the benefits of using short interval satellite images to derive winds
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/ NI\SI\ Technical Memorandum 79594
1 1. -(~ 1/4 ? 1 c;
The Benefits of Using Short Interval Satellite Images to Derive Winds for Tropical Cyclones
Edward Rodgers, R. Cecil Gentry, William Shenk and Vincent Oliver
JULY 1978
Goddard Space Flight Center II 'P 'I I , M.11 11111 , 17 1
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Dtlrin g III~ I) , 1976, an I 197 Nonll I lan lic hurri '~In~ s~a A ' ~ 'ali nal rn\'ir n-
llI~nlal atL'lIik L'r ic~ ( ' E ) anLl 's , LILIaI'd 1411." Fliglll 'nkr (G F ) l' ndu ' I 'd
a cc p~rali\~ pI' l2ralll 10 kl~l'Illin~ the op timul1l rl'S Iuti nand frL'qul'll ' , of s:lIL' llit l' illlagl' ,
for dl'ri\ ing wind ' I ) SIU I) :lIld I' recasl II' )pica l l'yc loll 'S , Rapid ' ':In imag 's WL'rl' at lain 'd
ill 19 5 ~lt ,5 11\ ' u l l' illll'l'\al rr)1ll M -~ for IllIrricalll' Fl c iSL' )II ~~ l'P l l'lllll'r and )1' I ropi-
ca l cyclolll' ar line 011 _ " _ 9, alld 30 ugusl : ill 1976 al J lllillUl l' illt 'I'\'ab rrc III (, F - I
ror tropi ':11 ' t orrll'; Ikllc til S ugusl alld I lol l y 011 25 ( c l I L'r : alld in 19 :1 13 lllillUI ' ill tl'r-
\al 1'1'0111 G F - I for I rt pical cyclollc Allil a (11 0 :lIld J I AUglbl :lIld I I'p l l'lllber , loud
1ll01i( II. \ l'rL' kri\l' I 1'1' III Ili l'sL' illlagl's using IIIl' tlll o ' plll'ri ' anti (CL':lno!!rapllic Inrnl'llla t i)1l
Procl'ssing y Iclll ( I P ) :It \,~ FC'. \ illtls Ili al \\,L'rl' dl'ri\ L' d fro III III ' 1ll0Vl'llIl'n l ofupp'r
(~111 r ):-.illlall'ly 20 III I ) all 110 \ l'r t rop sp lll'ri l' (appr \.imakly (JOO Illb) le\cI cI Hil ls usillg
ral itl 'ca ll dat:I \ I' r 'Ct Illparl' I willi III I.' 15 all 130 Illillut e in lL'rval data , r llis \\ :1 , dOlll' using
vi~ibk illla!!l' . 1I:l\ill\! I. 2. -+ alld km rl'solution ,'or I Ill' arl':l~ \ i lll ill ()50 klll() t' S I orlll
cl' llkr r I' I Ill' 1<) 5 alltl I q 61r 1 il' :lI cy ' IOlll'S, ;rL'a lL'r t llall I (5) tilll '~ as 1ll :1I1 ~ '1 Hld~
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wlll'll IISill\! _ ( 15 Illinll l ' lIlillll l ' in l l'rval illlagl' " I ii a J l i l i n, I) IISill ~ I II' fr' 1lll'Ili i nl<:,l,!l'S,
il \ as PI' ' ibk I I ra ,\.. :l few hriglll arl'as \ i l llill IIII.' ' l'lllr:ll I'lls' Vl'rcaSI \ IIi ' 11 ap!e : lr,~ d I )
b'Il1 ing \ i:1l I II' \ intis al I w kvds , For IIl1rri 'anl'S FI is\.' allu ar lill~' III ' "illti: Illal
\wr~' krivl'd t I ra 'king 1 1I~'sl' I rigll l :11'1.':1 ' \ i l llin IIII.' cl'll l ral dellS ' \ 'l'r 'aslllad Spl." \ ' lif
krill' in I III.' Ill~'an filly _ .. III ' " fr III I II' wind s!cl'd Illl'a url'd by air ' raI'l tl ill ~' al ap! rt;..
illl:lll'ly " \..111 ab \ ' I II' surf:I'1' ill I Ill' S,II11l' qlladr~11l1 4 II IIrs l:lIl'r, b'1I1i rl'St IlIlit II vi sibl '
illlagcs (\ \..Ill) weI" II' 'd' I I Ira ' \.. sl \ III ving Ilnv \ 'wi clOlI I 'kllll'll l S, since { II :1 lil'grad ' 1
rl.'sollilioll illl ;!g ', slIhpi ' l'llIl Vl'llW1l 1 \\' IIld illlro Itl ' l' addi l i,'l' illa l'c ural'il's I I lIl' willd
111 'aSlIrl'llll'll l ' ,
R:lpili scan flill 1" , nllllion ~ F . \ d:II :1 I' ll' trOI i ': tl l' ~ 'In ll ' Alliiall
Sl'lll:lli , L' willd fidds {1I1~ llltsilk I lIl' ,' l' lIlr:11 delis ' t \l'r,':I ' 1 :11 Illl' 11W 'I Irl !llSIII ' ri ' k\ L' I.
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III: BE I::.FIT F , II RT
TERVA TELLITE 1M GE T
F R R PI L eL I:
I. I TR D TI
h\.' d 's tructi II C~lI eu b tropica l c cl >n es ~Irrec till g tlte lIiteu t:l tes ha increa 'cd at :111
ai:lrming rat t' , I II the de 'a k fr III 19 5- 4, Ilt l' a I.'ra 'I.' anllual 'O. t fro l1l II' pieal C ' ' I Il l.'
dama gl.' \ :1 9 tilll\.' grl.'a ter. l' 1.' 11 arter adjll'tlll\.'lIt ' for illlla t i II t itan durill g thl.' lil.'ca II.' rr III
I ( 15-24 ( ,entr (I). \3 y cOll trast th l.' I S" f li k C:1l1 ' \.' I by I I' piL'al C~ ' I me, de Tea '\.'u
'o tl'itierabl. ~rt er 19.5 \ ith the iml f"(WI.' IIll'lIt f th l.' \ ~ min' ' rTiL'l.'.
It i ' ~,' ml11011 bdil.'l· tlt at illlpr \ i ll g the \ arni ng 'ervic l.'s rL' quir" illlpro I.'d lIullll.'rical -
I namica l modd ' f 1'1' ITG1 ' lill g hurrica lle mO li on all I inl 'lIsit~ and all.' lt \.'r kn \ k Igl.' r til,'
i llilial I11 l.' tl.'( 1'01 !!i ':II para III I.' tl.' r: . In part i 'Li laI'. the ini t ia l \\ illd d~ t a al SL'" ' ral k"eis fr III Ih '
surraI.'I.' I the 10\ n :, trat sl Itae e\telldil1 !! ou t\ ar I ' fr( III I h\.' ',' 11 1'1' t illclude th' I.' l1\'ir 11 -
I11L' lIt of Ih \.' l ropical cy ' I 11 ' aI'\.' n "lI.'d . Flsb ' ITY (19 77 ) " lated t lt:11 t he poor r\.' 'u lt " ill 1'0 1'\.'
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III del W:I altrilu tabll.' t( tlt l.' dct"ici l' llcy ofwil1u U~It;l 1')1' til l.' illi tial fi l.'l d . I ' bbl.'rr~ al. o note d
th at addi li n:11 willd data ;11"\.' 11 t onl y nl.'\.'LlL'lI aroull d tlte tr pi 'al C cI Ile cenler but wilh i 1
th e ... urr lInLiillg cI lid :, . 11.'111 out t appr :-.illl:1 tdy 600 krn from tltl.' cl.' llta.* I II addilion
110 elmale :llld Li Ol: . ( 19 7) sh \ l'd tlt at th L' illtr iuc tion or a 111 n: r 'a l i ti c ou ter circu
lali n ("'00 to 110 kill fr III tlte ce llter) t th 'ir 111 0 kll.'d SI in up st nn \V ulLl reduce Iheir
edor posi ti on error . I· r l ite I 76 tl an lic II' pi 'al 'y,J 111.' . eas 11 , thl' \led 1' 1 "ilioll
c rr rs r r th e 6 nd -+ h til" ' recasts i ll 'rea. l.' d by appr ' irnatcly a 1":ICt r f 3 I' I' .' t ri ll "
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1111 \\ 1',',\.'1'11 '1'""1.' .II' 1I"lH'11I ,'III 11,\,''1 :'1'11 "I')lId~,',I"11 I.Iddll ,'Ill 1''.1 ,),\III,'~ 111.111,),',\,' \1\'
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\ \I d \ 'I \ .\ (\
ther op ti n in the METPAK ftware package aries th e po'.tial re luti n I' th e image
<.Ind de l 'rmin' d ud hei 'ht. The ' I ud h 'ight i calcu la ted b e tilllatin g the 'I ud op ti c<.I l
thi ck ne . ror th e bsc r ed cl u I brightne and th e illrr<.lred ' mi ivit u in g Kirchoff' la .
he c loud op tica l thi 'knes L calcu lated b a mu ltiplc 'ca tt erin' pro 'ram de igned for the
Me l D a t th e ni ers it y or Wi c n ill (Smith 1975 . The l'llli i it and th e per ' en t 0 1'
cI ud vc rage ,r btained fr In the i iblc im:.lge arc u ed to de term ine the cl ud t p tl' llI -
pera:ure. The cloud t pi th en e timated u in g th e tand :.lrd atm phere correc ted f I'
latitLloe <.Ind date . The clo ud height wa used to:.lS ign th e level for which the '1 uds were
tracked. loud a ' the 350 mb leve l were a ' 'igll ed t th e upper-tropo phcrc hile th o c
bel w 700 mb were accepted a low tropo pheric cl LId ' e 'e pt n 'a r the 'enter of tropi ca l
cyc lone. The I' w cloud found betwecn the e Ie e l were not traced.
The pa ti al <.lilt! temp ral reso luti n!> that were used I'orclollds tra ' kl'd for bo th the lower
and upp "' r tr I" sp here for each I' th e five tropical c c l nc a rc Ii teu in Tabl ' I . 1 illle of
bse r ~Iti on dl;rill ) th e da Ii ht h 1Ir. wa appro ' illl ;lt ' Iy be twl'eli 1300 to 1900 C; 1 .
Isible imag ' (de ignaled b in table ) w\'l'e prinwri l uSl'd t<) tra 'k cloud~ at bo th Ic\l'b :
ho\ e cr. the infrared (de ignatcd b IR in the table) was used to track upper trop . pheri c
cloud for tropi ca l l' clone EI is' in a imlliatio ll r Ilic.h tillle c erage .
5
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1,,\dlll.\\,'1' ,11\'1\1 l' ,'\1''1 )1'111 ',)lInl,' \,' 1I:"ldli,II.I:,;iIlI'.II~ .Ill,l \1,\\ I 'lI(\I)I'Jl1.11l.~ 1,),,'/.1,)\\1)1 ,\ill
,"II,'~ql' "I 'I7ilhlll,) ,"1I,)1' 11'11 ,)11' '1'"111,) ,II1.''1d~I1d''ll 1.)lhll1 "~\'II\\ :-..)\11)1,)\,' p:,Ild\\11 ;il,!dlll,) \,'1'
11\ I,)'P"'\\ 111,1.)111,),' ,'Ill III 1,111',1111'1,'11 1'"1" ,lll'\III!sndl\,11 1.)\\1'1 '\'11 ~ill!llall!I~,1 .11'.1 "jlp'lIp"
\11I'Jll.~llll'd ,'q (1) \111'11 11I1I'i' 1r.,!,II\II.!I) IInlJ!'U')~III) ~IIII t1I1\1.1li,"'~ ,1.11: ~,)~!'III! 1I1:,'~ pl\ll'~1
'I'll:\, II:,II,IIII! ,IJIIII!"I11:' ,)111
111\1.111': \ 1,"1\(' '1111 'i' \\ 11I11I111\!'111 pili \\ '''1.1 "1.11'1:1-111: ,I,'"t:'~"'IIII'l,),1.1 ,\q ",)1 hhl.1I ~'1It'I~ IlI.ll'l:>
\I','1ldl)II ,'II) \PI,lI 11,'1\1 \\ ~,);it'ltli 1I1\'\\ I'ltil' I 111\)1.1 1',11111'1'1" 1,1\11,),' ,''11.10 )~I',\ ,'111\\1 t'I'I 0-:)
~1'"1\\ 11I11I11I"'11l .1\\ 1',)11' III' :;,')1',\1111,)1' t'l ,\lIt;1!:1 ',)1111'111'\1' 11111 ,'1.)\\ '11"11.111.111''1 11I,IIIIJIIlI
-u ~ V)
""-~ -c ~ LoU 0-V)
c z -~
]
60
40
20
\ \ \ \
" "'-
HURRICANE ELOISE
SMS-2 DERIVED LOW LEVEL WINDS (18S0) GMT 22 SEPT 197 S)
--AIRCRAFT MEASURED WINDS AT
"'-
S40M AND 980M (2225-0440 GMT 22& 23 SEPT 1975)
'--- 540 M - -+------· 980 M ---~
o ~----~------~----~----~------~----.~----~
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DISTANCE FROM STORM CENTER (LA TO)
rigll rL' I O. ' 0111p~lrisOIl or Willd Il'~d s \) 'riwd !"roll1 ' I lid i\ l l iiolls l ~I \\ L'L'1l J
Il ~cll li\ ~ i\1 -2 , :l 1 ~lIill' Visill ' 1 1ll;I!!l'r~ ;1 1 .5 i\ l illllll' I IlI ~r\'al~
\ illl Winds i\kaslIrL' d 4 I ) 6 II 1lIrs LIIL'l" b~ l{ccollllais5:llll" ,\ ir ' ra!"1
Fl yi ll g.; 11 54 and ( RO i\il'IL'l"S ill Ilmric:IIl' FI ( i:--,'
1 )
:r
HURRICANE CAROLINE 6O .------r------~-----r------.------.------.------,
u w 40 ~ ~
o w w 0.. en o z 20 ~
SMS-2 DERIVED LOW LEV L WINDS (1800 GMT 30 AUGUST 1975)
AIRCRAFT MEASURED WINDS AT 540M AND 980M (1634 - 2332 GMT 30 AUGUST 1975)
" ----.---~--..... - ..... - ... 540M----- 980M
DISTANCE FROM CENTER (LATO)
7
I . I
w o W " W
N
•
(' I
o N o N
W O' W 4 W
1\ '~t'lll ti (lll , ,I Il l! ,~O ~ l lllll t ' l il t 'I \ :\b
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v, -.......
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"
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"0 ," M
:Iir ' ra 1'1 II I 'asl\ I ' I " illib l I II ' :-:1111' :11 ',I r ' Ia l h " I II I II~' S I ~lrt ll ' \' 11 1 ' I ' I ' ll Ih \I ,II lit ' l illI"
lifr'r'd I ~ ,1:- 1I1ll ' II :IS tl II III .' , I'll' " II 111\ ' \.. ' d 1I ': lr I II' ' ,'11 1 ' 1 nr 1'1 lis ' ,IPI n '" 11 ,1 1 ' I
Fil is "s 11I :l\ ill llllll willds 1)0 \..1 " Illd I ',' I l ll ':IS I-:'(llillt '.1,1 , I' l it' " 11 1 '1', F i 'III' I !III I ~). i'\u
," \Is SlIi l :III' I\)r I rad,i " ',' uilld h' rU1I1I I " i lll i ll /-I() 1-.111 ~ I' 11lI1' 1'I '.111' (',lInlill "s ~ 'III ' I , I'll '
.IV 'CI, '\.' dll 't' '1,'11,' , ill ,tI" S~IIIlI ':; I" ' d l I' " illds lhl.llll ' d I ~ III , ' 1\1 , tlll'IIl\llb i, ,I PI I ,,,illl, II 'I ~
2,:' III S~' l' t'01 ' :1 ,It Sltlllll. 'I ll s ill 'I i ll : lit' 11111' dirr 'I' l\" III IIt ~' III " " III' '111'11 1:- , I llis I 'sli ll
i:; lit' 'r ':11 ' r 111 :11 1 \I ,w ld It,l l ' ,h,',' 11I I' ' d 11' 1111' II \l\d:; II ' I ' lIbl.lim' I h~ ,IiI' ' \.1ft 1',,,, ', I ,It ' ,h'
b ' l' ,IlI~ ' , 11' 111' 'r '.1 1 11,11111',11 1 ,ll'i: lhi1tl~ I.)t' \1 111 Is III II' )I' i ':t l l' ~ ' 1l11 ':- t ; ' 1I11~ Il)t..t ,
ntis :l\l d,l .' r " 1I1~'1I1 h ' l \I " IIS,II ' lhl\',llI d,till.' l~ tI ' l \1 111 I, 1t1'f'1 1'1\1 111 I II' l ill dlll !:,SI,t' ( ;'IIII~
('( 11, (II) 0) i ll II II kit t ll'~ 11':1 ' I-. 'd I:tr!" I 1'l.'111 ,' \ll \\ ' ' I iI ',' 'lis II '.11' I II,' " 11 1 '1', I 11111'111,',111'
S pill :\,':111 'kll id (',1 111 '1':1 \\11 \ I'S-,; , I I 11 ,1:- l\ l ll1l d 111.1 1 l it'S' ' j 111 ,1, 11\\1\ ' d 11\1111 I 3" I ~
l r I It, :-1 " ' d I' till' 1,1\1 1'1 'I II IlId" I'l l' dlt'l '\'I '1\," II"I~ b ' :11 111\l 11 1 ~'d II) I II ' ,lIl1hl .'lI ll~
" IIi S ' d"~ ' Illid :'I'l \\l I II II II 'II I I',I \. ' I-.III ~ ' 1.11 ',' ,' ' II:-. Ihll.' -1 1-.111 I l,tI'I,' I 'Sl IlIli,1I1 1III,lr'" ,1 1 ,1
-I 111 11\\11 ' 11 111' 1111 ' I I ,II ,
1~ ,ll'ld S ', III ~-' - IIIIIIII I ' illl,'I\,tI) l'ttll r"lllllli,11I ; >I 'S I d,ll,l t', 111 1.1'1',11 , \ ,' 1 III' \ 111 1.1 11\ ,; 0
,llId ,; 1 \ 1I:'IIS 1 ,llId I S'II I"IIIl"1 II) ,II''I'l'r'l , il1\.1 I 'I~ I (,Ot) ; \ 1 1' II 'l"l h"" III d '1 1\ ' 11 111d
I' il'lds 1' 1\' h\l l il I II~'I.'I'I\I I h,ls,' ,llI d l it' I'll' '(' 11\ 1"ISI'It 'I' , \ 1 l it' 1~1 11 'I 11,11" "I'lt '11' 1 ' \, '1,1
1 '1 '1"",' 111.111\ ' IIl lId rie ld II ,IS n\l l.l ill' d ,llIhl l ' l it' ' ~'I III , II d,'lI " U\ ,'I ' ,1 '1. \\' 1111111 l it' " 1111,11
d 'II,' ,lI '1', ,1:-1. IIt"1 ' II 'I,' IHI I II ' l ,llld ,'I 'III ' II" IIt,I I ' ,lIld h' 11.1 ," I. 1'1:'111 ' 1-1 , It, ", ,III
1,1.' ' l it 'I' ll l i lt l it' d '11\ ' I
I 1 I 'I' I 1'\)II\)SI' II ' I'll' II III I l'i' ld , I'll,' \ ' ' lU I' kll:'11t I 'pI', 'II I, , ' I,1\1l1 SI \' ,tt II Itt! ' I It, \ ',' 1\'1
d 'p I ' IS III' dl1,',' I\\ ll1 "I' "'\l\1d 111\ \ 11\ II tIlt' \ ',I,ll ,I I l it' " 111,'1 \It' \ 111 1.11 \1 ', II ,' , Ih,' " 111'1 \11
III ,' :; 1,11'111 , 1' \'\1111 l it iS ri~:11 ' 111 ' 1.',\11 d ' I ' ' I III' dll ' , ' 11\111,11 ,,111 1 'I:' '1\\" :-\\1111\1\ ' ,I ,,(, t it, '~\'
,. \ "I" ' d 1I1,I\ illl\llll 1.11' 01-.11\ " i, II " I ,llld S\l\111t llt' l it' ' ~ " \\ III b 1111.',1 ' 111 ," I \ l it' i'\t) \ \
I,', ' ,I rl' lI ,I i I 1.' 1 ,II' I II '1" , ' \ ll1l( ,II 'd II lIlt I II ' :-,11,'111 h' d 'I 1\ ' d I \ \I 'I 111' I" l:-l'ltl'II,' II III d, II It 'I '
ORIGINAU PA E IS QF POOR QUALrr
h 'url' 1'+, isibk I llla!:!l' or rn pictl I Orl n Allil:1 I () 0 ; t r 31 . \ U~'US I I l)
\ illt! F idd. Vl' ' lOr L 'Il!:!11l Ih'pr 'Sl'll l s 'I )u d Pl' ' d Wilik \ 'dor Dirl'L' l i )11
LOCI l l':'> I ll ' (,,' llIlT tr i ll' .' IVIIl1.
Ilh'~ I.' til I ' 111.11 ' h' I111 l illi' .llId :- 1'.11.' 1.' I h" \\ .h 11 ,: I \ 1I,'1I , 1 I
I I )) ; \\ r \\ h,'11 Ih' .111 '1,11'1 11.' \\ ' 1'"lh \\ ,' , 1 11,111\ ' ,' \\ l 11'.11" 1111\
.11 .\j'I" \1 111.1 h
' , 1\1111 .11 .111 .1I111111,'
,\,111 \11,,'11,111 .111.1 \\ Illd I' .'", \111 Ill' , ' 1.' .1 " " . 11\ I' ' \ '111 '1 11.11 h,l\ 'I II 1,\1' \ " .111 , .111.'1\1 1,'
.llId .111 ' 1.11 1 \\ lIId d.II.I.II' 1l·1.·\'d
\ 1 Ih' "11'1.'1 III'P "I \"'11 ' 1' \ 'I. I 1,'11 1\' 1 (, 1111111,'" ', .111 .1.11.1.1 )'.\111 ,Ihk 1111 \,1 1.1I 11111 ,~.1 1'1'
I" ' 111.111 '" \\ 1111 (1'\.1
-u 40 w CI)
" ~ C w w ~ CI)
C Z § 20
. TROPICAL STORM ANITA
'\
- - GOES-1 DERIVED LOW LEVEL WINDS ( 1600 GMT 31 AUGUST 1977)
,,--- AIRCRAFT MEASURED WINDS AT 400M AND 600M
(1342-1657 GMT 31 AUGUST 1977
400 M
O ~~------L-------L--------L-----~------~~----L , __ -,
o 1 234 5 6 7
DISTANCE FROM STORM CENTER (LAT 0)
; ( F -I ':\l ' lI it' ' i ' ihl ' 1 I1l,I :"r~ :11 _~ \I illll t ' Ill t l'('\':li:-. \\ iil! \\ ' il1d~
,I I 5-1 :11 1 1 ()HO ;\kl 'r~ ill i' l'llPiI: :l1 . ~ ' I 111 ' , \ niLI
3 1 , \ ll)!llS I I)
~ 1
]
•
• •
• .. •
•
•
• • •
• • •
1 )\\ ' ' 1\\ ' 11 ,\\ ill' 1' 1 '\ 11\ 1'1 I'lh'\\, 1 " 'I
" \
• CI
•
• • • • • •
o
o
o
o
• 0
o
o
o
o
o o·
o
o
- I );\ ' :
lligll s\,llial :lIld 1I.'IIIpt ra l I'I.'S JlllliOIl ~,II ' ll i l ' illl:1 • 'I' ) Ill:! \.. ':, il fl':!~ il It- III I rt \ ilk .1 bl':,' 1111111-
1 ' rt f I \\- 1.'1' :I lid 1'1 pl'r I Wlll S\ lIail' willJ s wlli 'il ':III 1 ' nl l :!illl'd I) Ir:ld,ill' ' I lids wi lh ill
rrl) 111 i lll:!g,'!> sP:ll'l' d :II .' r "', .- IlIillll l l' ill l ' n :t1s :1$ rnlll I II S' :1130 Illilllll ' ( 15 11111111 1 ,) ill l 'r-
\ :1 1: . ,re,lt T SI',ll" r,'Sllliti 111 is ,'s ll'd:lIl~ illll't rI :11I1 wlll' ll III ' hl \\ 1'\ '\ ' I,lllds :lr' t \ 'I' lalld
)1' i llll,,'dd 'd III I IIl' tkllS' lIigll ( \ 'r,' :ISI 111.':11' III ' ~I rnl "11 1' 1' , :\ " IOll g , I~ III,' 'I lid" , r ' OH'r
\\ , I 'I' :lIId r ' Ill )\l' I fr HII 11I1' IIn!1I 1' \ ' I dolld s, ~ I III SI' ,I ':' r '~\ IlIli • .)1I i .; :Id ' qll:l l ' . klpld .,,' :111
o I' d l ,s IlIlioll illrr.11' ' l. ,llId \ isibl ' illl:I~"'s Illillilllill'd III' "'n ' II' HIS willds" I 'ri \ ' 1.1 l ~ Ir:ll'k -
r;' ,; ' I HI I 'kill 'il l S 111.11 I r I :lg:II ' b~ gJ'tl\\ ill')I\ II' sid ' :111 I dis-;il :1 I ill!,! II I II' I II 'r :lIl d I y
1I':I ·kill.' l"p,'lili\1' 1':1 11 'l'IIS 111.11 I nnid 'd :1 1111 i~'l \' U~ illliil':111 HIS )1' dlr 'l' l it II of 1110\ '11 1'111.
rll' lIigh 'r h'llIll r :11 1" ,Illli II .1I'\l 11I:"k il p uIII1I ' ) grl':lll~ ill cr ':IS' I II ' IIl1lll b 'I' 11' 11':1 . '-
:Ibl' II PI' T (f( IO';l'lIl'ril' ' I lid ' 1'11 1 ' ill S bl (II l urill!,! I II' d :l~ ,III IlIiglll. Wi(1I I ll' r:1I i I s ':111
rli ll rl'StlIU l i{ II \ i"ib l ' illl:lQ 'S i l \\,:IS ~Olll '!illl"''' Ill~si ll ' 10 dl'riH' ill\\ I'wl \\ ill ds \\ ' (lIill I II'
'l' lltr:t1 d ' liS' l \ 'r ':Isl II ':11' t il' l' ' 111'1' llr ( I' I i ' ,II,'~ ·111l,'S.
IItHI illl ' n :r1 ( .5 IlIilllll ' llr I'ss) 1'11 11 r'so lll (i III illl,lg':-l ~ ~" 11 )111:1' l' it r '. lsih!' I l I r { \ id'
11I : 1Il~ I' (II' \\i lld d:II:1 II 11 :1 \ :lIl.r ll' rrllll l l h'r Slllrl',' :- h' I\\ '1.'1I 2U ,llId II 0 kill I'rlill
I n pied ' ~ '1011,' .: ' II I ' I'S . I'II's' \\'111 Is aI" IIrg ' 1I11~ 11" I ' I (l illili ,lI i/' I~ 1l:l11 i ' :11-1111111 'ri ',II
III lid I r 'dieli I llS . r his :lddi l i l ll:1I soure' I' d :: l.ll'Oldd I'ro i ll l.' Ih' illl II I slI,' h t ll:1 1 I ll' 1IlIIlll'r-
i ',II III d 'I , \\ i ll ~'i \ ' illl! I'l \ 'd I' " :ls IS.
fill' :llI 1IIOI'S wisll tl 1.111 Dr. Ho l ,' rt II' ' IS or :,\F I\ ~II i'l r 1II:lkill ,l!: \.lll, 11' (II' " iii I d,ll :1
Allil:1 It) "' .
/ ~ I
1
1{l-IIRI . C1 ,';
Bill ll.'" I' ~, .I , II , Iq"' t ' 1111 ' 1.1 ' 11\ ' I llI,I~':i r'lr \t ' I ' I I ' :':1 ' ,11 \ 11'1t ~' : 1 1 1 II ,1 1 :'\ \ S·\ C 11,111
' 1':1 " t'1i !!hl C 'III 'r. PI '1'"111 " ,( I h ' - I h l'lIr" 'I"" II \ 'r ~I,I " ,lI1 d \ 'tlll ,lIl l t "1 1 \t ' I,' I
\11\.'. ,111 I S~ l11l l Il1 ll1 II R,'l11l I ' S 'I""I: 1'1'1 III S,I I '1II I '~. ~(K · ~-: .
l ' I,I 'rt'), R 1 .1l) : 0 1,'1'.111 ,11, 1 1 ,11,1 r '~"\\tl l ,lIr)I'I ' ,t1 , ~ .. I\.ll 'lI l d'l. \ ,I \ ~ I" ' h R 'Ih rt :'\1' -(,31, --l) 3I , 1-3 l ,
r r,lIll. , \\ , ~t.. I )-- : I'h' :-l rl1 ' 1111' ,1111 ' 11'1:' ' II ' :, l)t' Ih' I r 1'1 ' ,II ~' ~ ~' llIlI,' I :'1"1111 I nl ' I lit' "
111111 h',, / I~ ' I ll: , 111')-1 U: ,
1 1IJi t.1. r. rI l'" h~r', I" \\ ]l",1l1. .llId \\ , 1 , Sh 'Il , Ill - : ' S,II'IlII'- l r.llIl ' I ' III \lIltl ' \ ' I, ' I I I'"
.I ,1/1 I, " , ( 'tl / , I 4 , ) .., - I J
R. ( "11 , 1 \)(1 4 :\ ,I ll I~ ,t' I'.l i llb.llld:o • ,l l i"ll ,11 Il l1rn " III ' R "',Ir,h 1'1,'1',' 1 I ,'1'" '11
l , , I ,'I I , I' \ IIlt1l~'r ", " - \'1 ' ,
; ' 1IIr~ , R, "1."', I 1(1( , :\ ,II \lr' ,I ll I" ,)" "I' Illlln ' ;I ll ~' 1.1111,1:" , iltllll " ,III' ~~ 111] ' 1\1111 ( ' I
II 1 /('(1 , \ t I'll '.111 S ,' I ' I~ I' ll " ,IIIl':'1'.1{ h~ ]l\l l II ' ,III II \ \ll11b 'I l II' , ~ _' ,) . ~: ,
l; '1I I r~ , R, ' .. I , r. I 1111 1.1. ,11 1.1 R, Sh' ' '' , I ) "') \ 11,1'.1 (1. ' !',I , ' ,' ' 1.1 1'1. " I I 'Iltl,' ,III, ! 1.1.1,11 1'1 ,, '\\,tl l II l I' IlIml ' ,111' :\.11\ , II}( K,.1 \/ / I Ik l dl' q , ~ , : - ~5 )
II:hkr, \ 1' .. \\ I ~ h '11 " II I I '\ , ' 111111,111 , 1')-- ' \\ Illd 1,1 11 1,111 '11 111'11 'I li d \ h \(1 ' 11
1'11.1 ' " I , _ ,lI1d :; \,1' ,Ill III ' 1111 :1ilCl'.lr'l \ '1'1 1'1 ' ,II 11 ~' \ I ' '11111 '11 1. .1 III f 1/ 'f Ill' 1:-; ~ I ~ I ~5 ,
11,1\ 'rIIl,II ' ,.I , 1\ ,Ill ! h .. I 1 1\ ' / ' ~, I I}-- I hI" '- '\ ' ,It' 1\'tt',' l'Ill ,III," '11.11'.1,' 1 ' 1'1 ' 11 " I' IIh' \
Il \1n' i ' ,I II' \ h "d, 1 ' I fil II. lllh r ' ,'llIli ' ,II \ 111','1 ' 11" , II Ih llll ' ,Ill" ,Ill I r ll'!'1 ' ,II \ 1. I ' I
I hl~~ , 1':; _ - I .:; :,
' 1\1I 1h, 1 , \ .. 1 q-5 I h ' \1 ' 1]) \ ' :0 :~ ~I '1\1 II I 1 r t~l l h.l ' I I II \1 I " ',)- ~ ,"'Ih' " 1 1 ',: 11,'111,' , I,: I 23 -1 3t ,
•
17 1 RE (' PT IO
Figure I . Lo \ Le eI Will ds (ill kts) Dcriv ' d fro lll CI)u I Movc mcnt. be twee ll 3 lH.:cessiVL'
M -_ Pi ·ture "ith I kill Reso lu ti 11 alld 7.5 Millut e Inter als f I 4 2, I 50, I 57 eM )
" ep t 'Illbcr 1975 o r Il urricane EI isc .
rigure 2. L w Level Wind (in kt ) Deri VL' d fr 111 CI li d M e lllc nt. hetwec il 3 lI cccssivc
M -_ Pictllre wi th 4 km ~e o luti n all 17.5 li nut e Illt er als (1 84 _, I 50, I 57 ; IT)
') r IIurri ':Hle Eloise.
Figure . ~ Levc l Will ds (ill kts) Dcri ed f'r III IOlld Mo ve lllent s he twl'l' Il:l l l cce~si L'
M -2 Picture \ ith I km Res lu t io n :lnd I ~ Minuk Illt e r ab (I 4 _, I 57 , 19 1_ C;MT)
ep te lllber 1075 f' lI urri call e EI iT .
Fi "ure 4 . L w Leve l Willd s (ill k ls) Derived frOIll Cl oud Mo e lll en ls be t\ ce ll 3 uccess ivc
M -_ Pi cture. \ ilh I kill Reso lutio ll :10 I 30 Mi ilu te lil te l als (I 20, I 50, 1920 C 1'1' )
,"" e pte llll1l'r 1975 o f Il urri 'ane Elo ise.
Figure 5. Il igh Level " inds (in kts ) D ' rived froll l Clolld M ) e lll L'n ts be l\ ce ll 3 u ccL'''~ i vc
1 -2 Pictllres wi th _ kill isibk Reso luti o n and 7.5 l\1illut e Int erva ls ( 184 2. 1 ' 5 , 1857
,MT) _2 Septelllber 1975 o f Il urri can e FI i e.
Figlln.: 6 . lI igh Le \ L'1 \- ind s (ill kt ·) Dn iw d fro m Cl ou d Movellll' nt s be t\ CL'O 3. lI cce~s i vc
I -2 Pic tures with 8 kill Infra red Resoiliti o ll ~lI1d 7.5 Minu te Interval. (1 84 2, 1850. 1857
, IT) 22 L' plL'lllber 1975 o f Il urri ea ne El o ise.
Fi 1! lIfe 7. Il igh Levc l Wind s (in kt ) Derived frOIll Cl olld 1\1 0 L' llle llt s he tweL' 1l 3 , lIccL'ssivL'
M -_ Pi c tllres \ itll 2 kill i,i bk Ik ';o luli o ll all d 30 Minute Illte rv:lIo; (I 20, 1850, 1920
CMT) __ ' lllclllbe r 1975 o f lI urri can e FI isc
"
1 \'III ~'~ . 111 .' 11 1 ' \ ' I \\ IIIII~ 1111 kh) I ,'11\ ' II 11(1111 ('1\11111 ~1 \l \ ~ ' II"'II " 1" 1\\ ,' 'II . ~ S II ' ,' l'~ ~II ~'
S~ I S 2 1' 1 ' IIII ' ~ \\ 1111 ~ kill 11It'I,1I ' II R ' ~\11 11 1 \(1I 1 .llId 3ll ~I IIIIII ' 111 1 ' l\,tI~ ( I K~ll . I ~:-ll . 11) 2ll
; \11' ) 2 _ S ,'II I 'lIl h 'I I II :- (II Ih llll~" III' 1 1(11 ~ · .
I I!'III,I) . 1 1lt'I.II~·l l lll.\ " ' · I~ (11 11 1l 1'l1," lIll' I I\I",·. I 'l l I t ; \ll . " S 'I " 'III"'1 II) "1 '\ llk
S ' 11.11 'd l'.ltl\·11I .It " \ " ) .
11.'111 ' I ) ~ \IIl"\ III~\l11 nl \\ lIld S I",' d~ I ,'11 \ ' II 1'1\1111 '11 lid \\ \11 1( 11 " h' I\' ; ' 1I ' ( \ 11"\' , 11 11\ '
S \I :-\ ' S .11 ' 1111 ,' \ ' I~tI It- 11ll .1.' 'I~ ,I I . :- \l lIlltl · 1 1I 1 ~ · I\ .tI ~ \\ illt \\ IlId~ \ 1 ·. I~1I1 . I , 1\1 II II \ I III~
1 .lkll l\ I, ',' \ 1111.11".111 ' ,' \ 11,' 1.11 1 1 1\ Ill .' .11 :- ·Ill .llId )~() \\ '1,' 1" III 11 11111," 111 ,' I I~II~ " "
SI' P I 'llll,'1 Ill ' " .
I 1'111 ' II
S.II ' 1111 ' kill \ I tllk Illl .lf ' I~ .11 " 1111111 ' 111 1,' 11.11- \\1111 \\ 1I 11" \ k.I~ I II · d lu· \ Ih l lll ~
1.11 '1 I \ I~ ," 11111.11".111," \ 11 ' 1.111 hilI .' .11 . · 'll.llI! l:\() \l ' I \' I~ 111 11 1111 1 '.111 ' C .II , IIII"· .'n \ 11 '11:-1 II)
I ir lll ' I ; . I 1\\ I ' \ ' I \\ IIhl , 1111 kh) l),'II\l' d II 1111 '!llld \ I\n ' Ill ' lI h "~' I \\ " II .' S II" ' ~' ''" .
;U I S I I' I~' I II I " \\ It It I kill I{ ·~(l l ll llllll . . 11111 ill \1 111111' 1111 '1\ . II~ (I 3ll . I (I Ill . I (' .'ll t, \1 I 1
2(1 kl 1(1 ' I. I I) t \11 I I \11 1 '. 11 :-i1 (1 111I 11 (l1l~ .
\oi )'III ' I . ~ . 1 \ \\ I ,' 'I \\ lIld~ (Ill kh) I ' 1I 1 ' d 1111111 '111I1d \t Ill 'Ill ' 1I1~ "\,1 \\ " 11 :" 11 ·\·, ,,1\ \'
;UI S I I'I"I III' ~ 1111 It I kill I, ' ~ lllllllil .llId'; \ l lIlll ( ' 111 1 ' 1\ .1 " (\., · \.' . 13 ·1" . \.; ·L .... . I ' " I (, \1 1 \
" h'1(lb,· r. II) (" I 1 11111,' .11 SI 111III Il llll\ .
I lr lll" I· ' \ 1' lllh' 11ll.1!' · (11 1111'1\' .11 SIl IIIII \ 111 1.1 1(I(Hlt; \ 11 .\1 \ \I: lhl 11)" I ll)" tlt \' 1 \\ It lt
tit ,· 1'.'1'1 I S ' .111 ( .; ~l lIllI t ' It ll ·1 1.tll S.l t ' 1111 ' I "III\'d 1 " \\ \' 1 I lll\"h\'1t ' II" \\ II I I I I ' ll \ \' , 111 1
1 ' 1I.' 11t I, ' \'1" 'lI h 'lll lI I SI . ' d \\ 11Ih' \ '1' 1111 \)11 ' \' 111 111 R \' I'I," ' II" l it ' 1)11\' ' 111111 lit ,· 1"lId
I' '11 m III .' , \ 't. ' I'll .11 t ' ' 11 1 ' 1 1 , ' \·, It ~ · , l it ' '111 ' 1 III 11 11' SI I'IIII ,
$,11 ' Il i ll' \ ' i ~l h l ' 1 1I1:"'L' 1~ :11 .1 ~ 1 1I1I1 1 ' IlI l l'n.1I \\ 1I1t \\ 1I1d~ I., k.hlll' ·d -l 1\' I, 11 '"1' l .lI l·r h~