The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management within the

New York City Watershed

Elizabeth Walker, MPH studentWalden University

PUBH 6165-2Instructor: Dr. Howard Rubin

Spring, 2011

IntroductionEnvironmental Health Importance

Dairy Calves

Water sources

New York City

Water Facts

Water on Earth

Illnesses by waterWorld-wideUnited States

Moeller, 2005Circle of Blue, 2009

Jongo News, 2007

History of the Watershed

Watershed Agricultural Council [WAC], 2010a,bEnvironmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2010

Croton Watershed, 1842Filtered

Catskill/Delaware system, 1907

Treated, unfiltered

USEPA, 2010Catskill Watershed Corporation, 2005

Cheeseman, 2011 Nicole, 2011

Regulations

Safe Drinking Water Act, 1986

Surface Water Treatment Rule,1989

USEPA, 2010NYC Department of Environmental Protection [DEP], 2011

Southern Nevada Water Authority, 2011

Watershed Agricultural Programs

Whole Farm Planning

Nutrient Management

Youngstock Pathogen Management

WAC, 2010b

Dairy Calf Health & Biosecurity

Kansas State University, 2003

General Calf Health

Calf immunity

Common diseases

Early health

Penn State University [PSU], 2008Cornell University, 2011d

Squash Blossom Farm, 2009

Factors Affecting Calf Health

Calving area

Feeding

Weaning

Farm pathogen load

Housing

Environment

Stress

Cattle Health Assurance Program

Simple Mitigation Strategies & Benefits

For Factors Affecting Calf Health

Calving Area/Maternity Pen

Clean & dry

Fresh bedding

No other animals

Land O’ Lakes, 2010 EPA, 2005

**First Feeding After Birth**

Antibody uptake

First Hour of Birth

Quality of colostrum

Land O’ Lakes, 2010PSU, 2008

Mallorie’s Dairy, Inc., 2010

Feeding After Birth

Colostrum from other cowsFurther feeding

Land O’ Lakes, 2010Cornell University, 2011b,c,d

University of Minnesota Extension, 2011Sirois, 2004

Effect on milk yield

Housing

Individual

structures

Ventilation

Draft-free

Comfortable

Hilson & Westenbroek, 2003bStarkey, et al., 2006

UK Agriculture, 2011Curtis, et al, 1988

Environment & Stress

Microenvironment (Farm)

HygieneBeddingRoutine tasks

Macroenvironment (Nature)

NYS seasonsFlooding

STRESS!

Time of Weaning the Calf

Wean from mother

Wean from milk and housing

Land O’ Lakes, 2010Hilson & Westenbroek, 2003a

NYSCHAP

New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program

Free service

Risk-assessment

Herd Plan

Cornell University, 2011a NYSCHAP, 2009

Other Strategies

Iodine

Chores

Vaccinations

Record Keeping

Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Welsh Lamb and Beef Producers, 2009

Diseases and Pathogens of Interest

Growing Notes, 2003

Gastrointestinal (GI) Pathogens

Bacteria:

E.coliClostridiumSalmonella

Parasites:CryptosporidiaGiardia

Virus:Rota-virusCorona-virus

Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011

Mammary/Milk Transmitted Pathogens

Bacteria:SalmonellaInfectious MastitisMycoplasma Bovis (pneumonia)

Virus:Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV)

Human ThreatsZoonoses

E.coli

Salmonella

Cryptosporidi

a

Giardia

Traders City, 2009University of California, Davis, 1995

NYC Watershed Interest

Cryptosporidia Giardia

University of California, Davis, 1995Collick, et al., 2006; Mark-Carew, et al., 2010

Gonzalez, 2002Caduceus Newsletter, 2004

Summary of Benefits

Farms, Animals, Environment, &

People

Farms

Stress Immunity

Pathogen Transfer Early health

Calf mortality Productivity of the animal

INCREASEDECREASE

Cornell University, 2011d

Animals

Farm animals

Pets

Wildlife

Halliburton Farms, 2006

Environment

Manure spreading

Pathogen runoff

Wildlife

Free George, 2011

People

Pathogen transfer Clean water

Pathogen infection Survivability

Water-borne disease Appreciation of farm efforts

DECREASE INCREASE

DEP, 2011

ConclusionMANAGEMENT

Record keeping

Recognition

Suggestions

Farm efforts

Walker, 2010b

Questions

Penn State University, 2007

Local ResourcesCornell Cooperative Extension of Delaware County

Website: http://www.ccedelaware.org/Home.aspxTelephone: (607) 865-6531

Delaware County Soil and Water Conservation DistrictWebsite: http://www.dcswcd.org/Telephone: 607-865-7161

New York City Department of Environmental ProtectionWebsite: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/home/home.shtml

Additional ResourcesNew York State Cattle Health Assurance Program

http://nyschap.vet.cornell.edu/

United States Department of AgricultureAnimal Disease Traceability: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/traceability/

Clinical Textbook for Veterinary TechniciansAuthor: Dennis M. McCurnin

Penn State University Cooperative Extensionhttp://extension.psu.edu/production-agriculture/dairy

ReferencesCatskill Watershed Corporation. (2005). A brief history. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://cwconline.org/about/ab_hist.html.Circle of Blue. (2009). Infographic: Ten things you should know about water. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from

http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/waterinfo.pdf.Collick, A.S., Fogarty, E.A., Ziegler, P.E., Walter, M.T., Bowman, D.D., and T. S. Steenhuis. (2006). Survival of

cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in calf housing facilities in the New York City watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 680-587. Doi: 10.2134/jeq2005.0273.

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ReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental health (3rd ed.). Boston: Harvard University Press.New York City Department of Environmental Protection [NYCDEP]. (2011). Regulatory background. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/regulatory_background.shtmlPennsylvania State University. (2008). Calf health: Birth to weaning. Retrieved on April 14, 2011 from

http://www.das.psu.edu/research-extension/dairy/capitalregion/newsletter/articles/df-200711-04Sirois, M. (2004). Principles and practice of veterinary technology (2nd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby, Inc.Starkey, S.R., Kimber, K.R., Wade, S.E., Schaaf, S.L., White, M.E., & H.O. Mohammed. (2006). Risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection on dairy farms in a New York State watershed. Journal of Dairy Science,89, 4229-4236.United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (2010). Filtration avoidance. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/nycshed/filtad.htm.University of California, Davis. (1995). Cryptosporidium parvum and cattle: Implications for public health and land use restrictions. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/printPHP2.phpWatershed Agricultural council [WAC]. (2010a). East of Hudson. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from

http://www.nycwatershed.org/ag_eastofhudson.html.WAC. (2010b). Watershed agricultural program 2009 annual report and 2010 workload for the New York City Catskill/Delaware and Croton Watersheds. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.nycwatershed.org/pdfs/2009WAPannualReportCompressed.pdf.

Image ReferencesCaduceus Newsletter. (2004). Cryptosporidium. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/CadSu0402.htm.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Clostridium perfringens. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/clostridium-perfringens.html.Cheeseman, J. (2011). Croton lake gate house. New York City Department of Environmental Protection.Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/index. shtml.Gonzalez, A. (2002). Giardia lamblia and giardiasis. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.sierranaturenotes .com/naturenotes/Giardia.htmGrowing Notes. (2003). E.coli. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://aerogreen.tripod.com/notes.htmHalliburton Farms. (2006). Getting to you’re your new friend. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.britishwhite.com/powarchive12.htmJongo News. (2007). Severely polluted lakes and rivers in China. Retrieved on April 21, 2011 from http://www.jongonews.com/articles/07/0821/30781/MzA3ODEsRqd5Uv4.htmlKansas State University. (2003). Integrating biosecurity practices into livestock management production. Retrieved on May 16, 2011 from http://www.vet.ksu.edu/ce/archive/2003/biosecurity.htmMallorie’s Dairy, Inc. (2010). Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.malloriesdairy.com/photo_tour.htm.Nicole, C. (2011). Rainbow over the east basin of the Ashokan Reservoir. New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/index. shtml.

Image ReferencesNYSCHAP. (2009). Logo. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://nyschap.vet.cornell.edu/module/leukosis/section1/leukosis1.asp.Penn State University. (2007). Calf management tips for cold weather. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.das.psu.edu/research-extension/dairy/dairy-digest/articles/dd200712-04Southern Nevada Water Authority. (2011). Safe drinking water act. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.snwa.com/html/wq_sdwa.html.Squash Blossom Farm. (2009). Jersey Calves. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://squashblossomfarm.blogspot.com/2009/04/jersey-calves.html.The Free George. (2011). The fight for clean water: Agribiz vs. environmentalists. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://thefreegeorge.com/thefreegeorge/clean-water-agribiz-versus-environmentalists/.Traders City. (2009). Cow manure. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.traderscity.com/board/products-1/offers-to-sell-and-export-1/cow-manure-fertilizer-exporters-indian-suppliers-79619/.UK Agriculture. (2011). http://www.ukagriculture.com/livestock/calf_housing_health.cfmUniversity of Minnesota Extension. (2011). Clean feeding utensils help keep calves healthy. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www1.extension.umn.edu/dairy/calves-and-heifers/clean-feeding-utensils-help-keep-calves-healthy/index.html.USEPA. (2005). Ag 101: Dairy production. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.p2pays.org/ref/02/01244/www.epa.gov/agriculture/ag101/printdairy.html.

Image ReferencesWalker, E. (2005). Feeding dairy calves.Walker, E. (2010). Riverdale barn.Welsh Lamb and Beef Producers. (2009). Welsh lamb & beef producers animal health plan. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://healthplan.wlbp.co.uk/wlbp/AHPInfo.aspx.