federation in the future. It is hoped that
Botswana will benefit more in the future from the CHINA INTERNATIONAL WUSHU FEDERATION AND WUSHU MASTERS ASSOCIATION (CHINA).
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THE IMPACTS OF MARGINALISATION AND INFIGHTS (MARTIAL
ARTS)
It is common cause that the Botswana Karate Association has excluded many styles outside its kraal on the basis of stylism and preference of styles. This process and point was started with the Oikiru-Ryu-Karate-
Jitsu-Do (Oikado) and was extended to other system the latest being the Ryushinkan Karate Do and the Yoishin Kobujutsu Do; to substance this view the following is submitted;
[S]ensei Dobolo faced an uphill battle when he tried to register his
style with the local karate body Botswana Karate Association (BOKA)…….. Sensei Dobolo became an instructor and introduced Ryushin Kan in the local scene, breaking rank with his former
club… This did not go down well with other BOKA members and Ryushinkan secretary general Tshepo Dipatane said, goal posts were
shifted whenever they tried to register with the association…..’ ABRIDGED SOURCE: DAILY SPORTS MONDAY NOVEMBER 23, 2009 NO. 220.
In retrospect, on the 16th June 1999 the Executive Committee of the Oikado Martial Arts School (Botswana) held a meeting at the BNSC office Gaborone, with the representation of the Botswana Karate Association in
the context of;
SHIHAN MOSES RACANA KGOSIBODIBA AND SHIHAN TIZAR
FESTUS TYIBILIKA FOR THE OIKADO MARTIAL ARTS SCHOOL.
MR. SEISA MOOKODI FOR THE BOTSWANA NATIONAL
SPORTS COUNCIL.
SENSEI MILLION MASUMBIKA, SENSEI GEOFF THEMBO AND
SENSEI OREBOTSE MPHO MOPHUTING FOR BOKA. The Oikado delegation premised its submission on these grounds:
Botswana was growing in the field of martial arts and
therefore all different styles must be accorded equal and fair
share of opportunities, resources and support from the Government, BNSC and BOKA.
The exclusion of other styles from BOKA by BOKA caused
extreme prejudice to the vast members so excluded on the
basis of style difference. Furthermore, those who are so
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excluded are actual taxpayers, their parents are tax payers and yet cannot secure any benefit from that fact.
That as taxpayers are entitled to be recipients of benefits, and
opportunities that are offered by the government via the Botswana National Sports Council. It was wrong to deny anyone of such a right and benefit.
That all clubs of Martial Arts are with a right to be assisted by
the Government, National Sports Council in the development
of their preferred system of martial arts. They should not be barred from such beneficiation because of the views and
sentiments of others.
That it was wrong, skewed and irrelevant to deprive huge
numbers of martial art students of different styles of whatever benefits and opportunities that the government offered on the
basis of stylism and non-affiliation to BOKA. The long and short of it all, was that the meeting became a sad episode
in the Botswana’s martial arts history in that the BOKA representative rejected everything. This marked the era of the iron curtain in the martial arts of Botswana. Despite this status of marginalization the Oikado
Martial Arts School (Botswana) got sustained through the resources provided by members of the public, parents of students and instructors
to this present date. The aftermath of the 16th June 1999 meeting motivated the Oikado
Martial Arts School, which consulted other marginalized Schools of Martial Arts and all agreed that a martial art body of National framework was needed, which will not discrimanate and deprive anyone on the basis
of style difference and association.
The adverse impacts of such deprivation was clarioned eloquent as thus; [S]ince they were not affiliated to BOKA it was difficult for the new
style to receive funds from Botswana National Sports Council (BNSC) hence lack of participation at international events, and furthermore,
the Ryushinkan athletes could not be drafted into the national team….”ABRIDGED SOURCE: BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, DAILY SPORT, MONDAY NOVEMBER 23,
2009 NO. 220.
The other adverse impact on the landscape and complexion of Botswana’s Martial Arts is that, the aptitude and position of BOKA
against other styles, is to thwart and frustrate the process of martial arts diversification in Botswana. But for now, the masters of tomorrow will
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emerge and be rethinking differently from the present. At this juncture, one is minded to echoe the position of the Botswana founding fathers of
martial arts:
[B]LAKADO contends that, when all is said and done, “KARATE IS KARATE” irrespective of the style. Furthermore, if an individual is good he is good no matter where he trains…” ABRIDGED SOURCE: A HANDBOOK
OF KARATE, BLAKADO, PUBLISHED MARCH GABORONE, 1980.
Wherefore, it is against this crystalised background that for the past
twenty eight years the Oikado Martial Arts School (Botswana) has never received any form of assistance from the Botswana National Sports Council and never participated in the Botswana Karate Association
events. This marginalization caused solidarity and inspiration to all the Oikado Martial Arts studentry:
[T]hose strong winds that hit hard are not really enemies. They help to integrate you. They look as if they will uproot you but in fighting
with them you become rooted….” ABRDGED SOURCE: GRANDMASTER SAO SENZO
YAMADA, OIKIRU-RYU KARATE JITSU DO, DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA, 1966.
THE PROLIFERATION OF MARTIAL ARTS FEDERATIONS IN BOTSWANA
When Botswana’s martial arts entered the era of diversification, the contours of such development meant that the dramatic and long lasting
changes were to occur in the landscape of martial arts. The need for diversification was largely prompted by the internal conflicts with the organization of BOKA, and the fact of external and international
exposure of many students precipitated the process. Inevitably, within the BOKA structures the big bang occurred which resulted in the
breakaway of many individuals. These individuals began to form new association and federations in the context of the;
BOTSWANA SHOTOKAN KARATE FEDERATION. WORLD SHOTOKAN KARATE FEDERATION.
INTERNATIONAL SHOTOKAN KARATE FEDERATION. SHOTOKAN KARATE INTERNATIONAL. BOTSWANA KOFUKAN FEDERATION.
BOTSWANA SHITO RYU FEDERATION. BOTSWANA RENSHINKAN FEDERATION. HAYASHI-HA-SHITO RYU BOTSWANA.
SANKUKAI FEDERATION. KIMURA SHUKOKAI INTERNATIONAL, BOTSWANA.
SHUKOKAI SHITO RYU INTERNATIONAL. GOJU RYU FEDERATION.
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BOTSWANA YUISHINKAI KOBUJUTSU FEDERATION.
The above mentioned associations and federations were respectively under the stewardship of the following instructors;
SENSEI SOLLY NAGENG. SENSEI MARTIN CHIPUZA.
SENSEI MILLION MASUMBIKA. SENSEI ANDREW DOBOLO. SENSEI SELLO SOCCA MORUAKGOMO.
SENSEI OTENG NKWE. SENSEI NANCY HORENBURG.
SENSEI THEBE MOLEFE. SENSEI UNION KGAFELA. SENSEI MPHO BAKWADI.
SENSEI OOKEDITSE MALESU. SENSEI THUTO THUTO.
It is anticipated that by end of the year 2009 and 2010 many more similar entities will emerge. Notwithstanding this position, when right
thinking is applied in the context of the above spectrum, crucial and critical questions do emerge in that;
What quality dimensions and value will so many associations and federations bring to the martial arts landscape in Botswana?
What are the current and future impacts on the national
resources, human and financial and institutionally?
What changes of mindsets, philosophies and repositions, and
forward thinking will come out from the whole enterprise?
By what stretch of imagination, fact, reality and truth will such a
conglomerations of entities be different and free from the hamstrings of their derivative body and exclusiveness philosophy. Given the reality that an apple seldom falls down far away from
its tree.
However, it is conceded that the process formations of new associations and federations cannot be halted nor avoided. It is going to grow exponentially due to fact that more new systems of martial arts would be
incoming. Once they are within Botswana, new entities will emerge as of right and common cause. Therefore, it is envisaged that, the future masters of martial arts in Botswana will ultimate found and adopt the
wisdom of creating the;
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CONFEDERATION OF MARTIAL ARTS
So as to regulate the various interests and interactions nationally, regionally and internationally.
THE FUTURE VISION AND PENDULATIONS.
It is opined and in orbiter for that matter, in the future the Government should effectively assist and spearhead the construction and existence of the;
NATIONAL MARTIAL ARTS ACADEMIES.
NATIONAL MARTIAL ARTS INSTITUTE(S).
Because these bodies are vital when it comes to professionalisation of the
discipline and for creating employment opportunities for the many in the future. It must be ventilated and envinced that the above mentioned
questions and or postulations are not at all, intended whatsoever to be vain, cynical and or judgemental but to be the constructive baseline. They are but raised in the point of curiosity from a far thinking mind.
It is common cause that in this train of thinking the main objective is not to cause an affront, divisiveness and or discouragements. The point is
simply this, to provoke the aspect of forward thinking befitting and beneficial, contained with critical evaluation of trends of the past and
present. It is conceded rightfully so, that the answers may not be found in the present but rather in the future thereby the generation(s) yet to come shall be in a position to say so, not us. Conversely, our humble
position and postulation is this, for the moment these issues should not at all, cause anyone any immediate contestations, confrontations and dissolutions. This is so because it was vital that they should be raised
rather than to be glossed over, and thus repeating the inequities of the past under the pretext of ignorance and ambiguities.
On humble parlance, the aptitude and postulation of the Oikado Martial Arts School regarding the multiplicities of associations and federations is
rather simplistic and of common sense without logic dislocation. Given the existing undercurrent infightings and hostilities within the martial
arts fraternity, there is no cut right solution. It is also noted that the status quo will create the process of endless emergence of associations and federations, and to what end?
The position of the Oikado Martial Arts School as fathomed from its teachings, principles and philosophy is this, it is only through the
attainment of deeper awareness and knowledge of what it takes to be and involved in being a truthful, sincere and sublimed martial artists. It is
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profound knowledge that can salvage everyone from the current quagmire.
Therefore, the short and long of it is this, the true answer lies not in the
aspects of;
FEDERATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS.
FAME AND POPULATION OF STUDENTS THAT ONE HAS.
TOURNAMENTS AND GOLD MEDALS THAT HAD BEEN WON AND BROUGHT INTO THE COUNTRY.
BEING A CHAMPION BREEDER AND OR THE MOST AND HIGHEST RANKED INSTRUCTOR.
BEING PHENOMENAL AND OF GREAT STATUS IN THE REALMS OF MARTIAL ARTS.
The ultimate and fundamental answer is found and grounded in the dimensions of the heart, mind and spirit. Therefore in humble parlance,
it is common cause and very much uncommon that this postulation and factor would certainly not augur well with others because it would cause a sad dimension of displeasure with no slighter difference in others. Then
does it matter?
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN
THE ISLANDS OF JAPAN (10 000 BC)
THE JOMON ERA: OVERVIEW.
The Historical, Political and Cultural landscape from ancient times to the present is essential to consider because in the overall, these shaped the nature and quality of martial arts. In ancient times the
Islands of Japan were settled by the hunter – gatherer people in the Jomon Era, and by the year 300 BC the Jomon Era ended but opening a new era that became known as the;
YAYOI PERIOD
(300 BC – 300 AD)
It is in this era that the families began to struggle for power. The Yayoi people were related to the Mongols and with them came a new language and religion of Shinto which became a national religion.
This religion resulted in the building of the;
SHINTOIST SHRINE OF ISE (250 AD)
Over the years the 1st Japanese Envoy arrived in China in the year 239 AD. Thereafter, the Yamato/Kofun culture began and the unified state began with strong clan rulers. It be noted that at this point in
time, the society as found in the Islands of Japan was heavily influenced by and based on the Chinese culture in the dimensions of;
Art. Education.
Language.
Technology. Government.
Confucianism. The aftermath and status quo of Chinese influence eventuated in
Japan’s adoption of the Chinese alphabets in 500 AD.
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD Many occurrences took place in this era such as the emergence of;
THE SOGA DYNASTY
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Which took the throne and moved the capital to the Osuka Valley. Prince Shokuto of the Soga Clan began the promotion of Buddhism
within the country. The religion of Buddhism was brought into Japan by a delegation from Korea which was sent by King Packche of Korea
to the Emperor of Japan. Overtime, Prince Shotoku declared Buddhism and Confucianism to be state religions, and the first constitution of the country was drafted and based on the teachings of
Confucius and was called the;
KENPO JUSHICHIJO
Ultimately Prince Shotoku built the famous Buddhist temple called
the;
HORYUJI TEMPLE
It be noted further that, Prince Shotoku got succeeded by Prince
Kotoku Tenno who dramatically increased the imperial powers over all the clans and the capital of Japan was moved once more from Asuka to Nara. Ultimately, Emperor Shomu founded the Todaiji Temple and
thus marking the beginning of the;
HEIAN PERIOD
Which then resulted with the capital being moved to Heian – Kyo. In the year 838 AD the Emperor forbade any contact with China.
THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI AND SHOGUN ERA
The Professional military class in Japan began to gain more and more power and influence, this was very evident when the Fujiwara Clan
ascended the throne in 858 AD. However this dynasty got defeated by Gosanjo who then became the Emperor of Japan. Eventually, two of the strongest military clans emerged and rose to great heights of
power, these were;
THE TAIRA CLAN
THE MINAMOTO CLAN
These two powerful clans constantly engaged in battles for dominance until the Taira Clan defeated the Minamoto Clan in 1156 AD. However, in 1185 the Taira Clan got defeated in the;
GEMPEI WAR
And General Yoritomo of the Hojo Clan seized all power and became the;
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1ST SHOGUN OF JAPAN
While the Emperor remained a figurehead. This development then
ushered a new era which was called the;
KAMAKURA PERIOD
On the side of the Samurai’s the Buddhist Monk called Eisai began the School of Zen Buddhism which was totally popular and embraced
by the Samurais as their path of life and philosophy. On the other hand, a Buddhist Monk called Dogen also introduced the;
SOTO ZEN BUDDHISM
which got popular and embraced by the society at large.
It should be noted by the student(s) that during the Kamakura period, the Emperor’s power declined greatly and the army of Shogun Kamakura defeated the Emperor’s army in the year 1221 AD.
However, in 1330 AD Emperor Go – Daigo defeated the Kamakura Shogunate and restored the imperial power once again.
In 1336 AD Ashikaga Takauji captured the Kyoto Go – Daigo and forthwith declared himself to be the new Shogun, there after he
establish the Northern Court of;
MUROMACHI
Which divided the country into two parts. However, in 1392AD war ensued and the Southern Court got defeated by;
SHOGUN ASHIKAGA YOSHIMITSU
Thereby uniting the country oncemore. It be noted that from 1400 – 1500 AD there were civil wars, political unrests and political control
breakdown in the whole of Japan. This period of hundred years of war was called;
THE AGE OF WAR.
This was due to many factors such as land acquisition and control (ownership).
THE EDO (TOKUGAWA) PERIOD
The Emperor appointed IEYASU as the Shogun, and the capital was moved to;
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EDO
Which subsequently was renamed Tokyo. This development meant the foundation of the most powerful and long lasting dynasty of the;
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNS
which was in total power for two hundred and fifty six years. The Emperor on the other hand, decreed and isolated Japan from the rest of the world in order to keep the country clean and free from the
foreign influences. All the above, were compounded with the banning of foreigners save the Chinese and the Dutch. Even further to that,
the building of ships and the religion of Christianity got banned in Japan. It is in this era of isolation and peace that a new breed of elite Samurais was born. At this juncture one is requested to see the
visual material called the,
SHOGUN
THE SAMURAI PERIOD The dynamics of martial arts would be deficit if the role of the Samurai Caste is not taken into account in this enterprise. Therefore, the synopsis herein is vital for the whole spectrum of martial art evolution
and ubiquity. The warlords who were called the,
DAIMYO
Maintained professional armies which were very skillful in the Martial Arts in particular the swordsmanship. These armies were called the,
SAMURAI
And they upheld their professional standards and ethics in their
special doctrine or code which was called the,
BUSHIDO CODE (Path of the warrior)
It must be pointed out that all the various warlords held their own territory and were charged with the responsibility of law and order,
and the protection of the vital interests of their masters. The Samurai though they were few in numbers as compared to the general
populace, they had absolute authority in the whole society. They also had the power to kill anyone of the lower caste if the need arose. It be noted that, the symbol of such power and authority of the Samurai
was the sword. They were the only caste or class of people that were allowed to carry a sword, no one else. The commoners were not
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allowed by law to carry any weaponry and if so found, one was severely punished. The outcome of this banishement of swords
amongst the commoners, was that the commoners, became more focused on developing barehand combat skills and utilization of
simple domestic and farming impliments as deadly weapons. This very process led to the birth of martial art disciplines such as Kobujutsu and Ninjutsu. The Samurai carried two swords of different lengths
which were called the; DAISHO
The said daisho was made up of the;
KATANA
WAKIZAKI
The Wakizaki was very special, shorter and very exclusive to their
class of the Samurai. In the cause of time the society was put under the class system which was made up of four classification namely the;
WARRIORS
MERCHANTS
ARTISTS
FARMERS
Above all, these classes were under the Samurai and the Shogun and
were endorsed in the Book of Five Rings. The ultimate source of power and authority was the Shogun. It thus became evident that anyone who was not a Samurai was a commoner and servant to the Shogun.
As was already stated that no commoner was allowed to carry a weapon (sword), there were constant searches or sword hunts
amongst the commoners , the most famous sword hunt was that of the;
HIDEYOSHI’S GREAT SWORD –HUNT (1587AD)
The aforesaid sword hunt came about on account of the fact that
Hideyoshi himself was a commoner who used the sword to become
one of the great dictators in Japan. As a result of his feat he sword
hunted extensively with the aim of ensuring that no other person can
do what he had done and take away his power. It can safely be
concluded at this juncture that, the Samurai Caste were the absolute
and vital machinery of warfare and order in Japan and they engaged
in many battles over the vital interests of their respective Shoguns.
THE YEARS OF PEACE IN JAPAN
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(1600 AD)
In this period two great battles had been fought on two different time
frame which were;
THE BATTLE OF SEKIGAHARA (1600AD)
THE SIEGE OF OSAKA CASTLE (1615 AD)
And these ushered the rise of the Tokugawa family into the ultimate power, the power that lasted for two and half centuries. When the Tokugawa Shogunate was in power a relative period of peace
descended Japan. The battles were reduced and of the Samurai they became idled, some
were abandoned due to the death of their warlord or the dishonor of their warlord. Due to these factors some became farmers, bandits,
merchants and teachers of their martial skills. THE DECLINE OF THE SAMURAI ERA
However, it is essential to point out that some of the Samurai were not prepared to compromise their acquired culture, skills, knowledge and
martial science. They proceeded to preserve the best inheritance of the Samurai knowledge, secrets, techniques, skills and culture.
The most prominent of these individuals were:
GRANDMASTER MIYAMOTO MUSASHI
GRANDMASTER TSUKUHARA BOKUDEN
It be noted that Grandmaster Miyamoto Musashi travelled to many places in Japan, seeking new knowledge, skills, secrets, techniques and spiritual transformation. His efforts and enterprise resulted in his
most famous written book called the;
BOOK OF FIVE RINGS
The students of serious intellectual proprietary in martial arts are persuaded to acquire and focus on the book aforesaid. In the same
period another written work was produced from the Nabeshima Daimyo of Kyushu same calling for the restoration of the old skills, old ways and valour of martial arts. This second treatise was thus called;
THE HAGAKURE
On the flipside, one is adverted to the fact that the period of peace as alluded above correspondingly became the years of vendettas (kataki achi) thus referred to as settlement of scores and old wounds. This
was very much common to individuals and groups who had;
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LOST THEIR MASTERS, POSSESSIONS, STATUS AND
HONOUR.
A classic event involving the aforesaid characteristics is that of the;
FORTY – SEVEN RONIN OF AKO
The event that touched on the aforesaid Forty Seven Ronin of Ako where as thus;
Their master (Daimyo) was called ASANO. He had lost his
domain and was caused to render service and gifts to the new
Shogun.
In the Shogun’s Court he was under the tutelage and
supervision of the Samurai called Kira.
Every time and now again Kira ridiculed and insulted Asano
especially over the gifts that he was bringing to the Shogun’s
Court. One day Asano lost his composure and temper, he drew
a sword and cut a wound on Kira.
It was a very serious and or capital offence to draw a sword in
the Shoguns palace. It was absolutely forbidden to do so.
Asano having drawn his sword and cutting a (wound )sword on
Kira he was made to commit the honour suicide (Hara-Kiri).
This therefore meant that Asano’s followers were deprived of
their master and leader due the actions and behavior of Kira.
Thus they took a vow to average Asano. The leader of Asano
followers became none other than;
OSHI KURANOSUKE SAMURAI
In total secrecy all the Forty Seven Ronins ploted the plan. They
even went to the extent and depth of being serious drunkards
who had forgotten about their master and all else.
When everyone had forgotten everything about Asano, the Forty
Seven Ronin gathered together one night they invaded the
mansion of Kira, killed him, cut off his head and placed it on
the tomb (grave) of Asano.
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On the side note, the government or the authorities at the time were bent on reviving the Old Ways of the Samurai, their valour, skills and
culture, which had declined in the years of peace. This revival was indeed encouraged in Japan. However in the context of the deeds and
valour evidenced by the Forty Seven Ronins and the out come thereof, the authorities were placed in a huge and serious dilemma which was as following;
Should the Forty Six Ronins be rewarded for having
demonstrated such valour and spirit of the true Samurai (one
of the Ronins died during the invasion on Kira’s mansion).
Should the authorities punish them for what they had done in
the context of justice, law and order and much more to deter
any such future conduct(s) against the Superiors.
It be pointed out that, after long and heavy deliberations the second option was taken and the Ronins were caused to commit suicide as
punishment. The graves of these gallant men became to this present day, the Samurai pilgrimage epicentre and they are situated at a place called the;
SENGAKU-JI
The students are therefore persuaded to watch the visual material called;
THE SEVEN SAMURAI
RONIN
and also to read this material by Stephen Hunter;
THE 47TH SAMURAI
THE PERIOD OF THE NIGHT CLANS On the backnote, during the years of peace and vendetta the most
powerful secret societies emerged and entrenched their influence discreetly and effectively through out Japan.
On the side note it be noted that the Chinese expatriots who had fled China settled in Ise and Kii In the south of Nara, Japan. These
patriots brought with them rich and distinct knowledge of;
RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHIES.
MEDICAL PRACTICES.
MARTIAL ARTS SCIENCE.
CULTURAL CONCEPTS.
MILITARY STRATEGIES.
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All the above dimensions of knowledge aforesaid were closely guarded and selectively passed to worthy individuals hence the birth of Secret
Societies of Night Clans occurred. This development was further precipitated by all the individuals who were discontent with the ways
of the Samurai clans or elite. The Secret Societies became the ultimate counter –culture to the Samurai thus the;
NIGHT CLANS
Became a powerful force to reckon with at the time. It is in the above context that the art of;
NINJUTSU
Was born as a specialized and most deadliest form of science
particularly in the regions of;
IGA KORA
All the Night Clans were shrouded in total secrecy and were most
feared through out Japan. One of the most powerful and most feared Night Clan was that of the;
CLAN OF THE BLACK SOIL
It was very common to find that the farmer, trader, doctor, teacher,
woman, boy and girl was at night a ninja or member of the Night Clans. The student(s) is at this point requested to view the material entitled the;
NINJA
ASSASSINS
NINJA,
DOMINATION
SHOGUNS
NINJA
In order to get a sense of proportionality and appreciation of all the
issues herein. One is also referenced to read the material entitled the; NINJA THE KNIGHTS OF DARKNESS
It is believed that even today these ancient clans still exist, In China the night clans wer known as the;
MOSHUH-NANREN.
On the closing note, the student(s) are requested to make extensive research on the dimensions of the;
SAMURAI. SHOGUN. NINJA.
THE DECLINED OF THE SAMURAI CASTE.
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The student(s) has been adverted to the outcomes and impacts of the
Samurai caste during:
THE YEARS OF PEACE
Which caused that the Samurai skills and ways of fighting to deteriorate dramatically, and the acid test and relegation of the status
of skill and fighting ability of the Samurai caste occurred through the minor revolt called the;
SHIMABARA REVOLT
(1638AD)
When the Christians of the Kyushu Island gave the Samurai a hardtime to quell same. The outcome of this event prompted the
authorities to invigorate once more, the stature of the Samurai skills and equipments. This endeavour was vigorously pursued by;
SHOGUN TOKUGAWA YOSHIMUNE (1716-1745 AD)
The aforesaid Shogun revived the fighting skills and stature of the
Samurai caste to exquisite standards. THE BEGINNING OF THE OPENING OF JAPAN
It be pointed out that some of the Shoguns began to interact with the countries of the West such as the Dutch and the Portuguese, through trade they acquire rifles and other things. It is on record that the
isolation of Japan ended in 1854 AD, when the United States of America and Japan signed a trade agreement called the;
TREATY OF KANAGAWA
These new openings instilled a sense of concern, resentment and
resistance from the Samurai caste and populace. The outcome of this concern was two fold in that:
In 1850 many of the Samurai (s) wanted the Restoration of the
Emperor in Japan and that the Tokugawa Shogunate be
overthrown.
A Bloody Civil War ensued and this then precipitated the
downfall of the Tokugawa Shogunate which had been in power
for two and half centuries.
It is obvious that the major force and catalyst in the restoration of the Emperor was the Samurai caste (without discounting other factors
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and forces in the very tapestry). One is adverted to the factor that the power of the Emporer in Japan were given to one called;
MINAMOTO YORITOMI
(1192AD)
And these were restored to Emperor Meiji in 1850.
THE RESTORATION OF JAPAN (1854 – 1912)
THE DECLINE OF THE SHOGUNATE ERA
It is common cause that in the years preceding 1867, Japan was politically fragmented due to the warlords and fiefdoms. These warlords ruled pockets of the country as;
SHOGUNS
The aftermath of the above was the presence of constant conflict and wars amongst the concerned and there was absence of hegemony.
Therefore, the student(s) is urged to watch the visual material called the Shogun in order to appreciate the dynamics of this epoch. The
most powerful and long lasting Shogunate was the;
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE
Which after its decline came the era of restoration and hegemony of Japan in 1850 AD.
THE ADVENT OF THE MEIJI ERA (1868 - 1912)
When the Shogunates were gone the process of unification of Japan began. The process aforesaid brought about the enthronement of;
EMPEROR MEIJI
And this was then the watershed in the modernization of Japan. In order to acquire the aspect of modernization, Japan had to open its
doors to the Western countries such as;
HOLLAND.
GREAT BRITAIN. FRANCE.
GERMANY. BELGIUM.
UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA. PORTUGAL.
SPAIN.
It be observed that because of the “open door policy” Japan acquired from other countries the various benefits in the dimensions of;
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TRADE. SCIENCE.
ENGINEERING EDUCATION.
ARMAMENTS. MEDICINE.
TECHNOLOGY
And so on.
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As at the 22nd July 1876, Japan was busy transforming its army. She
sourced armaments and military experts from the United States of America, Great Britain and Germany. The result of modernization of
Japan’s army later on proved to make her a powerful country in the Pacific Region.
THE OLD WAYS AND NEW WAYS COLLISION IN JAPAN The student(s) should be made aware of the fact that, there were some
people who didn’t like the way Japan was opened up for the Western World. This resistance and resentment was more pronounced in the
groups such as;
THE SAMURAI CASTE
The Samurai wanted a gradual change and retention of the Old Ways.
Consequently, many of them resisted the ongoing process of changes and modernization of Japan. The implosion and resentment came to the climax as a result of the;
MILITARY CONSCRIPTION ACT, JAPAN.
(1876 AD)
This very law came to effect on the 1st January 1877, and it splitted the Meiji Oligachy (government) into various factions and the most notable
faction was that of the Ultra Conservative Samurai which was under the distinguished leadership of;
GRANDMASTER SAIGO TAKAMORI.
Secondly, the Decree banning the carrying of sword in the public took offence with the culture of the Samurai’s, they detasted it. The obvious was that the tensions, conflicts, confrontations spiralled and escalated
into rebellions such as the famous;
SATSUMA REBELLION (25th May 1877)
Wherein more than thirty thousand Samurai Warriors were killed as they
directly engaged the modern army of Japan. Grandmaster Saigo Takamori in the battle field committed the suicide of honour thus
marking the end of the last Samurai. Wherefore, the student(s) is persuaded to view the visual material called;
THE LAST SAMURAI.
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In order to appreciated immensities of this era. At this point the
students(s) are requested to read the following materials;
SAMURAI WARRIORS. WARLORDS OF JAPAN.
(THE DAIMYO)
In order to compliment the issues herein discussed, and to exponentiate appreciation and research.
THE RISE OF MODERN JAPAN
(1857 – 1895)
[I] am therefore convinced that our policy should be to conclude friendly alliances, to send ships to foreign countries everywhere.
And to conduct trade, to copy the foreigners where they are at their best and to repair our own shortcomings.
To foster our national strength and complete our armaments and so gradually subject the foreigners to our influence until in the end,
the countries of the world know the blessings of perfect tranquillity and our hegemony is acknowledged through out the globe …” Abriged
Source: Memorandum of Minister Hotta Masayoshi, Japan (1857). In line with the abovementioned, Japan became more modernized, industrialized and a great power in the Pacific Region (Far East).
Overtime, she began to build an Empire of the Sun. Notwithstanding that, and in the context of martial arts the;
DAI NIPPON BUTOKO KAI (1895)
Was created through the directions of Emperor Meiji and Ministry of Education. The core business and or mandate of this institution was to
effect the following: PROMOTION.
SOLIDIFICATION. STANDARDIZATION.
Of all martial arts disciplines throughout Japan. This process also affected the Islands of Okinawa (1935). When Grandmaster Gichin
Fukanoshi was in Japan, he served in this body precisely when teaching and introducing martial arts in all the schools in Japan. It be on record that Grandmaster Gichin Fukanoshi was working with
other great grandmasters in Japan. Wherefore, the student(s) should be more adverted to the fact that, and to extrapolate and appreciate
This is Oikado… The Beginnings of Martial Arts, Botswana
199
that the dynamics of politics, military, religion, economics, culture and education had great influence and impacts on the evolutions and
speciations of martial arts through out the ages. It be pointed out that, as at 1910 Japan had been on the process of building and
expanding its Empire in the Far – East, and through this process of expansion its martial arts culture followed suit and impacted on other foreign martial art(s) disciplines. Not withstanding, the student(s) and
reader(s) are urged to watch visual material entitled,
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE
JAPANESE EMPIRE
In order to appreciate fully the political Social, Military, realities of the
era under discussion. At this juncture, the reader is put on notice that the history detailed herein is continued in Book Two entitled: The Exponentiation Of
Martial Arts, Botswana. The necessity to adopt this arrangement was caused by the realization that, the two pieces combined will make an
inconvenience to the reader due to its bulk and size. Book two traverses and leads to the third expansionary period and internationalization of Botswana’s martial art and the ubiquity of
martial arts from Japan as the modern source.
This is Oikado… The Beginnings of Martial Arts, Botswana
200
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College, Otse, 30th March 2007. The Information about Sailong Kung Fu School (1970s) was
contributed by Sensei Nathan Kgabi, 26th March 2007.
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Wednesday.
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(1998/1999). The Information about the Oikado Martial Arts School (Botswana)
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2007. The Pictorial Information on and about Oikado Martial Arts School
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Mmegi/Reporter, 17 – 23 March 2000: KARATE UNION HOST FIRST
2000 TRAINING SESSION: Sensei Nikkie Pillay and Sensei Thuto Thuto.
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The Voice, Friday 24th November 2000: Martial Combat Fair Ground
Amnex Hall, Kofukan Championships. The Botswana Guardian, Friday 5th July 2000: Book Review; Oikado
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210
CONTACTS AND CORRESPONDENCES:
BIOGRAPHY
Kyoshi Kgosibodiba Moses Racana was born in Tlokweng (Botswana) in 1964. He
commenced the study of Martial Arts in 1979, the main style being Shotokan Karate Do. In subsequent years he
supplemented the main style with Shukokai Karate Do and Kodenkan
Danzan Ryo Juijutsu until 1987 when he met and received martial art instructions from Kyoshi Makgabenyana
Patrick ‘Solomzi at the University of Botswana. At the very time Kyoshi Makgabenyana was the martial art
instructor at the University of Botswana while at the same time pursuing the
final years of the Law Degree. Under Kyoshi Makgabenyana he studied the Martial Arts Oikiru Ryu Karate Jitsu Do (Oikado) and was further sent to Kwa Zulu – Natal
Martial Arts Academy for advance training under Shihan Alpheous Sabela, former student of Grandmaster Ismail Abdul Kader who was
founder of the Shihon Karate College, Durban (South Africa). On the 15th March 2001, Kyoshi Makgabenyana graded Kgosibodiba to 5th Dan Black Belt, and was later on elected the Head Instructor of
Oikado Martial Arts School (Botswana). Kyoshi Kgosibodiba Moses Racana’s greatest works in Botswana’s
martial arts include the following:
The Secretary The Oikado Martial Arts School (Botswana).
P.O. Box 1533
Lobatse, Botswana
Southern Africa
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.Oikadobots.co.bw
This is Oikado… The Beginnings of Martial Arts, Botswana
211
He became the President of the Oikado Martial Arts School (Botswana) and Chief Instructor, member of the Grading
Board, Member of the Oikado Research Committee, and taught Martial Arts in many Secondary Schools in Botswana.
He became the Chief Organiser for the Botswana Secondary
Schools, Annual Karate Championships Tournament for more
than 10 years (1990–2000). He coordinated the various Clubs, Clinics, Seminars and Organised the Oikado Youth Grassroot Development Programme (2000–2010) in Botswana.
He also became a member of the Botswana National Sports
Council, Sports Volunteers Committee. Later on he became the Principal Instructor to the Oikado Martial Arts School in the University of Botswana together with Dr Lekoko Kenosi.
Eventually, he wrote several lecture notes, policies and position papers on martial arts. In 2008, he went to Libya
(Tripoli) where he represented the Oikado Martial Arts School in the International Martial Art Conference under the auspices of Wushu Federation.
On the professional dimension, Kyoshi Kgosibodiba in his professional capacity acted in the following positions:
Acting Sportsmaster Mc’Connel College Tutume, Botswana
(1991).
Assistant Examiner Cambridge Overseas Secondary Schools
Certificate (Biology), and Principal Examiner BGCSE (Biology, 2001).
Senior Teacher 1, Guidance and Counseling Senior Teacher. Gaborone Senior Secondary School (1999 – 2001).
Kyoshi Kgosibodiba is the graduate of the University of Botswana with B. ED. Degree, Diploma in Career Guidance and Postgraduate in
Counseling Education. He also became the Project Office for UNESCO JFT Botswana. Currently he resides in Tlokweng with his
family.
This is Oikado… The Beginnings of Martial Arts, Botswana
212
Grandmaster Dr Makgabenyana Patrick ‘Solomzi’ was born in Alexandra Township (near Johannesburg) South Africa in 1954. He
grew up in Soweto (Tladi and Mapetla) where he began the study of matial arts in 1968. He studied the martial art system of Wing Chun
Do and Kyokushinkai Karate Do in Kliptown. In December 1969 he relocated to Botswana. He began teaching the martial arts in 1972 to many people and secondary schools, and advanced his knowledge
of martial arts with the styles of AKP Karate Do under Grandmaster Danny Redhill, Judo, Jui Jutsu and Karate under Grandmaster Prof. Jack Robinson, Dynamic Karate under Grandmaster Dave Maas, and
Kyokushinkai Karate Do under Grandmaster Ismail Abdul Kader and Wing Chun Kung Fu under Grandmaster Rev. Chiang Li-Yee. These
then qualified him to study the unique system of Oikiru Ryu Karate Jitsu Do. Ultimately, he became one of the most distinctive and distinguished martial arts teacher in Botswana.
In 1987 he was graded 6th Dan Black Belt by Grandmaster Dr. Louis
H. Fried (10th Dan, Oikiru Ryu Karate Jitsu Do) and was admitted into the International Society of the Martial Artists (ISMA). On the 1st January 1998, he was conferred the rank of 7th Dan Black Belt by
Grandmaster Dr Lou Angel (10th Dan, Tenshi Gojukai Karate Do). On the 1st March 2011, the National College of Martial Arts, International conferred Dr Patrick ‘Solomzi Makgabenyana with the
Doctoral Degree (PhD.MA) and an 8th Dan Black Belt in Martial Arts.
The career of teaching martial arts was commenced in 1972 whilst he was a student at St Joseph’s College (Gaborone), and continued to do same to the present day. He also taught martial arts in the
University of Swaziland (Kwaluseni Campus 1980 – 1981), University of Botswana (1987-1991) and in Bulawayo, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1984. Ultimately, Grandmaster Dr Makgabenyana established one
of the profound school of martial arts (1975 – 1987) known as the Fukayama Kung Fu School in Lobatse (Botswana) which became the
forerunner of the present day Oikado Martial Arts School (Botswana). The students that he had taught martial arts directly and indirectly are countless. Given the numbers of studentry,
Grandmaster Dr Makgabenyana began writing a number of martial art monograms and books such as the present one. At the time he
was writing and completing this book, Dr Makgabenyana Patrick ‘Solomzi was completing and celebrating his forty three years as a martial artist of great distinction.
Grandmaster Dr Makgabenyana Patrick ’Solomzi is the graduate of the University of Botswana in Law Degree (LLB) and of the
University of Cape Town in Masters Degree (LLM). He practiced Law for twenty one years in the positions of Private Legal Practitioner
This is Oikado… The Beginnings of Martial Arts, Botswana
213
and State Counsel with the Attorney General Chambers in Botswana, and finally he was appointed in the position of the
Assistant Registrar and Master of the High Court of Botswana.
In October 2009, The Law Society of Botswana awarded Dr Makgabenyana Patrick ‘Solomzi with the Certificate of Merit for Distinguished Service and Contribution to the Legal Profession in
Botswana for Twenty years. Dr Makgabenayana having retired from the Public Service in 2010, he is currently operating his Private Legal Practice in Lobatse. However on the 1st August 2012 he was
appointed the Registrar of the Industrial Court of Botswana. He is resident in Molapowabojang with his family (Botswana).
FORTH COMING EDITIONS. (BY SAME AUTHOR)
THE MAKING OF THE SENSEI ,VOLUME 4.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE SENSEI, VOLUME 5.
THE DIMENSIONS OF TECHNIQUES, FUNDAMENTALS. VOLUME 6.
THE DIMENSIONS OF COMBAT, FUNDAMENTALS. VOLUME 7. THE DIMENSIONS OF STRATEGY, FUNDAMENTALS. VOLUME 8.
THE MAKING OF THE DOJO, FUNDAMENTALS. VOLUME 9.
THE WAY OF OIKADO, FUNDAMENTALS. VOLUME 10.
THE COVERT DIMENSION, FUNDAMENTALS. VOLUME 11. (BOOK ONE AND
BOOK TWO). THE SPIRITUAL WAY. VOLUME 12.